213:
1555:, Fiat, and Sit-Siemens. By 1974, with the decrease of working-class mobilization, they shifted from the factory to the state and its institutions; in 1976, they described in particular the magistrature as "the weakest link in the chain of power". Subsequently, they began targeting politicians. During the 1970s, the BR had carried out eight symbolic kidnappings. They all followed a similar path in which the victim was subjected to a summary trial, held in captivity for a period between 20 minutes to 55 days, and then released unharmed.
2020:(a special operations unit of the Italian police) successfully carried out his rescue from an apartment in Padua, without firing a shot, capturing the entire terrorist cell. The guard, Ugo Milani, assigned to kill Dozier in the event of a rescue attempt did not do so and was overwhelmed by the rescuing force. Dozier was the first American general to be kidnapped by insurgents and the first foreigner kidnapped by the BR. After Dozier's return to the US Army in Vicenza, he was congratulated by telephone by U.S. president
49:
1184:
2191:. The issue of a general amnesty in Italy for these crimes is highly controversial and still source of dispute. Most political forces oppose it, in particular the associations of victims of terrorism and their family members. In April 2021, seven fugitive Italians were arrested in France, six of whom were identified as members of the Red Brigades. The move was described as a turning point in French-Italian relations, with an advisor of French President
1624:
1884:
support. Another crucial turning point was the 1979 murder of Guido Rossa, a member of the PCI and a trade union organizer. Rossa had observed the distribution of BR propaganda and had reported those involved to the police. He was shot and killed by the BR; this attack against a popular trade union organiser proved disastrous, totally alienating the factory worker base to which BR propaganda was primarily directed. In the words of
2166:, and others. This doctrine was based on the idea that the special laws (incarceration on the basis of mere suspicion, interrogations taking place without the presence of a lawyer, equal punishment for individuals belonging to the same group regardless of the nature of the offences committed individually, etc.) adopted by the Italian authorities to combat terrorists ran counter to the French conception of law.
1803:
1936:. Padua's public prosecutor, Pietro Calogero, accused those involved in the Autonomia movement of being the political wing of the BR. Negri was charged with a number of offences including leadership of the BR, masterminding the kidnapping and murder of Moro and plotting to overthrow the government. At the time, Negri was a political science professor at the
1964:. A year later, Negri was exonerated from Moro's kidnapping. No link was ever established between Negri and the BR and almost all of the charges against him (including seventeen murders) were dropped within months of his arrest due to lack of evidence. Moro's assassination continues to haunt Italy today, and remains a significant event of the
1859:, pleading for a negotiated outcome. In his appeal to the BR, Pope Paul VI asked them to release Moro "without conditions". The specified "without conditions" is controversial; according to some sources, it was added to Paul VI's letter against his will, and the pope instead wanted to negotiate with the kidnappers. According to
2383:. Yugoslav connection with underground leftist movements in Italy began in the mid-1960s with the intent of destabilizing NATO, and ties were allegedly established with the Red Brigades immediately following the group's founding in 1970. The UDBA chief in charge of relations with the Red Brigades was, in Pacepa's account,
2364:, the Italian Communist Party lodged several complaints with the Soviet ambassador in Rome regarding Czechoslovak support of the Red Brigades, but the Soviets were supposedly either unwilling or unable to stop the StB. This was one of several contributing factors in ending the alleged covert relationship that the
2229:. The Red Brigades-PCC again claimed responsibility. On 3 March 2003, two followers, Mario Galesi and Nadia Desdemona Lioce, started a firefight with a police patrol on a train at Castiglion Fiorentino station, near Arezzo. Galesi and Emanuele Petri (one of the policemen) were killed, and Lioce was arrested.
1610:, and sentenced to eighteen years in prison. The arrest was made possible by "Frate Mitra", alias Silvano Girotto, a former monk who had infiltrated the BR for the Italian security services. Curcio was freed from prison by an armed commando of the BR, led by his wife Cagol, but was rearrested sometime later.
1578:
movement. Those like Lotta
Continua shared the need for armed self-defence against police and fascist violence but were critical of terrorist actions, which they saw as elitist and counterproductive, and condemned the BR as a catalyst rather than an answer to repression. Lotta Continua questioned the
1495:
past, partly explains why far-left terrorism has developed in Italy more than in any other
European country. Sergio Segio, one of the figures of the Years of Lead, said: "I grew up with the idea that they were planning a coup, like in Greece or Chile. And that they would have killed us. In fact, they
1475:
to adopt "armed propaganda" as a method of struggle. The first actions, such as the destruction of foremen's vehicles or sequestration of executives, reflect the social composition of the armed groups. Among the 1,337 people convicted of belonging to the Red
Brigades, 70% were workers, service sector
2268:
In
October 2007, a former BR commander was arrested after committing a bank robbery while out of prison on good conduct terms. On 1 October 2007, Cristoforo Piancone, who is serving a life sentence for six murders, managed to steal €170,000 from the bank Monte dei Paschi di Siena with an accomplice.
1883:
Moro's assassination caused a strong reaction against the BR by the
Italian law enforcement and security forces. The murder of a popular political figure also drew condemnation from other Italian left-wing militant formations and even the imprisoned ex-leaders of the group. The BR suffered a loss of
1838:
airline company uniforms, ambushed Moro, killed five of his bodyguards and took him captive. The captors, headed by
Moretti, sought the release of certain prisoners in exchange for Moro's safe release. The government refused to negotiate with the captors, while Italian political forces took either a
2047:
had also written a letter to
Mastelloni, which has been kept in juridical archives. Some of those associated with the Hyperion School, which included Corrado Simioni, Vanni Mulinaris, and Duccio Berio, were accused by the Italian authorities of being the "masterminds" of the BR, although they were
1870:
After holding Moro for 54 days, the BR realized that the government would not negotiate. Fearful of being discovered, they decided to kill their prisoner. They placed him in a car and told him to cover himself with a blanket. Moretti then shot him eleven times in the chest. Moro's body was left in
2773:
The Red
Brigades believed that the success of the kidnapping would stop the Communists' rise to become integrated into Italian state institutions and as such being part of the machine they viewed as corrupt and oppressive. Without the being part of the government, the Red Brigades could continue
1550:
The BR's kidnappings were different from those in Latin
American or European groups in that, apart from two major exceptions, they had been pursued not for immediate practical possibilities but for symbolic ritualism, where the targeted symbol represented an action towards the symbolized entity.
1901:
Italian police made a large number of arrests in 1980 when 12,000 far-left militants were detained while 300 fled to France and 200 to South
America; a total of 600 people left Italy. Most leaders arrested including Faranda, Franceschini, Moretti, and Morucci either retracted their doctrine (as
1761:
discovered a farmhouse where Gancia was kept prisoner by the BR (Cascina Spiotta). In the ensuing gunfight, two police officers were killed, as was Cagol. That following April, the BR announced that they had set up a Communist Combatant Party to "guide the working class". Terrorist activities,
1983:
On 23 January 1983, an Italian court sentenced 32 members of the BR to life imprisonment for their role in the kidnapping and murder of Moro, among other crimes. Many elements and facts have never been fully cleared up, despite a series of trials, and this led to a number of other alternative
1879:
revolutionary action. Franceschini wrote that the imprisoned members did not understand why Moro had been chosen as a target. Moro was killed for his value as a symbolic representation of everything the BR opposed, rather than anything to do with his individual actions or beliefs.
2391:, the leader of Yugoslavia. Gorenc was supposedly proud of Yugoslavia's close yet clandestine relationship with the Red Brigades, though he allegedly insisted the government could and would not attempt to influence the group to avoid executing Aldo Moro, despite Romanian leader
1419:. With the kidnapping and murder of Moro, they were instrumental in blocking the PCI's road to government. In the words of historian David Broder, rather than causing through their actions a radicalization of the Italian political landscape as they had hoped, it resulted in an
1371:
and assisted the authorities in capturing the other members. The group had a resurgence in the late 1990s to the 2000s. Although Italy was not the sole country to experience years of terrorism, the BR were the most powerful, largest, and longest-lived post-World War II
2406:
that she spoke to a "part-timer" with the Red Brigades who claimed that he used to sail between Lebanon and Italy during summers, ferrying Soviet weapons for a fee from the PLO to Sardinia where the weapons were distributed to "other organizations in Europe".
