224:
1566:, Fiat, and Sit-Siemens. By 1974, with the decrease of working-class mobilization, they shifted from the factory to the state and its institutions; in 1976, they described in particular the magistrature as "the weakest link in the chain of power". Subsequently, they began targeting politicians. During the 1970s, the BR had carried out eight symbolic kidnappings. They all followed a similar path in which the victim was subjected to a summary trial, held in captivity for a period between 20 minutes to 55 days, and then released unharmed.
2031:(a special operations unit of the Italian police) successfully carried out his rescue from an apartment in Padua, without firing a shot, capturing the entire terrorist cell. The guard, Ugo Milani, assigned to kill Dozier in the event of a rescue attempt did not do so and was overwhelmed by the rescuing force. Dozier was the first American general to be kidnapped by insurgents and the first foreigner kidnapped by the BR. After Dozier's return to the US Army in Vicenza, he was congratulated by telephone by U.S. president
60:
1195:
2202:. The issue of a general amnesty in Italy for these crimes is highly controversial and still source of dispute. Most political forces oppose it, in particular the associations of victims of terrorism and their family members. In April 2021, seven fugitive Italians were arrested in France, six of whom were identified as members of the Red Brigades. The move was described as a turning point in French-Italian relations, with an advisor of French President
1635:
1895:
support. Another crucial turning point was the 1979 murder of Guido Rossa, a member of the PCI and a trade union organizer. Rossa had observed the distribution of BR propaganda and had reported those involved to the police. He was shot and killed by the BR; this attack against a popular trade union organiser proved disastrous, totally alienating the factory worker base to which BR propaganda was primarily directed. In the words of
2177:, and others. This doctrine was based on the idea that the special laws (incarceration on the basis of mere suspicion, interrogations taking place without the presence of a lawyer, equal punishment for individuals belonging to the same group regardless of the nature of the offences committed individually, etc.) adopted by the Italian authorities to combat terrorists ran counter to the French conception of law.
1814:
1947:. Padua's public prosecutor, Pietro Calogero, accused those involved in the Autonomia movement of being the political wing of the BR. Negri was charged with a number of offences including leadership of the BR, masterminding the kidnapping and murder of Moro and plotting to overthrow the government. At the time, Negri was a political science professor at the
1975:. A year later, Negri was exonerated from Moro's kidnapping. No link was ever established between Negri and the BR and almost all of the charges against him (including seventeen murders) were dropped within months of his arrest due to lack of evidence. Moro's assassination continues to haunt Italy today, and remains a significant event of the
1870:, pleading for a negotiated outcome. In his appeal to the BR, Pope Paul VI asked them to release Moro "without conditions". The specified "without conditions" is controversial; according to some sources, it was added to Paul VI's letter against his will, and the pope instead wanted to negotiate with the kidnappers. According to
2394:. Yugoslav connection with underground leftist movements in Italy began in the mid-1960s with the intent of destabilizing NATO, and ties were allegedly established with the Red Brigades immediately following the group's founding in 1970. The UDBA chief in charge of relations with the Red Brigades was, in Pacepa's account,
2375:, the Italian Communist Party lodged several complaints with the Soviet ambassador in Rome regarding Czechoslovak support of the Red Brigades, but the Soviets were supposedly either unwilling or unable to stop the StB. This was one of several contributing factors in ending the alleged covert relationship that the
2240:. The Red Brigades-PCC again claimed responsibility. On 3 March 2003, two followers, Mario Galesi and Nadia Desdemona Lioce, started a firefight with a police patrol on a train at Castiglion Fiorentino station, near Arezzo. Galesi and Emanuele Petri (one of the policemen) were killed, and Lioce was arrested.
1621:, and sentenced to eighteen years in prison. The arrest was made possible by "Frate Mitra", alias Silvano Girotto, a former monk who had infiltrated the BR for the Italian security services. Curcio was freed from prison by an armed commando of the BR, led by his wife Cagol, but was rearrested sometime later.
1589:
movement. Those like Lotta
Continua shared the need for armed self-defence against police and fascist violence but were critical of terrorist actions, which they saw as elitist and counterproductive, and condemned the BR as a catalyst rather than an answer to repression. Lotta Continua questioned the
1506:
past, partly explains why far-left terrorism has developed in Italy more than in any other
European country. Sergio Segio, one of the figures of the Years of Lead, said: "I grew up with the idea that they were planning a coup, like in Greece or Chile. And that they would have killed us. In fact, they
1486:
to adopt "armed propaganda" as a method of struggle. The first actions, such as the destruction of foremen's vehicles or sequestration of executives, reflect the social composition of the armed groups. Among the 1,337 people convicted of belonging to the Red
Brigades, 70% were workers, service sector
2279:
In
October 2007, a former BR commander was arrested after committing a bank robbery while out of prison on good conduct terms. On 1 October 2007, Cristoforo Piancone, who is serving a life sentence for six murders, managed to steal €170,000 from the bank Monte dei Paschi di Siena with an accomplice.
1894:
Moro's assassination caused a strong reaction against the BR by the
Italian law enforcement and security forces. The murder of a popular political figure also drew condemnation from other Italian left-wing militant formations and even the imprisoned ex-leaders of the group. The BR suffered a loss of
1849:
airline company uniforms, ambushed Moro, killed five of his bodyguards and took him captive. The captors, headed by
Moretti, sought the release of certain prisoners in exchange for Moro's safe release. The government refused to negotiate with the captors, while Italian political forces took either a
2058:
had also written a letter to
Mastelloni, which has been kept in juridical archives. Some of those associated with the Hyperion School, which included Corrado Simioni, Vanni Mulinaris, and Duccio Berio, were accused by the Italian authorities of being the "masterminds" of the BR, although they were
1881:
After holding Moro for 54 days, the BR realized that the government would not negotiate. Fearful of being discovered, they decided to kill their prisoner. They placed him in a car and told him to cover himself with a blanket. Moretti then shot him eleven times in the chest. Moro's body was left in
2784:
The Red
Brigades believed that the success of the kidnapping would stop the Communists' rise to become integrated into Italian state institutions and as such being part of the machine they viewed as corrupt and oppressive. Without the being part of the government, the Red Brigades could continue
1561:
The BR's kidnappings were different from those in Latin
American or European groups in that, apart from two major exceptions, they had been pursued not for immediate practical possibilities but for symbolic ritualism, where the targeted symbol represented an action towards the symbolized entity.
1912:
Italian police made a large number of arrests in 1980 when 12,000 far-left militants were detained while 300 fled to France and 200 to South
America; a total of 600 people left Italy. Most leaders arrested including Faranda, Franceschini, Moretti, and Morucci either retracted their doctrine (as
1772:
discovered a farmhouse where Gancia was kept prisoner by the BR (Cascina Spiotta). In the ensuing gunfight, two police officers were killed, as was Cagol. That following April, the BR announced that they had set up a Communist Combatant Party to "guide the working class". Terrorist activities,
1994:
On 23 January 1983, an Italian court sentenced 32 members of the BR to life imprisonment for their role in the kidnapping and murder of Moro, among other crimes. Many elements and facts have never been fully cleared up, despite a series of trials, and this led to a number of other alternative
1890:
revolutionary action. Franceschini wrote that the imprisoned members did not understand why Moro had been chosen as a target. Moro was killed for his value as a symbolic representation of everything the BR opposed, rather than anything to do with his individual actions or beliefs.
2402:, the leader of Yugoslavia. Gorenc was supposedly proud of Yugoslavia's close yet clandestine relationship with the Red Brigades, though he allegedly insisted the government could and would not attempt to influence the group to avoid executing Aldo Moro, despite Romanian leader
1430:. With the kidnapping and murder of Moro, they were instrumental in blocking the PCI's road to government. In the words of historian David Broder, rather than causing through their actions a radicalization of the Italian political landscape as they had hoped, it resulted in an
1382:
and assisted the authorities in capturing the other members. The group had a resurgence in the late 1990s to the 2000s. Although Italy was not the sole country to experience years of terrorism, the BR were the most powerful, largest, and longest-lived post-World War II
2417:
that she spoke to a "part-timer" with the Red Brigades who claimed that he used to sail between Lebanon and Italy during summers, ferrying Soviet weapons for a fee from the PLO to Sardinia where the weapons were distributed to "other organizations in Europe".
2173:, an ex-member of the Red Brigades who was teaching sociology, signalling for the first time a departure from the "Mitterrand doctrine". In the 2000s, requests by Italian Justice for extradition from France involved several leftist activists, including Negri,
1927:
was Patrizio Peci, one of the leaders of the Turin "column". In revenge, the BR assassinated his brother Roberto in 1981, significantly damaging the standing of the group and lowering them in the public's eyes to little more than a supposedly radical
1743:, their numbers grew drastically and began to diversify in their criminal ventures. The BR operated some high-profile political kidnappings (e.g. Genoa judge Mario Sossi) and kidnapped industrialists (e.g. Vallarino Gancia) in order to obtain
1328:
or murders of industrialists, prominent capitalists, politicians, law enforcement officials, and other perceived enemies of the working-class revolution. Nearly fifty people were killed in its attacks between 1974 and 1988. According to the
2081:
to protest the conditions suffered by "Brigadists" in Italian prisons and the imprisonment without trial of Mulinaris, who was recognized as innocent some time afterwards. Mulinaris' treatment was, according to the Abbé, a "violation of
1882:
the trunk of a car in Via Caetani, a site midway between the DC and PCI headquarters, as a last symbolic challenge to the police, who were keeping the entire nation, and Rome in particular, under strict surveillance. Moretti wrote in
1434:
blowback and a decline for the extra-parliamentary left, which has sometimes prompted accusations that the Red Brigades were infiltrated by anti-communist or governmental entities seeking to undermine the group, especially
2270:
declared after his release from an 18-year prison term that the BR "continue to exist because we never proceeded to their funeral", calling for truth from every involved party in order to be able to turn the page.
2331:
along well-established smuggling routes. Pacepa further claimed logistic support and training were carried out directly by the Czechoslovak StB both in Prague and at remote PLO training camps in North Africa and
1590:
BR's claim that eliminating individual capitalists would have strengthened class organization. After its dissolution, the Lotta Continua continuity paper headlined "neither with the state nor the Red Brigades".
2053:
that the Abbé had "spontaneously testified" in the 1980s in support of a group of Italian activists who had fled to Paris and were involved with the Hyperion language school, directed by Vanni Mulinaris.
1558:, in which a factory foreman for Sit Siemens was held for around twenty minutes whilst pictures were taken of him wearing a placard declaring him to be a fascist. The foreman was then released unharmed.
1348:
revolutionary movement that the BR saw itself as a continuation of, and an example of a youthful anti-fascist movement using violent means for just ends. The group was also influenced by volumes on the
2027:
deputy chief of staff at Southern European land forces. The men kidnapped Dozier and left his wife bound and chained in their apartment. He was held for 42 days until 28 January 1982, when a team of
1297:, said at Rossa's funeral: "It is not the President of the Republic speaking, but comrade Pertini. I knew red brigades: they fought with me against the fascists, not against democrats. For shame!"
2206:
stating that "it was a way for us to show responsibility, recognise this part of Italian history and stop turning a blind eye to the violent acts perpetrated between the mid-60s and the 80s."
2266:
who was wrongly accused of being the mastermind of the BR, have called for a new analysis of the events which happened during the Years of Lead in Italy. On the other hand, BR founder
5387:
2157:
guaranteed immunity from extradition to BR members living in France who had made a break from their past, were not sentenced for violent crimes and had started a new life. In 1998,
2123:
In the 1980s, the arrest rate increased in Italy, including that of Senzani in 1982 and of Balzerani in 1985. In February 1986, the Red Brigades-PCC killed the ex-mayor of Florence
1785:
in cases against imprisoned leaders of the organization. Also, since arrested members of the BR refused to be defended by lawyers, lawyers designated by the courts to defend them (
2785:
with their revolutionary war against capitalism. In the first communication by the Red Brigades, they claimed that the DC: '... had been suppressing the Italian people for years'.
1436:
2303:, a total of 75 people are thought to have been murdered by the BR. A majority of the murders were politically motivated, though a number of assassinations of random police and
1507:
had already started." Between 1969 and 1975, attacks and political violence were mainly attributable to right-wing groups (95% from 1969 to 1973, 85% in 1974, and 78% in 1975).
2198:
bombing, was granted asylum and citizenship in Japan, while others fled to Argentina, in particular Augusto Canchi, who was wanted by Italian justice for his role in the 1980
6722:
3588:
2169:
could not be extradited to Italy, on the grounds that Italian procedure would not let him be judged again, after a trial during his absence. In 2002, Paris extradited
2984:
2251:
in connection with the murder of Massimo D'Antona. On 1 June 2005, four members of the Red Brigades-PCC were condemned to life sentence in Bologna for the murder of
3930:("Brigades Rouges. L'Histoire secrète des Red Brigades racontée par leur fondateur, Alberto Franceschini. Entretien avec Giovanni Fasanella". Editions Panama, 2005
3156:
2866:("Brigades Rouges. L'Histoire secrète des Red Brigades racontée par leur fondateur, Alberto Franceschini. Entretien avec Giovanni Fasanella". Editions Panama, 2005
930:
3482:
2349:
3758:
1597:
were made but never proven, and were always rejected by the militants in books and interviews. In June 1974, the Red Brigades killed two members of the Italian
2716:
3010:
5573:
2215:
1799:; it was the first time that the BR attacked in a school. Their weaponry came mainly from the stocks of the Italian Resistance during the Second World War.
5004:
3524:
AFP news cable: "ROME, 23 January 2007 (AFP) – L'Abbé Pierre et les Brigades rouges italiennes : un épisode méconnu" (23 January 2007), published on
2170:
3640:
5052:
3927:
2864:
2166:
1330:
6707:
6234:
4984:
3117:
2531:
4551:
3717:
2295:
According to Clarence A. Martin, the BR were credited with 14,000 acts of violence in the first ten years of the group's existence. According to
925:
3536:
6793:
4302:
4111:
2395:
1495:
1866:
and the extra-parliamentary left took the hard line. From his captivity, Moro sent letters to his family, to his political friends and to the
2120:
Multinational Force and Observer Group. In the same year, Curcio, Moretti, Iannelli and Bertolazzi rejected the armed struggle as pointless.
6783:
1223:
496:
6757:
5644:
3941:
2078:
2567:
6887:
6747:
4012:
501:
6877:
6836:
3298:
Drake, Richard (2001). "Why the Moro Trials Have Not Settled the Moro Murder Case: A Problem in Political and Intellectual History".
2073:
to plead Mulinaris' cause. Mulinaris had been imprisoned on a charge of assisting the BR. The Abbé had even observed eight days of a
1474:
The formation of the Red Brigades took place in the context of social struggles in the late 1960s. Workers' strikes shook factories,
6788:
4821:
6224:
4868:
3246:
2860:
See Giovanni Fasanella and Alberto Franceschini (with an afterword by judge Rosario Priore, who investigated Aldo Moro's death),
862:
3436:
3415:
6717:
4989:
3585:
2307:
officers took place, as well as a number of murders occurring during criminal ventures such as bank robberies and kidnappings.
2139:. After that, the group activities all but ended after massive arrests of its leadership. The BR dissolved themselves in 1988.