2162:, an ex-member of the Red Brigades who was teaching sociology, signalling for the first time a departure from the "Mitterrand doctrine". In the 2000s, requests by Italian Justice for extradition from France involved several leftist activists, including Negri,
1916:
was Patrizio Peci, one of the leaders of the Turin "column". In revenge, the BR assassinated his brother Roberto in 1981, significantly damaging the standing of the group and lowering them in the public's eyes to little more than a supposedly radical
1732:, their numbers grew drastically and began to diversify in their criminal ventures. The BR operated some high-profile political kidnappings (e.g. Genoa judge Mario Sossi) and kidnapped industrialists (e.g. Vallarino Gancia) in order to obtain
1317:
or murders of industrialists, prominent capitalists, politicians, law enforcement officials, and other perceived enemies of the working-class revolution. Nearly fifty people were killed in its attacks between 1974 and 1988. According to the
2070:
to protest the conditions suffered by "Brigadists" in Italian prisons and the imprisonment without trial of Mulinaris, who was recognized as innocent some time afterwards. Mulinaris' treatment was, according to the Abbé, a "violation of
1871:
the trunk of a car in Via Caetani, a site midway between the DC and PCI headquarters, as a last symbolic challenge to the police, who were keeping the entire nation, and Rome in particular, under strict surveillance. Moretti wrote in
1423:
blowback and a decline for the extra-parliamentary left, which has sometimes prompted accusations that the Red Brigades were infiltrated by anti-communist or governmental entities seeking to undermine the group, especially
2259:
declared after his release from an 18-year prison term that the BR "continue to exist because we never proceeded to their funeral", calling for truth from every involved party in order to be able to turn the page.
2320:
along well-established smuggling routes. Pacepa further claimed logistic support and training were carried out directly by the Czechoslovak StB both in Prague and at remote PLO training camps in North Africa and
1579:
BR's claim that eliminating individual capitalists would have strengthened class organization. After its dissolution, the Lotta Continua continuity paper headlined "neither with the state nor the Red Brigades".
2042:
that the Abbé had "spontaneously testified" in the 1980s in support of a group of Italian activists who had fled to Paris and were involved with the Hyperion language school, directed by Vanni Mulinaris.
1547:, in which a factory foreman for Sit Siemens was held for around twenty minutes whilst pictures were taken of him wearing a placard declaring him to be a fascist. The foreman was then released unharmed.
1337:
revolutionary movement that the BR saw itself as a continuation of, and an example of a youthful anti-fascist movement using violent means for just ends. The group was also influenced by volumes on the
2016:
deputy chief of staff at Southern European land forces. The men kidnapped Dozier and left his wife bound and chained in their apartment. He was held for 42 days until 28 January 1982, when a team of
1286:, said at Rossa's funeral: "It is not the President of the Republic speaking, but comrade Pertini. I knew red brigades: they fought with me against the fascists, not against democrats. For shame!"
2195:
stating that "it was a way for us to show responsibility, recognise this part of Italian history and stop turning a blind eye to the violent acts perpetrated between the mid-60s and the 80s."
2255:
who was wrongly accused of being the mastermind of the BR, have called for a new analysis of the events which happened during the Years of Lead in Italy. On the other hand, BR founder
5376:
2146:
guaranteed immunity from extradition to BR members living in France who had made a break from their past, were not sentenced for violent crimes and had started a new life. In 1998,
2112:
In the 1980s, the arrest rate increased in Italy, including that of Senzani in 1982 and of Balzerani in 1985. In February 1986, the Red Brigades-PCC killed the ex-mayor of Florence
1774:
in cases against imprisoned leaders of the organization. Also, since arrested members of the BR refused to be defended by lawyers, lawyers designated by the courts to defend them (
2774:
with their revolutionary war against capitalism. In the first communication by the Red Brigades, they claimed that the DC: '... had been suppressing the Italian people for years'.
1425:
2292:, a total of 75 people are thought to have been murdered by the BR. A majority of the murders were politically motivated, though a number of assassinations of random police and
1496:
had already started." Between 1969 and 1975, attacks and political violence were mainly attributable to right-wing groups (95% from 1969 to 1973, 85% in 1974, and 78% in 1975).
2187:
bombing, was granted asylum and citizenship in Japan, while others fled to Argentina, in particular Augusto Canchi, who was wanted by Italian justice for his role in the 1980
6711:
3577:
2158:
could not be extradited to Italy, on the grounds that Italian procedure would not let him be judged again, after a trial during his absence. In 2002, Paris extradited
2973:
2240:
in connection with the murder of Massimo D'Antona. On 1 June 2005, four members of the Red Brigades-PCC were condemned to life sentence in Bologna for the murder of
3919:("Brigades Rouges. L'Histoire secrète des Red Brigades racontée par leur fondateur, Alberto Franceschini. Entretien avec Giovanni Fasanella". Editions Panama, 2005
3145:
2855:("Brigades Rouges. L'Histoire secrète des Red Brigades racontée par leur fondateur, Alberto Franceschini. Entretien avec Giovanni Fasanella". Editions Panama, 2005
919:
3471:
2338:
3747:
1586:
were made but never proven, and were always rejected by the militants in books and interviews. In June 1974, the Red Brigades killed two members of the Italian
2705:
2999:
5562:
2204:
1788:; it was the first time that the BR attacked in a school. Their weaponry came mainly from the stocks of the Italian Resistance during the Second World War.
4993:
3513:
AFP news cable: "ROME, 23 January 2007 (AFP) – L'Abbé Pierre et les Brigades rouges italiennes : un épisode méconnu" (23 January 2007), published on
2159:
3629:
5041:
3916:
2853:
2155:
1319:
6696:
6223:
4973:
3106:
2520:
4540:
3706:
2284:
According to Clarence A. Martin, the BR were credited with 14,000 acts of violence in the first ten years of the group's existence. According to
914:
3525:
6782:
4291:
4100:
2384:
1484:
1855:
and the extra-parliamentary left took the hard line. From his captivity, Moro sent letters to his family, to his political friends and to the
2109:
Multinational Force and Observer Group. In the same year, Curcio, Moretti, Iannelli and Bertolazzi rejected the armed struggle as pointless.
6772:
1212:
485:
6746:
5633:
3930:
2067:
2556:
6876:
6736:
4001:
490:
6866:
6825:
3287:
Drake, Richard (2001). "Why the Moro Trials Have Not Settled the Moro Murder Case: A Problem in Political and Intellectual History".
2062:
to plead Mulinaris' cause. Mulinaris had been imprisoned on a charge of assisting the BR. The Abbé had even observed eight days of a
1463:
The formation of the Red Brigades took place in the context of social struggles in the late 1960s. Workers' strikes shook factories,
6777:
4810:
6213:
4857:
3235:
2849:
See Giovanni Fasanella and Alberto Franceschini (with an afterword by judge Rosario Priore, who investigated Aldo Moro's death),
851:
3425:
3404:
6706:
4978:
3574:
2296:
officers took place, as well as a number of murders occurring during criminal ventures such as bank robberies and kidnappings.
2128:. After that, the group activities all but ended after massive arrests of its leadership. The BR dissolved themselves in 1988.
2017:
976:
3000:"Caso Moro, monsignor Mennini: 'Mai stato nella prigione delle Br. Paolo VI mise da parte 10 miliardi per pagare il riscatto'"
2947:
6701:
4636:
4323:
4301:
3941:
3912:
Giovanni Fasanella and Alberto Franceschini (with a postface from Judge Rosario Priore, who investigated Aldo Moro's death),
3090:
5724:
5543:
5468:
5128:
4728:
1688:
6856:
6741:
5148:
4281:
3152:
1660:
881:
4390:
4318:
3339:
2203:
A new group, with few links, if any, with the old BR, appeared in the late 1990s. The Red Brigades-PCC in 1999 murdered
1365:
In the 1980s, the group was broken up by Italian investigators, with the aid of several leaders under arrest who turned
6830:
6183:
5278:
4256:
4141:
4095:
4090:
4036:
3262:
1797:
1551:
Initially, the BR focused on managerial staff and right-wing trade unionists from the country's largest firms, such as
1508:
1355:
1298:
1259:
939:
856:
557:
178:
3557:
5915:
5478:
4748:
4689:
3870:
3042:
2691:
2485:
1707:
502:
4486:
2713:
1667:
5618:
5613:
5108:
5071:
4800:
4246:
3886:
2289:
1960:(The Call of French Intellectuals Against Repression in Italy) in protest against Negri's imprisonment and Italian
1480:
1205:
983:
956:
899:
876:
522:
5296:
5158:
4842:
3492:
6338:
5719:
5648:
5548:
5426:
5198:
5188:
4775:
4162:
3729:
3120:
3068:
2309:
993:
909:
552:
5113:
5000:
4988:
6886:
5769:
5538:
5118:
5020:
4753:
4197:
4192:
1645:
846:
5438:
5168:
4679:
4451:
2794:
Paul Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics 1943–1988, (London: Penguin, 1990) p.361.
1674:
1313:
of certain industrialists, factory owners, bankers, and politicians deemed to be exploitative, as well as the
6716:
5731:
5684:
5448:
5371:
5103:
2596:
2446:
2232:
On 23 October 2003, Italian police arrested six members of the Red Brigades in early-dawn raids in Florence,
1945:
1641:
5163:
4872:
4795:
4466:
2276:. He had been tried and convicted in absentia for the kidnapping of the naval engineer Piero Costa in 1977.
6871:
5749:
5709:
5679:
5628:
5488:
5406:
5402:
5273:
5203:
4968:
4785:
4551:
4446:
4378:
3541:
3476:
3366:
2840:
R. Lumley, States of Emergency: Cultures of Revolt in Italy from 1968 to 1978, (London: Verso, 1990) p.282.
2731:
841:
824:
764:
113:
6881:
6861:
6721:
6193:
6188:
5905:
5583:
5311:
5056:
5015:
4959:
4862:
4743:
4701:
4606:
4131:
4085:
2101:(Red Brigades-UCC, led by Giovanni Senzani). In 1984, the group claimed responsibility for the murder of
1815:
1656:
1416:
1198:
971:
966:
871:
809:
799:
780:
517:
507:
192:
2661:
2512:
2081:
specified that Italian justice has recognized the innocence of all people close to the Hyperion School.
1744:
stated that its goal was a "concentrated strike against the heart of the State, because the state is an
6558:
5779:
5764:
5754:
5608:
5208:
4696:
4499:
4266:
2884:
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie / Europäisches Archiv für Soziologie
1961:
1908:
1607:
1591:
946:
437:
2549:"Remembering Aldo Moro, the former prime minister killed by terrorists during Italy's 'Years of Lead'"
6787:
6663:
6608:
6428:
5416:
5123:
4684:
4296:
4213:
3956:
3520:
2360:
claimed that, aware of the involvement and fearing retaliation due to their own involvement with the
1330:
866:
622:
1301:(NATO). The organization attained notoriety in the 1970s and early 1980s with their violent acts of
602:
6413:
5980:
5243:
5133:
4887:
4431:
3392:
1503:
group around Curcio had its main roots in the Sociology Department of the Catholic University, the
1354:
became "a sort of do-it-yourself manual for the early Red Brigades". Other influences included the
829:
512:
6153:
3920:
3446:
2856:
5643:
5588:
5573:
5513:
5321:
5301:
5061:
4738:
4343:
2365:
2223:
2142:
In 1985 some Italian members living in France returned to Italy. The same year, French President
2124:, Red Brigades-PCC killed Italian Senator Roberto Ruffilli, an advisor of Italian Prime Minister
1848:
1831:
1634:
1511:(FGCI) expelled from the PCI for extremist views. In the beginning, the BR were mainly active in
1408:
1347:
1263:
1028:
934:
819:
814:
357:
4546:
6433:
5937:
5331:
5005:
4481:
4241:
4236:
4029:
3998:
Strike One to Educate One Hundred: The Rise of the Red Brigades in Italy in the 1960s and 1970s
2334:
2209:
2163:
1452:. Franceschini's grandmother had been a leader of the peasant leagues, his father a worker and
1385:
6643:
2757:
2143:
6851:
6668:
5952:
5947:
5714:
5603:
5558:
5518:
5453:
5397:
5316:
5098:
4912:
4790:
4708:
4616:
4581:
4491:
4436:
4333:
4174:
3026:
2548:
1977:
1973:
1932:
was arrested along with the other persons associated with the Autonomist movement, including
1895:
1381:
1255:
988:
861:
537:
173:
159:
3996:
3558:"Dallo Stato etico allo Stato emotivo: Virginio Rognoni "Le torture? L'emotività era forte""
497:
6208:
5975:
5830:
5784:
5699:
5694:
5493:
5392:
5341:
5336:
5228:
5183:
5138:
5076:
4907:
4882:
4832:
4760:
4674:
4524:
4126:
4105:
3515:
2256:
2241:
2219:
2178:
2174:
2055:
and was subsequently arrested by the Italian police, Abbé Pierre went to talk in 1983 with
1876:
1449:
1445:
1247:
1126:
1053:
637:
532:
277:
126:
78:
2392:
1681:
8:
6653:
6568:
6563:
6463:
6326:
6123:
6007:
5922:
5810:
5663:
5658:
5638:
5623:
5533:
5528:
5433:
5366:
5356:
5268:
5263:
5253:
5153:
5093:
5066:
4892:
4877:
4847:
4825:
4611:
4601:
4328:
4251:
4221:
4205:
3430:
3409:
2137:
2038:
1969:
1937:
1827:
1785:
1412:
1373:
1267:
1121:
1058:
607:
592:
574:
562:
332:
297:
151:
5508:
5421:
3221:
2375:
According to Pacepa, support for the Red Brigades was a major part of the operations of
6807:
6603:
6588:
6513:
6493:
6488:
6473:
6320:
6068:
5820:
5704:
5458:
5361:
5346:
5258:
5248:
5223:
5218:
4983:
4937:
4852:
4837:
4780:
4596:
4519:
4395:
4286:
4276:
3775:
3320:
3312:
3188:
3100:
3064:
2915:
2907:
2491:
2441:
2316:(PLO). Soviet and Czechoslovak small arms and explosives came from the Middle East via
2215:
2056:
2044:
1823:
1283:
1163:
1146:
1101:
759:
754:
442:
352:
242:
136:
19:
This article is about the Italian militant group. For the Japanese militant group, see
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212:
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6377:
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5845:
5759:
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5213:
5010:
4867:
4820:
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4669:
4643:
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4385:
4373:
4187:
4022:
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3324:
3304:
3207:
3086:
3038:
2919:
2899:
2687:
2481:
2399:
2226:
2094:
1151:
904:
732:
612:
417:
392:
337:
282:
272:
141:
24:
20:
6797:
6468:
1949:
6583:
6508:
6438:
6423:
6403:
6350:
6133:
6128:
6108:
6058:
6048:
5875:
5840:
5825:
5774:
5503:
5443:
5283:
4942:
4922:
4631:
4573:
4567:
4534:
4514:
4504:
4353:
4154:
4146:
3973:
3296:
2891:
2451:
2403:
2357:
2305:
2188:
1559:'s, the ninth of those symbolic kidnappings, was the only one to result in murder.
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1441:
1377:
1238:
1230:
1188:
1157:
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1136:
961:
717:
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664:
654:
569:
412:
402:
387:
377:
362:
322:
312:
307:
237:
74:
3935:
2495:
6802:
6658:
6648:
6633:
6613:
6598:
6573:
6518:
6283:
6251:
6143:
6103:
5865:
5860:
5800:
5741:
5473:
5351:
5178:
5143:
5051:
5046:
4770:
4664:
4338:
4271:
4261:
4226:
4182:
4169:
4121:
4005:
3861:
The Sword and the Shield: the Mitrokhin archive and the secret history of the KGB
3651:
3581:
3529:
2428:
2388:
2192:
2125:
2117:
2106:
2009:
1933:
1860:
1776:
1583:
1524:
1492:
1472:
1326:
1131:
836:
737:
684:
547:
527:
475:
457:
407:
267:
257:
4765:
2636:
2329:
were used by the Red Brigades in many of their attacks, including the ambush of
6628:
6553:
6543:
6538:
6398:
6138:
5927:
5850:
5578:
5483:
5233:
5173:
4805:
4723:
4626:
4586:
4556:
4456:
4411:
3371:
3176:
3060:
2380:
2317:
2183:
2059:
1953:
1781:
1737:
1571:
1567:
1420:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1306:
1294:
1279:
1116:
1106:
1063:
1048:
1010:
951:
744:
727:
722:
627:
432:
422:
382:
347:
287:
262:
252:
247:
227:
3741:
3739:
3456:
3316:
2895:
2810:
2326:
2036:'s death in January 2007, Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni recalled in the
2033:
1582:
Frequent allegations of links between the BR and the intelligence services of
6845:
6792:
6638:
6533:
6498:
6483:
6443:
5985:
5815:
5553:
5463:
5326:
5306:
5193:
4954:
4932:
4897:
4476:
4471:
4426:
4348:
4308:
4057:
3308:
3197:
2903:
2252:
2077:
2063:
2021:
2000:
On 17 December 1981, four members of the BR, posing as plumbers, invaded the
1929:
1890:
1852:
1811:
1512:
1504:
1437:
1351:
1290:
1004:
924:
617:
480:
452:
447:
397:
372:
292:
232:
70:
3748:"Former Red Brigades member arrested in Argentina after four decades on run"
3497:
1906:) or collaborated with investigators in the capture of other BR members (as
1894:, the events were "Italy's 11th of September". It was the apogee of Italy's
1078:
48:
6578:
6528:
6458:
6448:
6302:
6290:
6277:
6083:
5910:
5411:
4659:
4509:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4064:
3752:
3736:
2932:
2415:
2342:
2273:
2151:
2072:
1864:
1856:
1453:
1388:. Countries hit by terrorism included France, Germany, Ireland, and Spain.
1334:
1033:
712:
674:
367:
342:
327:
3677:
3405:«Quel giorno in Tribunale con lui difese i terroristi rossi e l' Hyperion»
6623:
6228:
6198:
6053:
6043:
5942:
5805:
5598:
5087:
4917:
4902:
4713:
4561:
4529:
4416:
4231:
4136:
4075:
3946:
Terrorist Group Profiles, Dudley Knox Library, Naval Postgraduate School.