2028:
987:
3011:"Caso Moro, monsignor Mennini: 'Mai stato nella prigione delle Br. Paolo VI mise da parte 10 miliardi per pagare il riscatto'"
2958:
6712:
4647:
4334:
4312:
3952:
3923:
Giovanni Fasanella and Alberto Franceschini (with a postface from Judge Rosario Priore, who investigated Aldo Moro's death),
3101:
5735:
5554:
5479:
5139:
4739:
1699:
6867:
6752:
5159:
4292:
3163:
1671:
892:
4401:
4329:
3350:
2214:
A new group, with few links, if any, with the old BR, appeared in the late 1990s. The Red Brigades-PCC in 1999 murdered
1376:
In the 1980s, the group was broken up by Italian investigators, with the aid of several leaders under arrest who turned
6841:
6194:
5289:
4267:
4152:
4106:
4101:
4047:
3273:
1808:
1562:
Initially, the BR focused on managerial staff and right-wing trade unionists from the country's largest firms, such as
1519:
1366:
1309:
1270:
950:
867:
568:
189:
3568:
5926:
5489:
4759:
4700:
3881:
3053:
2702:
2496:
1718:
513:
4497:
2724:
1678:
5629:
5624:
5119:
5082:
4811:
4257:
3897:
2300:
1971:(The Call of French Intellectuals Against Repression in Italy) in protest against Negri's imprisonment and Italian
1491:
1216:
994:
967:
910:
887:
533:
5307:
5169:
4853:
3503:
6349:
5730:
5659:
5559:
5437:
5209:
5199:
4786:
4173:
3740:
3131:
3079:
2320:
1004:
920:
563:
5124:
5011:
4999:
6897:
5780:
5549:
5129:
5031:
4764:
4208:
4203:
1656:
857:
5449:
5179:
4690:
4462:
2805:
Paul Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics 1943–1988, (London: Penguin, 1990) p.361.
1685:
1324:
of certain industrialists, factory owners, bankers, and politicians deemed to be exploitative, as well as the
6727:
5742:
5695:
5459:
5382:
5114:
2607:
2457:
2243:
On 23 October 2003, Italian police arrested six members of the Red Brigades in early-dawn raids in Florence,
1956:
1652:
5174:
4883:
4806:
4477:
2287:. He had been tried and convicted in absentia for the kidnapping of the naval engineer Piero Costa in 1977.
6882:
5760:
5720:
5690:
5639:
5499:
5417:
5413:
5284:
5214:
4979:
4796:
4562:
4457:
4389:
3552:
3487:
3377:
2851:
R. Lumley, States of Emergency: Cultures of Revolt in Italy from 1968 to 1978, (London: Verso, 1990) p.282.
2742:
852:
835:
775:
124:
6892:
6872:
6732:
6204:
6199:
5916:
5594:
5322:
5067:
5026:
4970:
4873:
4754:
4712:
4617:
4142:
4096:
2112:(Red Brigades-UCC, led by Giovanni Senzani). In 1984, the group claimed responsibility for the murder of
1826:
1667:
1427:
1209:
982:
977:
882:
820:
810:
791:
528:
518:
203:
17:
2672:
2523:
2092:
specified that Italian justice has recognized the innocence of all people close to the Hyperion School.
1755:
stated that its goal was a "concentrated strike against the heart of the State, because the state is an
6569:
5790:
5775:
5765:
5619:
5219:
4707:
4510:
4277:
2895:
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie / Europäisches Archiv für Soziologie
1972:
1919:
1618:
1602:
957:
448:
2560:"Remembering Aldo Moro, the former prime minister killed by terrorists during Italy's 'Years of Lead'"
6798:
6674:
6619:
6439:
5427:
5134:
4695:
4307:
4224:
3967:
3531:
2371:
claimed that, aware of the involvement and fearing retaliation due to their own involvement with the
1341:
877:
633:
1312:(NATO). The organization attained notoriety in the 1970s and early 1980s with their violent acts of
613:
6424:
5991:
5254:
5144:
4898:
4442:
3403:
1514:
group around Curcio had its main roots in the Sociology Department of the Catholic University, the
1365:
became "a sort of do-it-yourself manual for the early Red Brigades". Other influences included the
840:
523:
6164:
3931:
3457:
2867:
5654:
5599:
5584:
5524:
5332:
5312:
5072:
4749:
4354:
2376:
2234:
2153:
In 1985 some Italian members living in France returned to Italy. The same year, French President
2135:, Red Brigades-PCC killed Italian Senator Roberto Ruffilli, an advisor of Italian Prime Minister
1859:
1842:
1645:
1522:(FGCI) expelled from the PCI for extremist views. In the beginning, the BR were mainly active in
1419:
1358:
1274:
1039:
945:
830:
825:
368:
4557:
6444:
5948:
5342:
5016:
4492:
4252:
4247:
4040:
4009:
Strike One to Educate One Hundred: The Rise of the Red Brigades in Italy in the 1960s and 1970s
2345:
2220:
2174:
1463:. Franceschini's grandmother had been a leader of the peasant leagues, his father a worker and
1396:
6654:
2768:
2154:
6862:
6679:
5963:
5958:
5725:
5614:
5569:
5529:
5464:
5408:
5327:
5109:
4923:
4801:
4719:
4627:
4592:
4502:
4447:
4344:
4185:
3037:
2559:
1988:
1984:
1943:
was arrested along with the other persons associated with the Autonomist movement, including
1906:
1392:
1266:
999:
872:
548:
184:
170:
4007:
3569:"Dallo Stato etico allo Stato emotivo: Virginio Rognoni "Le torture? L'emotività era forte""
508:
6219:
5986:
5841:
5795:
5710:
5705:
5504:
5403:
5352:
5347:
5239:
5194:
5149:
5087:
4918:
4893:
4843:
4771:
4685:
4535:
4137:
4116:
3526:
2267:
2252:
2230:
2189:
2185:
2066:
and was subsequently arrested by the Italian police, Abbé Pierre went to talk in 1983 with
1887:
1460:
1456:
1258:
1137:
1064:
648:
543:
288:
137:
89:
2403:
1692:
8:
6664:
6579:
6574:
6474:
6337:
6134:
6018:
5933:
5821:
5674:
5669:
5649:
5634:
5544:
5539:
5444:
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5367:
5279:
5274:
5264:
5164:
5104:
5077:
4903:
4888:
4858:
4836:
4622:
4612:
4339:
4262:
4232:
4216:
3441:
3420:
2148:
2049:
1980:
1948:
1838:
1796:
1423:
1384:
1278:
1132:
1069:
618:
603:
585:
573:
343:
308:
162:
5519:
5432:
3232:
2386:
According to Pacepa, support for the Red Brigades was a major part of the operations of
6818:
6614:
6599:
6524:
6504:
6499:
6484:
6331:
6079:
5831:
5715:
5469:
5372:
5357:
5269:
5259:
5234:
5229:
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4948:
4863:
4848:
4791:
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4530:
4406:
4297:
4287:
3786:
3331:
3323:
3199:
3111:
3075:
2926:
2918:
2502:
2452:
2327:(PLO). Soviet and Czechoslovak small arms and explosives came from the Middle East via
2226:
2067:
2055:
1834:
1294:
1174:
1157:
1112:
770:
765:
453:
363:
253:
147:
30:
This article is about the Italian militant group. For the Japanese militant group, see
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223:
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5021:
4878:
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4654:
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4198:
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3315:
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3097:
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2910:
2698:
2492:
2410:
2237:
2105:
1162:
915:
743:
623:
428:
403:
348:
293:
283:
152:
35:
31:
6808:
6479:
1960:
6594:
6519:
6449:
6434:
6414:
6361:
6144:
6139:
6119:
6069:
6059:
5886:
5851:
5836:
5785:
5514:
5454:
5294:
4953:
4933:
4642:
4584:
4578:
4545:
4525:
4515:
4364:
4165:
4157:
3984:
3307:
2902:
2462:
2414:
2368:
2316:
2199:
1570:'s, the ninth of those symbolic kidnappings, was the only one to result in murder.