2622:
2456:
2350:
2245:
2170:
2113:
2102:
2089:
By 1981, the BR had split into two factions: the majority faction of the
1918:
1757:
1745:
1587:
1540:
1520:
1310:
1275:
1043:
929:
669:
659:
427:
317:
302:
2911:
2478:
Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-set of Modern Terrorists
1254:
group. It was responsible for numerous violent incidents during Italy's
6382:
6093:
6063:
6017:
5932:
5900:
5892:
5835:
5523:
5238:
4927:
4815:
4421:
3604:"Associazione Italiana Vittime del Terrorismo AIVITER – Sito ufficiale"
2686:
Paul Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy 1943–1988, Penguin 1990
2285:
1885:
1767:
1648: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1575:
1552:
1544:
1314:
1111:
804:
774:
769:
679:
597:
542:
163:
5036:
1912:), obtaining important reductions in prison sentences. The best-known
1073:
6678:
6523:
6372:
6345:
6158:
6113:
6022:
5990:
5970:
5962:
5291:
5081:
3630:"France arrests 7 Italian leftist militants it harboured for decades"
3034:
2779:
2423:
2419:
2330:
2308:
claimed that the Red Brigades' primary foreign support came from the
2005:
1992:
Much of the BR was dismantled by the security services in the 1980s.
1925:
1819:
1741:
1556:
1457:
1359:
1339:
1271:
1083:
1068:
1038:
689:
647:
200:
121:
3995:
Chris Aronson Beck, Reggie Emilia, Lee Morris, and Ollie Patterson.
1623:
1606:
In September 1974, Curcio and Franceschini were arrested by General
1274:
was widely condemned, as was the murder of left-wing trade unionist
6257:
6098:
5995:
5870:
5689:
5593:
4733:
4591:
4045:
3951:
Il ritorno della violenza – Le BR dal ventennio rosso al XXI secolo
3925:
3711:
3603:
3575:
Denuncian que Almirón también participó en la ultraderecha española
3451:
3300:
2861:
2233:
2147:
2084:
1976:, while various judicial investigations also took place, headed by
1968:. In the 1980s–1990s, a parliamentary commission headed by senator
1965:
1835:
1771:
1563:
1536:
1392:
1391:
Throughout their existence, the BR were generally opposed by other
1302:
1251:
749:
632:
5377:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
2121:
1507:
group (around Franceschini) included mostly former members of the
6203:
6088:
6078:
6027:
5568:
4313:
3652:"France arrests ex-members of Italy extremist group Red Brigades"
2948:"Fausto Cuocolo, il giurista che girava con due lacci emostatici"
2346:
1958:
L'Appel des intellectuels français contre la répression en Italie
1468:
1464:
1367:
1343:
1168:
1822:, who was the key figure in negotiations aimed at extending the
1770:, increased considerably in order to terrorize juries and cause
6271:
6073:
6012:
4947:
2827:
A Jamieson. Identity and morality in the Italian Red Brigades.
2248:, Roberto Morandi, Marco Mezzasalma and Diana Blefari Melazzi.
2001:
1802:
1733:
1729:
1500:
1436:
The Red Brigades were formed in August 1970. Its founders were
642:
155:
3968:
Europe's Red Terrorists: The fighting Communist Organizations,
2882:
Moss, David (1981). "The kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro".
6756:
6712:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
6218:
6001:
4080:
3586:
3081:
Gardner, Robert C. Meade Jr.; foreword by Richard N. (1990).
2322:
2052:
1941:
1725:
1595:
1528:
1516:
204:
2218:. On 19 March 2002, the same gun was used to kill professor
1867:
10 billion to pay a ransom to the BR in order to save Moro.
1780:) were also targeted and killed. Amongst jurists, Professor
1376:
group in Western Europe. Like-minded organizations were the
6296:
6178:
4070:
4014:
2376:
2237:
2013:
1721:
1532:
2507:
2505:
1806:
Moro photographed during his detention by the Red Brigades
6751:
6731:
6726:
3887:"Loretta Napoleoni: The intricate economics of terrorism"
2369:
2361:
2313:
1995:
3540:
Paolo Perschichetti, "De l'usage sélectif du passé", on
1562:
During this time, the BR's activities were denounced by
23:. For the eponymous women empowerment organization, see
3816:. Dudley Knox Library, Naval Postgraduate School. 2005.
3426:
Abbé Pierre, il frate ribelle che scelse gli emarginati
2502:
2173:
activists involved in the strategy of tension, such as
2116:. In March 1987, Red Brigades-UCC assassinated General
3856:
2251:
Several figures from the 1970s, including philosopher
1479:
The fear of a far-right power grab in Italy, like the
3393:
Dozier, General James/Red Brigade Kidnapping Incident
3340:"Tutto quel che non torna del rapimento di Aldo Moro"
3146:"Revised Bibliography of the Works of Gilles Deleuze"
1791:
1539:
factory equipment and broke into factory offices and
2379:, the intelligence service of non-aligned communist
2198:
1748:
collection of multinational corporations". The SIM (
1543:
headquarters. In 1972, they carried out their first
1289:
Formed in 1970, the Red Brigades sought to create a
920:
Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line
3841:
3085:(1. publ. ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
2349:, as well as the murders of Roberto Peci, Diplomat
2272:In August 2024 Leonardo Bertulazzi was arrested in
1972:investigated acts of terrorism in Italy during the
1875:that the murder of Moro was the last expression of
1426:
in regard to the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
1322:, the BR was a "broadly diffused" terrorist group.
3858:
3678:"Enter the Red Brigades, the new moral opposition"
3236:"Moro's killers among 32 jailed for life in Italy"
2933:Brigate Rosse and Moro Kidnappig: secrets and lies
3707:Paris, capitale des « années de plomb »
3395:. Reagan.utexas.edu. Retrieved on 28 August 2011.
3203:Ce livre est littéralement une preuve d'innocence
2666:Center for International Security and Cooperation
2422:frequently wore a Red Brigade shirt in the early
1984:theories about the events to become popularized.
1320:Center for International Security and Cooperation
6843:
6697:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
3773:
3628:Balmer, Crispian; Rose, Michel (28 April 2021).
3222:"Commissione d'inchiesta su terrorismo e stragi"
3083:The Red Brigades: the story of Italian terrorism
2327:Czechoslovakian-made Škorpion submachine pistols
2181:, fled to Spain; Delfo Zorzi, condemned for the
2085:Red Brigades-PCC and Red Brigades-UCC 1981 split
1594:(MSI), during a raid on the MSI headquarters in
5134:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
4541:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
3364:Collin, Richard Oliver and Gordon L. Freedman.
3263:"The kidnapping and assassination of Aldo Moro"
3205:, text n°21 (op.cit.), originally published in
2974:"L'appello di Paolo VI per il rilascio di Moro"
2725:
2723:
2169:While leftists had mostly fled to France, many
1613:
3857:Andrew, Christopher; Vasili Mitrokhin (2000).
2214:, an advisor to the cabinet of Prime Minister
1325:Models for the BR included the Latin American
4030:
3701:Giovanni Fasanella and Alberto Franceschini,
2614:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2542:
2540:
2538:
1784:was also attacked in 1979, during an exam at
1740:) were their main source of income. Its 1975
1601:
1206:
6773:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
4324:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
4010:A sympathetic appraisal of the Red Brigades.
3105:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2843:
2720:
2476:Orsini, Alessandro; Nodes, Sarah J. (2011).
1431:
5634:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
3472:CAMT. Répertoire papiers Abbé Pierre/Emmaus
3447:L'abbé Pierre, fondateur d'Emmaüs, est mort
2475:
2426:period. He also wore the shirt in the film
1720:After 1974, the Red Brigades expanded into
915:Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)
6737:United States involvement in regime change
4292:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
4037:
4023:
3966:Yonah Alexander and Dennis A. Pluchinsky.
3675:
3627:
3555:
3027:"Left- and Right-wing Political Terrorism"
2571:
2535:
2372:, culminating with a total break in 1979.
1834:(PCI). A team of BR members, using stolen
1826:'s parliamentary majority, by attaining a
1213:
1199:
3850:
3793:
3791:
3789:
2868:
2732:"The kidnapping and killing of Aldo Moro"
2706:"Con le bombe e le pistole, di Uwe Wesel"
2629:
2333:'s motorcade (and his later murder), the
2027:
1847:). All major political forces except the
1708:Learn how and when to remove this message
3671:
3669:
3260:
2758:"The Kidnapping And Murder of Aldo Moro"
2620:
2480:(1 ed.). Cornell University Press.
1801:
4863:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
3961:Il linguaggio delle nuove Brigate Rosse
3842:Luntz, James M; Brenda J Luntz (2004).
3826:
3820:
3080:
3024:
2808:
2729:
1750:Stato Imperialista delle Multinazionali
852:Italian General Confederation of Labour
6844:
6707:Russian espionage in the United States
4979:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3806:
3797:
3786:
3767:
3590:Argentine news agency, 6 January 2007
3419:
2755:
2594:
2546:
1996:Kidnapping of Brigadier General Dozier
6702:Soviet espionage in the United States
4858:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
4637:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
4302:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
4018:
3835:
3745:
3666:
3623:
3621:
3337:
3286:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2703:
2353:, and Commissioner Antonio Esposito.
2263:
1471:in particular, which led part of the
1403:, and were isolated from the Italian
1333:, which was itself a mostly leftist,
1237:
6778:Soviet Union–United States relations
5129:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
2881:
2654:
2621:Westcott, Kathryn (6 January 2004).
2395:'s pleas for Yugoslav intervention.
1646:adding citations to reliable sources
1617:
1491:, in a country still scarred by its
1411:(PCI), which they opposed for their
6742:Soviet involvement in regime change
3942:A Giovanni Fasanella's bibliography
2809:Bonelli, Laurent (1 October 2011).
2756:Castro, Beppe (14 September 2022).
2523:from the original on 13 August 2023
2131:
1329:movements and the World War II era
13:
6783:Soviet Union–United States summits
4257:1947 Polish parliamentary election
4142:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
3618:
3193:Lettera aperta ai giudici di Negri
2797:
2559:from the original on 7 August 2023
2519:. Stanford University. June 2018.
2410:
2299:
2066:from 26 May to 3 June 1984 in the
1987:
1873:Brigate Rosse: una storia italiana
1810:In 1978, the Second BR, headed by
1798:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
1792:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
1509:Italian Communist Youth Federation
1356:Algerian National Liberation Front
1350:, which in the words of historian
1299:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1260:kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
179:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
14:
6898:
6877:Organizations established in 1970
5544:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
5479:United States invasion of Grenada
4749:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
4690:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
3989:
3746:Tondo, Lorenzo (30 August 2024).
3493:D'inattendues amitiés brigadistes
3181:Lettre ouverte aux juges de Negri
3061:On the Autonomia Operaia movement
2314:Palestine Liberation Organization
2222:, an economic advisor to Italian
2199:Late 1990s resurgence and murders
1444:, who had met as students at the
6867:Communist organisations in Italy
5619:United States invasion of Panama
5469:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
5109:1971 Turkish military memorandum
5072:Communist insurgency in Thailand
5042:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
4974:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
4801:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
4729:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
4247:Restatement of Policy on Germany
4008:. Seeds Beneath the Snow, 1986.
3730:"Released Red Brigader in Heist"
2829:Terrorism and Political Violence
2811:"The secret lives of terrorists"
2547:Iovene, Franck (15 March 2018).
1622:
1481:regime of the colonels in Greece
1182:
957:Movement of Unitarian Communists
900:Armed Proletarians for Communism
877:Unified Communist Party of Italy
523:Portella della Ginestra massacre
211:
47:
6339:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5720:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5649:Fall of the inner German border
5549:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
5199:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
5189:Spanish transition to democracy
5149:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
4776:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
4282:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
4163:Occupation of the Baltic states
3905:
3879:
3722:
3695:
3644:
3596:
3568:
3549:
3534:
3507:
3486:
3474:, on the website of the French
3465:
3440:
3398:
3386:
3377:
3358:
3331:
3280:
3261:Sagerson, Andrew (9 May 2023).
3254:
3228:
3214:
3170:
3138:
3113:
3074:
3069:University of Paris X: Nanterre
3051:
3031:Politics of Terrorism: A Survey
3018:
2992:
2966:
2940:
2926:
2834:
2821:
2788:
2749:
2730:Canario, Massimo (9 May 2022).
1633:needs additional citations for
1297:, and to remove Italy from the
910:Communist Party of Italy (2014)
553:Assassination of Sergio Ramelli
100:20 May 1999 – 25 September 2006
5119:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
4754:Mozambican War of Independence
4193:Indonesian National Revolution
2697:
2680:
2517:Mapping Militant Organizations
2469:
2120:in Rome. On 16 April 1988, in
1843:) or one open to negotiating (
1485:military dictatorship of Chile
857:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
847:Italian Communist Party (2016)
40:
1:
6717:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
5732:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
5685:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
5407:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
5372:Seven Days to the River Rhine
5104:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
4391:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
4319:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
3978:L'Italia degli anni di piombo
3798:Pacepa, Lt Ion Mihai (1990).
3338:Longo, Luca (30 April 2018).
3289:The Journal of Modern History
3029:. In Tan, Andrew T.H. (ed.).
2462:
2447:Informal Anarchist Federation
2279:
2105:, United States chief of the
2099:Union of Combatant Communists
2051:After Mulinaris travelled to
5710:Fall of communism in Albania
5680:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
5629:Polish Round Table Agreement
4969:1968 Polish political crisis
4786:Eritrean War of Independence
4552:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4447:East German uprising of 1953
4379:Chinese Communist Revolution
4044:
3982:L'Italia degli anni di fango
3556:insorgenze (13 March 2012).
3242:. 25 January 1983. p. 3
2712:(in Italian). Archived from
2704:Wesel, Uwe (22 April 2006).
2595:Broder, David (9 May 2018).
1948:. Thus, French philosophers
1614:Expansion and radicalization
825:Communist Refoundation Party
765:Proletarian internationalism
7:
5584:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
5312:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
5057:Corrective Movement (Syria)
5021:New People's Army rebellion
5016:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4744:Angolan War of Independence
4607:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
4487:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
4132:Jamaican political conflict
3774:Martin, Clarence Augustus;
3676:John Lloyd (1 April 2002).
3151:(in French). Archived from
2623:"Italy's history of terror"
2435:
1752:) became a primary target.
1736:money which (together with
1574:, which were closer to the
972:Party of Italian Communists
967:Party of the Christian Left
810:Communist Alternative Party
518:Third De Gasperi government
10:
6903:
6857:Far-left politics in Italy
5780:Sino-Indian border dispute
5609:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
5539:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
5297:1976 Argentine coup d'état
5209:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
5159:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
4843:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
4811:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
4500:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
4267:Asian Relations Conference
3006:(in Italian). 9 March 2015
2597:"Historically Compromised"
2135:
2097:) and the minority of the
2093:(Red Brigades-PCC, led by
2024:on regaining his freedom.
1962:anti-terrorism legislation
1914:collaboratore di giustizia
1909:collaboratori di giustizia
1795:
1608:Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa
1602:1974 arrest of BR founders
1592:Movimento Sociale Italiano
1566:political groups, such as
872:Trotskyist League of Italy
18:
6816:
6765:
6687:
6664:William Appleman Williams
6609:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
6391:
6363:
6312:
6244:
6237:
6171:
6036:
5961:
5891:
5884:
5793:
5740:
5672:
5385:
5124:Bangladesh Liberation War
5114:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
5029:
5001:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
4989:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
4652:
4427:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
4404:
4114:
4052:
3654:. BBC News. 28 April 2021
3580:27 September 2007 at the
2954:(in Italian). 29 May 2011
2896:10.1017/S0003975600003726
2091:Communist Combatant Party
1940:and visiting lecturer at
1863:, Pope Paul VI had saved
1814:, kidnapped and murdered
1456:who had been deported to
1432:1970: First BR generation
1331:Italian partisan movement
1239:[briˈɡaːteˈrosse]
623:Italian road to socialism
169:
147:
135:
112:
104:
84:
66:
62:Combatant Communist Party
58:
46:
39:
34:
5439:1980 Turkish coup d'état
5274:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
5244:1978 Somali coup attempt
5204:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
5169:1973 Chilean coup d'état
4994:Revolutionary Government
4888:South African Border War
4680:1960 Turkish coup d'état
4597:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
4452:1953 Iranian coup d'état
4432:1952 Egyptian revolution
3980:, Milan: Rizzoli, 1991;
3970:Routledge, October 1992.
3814:Terrorist Group Profiles
3709:, review of the book in
2048:all cleared afterwards.
1956:signed in November 1977
1946:École Normale Supérieure
1515:, in large factories in
984:Popular Democratic Front
882:Workers' Communist Party
513:Red Republic of Caulonia
486:XVII Congress of the PSI
53:Flag of the Red Brigades
5644:Fall of the Berlin Wall
5589:People Power Revolution
5574:Central American crisis
5514:1986 Black Sea incident
5164:1973 Afghan coup d'état
5062:Western Sahara conflict
4873:1966 Syrian coup d'état
4796:1963 Syrian coup d'état
4739:Portuguese Colonial War
4702:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
4467:1954 Syrian coup d'état
4344:Annexation of Hyderabad
4287:1947–1949 Palestine war
4004:4 December 2004 at the
3984:, Milan: Rizzoli, 1993.
3780:Understanding Terrorism
3732:. ANSA. 2 October 2007.
3528:26 January 2007 at the
3063:, Mémoire de maîtrise (
3025:Brannan, David (2010).
2641:Encyclopædia Britannica
2387:, a close associate of
2366:Italian Communist Party
1980:and other magistrates.
1849:Italian Socialist Party
1832:Italian Communist Party
1830:between the DC and the
1476:employees or students.
1448:and later married, and
1409:Italian Communist Party
1348:Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
1264:prime minister of Italy
994:Proletarian Unity Party
935:Italian Communist Party
491:I Congress of the PCd'I
358:Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
137:Political position
94:1970s – 23 October 1988
16:Italian terrorist group
5938:Neoclassical economics
5449:Gulf of Sidra incident
5006:1969 Libyan revolution
4697:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
4482:1954 Geneva Conference
4242:Turkish straits crisis
4237:Corfu Channel incident
3953:, Roma: Il Filo, 2007.