1499:
1452:
1388:
1249:
1241:
1199:
1168:
1152:
1147:
972:
728:
718:
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665:
580:
423:
413:
398:
388:
373:
333:
323:
318:
248:
85:
3946:
2506:
6813:
6669:
6659:
6644:
6624:
6609:
6584:
6529:
6294:
6262:
6154:
6114:
5876:
5871:
5811:
5752:
5484:
5362:
5189:
5154:
5062:
5057:
4781:
4675:
4349:
4282:
4272:
4237:
4193:
4180:
4132:
4016:
3872:
The Sword and the Shield: the Mitrokhin archive and the secret history of the KGB
3662:
3592:
3540:
2439:
2399:
2203:
2136:
2128:
2117:
2020:
1944:
1871:
1787:
1594:
1535:
1503:
1483:
1337:
1142:
847:
748:
695:
558:
538:
486:
468:
418:
278:
268:
4776:
2647:
2340:
were used by the Red Brigades in many of their attacks, including the ambush of
6639:
6564:
6554:
6549:
6409:
6149:
5938:
5861:
5589:
5494:
5244:
5184:
4816:
4734:
4637:
4597:
4567:
4467:
4422:
3382:
3187:
3071:
2391:
2328:
2194:
2070:
1964:
1792:
1748:
1582:
1578:
1431:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1317:
1305:
1290:
1127:
1117:
1074:
1059:
1021:
962:
755:
738:
733:
638:
443:
433:
393:
358:
298:
273:
263:
258:
238:
3752:
3750:
3467:
3327:
2906:
2821:
2337:
2047:'s death in January 2007, Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni recalled in the
2044:
1593:
Frequent allegations of links between the BR and the intelligence services of
6856:
6803:
6649:
6544:
6509:
6494:
6454:
5996:
5826:
5564:
5474:
5337:
5317:
5204:
4965:
4943:
4908:
4487:
4482:
4437:
4359:
4319:
4068:
3319:
3208:
2914:
2263:
2088:
2074:
2032:
2011:
On 17 December 1981, four members of the BR, posing as plumbers, invaded the
1940:
1901:
1863:
1822:
1523:
1515:
1448:
1362:
1301:
1015:
935:
628:
491:
463:
458:
408:
383:
303:
243:
81:
3759:"Former Red Brigades member arrested in Argentina after four decades on run"
3508:
1917:) or collaborated with investigators in the capture of other BR members (as
1905:, the events were "Italy's 11th of September". It was the apogee of Italy's
1089:
59:
6589:
6539:
6469:
6459:
6313:
6301:
6288:
6094:
5921:
5422:
4670:
4520:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4075:
3763:
3747:
2943:
2426:
2353:
2284:
2162:
2083:
1875:
1867:
1464:
1399:. Countries hit by terrorism included France, Germany, Ireland, and Spain.
1345:
1044:
723:
685:
378:
353:
338:
3688:
3416:«Quel giorno in Tribunale con lui difese i terroristi rossi e l' Hyperion»
6634:
6239:
6209:
6064:
6054:
5953:
5816:
5609:
5098:
4928:
4913:
4724:
4572:
4540:
4427:
4242:
4147:
4086:
3957:
Terrorist Group Profiles, Dudley Knox Library, Naval Postgraduate School.
2633:
2467:
2361:
2256:
2181:
2124:
2113:
2100:
By 1981, the BR had split into two factions: the majority faction of the
1929:
1768:
1756:
1598:
1551:
1531:
1321:
1286:
1054:
940:
680:
670:
438:
328:
313:
2922:
2489:
Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-set of Modern Terrorists
1265:
group. It was responsible for numerous violent incidents during Italy's
6393:
6104:
6074:
6028:
5943:
5911:
5903:
5846:
5534:
5249:
4938:
4826:
4432:
3615:"Associazione Italiana Vittime del Terrorismo AIVITER – Sito ufficiale"
2697:
Paul Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy 1943–1988, Penguin 1990
2296:
1896:
1778:
1659: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1586:
1563:
1555:
1325:
1122:
815:
785:
780:
690:
608:
553:
174:
5047:
1923:), obtaining important reductions in prison sentences. The best-known
1084:
6689:
6534:
6383:
6356:
6169:
6124:
6033:
6001:
5981:
5973:
5302:
5092:
3641:"France arrests 7 Italian leftist militants it harboured for decades"
3045:
2790:
2434:
2430:
2341:
2319:
claimed that the Red Brigades' primary foreign support came from the
2016:
2003:
Much of the BR was dismantled by the security services in the 1980s.
1936:
1830:
1752:
1567:
1468:
1370:
1350:
1282:
1094:
1079:
1049:
700:
658:
211:
132:
4006:
Chris Aronson Beck, Reggie Emilia, Lee Morris, and Ollie Patterson.
1634:
1617:
In September 1974, Curcio and Franceschini were arrested by General
1285:
was widely condemned, as was the murder of left-wing trade unionist
6268:
6109:
6006:
5881:
5700:
5604:
4744:
4602:
4056:
3962:
Il ritorno della violenza – Le BR dal ventennio rosso al XXI secolo
3936:
3722:
3614:
3586:
Denuncian que Almirón también participó en la ultraderecha española
3462:
3311:
2872:
2244:
2158:
2095:
1987:, while various judicial investigations also took place, headed by
1979:. In the 1980s–1990s, a parliamentary commission headed by senator
1976:
1846:
1782:
1574:
1547:
1403:
1402:
Throughout their existence, the BR were generally opposed by other
1313:
1262:
760:
643:
5388:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
2132:
1518:
group (around Franceschini) included mostly former members of the
6214:
6099:
6089:
6038:
5579:
4324:
3663:"France arrests ex-members of Italy extremist group Red Brigades"
2959:"Fausto Cuocolo, il giurista che girava con due lacci emostatici"
2357:
1969:
L'Appel des intellectuels français contre la répression en Italie
1479:
1475:
1378:
1354:
1179:
1833:, who was the key figure in negotiations aimed at extending the
1781:, increased considerably in order to terrorize juries and cause
6282:
6084:
6023:
4958:
2838:
A Jamieson. Identity and morality in the Italian Red Brigades.
2259:, Roberto Morandi, Marco Mezzasalma and Diana Blefari Melazzi.
2012:
1813:
1744:
1740:
1511:
1447:
The Red Brigades were formed in August 1970. Its founders were
653:
166:
3979:
Europe's Red Terrorists: The fighting Communist Organizations,
2893:
Moss, David (1981). "The kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro".
6767:
6723:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
6229:
6012:
4091:
3597:
3092:
Gardner, Robert C. Meade Jr.; foreword by Richard N. (1990).
2333:
2063:
1952:
1736:
1606:
1539:
1527:
215:
2229:. On 19 March 2002, the same gun was used to kill professor
1878:
10 billion to pay a ransom to the BR in order to save Moro.
1791:) were also targeted and killed. Amongst jurists, Professor
1387:
group in Western Europe. Like-minded organizations were the
6307:
6189:
4081:
4025:
2387:
2248:
2024:
1732:
1543:
2518:
2516:
1817:
Moro photographed during his detention by the Red Brigades
6762:
6742:
6737:
3898:"Loretta Napoleoni: The intricate economics of terrorism"
2380:
2372:
2324:
2006:
3551:
Paolo Perschichetti, "De l'usage sélectif du passé", on
1573:
During this time, the BR's activities were denounced by
34:. For the eponymous women empowerment organization, see
3827:. Dudley Knox Library, Naval Postgraduate School. 2005.
3437:
Abbé Pierre, il frate ribelle che scelse gli emarginati
2513:
2184:
activists involved in the strategy of tension, such as
2127:. In March 1987, Red Brigades-UCC assassinated General
3867:
2262:
Several figures from the 1970s, including philosopher
1490:
The fear of a far-right power grab in Italy, like the
3404:
Dozier, General James/Red Brigade Kidnapping Incident
3351:"Tutto quel che non torna del rapimento di Aldo Moro"
3157:"Revised Bibliography of the Works of Gilles Deleuze"
1802:
1550:
factory equipment and broke into factory offices and
2390:, the intelligence service of non-aligned communist
2209:
1759:
collection of multinational corporations". The SIM (
1554:
headquarters. In 1972, they carried out their first
1300:
Formed in 1970, the Red Brigades sought to create a
931:
Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line
3852:
3096:(1. publ. ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
2360:, as well as the murders of Roberto Peci, Diplomat
2283:In August 2024 Leonardo Bertulazzi was arrested in
1983:investigated acts of terrorism in Italy during the
1886:that the murder of Moro was the last expression of
1437:
in regard to the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
1333:, the BR was a "broadly diffused" terrorist group.
3869:
3689:"Enter the Red Brigades, the new moral opposition"
3247:"Moro's killers among 32 jailed for life in Italy"
2944:Brigate Rosse and Moro Kidnappig: secrets and lies
3718:Paris, capitale des « années de plomb »
3406:. Reagan.utexas.edu. Retrieved on 28 August 2011.
3214:Ce livre est littéralement une preuve d'innocence
2677:Center for International Security and Cooperation
2433:frequently wore a Red Brigade shirt in the early
1995:theories about the events to become popularized.
1331:Center for International Security and Cooperation
6854:
6708:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
3784:
3639:Balmer, Crispian; Rose, Michel (28 April 2021).
3233:"Commissione d'inchiesta su terrorismo e stragi"
3094:The Red Brigades: the story of Italian terrorism
2338:Czechoslovakian-made Škorpion submachine pistols
2192:, fled to Spain; Delfo Zorzi, condemned for the
2096:Red Brigades-PCC and Red Brigades-UCC 1981 split
1605:(MSI), during a raid on the MSI headquarters in
5145:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
4552:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
3375:Collin, Richard Oliver and Gordon L. Freedman.
3274:"The kidnapping and assassination of Aldo Moro"
3216:, text n°21 (op.cit.), originally published in
2985:"L'appello di Paolo VI per il rilascio di Moro"
2736:
2734:
2180:While leftists had mostly fled to France, many
1624:
3868:Andrew, Christopher; Vasili Mitrokhin (2000).
2225:, an advisor to the cabinet of Prime Minister
1336:Models for the BR included the Latin American
4041:
3712:Giovanni Fasanella and Alberto Franceschini,
2625:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2553:
2551:
2549:
1795:was also attacked in 1979, during an exam at
1751:) were their main source of income. Its 1975
1612:
1217:
6784:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
4335:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
4021:A sympathetic appraisal of the Red Brigades.
3116:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2854:
2731:
2487:Orsini, Alessandro; Nodes, Sarah J. (2011).
1442:
5645:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
3483:CAMT. Répertoire papiers Abbé Pierre/Emmaus
3458:L'abbé Pierre, fondateur d'Emmaüs, est mort
2486:
2437:period. He also wore the shirt in the film
1731:After 1974, the Red Brigades expanded into
926:Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)
6748:United States involvement in regime change
4303:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
4048:
4034:
3977:Yonah Alexander and Dennis A. Pluchinsky.
3686:
3638:
3566:
3038:"Left- and Right-wing Political Terrorism"
2582:
2546:
2383:, culminating with a total break in 1979.
1845:(PCI). A team of BR members, using stolen
1837:'s parliamentary majority, by attaining a
1224:
1210:
3861:
3804:
3802:
3800:
2879:
2743:"The kidnapping and killing of Aldo Moro"
2717:"Con le bombe e le pistole, di Uwe Wesel"
2640:
2344:'s motorcade (and his later murder), the
2038:
1858:). All major political forces except the
1719:Learn how and when to remove this message
3682:
3680:
3271:
2769:"The Kidnapping And Murder of Aldo Moro"
2631:
2491:(1 ed.). Cornell University Press.
1812:
4874:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
3972:Il linguaggio delle nuove Brigate Rosse
3853:Luntz, James M; Brenda J Luntz (2004).
3837:
3831:
3091:
3035:
2819:
2740:
1761:Stato Imperialista delle Multinazionali
863:Italian General Confederation of Labour
14:
6855:
6718:Russian espionage in the United States
4990:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3817:
3808:
3797:
3778:
3601:Argentine news agency, 6 January 2007
3430:
2766:
2605:
2557:
2007:Kidnapping of Brigadier General Dozier
6713:Soviet espionage in the United States
4869:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
4648:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
4313:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
4029:
3846:
3756:
3677:
3634:
3632:
3348:
3297:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2714:
2364:, and Commissioner Antonio Esposito.
2274:
1482:in particular, which led part of the
1414:, and were isolated from the Italian
1344:, which was itself a mostly leftist,
1248:
6789:Soviet Union–United States relations
5140:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
2892:
2665:
2632:Westcott, Kathryn (6 January 2004).
2406:'s pleas for Yugoslav intervention.
1657:adding citations to reliable sources
1628:
1502:, in a country still scarred by its
1422:(PCI), which they opposed for their
6753:Soviet involvement in regime change
3953:A Giovanni Fasanella's bibliography
2820:Bonelli, Laurent (1 October 2011).
2767:Castro, Beppe (14 September 2022).
2534:from the original on 13 August 2023
2142:
1340:movements and the World War II era
24:
6794:Soviet Union–United States summits
4268:1947 Polish parliamentary election
4153:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
3629:
3204:Lettera aperta ai giudici di Negri
2808:
2570:from the original on 7 August 2023
2530:. Stanford University. June 2018.
2421:
2310:
2077:from 26 May to 3 June 1984 in the
1998:
1884:Brigate Rosse: una storia italiana
1821:In 1978, the Second BR, headed by
1809:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
1803:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
1520:Italian Communist Youth Federation
1367:Algerian National Liberation Front
1361:, which in the words of historian
1310:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1271:kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
190:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
25:
6909:
6888:Organizations established in 1970
5555:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
5490:United States invasion of Grenada
4760:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
4701:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
4000:
3757:Tondo, Lorenzo (30 August 2024).
3504:D'inattendues amitiés brigadistes
3192:Lettre ouverte aux juges de Negri
3072:On the Autonomia Operaia movement
2325:Palestine Liberation Organization
2233:, an economic advisor to Italian
2210:Late 1990s resurgence and murders
1455:, who had met as students at the
6878:Communist organisations in Italy
5630:United States invasion of Panama
5480:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
5120:1971 Turkish military memorandum
5083:Communist insurgency in Thailand
5053:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
4985:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
4812:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
4740:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
4258:Restatement of Policy on Germany
4019:. Seeds Beneath the Snow, 1986.
3741:"Released Red Brigader in Heist"
2840:Terrorism and Political Violence
2822:"The secret lives of terrorists"
2558:Iovene, Franck (15 March 2018).
1633:
1492:regime of the colonels in Greece
1193:
968:Movement of Unitarian Communists
911:Armed Proletarians for Communism
888:Unified Communist Party of Italy
534:Portella della Ginestra massacre
222:
58:
6350:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5731:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5660:Fall of the inner German border
5560:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
5210:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
5200:Spanish transition to democracy
5160:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
4787:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
4293:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
4174:Occupation of the Baltic states
3916:
3890:
3733:
3706:
3655:
3607:
3579:
3560:
3545:
3518:
3497:
3485:, on the website of the French
3476:
3451:
3409:
3397:
3388:
3369:
3342:
3291:
3272:Sagerson, Andrew (9 May 2023).
3265:
3239:
3225:
3181:
3149:
3124:
3085:
3080:University of Paris X: Nanterre
3062:
3042:Politics of Terrorism: A Survey
3029:
3003:
2977:
2951:
2937:
2845:
2832:
2799:
2760:
2741:Canario, Massimo (9 May 2022).
1644:needs additional citations for
1308:, and to remove Italy from the
921:Communist Party of Italy (2014)
564:Assassination of Sergio Ramelli
111:20 May 1999 – 25 September 2006
5130:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
4765:Mozambican War of Independence
4204:Indonesian National Revolution
2708:
2691:
2528:Mapping Militant Organizations
2480:
2131:in Rome. On 16 April 1988, in
1854:) or one open to negotiating (
1496:military dictatorship of Chile
868:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
858:Italian Communist Party (2016)
51:
13:
1:
6728:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
5743:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
5696:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
5418:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
5383:Seven Days to the River Rhine
5115:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
4402:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
4330:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
3989:L'Italia degli anni di piombo
3809:Pacepa, Lt Ion Mihai (1990).