3829:That Fine Italian Hand
3827:Hofmann, Paul (1991).
3606:. Vittimeterrorismo.it
2335:Acca Larentia killings
2028:Mulinaris' 1983 arrest
1807:
1234:
947:The Left – The Rainbow
6887:Years of Lead (Italy)
6788:Russia–NATO relations
6669:Jonathan Reed Winkler
5953:Democratic capitalism
5948:Supply-side economics
5916:American conservatism
5715:Breakup of Yugoslavia
5604:Bougainville conflict
5519:South Yemen civil war
5454:Martial law in Poland
5317:Nicaraguan Revolution
5292:Dirty War (Argentina)
5099:1971 JVP insurrection
4913:Years of Lead (Italy)
4791:North Yemen civil war
4709:Berlin Crisis of 1961
4685:Albanian–Soviet split
4617:1959 Tibetan uprising
4582:Syrian Crisis of 1957
4437:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
4297:1948 Arab–Israeli War
3963:, Genova: Erga, 2002.
3802:. Regnery Publishing.
2668:. Stanford University
2136:Further information:
1924:On 7 April 1979, the
1805:
1382:Irish Republican Army
1282:, the then left-wing
989:Proletarian Democracy
894:Defunct organisations
862:Network of Communists
794:Current organisations
6209:Non-Aligned Movement
5831:Peaceful coexistence
5785:North Borneo dispute
5700:German reunification
5695:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
5393:Salvadoran Civil War
5342:Grand Mosque seizure
5337:Yemenite War of 1979
5229:Mozambican Civil War
5184:Carnation Revolution
5139:Yemenite War of 1972
5077:1970 Polish protests
4908:1967 Hong Kong riots
4883:Argentine Revolution
4833:Guatemalan Civil War
4761:Cuban Missile Crisis
4675:Bay of Pigs Invasion
4547:1956 Poznań protests
4525:Geneva Summit (1955)
4127:Hukbalahap Rebellion
4106:Non-Aligned Movement
3914:Che cosa sono le BR.
3782:. Sage Publications.
3480:(National Archives)
3185:Deux régimes de fous
2290:Ministry of Interior
2257:Alberto Franceschini
2179:Stefano Delle Chiaie
2175:Vincenzo Vinciguerra
1841:linea della fermezza
1777:difensori d' ufficio
1642:improve this article
1450:Alberto Franceschini
1446:University of Trento
1242:, often abbreviated
1189:Communism portal
1127:Democratic socialism
533:Manifesto of the 101
278:Giuseppe Di Vittorio
79:Alberto Franceschini
6872:Communist terrorism
6654:Alex von Tunzelmann
6644:Vladimir Tismăneanu
6569:Thomas J. McCormick
6564:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
6464:Robert Hugh Ferrell
6327:Crusade for Freedom
6124:Illiberal democracy
6008:Ho Chi Minh Thought
5811:Eisenhower Doctrine
5664:Peaceful Revolution
5659:Romanian Revolution
5639:Revolutions of 1989
5624:1988 Polish strikes
5534:Operation INFEKTION
5529:1987 Lieyu massacre
5434:Eritrean Civil Wars
5417:Peruvian Revolution
5367:1979 Herat uprising
5357:Sino-Vietnamese War
5322:Uganda–Tanzania War
5302:Egyptian–Libyan War
5269:Third Indochina War
5264:Sino-Albanian split
5254:Ethiopian Civil War
5154:Eritrean Civil Wars
5094:Ping-pong diplomacy
5067:Cambodian Civil War
4893:Korean DMZ Conflict
4878:Cultural Revolution
4848:Dominican Civil War
4826:Tlatelolco massacre
4612:1959 Mosul uprising
4602:1958 Lebanon crisis
4329:Al-Wathbah uprising
4252:First Indochina War
4222:Iran crisis of 1946
3715:, 30 November 2005
3703:Che cosa sono le BR
3477:Archives Nationales
3431:Corriere della Sera
3410:Corriere della Sera
3211:on 13 December 1979
3191:, 2003 (transl. of
2851:Che cosa sono le BR
2398:Italian journalist
2144:François Mitterrand
2138:Mitterrand doctrine
2039:Corriere della Sera
2008:Brigadier General,
1970:Giovanni Pellegrino
1938:University of Padua
1845:linea del negoziato
1828:Historic Compromise
1816:Christian Democracy
1786:University of Genoa
1762:especially against
1417:Christian Democracy
1413:Historic Compromise
1407:, including by the
1374:left-wing terrorist
1268:Organic centre-left
1122:Christian socialism
1059:Quaderni piacentini
800:Anticapitalist Left
608:Christian communism
593:Anarchist communism
575:Historic Compromise
563:Mitterrand doctrine
333:Pier Paolo Pasolini
298:Galvano Della Volpe
152:Left-wing terrorism
105:Active regions
6882:Terrorism in Italy
6862:Communism in Italy
6808:Russian Revolution
6604:Mary Elise Sarotte
6589:William B. Pickett
6514:Patrick J. Hearden
6494:Gabriel Gorodetsky
6489:Timothy Garton Ash
6474:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
6069:Ethnic nationalism
5821:Hallstein Doctrine
5705:Yemeni unification
5494:1985 Geneva Summit
5459:Casamance conflict
5362:New Jewel Movement
5347:Iranian Revolution
5332:Chadian–Libyan War
5279:Cambodian conflict
5259:Lebanese Civil War
5249:Western Sahara War
5224:June 1976 protests
5219:Cambodian genocide
4984:17 July Revolution
4938:Nigerian Civil War
4853:Rhodesian Bush War
4838:Colombian conflict
4781:Ramadan Revolution
4520:Bandung Conference
4396:Operation Valuable
4277:Partition of India
3501:, 24 January 2007
3459:, 22 January 2007
3434:, 23 January 2007
3413:, 23 January 2007
3240:The New York Times
3189:Mille et une nuits
2496:10.7591/j.ctt7zft3
2442:Girolamo Minervini
2318:heroin traffickers
2304:Romanian defector
2264:Later developments
2068:Cathedral of Turin
2045:Simone de Beauvoir
1824:Italian government
1808:
1284:president of Italy
1262:in 1978. A former
1164:Socialism in Italy
1147:Italian neorealism
1102:Anarchism in Italy
837:Communist Struggle
760:Passive revolution
755:Organic centralism
508:Italian Resistance
503:Aventine Secession
498:Proština rebellion
443:Oliviero Diliberto
353:Giorgio Napolitano
243:Costantino Lazzari
86:Dates of operation
6839:
6838:
6826:List of conflicts
6674:Rudolph Winnacker
6619:Giles Scott-Smith
6594:Ronald E. Powaski
6549:Melvyn P. Leffler
6479:John Lewis Gaddis
6454:Robert D. English
6419:Warren H. Carroll
6409:Michael Beschloss
6378:Nuclear arms race
6359:
6358:
6265:Neues Deutschland
6167:
6166:
6149:White nationalism
6119:Liberal democracy
5856:Ulbricht Doctrine
5846:Brezhnev Doctrine
5654:Velvet Revolution
5398:Soviet–Afghan War
5214:Angolan Civil War
5011:Goulash Communism
4868:ASEAN Declaration
4821:Mexican Dirty War
4719:Annexation of Goa
4670:1960 U-2 incident
4644:Sino-Soviet split
4622:Laotian Civil War
4462:Bricker Amendment
4442:Mau Mau rebellion
4386:Malayan Emergency
4374:Chinese Civil War
4334:Tito–Stalin split
4188:Division of Korea
4011:
3976:and Mario Cervi,
3949:Antonio Cerella,
3208:Le Matin de Paris
3201:on 10 May 1979);
3092:978-0-312-03593-8
2831:, 1990, p. 508-15
2762:Saturdays in Rome
2716:on 18 April 2015.
2400:Loretta Napoleoni
2393:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2356:Russian defector
2227:Silvio Berlusconi
2160:Paolo Persichetti
2095:Barbara Balzerani
2057:Italian President
1718:
1717:
1710:
1692:
1278:in January 1979.