3349:Longo, Luca (30 April 2018).
3300:The Journal of Modern History
3040:. In Tan, Andrew T.H. (ed.).
2473:
2458:Informal Anarchist Federation
2290:
2116:, United States chief of the
2110:Union of Combatant Communists
2062:After Mulinaris travelled to
5721:Fall of communism in Albania
5691:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
5640:Polish Round Table Agreement
4980:1968 Polish political crisis
4797:Eritrean War of Independence
4563:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4458:East German uprising of 1953
4390:Chinese Communist Revolution
4055:
3993:L'Italia degli anni di fango
3567:insorgenze (13 March 2012).
3253:. 25 January 1983. p. 3
2723:(in Italian). Archived from
2715:Wesel, Uwe (22 April 2006).
2606:Broder, David (9 May 2018).
1959:. Thus, French philosophers
1625:Expansion and radicalization
836:Communist Refoundation Party
776:Proletarian internationalism
7:
5595:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
5323:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
5068:Corrective Movement (Syria)
5032:New People's Army rebellion
5027:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4755:Angolan War of Independence
4618:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
4498:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
4143:Jamaican political conflict
3785:Martin, Clarence Augustus;
3687:John Lloyd (1 April 2002).
3162:(in French). Archived from
2634:"Italy's history of terror"
2446:
1763:) became a primary target.
1747:money which (together with
1585:, which were closer to the
983:Party of Italian Communists
978:Party of the Christian Left
821:Communist Alternative Party
529:Third De Gasperi government
10:
6914:
6868:Far-left politics in Italy
5791:Sino-Indian border dispute
5620:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
5550:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
5308:1976 Argentine coup d'état
5220:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
5170:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
4854:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
4822:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
4511:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
4278:Asian Relations Conference
3017:(in Italian). 9 March 2015
2608:"Historically Compromised"
2146:
2108:) and the minority of the
2104:(Red Brigades-PCC, led by
2035:on regaining his freedom.
1973:anti-terrorism legislation
1925:collaboratore di giustizia
1920:collaboratori di giustizia
1806:
1619:Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa
1613:1974 arrest of BR founders
1603:Movimento Sociale Italiano
1577:political groups, such as
883:Trotskyist League of Italy
29:
6827:
6776:
6698:
6675:William Appleman Williams
6620:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
6402:
6374:
6323:
6255:
6248:
6182:
6047:
5972:
5902:
5895:
5804:
5751:
5683:
5396:
5135:Bangladesh Liberation War
5125:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
5040:
5012:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
5000:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
4663:
4438:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
4415:
4125:
4063:
3665:. BBC News. 28 April 2021
3591:27 September 2007 at the
2965:(in Italian). 29 May 2011
2907:10.1017/S0003975600003726
2102:Communist Combatant Party
1951:and visiting lecturer at
1874:, Pope Paul VI had saved
1825:, kidnapped and murdered
1467:who had been deported to
1443:1970: First BR generation
1342:Italian partisan movement
1250:[briˈɡaːteˈrosse]
634:Italian road to socialism
180:
158:
146:
123:
115:
95:
77:
73:Combatant Communist Party
69:
57:
50:
45:
5450:1980 Turkish coup d'état
5285:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
5255:1978 Somali coup attempt
5215:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
5180:1973 Chilean coup d'état
5005:Revolutionary Government
4899:South African Border War
4691:1960 Turkish coup d'état
4608:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
4463:1953 Iranian coup d'état
4443:1952 Egyptian revolution
3991:, Milan: Rizzoli, 1991;
3981:Routledge, October 1992.
3825:Terrorist Group Profiles
3720:, review of the book in
2059:all cleared afterwards.
1967:signed in November 1977
1957:École Normale Supérieure
1526:, in large factories in
995:Popular Democratic Front
893:Workers' Communist Party
524:Red Republic of Caulonia
497:XVII Congress of the PSI
64:Flag of the Red Brigades
5655:Fall of the Berlin Wall
5600:People Power Revolution
5585:Central American crisis
5525:1986 Black Sea incident
5175:1973 Afghan coup d'état
5073:Western Sahara conflict
4884:1966 Syrian coup d'état
4807:1963 Syrian coup d'état
4750:Portuguese Colonial War
4713:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
4478:1954 Syrian coup d'état
4355:Annexation of Hyderabad
4298:1947–1949 Palestine war
4015:4 December 2004 at the
3995:, Milan: Rizzoli, 1993.
3791:Understanding Terrorism
3743:. ANSA. 2 October 2007.
3539:26 January 2007 at the
3074:, Mémoire de maîtrise (
3036:Brannan, David (2010).
2652:Encyclopædia Britannica
2398:, a close associate of
2377:Italian Communist Party
1991:and other magistrates.
1860:Italian Socialist Party
1843:Italian Communist Party
1841:between the DC and the
1487:employees or students.
1459:and later married, and
1420:Italian Communist Party
1359:Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
1275:prime minister of Italy
1005:Proletarian Unity Party
946:Italian Communist Party
502:I Congress of the PCd'I
369:Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
148:Political position
105:1970s – 23 October 1988
27:Italian terrorist group
5949:Neoclassical economics
5460:Gulf of Sidra incident
5017:1969 Libyan revolution
4708:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
4493:1954 Geneva Conference
4253:Turkish straits crisis
4248:Corfu Channel incident
3964:, Roma: Il Filo, 2007.
3840:That Fine Italian Hand
3838:Hofmann, Paul (1991).
3617:. Vittimeterrorismo.it
2346:Acca Larentia killings
2039:Mulinaris' 1983 arrest
1818:
1245:
958:The Left – The Rainbow
6898:Years of Lead (Italy)
6799:Russia–NATO relations
6680:Jonathan Reed Winkler
5964:Democratic capitalism
5959:Supply-side economics
5927:American conservatism
5726:Breakup of Yugoslavia
5615:Bougainville conflict
5530:South Yemen civil war
5465:Martial law in Poland
5328:Nicaraguan Revolution
5303:Dirty War (Argentina)
5110:1971 JVP insurrection
4924:Years of Lead (Italy)
4802:North Yemen civil war
4720:Berlin Crisis of 1961
4696:Albanian–Soviet split
4628:1959 Tibetan uprising
4593:Syrian Crisis of 1957
4448:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
4308:1948 Arab–Israeli War
3974:, Genova: Erga, 2002.
3813:. Regnery Publishing.
2679:. Stanford University
2147:Further information:
1935:On 7 April 1979, the
1816:
1393:Irish Republican Army
1293:, the then left-wing
1000:Proletarian Democracy
905:Defunct organisations
873:Network of Communists
805:Current organisations
6220:Non-Aligned Movement
5842:Peaceful coexistence
5796:North Borneo dispute
5711:German reunification
5706:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
5404:Salvadoran Civil War
5353:Grand Mosque seizure
5348:Yemenite War of 1979
5240:Mozambican Civil War
5195:Carnation Revolution
5150:Yemenite War of 1972
5088:1970 Polish protests
4919:1967 Hong Kong riots
4894:Argentine Revolution
4844:Guatemalan Civil War
4772:Cuban Missile Crisis
4686:Bay of Pigs Invasion
4558:1956 Poznań protests
4536:Geneva Summit (1955)
4138:Hukbalahap Rebellion
4117:Non-Aligned Movement
3925:Che cosa sono le BR.
3793:. Sage Publications.