1246:) was an Italian
1223:
1222:
1152:Politics of Italy
905:Autonomia Operaia
733:Cultural hegemony
613:Council communism
418:Ernesto Screpanti
393:Fausto Bertinotti
338:Enrico Berlinguer
283:Palmiro Togliatti
273:Bruno Fortichiari
186:
185:
25:Red Brigade Trust
21:Japanese Red Army
6894:
6584:David S. Painter
6509:John Earl Haynes
6439:Nicholas J. Cull
6424:Adrian Cioroianu
6404:Thomas A. Bailey
6351:Voice of America
6242:
6241:
6154:White separatism
6134:Social democracy
6129:Guided democracy
6109:Authoritarianism
6059:Ultranationalism
6049:Anti-imperialism
5976:Marxism–Leninism
5889:
5888:
5876:Kinmen Agreement
5841:Johnson Doctrine
5826:Kennedy Doctrine
5742:Frozen conflicts
5725:1991 August Coup
5614:Afghan Civil War
5509:Reykjavík Summit
5504:Somali Rebellion
5444:Ugandan Bush War
5422:Gdańsk Agreement
4943:Protests of 1968
4923:War of Attrition
4632:Cuban Revolution
4568:We will bury you
4535:Cyprus Emergency
4515:Kashmir Princess
4505:Jebel Akhdar War
4354:Western betrayal
4039:
4032:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4009:
3974:Indro Montanelli
3957:Amedeo Benedetti
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3844:Global Terrorism
3839:
3833:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3795:
3784:
3783:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3673:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3532:
3524:
3519:'s website here
3511:
3505:
3504:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3212:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3158:on 22 April 2014
3157:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3125:Oxford Reference
3117:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3096:
3078:
3072:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2879:
2866:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2806:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2785:Alexander p. 194
2783:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2701:
2695:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2592:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2544:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2473:
2452:October 22 Group
2358:Vasili Mitrokhin
2310:Czechoslovak StB
2306:Ion Mihai Pacepa
2213:
2205:Massimo D'Antona
2189:Bologna massacre
2132:Flight to France
1877:Marxist–Leninist
1713:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1650:
1626:
1618:
1584:Communist states
1489:Augusto Pinochet
1442:Margherita Cagol
1395:groups, such as
1380:in Germany, the
1378:Red Army Faction
1270:, the murder of
1258:, including the
1250:armed terrorist
1248:Marxist–Leninist
1241:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1158:Prison Notebooks
1142:History of Italy
1137:Fischia il vento
962:October 22 Group
718:Anti-imperialism
708:Anti-clericalism
665:Neo-Gramscianism
655:Marxist humanism
638:Marxism–Leninism
570:Movement of 1977
413:Margherita Cagol
403:Domenico Losurdo
388:Achille Occhetto
378:Giovanni Scuderi
363:Armando Cossutta
323:Raniero Panzieri
313:Alessandro Natta
308:Altiero Spinelli
238:Errico Malatesta
215:
188:
187:
170:Battles and wars
127:Marxism–Leninism
97:New Red Brigades
87:
75:Margherita Cagol
51:
42:
32:
31:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6812:
6803:Second Cold War
6761:
6689:
6683:
6659:Odd Arne Westad
6649:Patrick Vaughan
6634:Athan Theoharis
6614:Ellen Schrecker
6599:Yakov M. Rabkin
6574:Timothy Naftali
6519:Tvrtko Jakovina
6504:Jussi Hanhimäki
6387:
6365:
6355:
6333:Paix et Liberté
6308:
6252:Active measures
6233:
6163:
6144:White supremacy
6104:Totalitarianism
6032:
5957:
5880:
5866:Reagan Doctrine
5861:Carter Doctrine
5801:Truman Doctrine
5789:
5736:
5668:
5563:Soviet reaction
5474:Ndogboyosoi War
5381:
5352:Saur Revolution
5179:1973 oil crisis
5144:Munich massacre
5052:Alcora Exercise
5047:Black September
5025:
4771:Sino-Indian War
4665:Simba rebellion
4648:
4492:Capture of the
4400:
4339:Berlin Blockade
4272:May 1947 crises
4262:Truman Doctrine
4227:Greek Civil War
4216:Blacklist Forty
4183:Gouzenko Affair
4170:Cursed soldiers
4122:Morgenthau Plan
4110:
4048:
4043:
4006:Wayback Machine
3992:
3987:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3865:. Basic Books.
3855:
3851:
3840:
3836:
3825:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3796:
3787:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3744:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3674:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3582:Wayback Machine
3573:
3569:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3530:Wayback Machine
3522:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3449:, necrology in
3445:
3441:
3435:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3336:
3332:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3183:, text n°20 in
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3121:"Antonio Negri"
3119:
3118:
3114:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3079:
3075:
3065:Master's degree
3057:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2880:
2869:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2822:
2807:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
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2754:
2750:
2740:
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2702:
2698:
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2619:
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2603:
2593:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2488:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2438:
2413:
2411:Popular culture
2389:Josip Broz Tito
2302:
2300:Foreign support
2282:
2266:
2216:Massimo D'Alema
2207:
2201:
2193:Emmanuel Macron
2164:Cesare Battisti
2156:Sergio Tornaghi
2140:
2134:
2126:Ciriaco de Mita
2118:Licio Giorgieri
2087:
2030:
2010:James L. Dozier
1998:
1990:
1988:BR in the 1980s
1934:Oreste Scalzone
1861:Antonio Mennini
1818:(DC) president
1800:
1794:
1714:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1627:
1616:
1604:
1525:Magneti Marelli
1493:Italian fascist
1473:labour movement
1434:
1384:, and Basque's
1327:urban guerrilla
1219:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1132:Fasci Siciliani
1097:
1089:
1088:
1024:
1016:
1015:
895:
887:
886:
820:Communist Party
815:Communist Front
795:
787:
786:
738:Counterhegemony
703:
695:
694:
685:Western Marxism
588:
580:
579:
548:Primavalle fire
528:May 1947 crises
476:Fasci Siciliani
471:
463:
462:
458:Alberto Toscano
438:Cesare Battisti
408:Silvia Federici
268:Antonio Gramsci
258:Nicola Bombacci
223:
131:
99:
95:
93:
85:
77:
73:
54:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6900:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6769:
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6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6629:Timothy Snyder
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6559:Vojtech Mastny
6556:
6554:Geir Lundestad
6551:
6546:
6544:Walter Laqueur
6541:
6539:Walter LaFeber
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6469:André Fontaine
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6399:Gar Alperovitz
6395:
6393:
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6380:
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6369:
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6175:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6139:Third-Worldism
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5928:Libertarianism
5925:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5906:Chicago school
5903:
5897:
5895:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5851:Nixon Doctrine
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5797:
5795:
5794:Foreign policy
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5579:Operation RYAN
5576:
5571:
5566:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5484:Able Archer 83
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5234:Oromo conflict
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5174:Yom Kippur War
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4806:Aden Emergency
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4724:Papua conflict
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4629:
4627:Kitchen Debate
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Sputnik crisis
4584:
4579:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4557:Polish October
4554:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:Pact of Madrid
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4412:Bamboo Curtain
4408:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4152:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4013:
4012:
3991:
3990:External links
3988:
3986:
3985:
3971:
3964:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3931:another review
3909:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3878:
3871:
3849:
3834:
3819:
3805:
3785:
3766:
3735:
3721:
3694:
3665:
3643:
3617:
3595:
3567:
3548:
3533:
3506:
3485:
3464:
3439:
3418:
3397:
3385:
3376:
3367:Winter of Fire
3357:
3330:
3317:10.1086/321029
3301:10.1086/321029
3295:(2): 359–378.
3279:
3267:Wanted in Rome
3253:
3227:
3213:
3177:Gilles Deleuze
3169:
3137:
3112:
3091:
3073:
3050:
3043:
3037:. p. 60.
3017:
2991:
2965:
2939:
2925:
2890:(2): 265–295.
2867:
2842:
2833:
2820:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2748:
2719:
2696:
2679:
2662:"Red Brigades"
2653:
2637:"Red Brigades"
2628:
2613:
2570:
2534:
2513:"Red Brigades"
2501:
2486:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2412:
2409:
2301:
2298:
2281:
2278:
2265:
2262:
2224:Prime Minister
2200:
2197:
2184:Piazza Fontana
2133:
2130:
2086:
2083:
2060:Sandro Pertini
2029:
2026:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1954:Gilles Deleuze
1950:Félix Guattari
1796:Main article:
1793:
1790:
1782:Fausto Cuocolo
1738:bank robberies
1716:
1715:
1657:"Red Brigades"
1630:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1572:Potere Operaio
1568:Lotta Continua
1433:
1430:
1421:anti-communist
1415:with Moro and
1405:political left
1401:Potere Operaio
1397:Lotta Continua
1307:bank robberies
1295:armed struggle
1293:state through
1280:Sandro Pertini
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:Christian left
1114:
1109:
1107:Bandiera Rossa
1104:
1098:
1096:Related topics
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:Quaderni Rossi
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:Il Politecnico
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:Workers' Power
1008:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
980:
979:
969:
964:
959:
954:
952:Lotta Continua
949:
944:
943:
942:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
867:People's Union
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
842:Countercurrent
839:
834:
833:
832:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
784:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
745:Euroscepticism
742:
741:
740:
730:
728:Class conflict
725:
723:Antimilitarism
720:
715:
710:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
651:
650:
645:
635:
630:
628:Left communism
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
572:
567:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
494:
493:
483:
478:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
433:Marco Ferrando
430:
425:
423:Franco Berardi
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
383:Gianni Vattimo
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
348:Lucio Colletti
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
288:Ruggero Grieco
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
263:Amadeo Bordiga
260:
255:
253:Egidio Gennari
250:
248:Luigi Galleani
245:
240:
235:
230:
228:Emilio Covelli
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
208:
207:
197:
196:
184:
183:
182:
181:
171:
167:
166:
149:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
130:
129:
124:
118:
116:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
88:
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6899:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6793:War on terror
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6688:Espionage and
6686:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6639:Andrew Thorpe
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6534:Gabriel Kolko
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6499:Fred Halliday
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6484:Lloyd Gardner
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6444:Norman Davies
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6429:John Costello
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6364:Technological
6362:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:Pro-communist
6243:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:Organizations
6170:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5986:Eurocommunism
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:Domino theory
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5770:South Ossetia
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5554:8888 Uprising
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5499:Iran–Iraq War
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:Falklands War
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:NDF Rebellion
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:German Autumn
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:Metapolitefsi
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
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4955:Prague Spring
4953:
4949:
4946:
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4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4933:Al-Wadiah War
4931:
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4924:
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4909:
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4898:12-3 incident
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4480:
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4477:Domino theory
4475:
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4472:Petrov Affair
4470:
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4360:
4357:
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4349:Madiun Affair
4347:
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4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
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4309:Marshall Plan
4307:
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4058:United States
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3682:New Statesman
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3564:(in Italian).