3491:(National Archives)
3196:Deux régimes de fous
2301:Ministry of Interior
2268:Alberto Franceschini
2190:Stefano Delle Chiaie
2186:Vincenzo Vinciguerra
1852:linea della fermezza
1788:difensori d' ufficio
1653:improve this article
1461:Alberto Franceschini
1457:University of Trento
1253:, often abbreviated
1200:Communism portal
1138:Democratic socialism
544:Manifesto of the 101
289:Giuseppe Di Vittorio
90:Alberto Franceschini
6883:Communist terrorism
6665:Alex von Tunzelmann
6655:Vladimir Tismăneanu
6580:Thomas J. McCormick
6575:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
6475:Robert Hugh Ferrell
6338:Crusade for Freedom
6135:Illiberal democracy
6019:Ho Chi Minh Thought
5822:Eisenhower Doctrine
5675:Peaceful Revolution
5670:Romanian Revolution
5650:Revolutions of 1989
5635:1988 Polish strikes
5545:Operation INFEKTION
5540:1987 Lieyu massacre
5445:Eritrean Civil Wars
5428:Peruvian Revolution
5378:1979 Herat uprising
5368:Sino-Vietnamese War
5333:Uganda–Tanzania War
5313:Egyptian–Libyan War
5280:Third Indochina War
5275:Sino-Albanian split
5265:Ethiopian Civil War
5165:Eritrean Civil Wars
5105:Ping-pong diplomacy
5078:Cambodian Civil War
4904:Korean DMZ Conflict
4889:Cultural Revolution
4859:Dominican Civil War
4837:Tlatelolco massacre
4623:1959 Mosul uprising
4613:1958 Lebanon crisis
4340:Al-Wathbah uprising
4263:First Indochina War
4233:Iran crisis of 1946
3726:, 30 November 2005
3714:Che cosa sono le BR
3488:Archives Nationales
3442:Corriere della Sera
3421:Corriere della Sera
3222:on 13 December 1979
3202:, 2003 (transl. of
2862:Che cosa sono le BR
2409:Italian journalist
2155:François Mitterrand
2149:Mitterrand doctrine
2050:Corriere della Sera
2019:Brigadier General,
1981:Giovanni Pellegrino
1949:University of Padua
1856:linea del negoziato
1839:Historic Compromise
1827:Christian Democracy
1797:University of Genoa
1773:especially against
1428:Christian Democracy
1424:Historic Compromise
1418:, including by the
1385:left-wing terrorist
1279:Organic centre-left
1133:Christian socialism
1070:Quaderni piacentini
811:Anticapitalist Left
619:Christian communism
604:Anarchist communism
586:Historic Compromise
574:Mitterrand doctrine
344:Pier Paolo Pasolini
309:Galvano Della Volpe
163:Left-wing terrorism
116:Active regions
6893:Terrorism in Italy
6873:Communism in Italy
6819:Russian Revolution
6615:Mary Elise Sarotte
6600:William B. Pickett
6525:Patrick J. Hearden
6505:Gabriel Gorodetsky
6500:Timothy Garton Ash
6485:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
6080:Ethnic nationalism
5832:Hallstein Doctrine
5716:Yemeni unification
5505:1985 Geneva Summit
5470:Casamance conflict
5373:New Jewel Movement
5358:Iranian Revolution
5343:Chadian–Libyan War
5290:Cambodian conflict
5270:Lebanese Civil War
5260:Western Sahara War
5235:June 1976 protests
5230:Cambodian genocide
4995:17 July Revolution
4949:Nigerian Civil War
4864:Rhodesian Bush War
4849:Colombian conflict
4792:Ramadan Revolution
4531:Bandung Conference
4407:Operation Valuable
4288:Partition of India
3512:, 24 January 2007
3470:, 22 January 2007
3445:, 23 January 2007
3424:, 23 January 2007
3251:The New York Times
3200:Mille et une nuits
2507:10.7591/j.ctt7zft3
2453:Girolamo Minervini
2329:heroin traffickers
2315:Romanian defector
2275:Later developments
2079:Cathedral of Turin
2056:Simone de Beauvoir
1835:Italian government
1819:
1295:president of Italy
1273:in 1978. A former
1175:Socialism in Italy
1158:Italian neorealism
1113:Anarchism in Italy
848:Communist Struggle
771:Passive revolution
766:Organic centralism
519:Italian Resistance
514:Aventine Secession
509:Proština rebellion
454:Oliviero Diliberto
364:Giorgio Napolitano
254:Costantino Lazzari
97:Dates of operation
6850:
6849:
6837:List of conflicts
6685:Rudolph Winnacker
6630:Giles Scott-Smith
6605:Ronald E. Powaski
6560:Melvyn P. Leffler
6490:John Lewis Gaddis
6465:Robert D. English
6430:Warren H. Carroll
6420:Michael Beschloss
6389:Nuclear arms race
6370:
6369:
6276:Neues Deutschland
6178:
6177:
6160:White nationalism
6130:Liberal democracy
5867:Ulbricht Doctrine
5857:Brezhnev Doctrine
5665:Velvet Revolution
5409:Soviet–Afghan War
5225:Angolan Civil War
5022:Goulash Communism
4879:ASEAN Declaration
4832:Mexican Dirty War
4730:Annexation of Goa
4681:1960 U-2 incident
4655:Sino-Soviet split
4633:Laotian Civil War
4473:Bricker Amendment
4453:Mau Mau rebellion
4397:Malayan Emergency
4385:Chinese Civil War
4345:Tito–Stalin split
4199:Division of Korea
4022:
3987:and Mario Cervi,
3960:Antonio Cerella,
3219:Le Matin de Paris
3212:on 10 May 1979);
3103:978-0-312-03593-8
2842:, 1990, p. 508-15
2773:Saturdays in Rome
2727:on 18 April 2015.
2411:Loretta Napoleoni
2404:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2367:Russian defector
2238:Silvio Berlusconi
2171:Paolo Persichetti
2106:Barbara Balzerani
2068:Italian President
1729:
1728:
1721:
1703:
1289:in January 1979.
1257:) was an Italian
1234:
1233:
1163:Politics of Italy
916:Autonomia Operaia
744:Cultural hegemony
624:Council communism
429:Ernesto Screpanti
404:Fausto Bertinotti
349:Enrico Berlinguer
294:Palmiro Togliatti
284:Bruno Fortichiari
197:
196:
36:Red Brigade Trust
32:Japanese Red Army
16:(Redirected from
6905:
6595:David S. Painter
6520:John Earl Haynes
6450:Nicholas J. Cull
6435:Adrian Cioroianu
6415:Thomas A. Bailey
6362:Voice of America
6253:
6252:
6165:White separatism
6145:Social democracy
6140:Guided democracy
6120:Authoritarianism
6070:Ultranationalism
6060:Anti-imperialism
5987:Marxism–Leninism
5900:
5899:
5887:Kinmen Agreement
5852:Johnson Doctrine
5837:Kennedy Doctrine
5753:Frozen conflicts
5736:1991 August Coup
5625:Afghan Civil War
5520:Reykjavík Summit
5515:Somali Rebellion
5455:Ugandan Bush War
5433:Gdańsk Agreement
4954:Protests of 1968
4934:War of Attrition
4643:Cuban Revolution
4579:We will bury you
4546:Cyprus Emergency
4526:Kashmir Princess
4516:Jebel Akhdar War
4365:Western betrayal
4050:
4043:
4036:
4027:
4026:
4020:
3985:Indro Montanelli
3968:Amedeo Benedetti
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3875:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3855:Global Terrorism
3850:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3806:
3795:
3794:
3782:
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3710:
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3699:
3684:
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3670:
3659:
3653:
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3650:
3648:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3549:
3543:
3535:
3530:'s website here
3522:
3516:
3515:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3373:
3367:
3366:
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3362:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3223:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3169:on 22 April 2014
3168:
3161:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3136:Oxford Reference
3128:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3107:
3089:
3083:
3070:
3066:
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2877:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2817:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2796:Alexander p. 194
2794:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2738:
2729:
2728:
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2580:
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2577:
2575:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2484:
2463:October 22 Group
2369:Vasili Mitrokhin
2321:Czechoslovak StB
2317:Ion Mihai Pacepa
2224:
2216:Massimo D'Antona
2200:Bologna massacre
2143:Flight to France
1888:Marxist–Leninist
1724:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1661:
1637:
1629:
1595:Communist states
1500:Augusto Pinochet
1453:Margherita Cagol
1406:groups, such as
1391:in Germany, the
1389:Red Army Faction
1281:, the murder of
1269:, including the
1261:armed terrorist
1259:Marxist–Leninist
1252:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1169:Prison Notebooks
1153:History of Italy
1148:Fischia il vento
973:October 22 Group
729:Anti-imperialism
719:Anti-clericalism
676:Neo-Gramscianism
666:Marxist humanism
649:Marxism–Leninism
581:Movement of 1977
424:Margherita Cagol
414:Domenico Losurdo
399:Achille Occhetto
389:Giovanni Scuderi
374:Armando Cossutta
334:Raniero Panzieri
324:Alessandro Natta
319:Altiero Spinelli
249:Errico Malatesta
226:
199:
198:
181:Battles and wars
138:Marxism–Leninism
108:New Red Brigades
98:
86:Margherita Cagol
62:
53:
43:
42:
21:
6913:
6912:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6823:
6814:Second Cold War
6772:
6700:
6694:
6670:Odd Arne Westad
6660:Patrick Vaughan
6645:Athan Theoharis
6625:Ellen Schrecker
6610:Yakov M. Rabkin
6585:Timothy Naftali
6530:Tvrtko Jakovina
6515:Jussi Hanhimäki
6398:
6376:
6366:
6344:Paix et Liberté
6319:
6263:Active measures
6244:
6174:
6155:White supremacy
6115:Totalitarianism
6043:
5968:
5891:
5877:Reagan Doctrine
5872:Carter Doctrine
5812:Truman Doctrine
5800:
5747:
5679:
5574:Soviet reaction
5485:Ndogboyosoi War
5392:
5363:Saur Revolution
5190:1973 oil crisis
5155:Munich massacre
5063:Alcora Exercise
5058:Black September
5036:
4782:Sino-Indian War
4676:Simba rebellion
4659:
4503:Capture of the
4411:
4350:Berlin Blockade
4283:May 1947 crises
4273:Truman Doctrine
4238:Greek Civil War
4227:Blacklist Forty
4194:Gouzenko Affair
4181:Cursed soldiers
4133:Morgenthau Plan
4121:
4059:
4054:
4017:Wayback Machine
4003:
3998:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3876:. Basic Books.