3563:
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3542:Parole donnée
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3199:
3198:La Repubblica
3195:published in
3194:
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3141:
3126:
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3116:
3108:
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3094:
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3077:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3044:9781857435795
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3005:
3004:la Repubblica
3001:
2995:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2953:
2952:ilGiornale.it
2949:
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2707:
2700:
2693:
2692:0-14-012496-9
2689:
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2487:9780801449864
2483:
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2417:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2368:had with the
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
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2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2253:Antonio Negri
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:decided that
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2078:La Repubblica
2074:
2069:
2065:
2064:hunger strike
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2022:Ronald Reagan
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:apartment of
2003:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:Guido Salvini
1975:
1974:Years of Lead
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:Antonio Negri
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1896:Years of Lead
1893:
1892:
1891:La Repubblica
1887:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:Bettino Craxi
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:Mario Moretti
1804:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1755:In 1975, the
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1712:
1709:
1701:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659: –
1658:
1654:
1653:Find sources:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1631:This section
1629:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:Reggio Emilia
1510:
1506:
1505:Reggio Emilia
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Renato Curcio
1429:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:Paul Ginsborg
1349:
1346:published by
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:revolutionary
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Years of Lead
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1235:Brigate Rosse
1232:
1228:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1170:
1167:
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1165:
1162:
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1159:
1155:
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1125:
1123:
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1100:
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1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1005:Volante Rossa
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
978:
975:
974:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
941:
938:
937:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:Critical Left
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
891:
890:
883:
880:
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875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
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843:
840:
838:
835:
831:
828:
827:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
791:
790:
783:
782:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
739:
736:
735:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
699:
698:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:Eurocommunism
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
583:
576:
573:
571:
568:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
538:Years of Lead
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
482:
481:Biennio Rosso
479:
477:
474:
473:
467:
466:
459:
456:
454:
453:Paolo Ferrero
451:
449:
448:Nichi Vendola
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:Renato Curcio
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
373:Antonio Negri
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
293:Onorato Damen
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
233:Carlo Cafiero
231:
229:
226:
225:
219:
218:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
199:
198:
194:
190:
189:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:Years of Lead
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
148:Major actions
146:
143:
140:
138:
134:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
92:
89:
83:
80:
76:
72:
71:Renato Curcio
69:
65:
61:
59:Also known as
57:
50:
45:
41:Brigate Rosse
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
6852:Red Brigades
6798:Brinkmanship
6690:intelligence
6579:Marius Oprea
6529:Harvey Klehr
6459:Herbert Feis
6449:Willem Drees
6414:Archie Brown
6331:
6319:
6301:
6291:Trybuna Ludu
6289:
6282:
6278:Radio Moscow
6270:
6263:
6256:
6084:Anti-Zionism
6000:
5923:Keynesianism
5911:Conservatism
5775:Transnistria
5755:China-Taiwan
5412:Gera Demands
5285:
5086:
4961:
4766:El Porteñazo
4660:Congo Crisis
4575:
4510:Algerian War
4493:
4369:Western Bloc
4364:Eastern Bloc
4359:Iron Curtain
4215:
4207:
4199:
4176:
4156:
4148:
4065:Soviet Union
4063:
4056:
3997:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3960:
3950:
3934:
3924:
3917:I Miserabili
3913:
3906:Bibliography
3891:. Retrieved
3881:
3860:
3852:
3846:. Routledge.
3843:
3837:
3831:. Owl Books.
3828:
3822:
3813:
3808:
3800:Red Horizons
3799:
3779:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3753:The Guardian
3751:
3724:
3710:
3702:
3697:
3687:12 September
3685:. Retrieved
3681:
3656:. Retrieved
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3608:. Retrieved
3598:
3592:(in Spanish)
3585:
3570:
3561:
3551:
3536:
3514:
3509:
3496:
3488:
3475:
3467:
3450:
3442:
3436:(in Italian)
3429:
3421:
3415:(in Italian)
3408:
3400:
3388:
3379:
3365:
3360:
3348:. Retrieved
3346:(in Italian)
3344:Linkiesta.it
3343:
3333:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3266:
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3239:
3230:
3216:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3153:the original
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3124:
3115:
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1640:Please help
1635:verification
1632:
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1462:
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1335:anti-fascist
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6434:Michael Cox
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6229:Safari Club
6199:Warsaw Pact
6054:Nationalism
6044:Imperialism
5943:Reaganomics
5806:Containment
5599:Perestroika
5088:Realpolitik
4918:Six-Day War
4903:Greek junta
4714:Berlin Wall
4562:Suez Crisis
4530:Vietnam War
4417:McCarthyism
4232:Baruch Plan
4177:Unthinkable
4137:Dekemvriana
4076:Warsaw Pact
3717:(in French)
3545:(in French)
3523:(in French)
3503:(in French)
3482:(in French)
3461:(in French)
3457:Abbé Pierre
3067:, now M1),
3058:(in French)
2984:16 December
2457:Prima Linea
2351:Leamon Hunt
2339:1982 ambush
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2246:Nadia Lioce
2242:Marco Biagi
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2220:Marco Biagi
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1311:kneecapping
1276:Guido Rossa
1044:Il Pioniere
1029:Liberazione
670:Neo-Marxism
660:Migliorismo
428:Paolo Virno
318:Nilde Iotti
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6846:Categories
6392:Historians
6383:Space Race
6284:Rudé právo
6238:Propaganda
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6064:Chauvinism
6018:Trotskyism
5933:Monetarism
5901:Liberalism
5893:Capitalism
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5836:Ostpolitik
5559:Solidarity
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5427:Solidarity
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4214:Operation
4206:Operation
4198:Operation
4175:Operation
4155:Operation
4147:Operation
3936:L'Humanité
3776:Gus Martin
3562:Insorgenze
3498:Libération
3383:Ugo Milani
2978:Rai Storia
2694:p. 361–362
2463:References
2402:said in a
2381:Yugoslavia
2345:patrol in
2286:statistics
2280:Statistics
2032:After the
1904:dissociati
1886:Ezio Mauro
1668:newspapers
1576:autonomist
1553:Alfa Romeo
1545:kidnapping
1519:(Pirelli,
1499:While the
1112:Bella ciao
930:Front Line
805:CARC Party
781:Subalterns
775:Solidarity
770:Secularism
702:Principles
680:Trotskyism
598:Autonomism
587:Ideologies
543:Hot Autumn
164:kidnapping
160:conspiracy
6679:Ken Young
6524:Tony Judt
6373:Arms race
6346:Red Scare
6214:NN States
6159:Apartheid
6114:Autocracy
6023:Stalinism
5991:Guevarism
5981:Castroism
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5963:Socialism
5489:Star Wars
5082:Koza riot
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4200:Masterdom
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3759:30 August
3632:. Reuters
3325:144245156
3309:0022-2801
3272:11 August
3101:cite book
3035:Routledge
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2527:13 August
2424:punk rock
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2006:U.S. Army
1926:operaismo
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1772:mistrials
1742:manifesto
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1537:sabotaged
1527:) and in
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1360:Viet Cong
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1272:Aldo Moro
1084:Vie Nuove
1069:Rinascita
1039:Pattuglia
690:Workerism
648:Stalinism
603:Bordigism
558:Moro case
201:Communism
122:Communism
6831:Timeline
6821:Category
6766:See also
6258:Izvestia
6099:Islamism
5996:Hoxhaism
5871:Rollback
5750:Abkhazia
5690:Gulf War
5594:Glasnost
4964:incident
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4101:Rio Pact
4046:Cold War
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3926:Le Monde
3921:a review
3778:(2003).
3712:Le Monde
3636:28 April
3578:Archived
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3452:Le Monde
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2862:Le Monde
2857:a review
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1358:and the
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6184:SEATO
6037:Other
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5760:Korea
5673:1990s
5386:1980s
5030:1970s
4653:1960s
4405:1950s
4115:1940s
4096:NEATO
4091:SEATO
4081:ANZUS
3705:(See
3658:6 May
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1023:Media
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