3866:
3862:
3851:
3847:
3836:
3832:
3823:
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3818:
3807:
3798:
3783:
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3755:
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3618:
3613:
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3608:
3602:
3593:Wayback Machine
3584:
3580:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3541:Wayback Machine
3533:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3460:, necrology in
3456:
3452:
3446:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3347:
3343:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3194:, text n°20 in
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3132:"Antonio Negri"
3130:
3129:
3125:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3090:
3086:
3076:Master's degree
3068:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3034:
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3020:
3018:
3009:
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3004:
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2537:
2535:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2499:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2449:
2424:
2422:Popular culture
2400:Josip Broz Tito
2313:
2311:Foreign support
2293:
2277:
2227:Massimo D'Alema
2218:
2212:
2204:Emmanuel Macron
2175:Cesare Battisti
2167:Sergio Tornaghi
2151:
2145:
2137:Ciriaco de Mita
2129:Licio Giorgieri
2098:
2041:
2021:James L. Dozier
2009:
2001:
1999:BR in the 1980s
1945:Oreste Scalzone
1872:Antonio Mennini
1829:(DC) president
1811:
1805:
1725:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1662:
1660:
1650:
1638:
1627:
1615:
1536:Magneti Marelli
1504:Italian fascist
1484:labour movement
1445:
1395:, and Basque's
1338:urban guerrilla
1230:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1143:Fasci Siciliani
1108:
1100:
1099:
1035:
1027:
1026:
906:
898:
897:
831:Communist Party
826:Communist Front
806:
798:
797:
749:Counterhegemony
714:
706:
705:
696:Western Marxism
599:
591:
590:
559:Primavalle fire
539:May 1947 crises
487:Fasci Siciliani
482:
474:
473:
469:Alberto Toscano
449:Cesare Battisti
419:Silvia Federici
279:Antonio Gramsci
269:Nicola Bombacci
234:
142:
110:
106:
104:
96:
88:
84:
65:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6911:
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6895:
6890:
6885:
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6834:
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6806:
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6755:
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6715:
6710:
6704:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6640:Timothy Snyder
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6570:Vojtech Mastny
6567:
6565:Geir Lundestad
6562:
6557:
6555:Walter Laqueur
6552:
6550:Walter LaFeber
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6480:André Fontaine
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6410:Gar Alperovitz
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6157:
6152:
6150:Third-Worldism
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5939:Libertarianism
5936:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5919:
5917:Chicago school
5914:
5908:
5906:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5862:Nixon Doctrine
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5808:
5806:
5805:Foreign policy
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5590:Operation RYAN
5587:
5582:
5577:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5495:Able Archer 83
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5245:Oromo conflict
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5185:Yom Kippur War
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5007:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4968:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4817:Aden Emergency
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4735:Papua conflict
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4640:
4638:Kitchen Debate
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Sputnik crisis
4595:
4590:
4582:
4575:
4570:
4568:Polish October
4565:
4560:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:Pact of Madrid
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4423:Bamboo Curtain
4419:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4002:
4001:External links
3999:
3997:
3996:
3982:
3975:
3965:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3942:another review
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3889:
3882:
3860:
3845:
3830:
3816:
3796:
3777:
3746:
3732:
3705:
3676:
3654:
3628:
3606:
3578:
3559:
3544:
3517:
3496:
3475:
3450:
3429:
3408:
3396:
3387:
3378:Winter of Fire
3368:
3341:
3328:10.1086/321029
3312:10.1086/321029
3306:(2): 359–378.
3290:
3278:Wanted in Rome
3264:
3238:
3224:
3188:Gilles Deleuze
3180:
3148:
3123:
3102:
3084:
3061:
3054:
3048:. p. 60.
3028:
3002:
2976:
2950:
2936:
2901:(2): 265–295.
2878:
2853:
2844:
2831:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2759:
2730:
2707:
2690:
2673:"Red Brigades"
2664:
2648:"Red Brigades"
2639:
2624:
2581:
2545:
2524:"Red Brigades"
2512:
2497:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2423:
2420:
2312:
2309:
2292:
2289:
2276:
2273:
2235:Prime Minister
2211:
2208:
2195:Piazza Fontana
2144:
2141:
2097:
2094:
2071:Sandro Pertini
2040:
2037:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1965:Gilles Deleuze
1961:Félix Guattari
1807:Main article:
1804:
1801:
1793:Fausto Cuocolo
1749:bank robberies
1727:
1726:
1668:"Red Brigades"
1641:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1583:Potere Operaio
1579:Lotta Continua
1444:
1441:
1432:anti-communist
1426:with Moro and
1416:political left
1412:Potere Operaio
1408:Lotta Continua
1318:bank robberies
1306:armed struggle
1304:state through
1291:Sandro Pertini
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1128:Christian left
1125:
1120:
1118:Bandiera Rossa
1115:
1109:
1107:Related topics
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1075:Quaderni Rossi
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Il Politecnico
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:Workers' Power
1019:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
990:
980:
975:
970:
965:
963:Lotta Continua
960:
955:
954:
953:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
878:People's Union
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:Countercurrent
850:
845:
844:
843:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
756:Euroscepticism
753:
752:
751:
741:
739:Class conflict
736:
734:Antimilitarism
731:
726:
721:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
662:
661:
656:
646:
641:
639:Left communism
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
583:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
505:
504:
494:
489:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
444:Marco Ferrando
441:
436:
434:Franco Berardi
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:Gianni Vattimo
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
359:Lucio Colletti
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
299:Ruggero Grieco
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:Amadeo Bordiga
271:
266:
264:Egidio Gennari
261:
259:Luigi Galleani
256:
251:
246:
241:
239:Emilio Covelli
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
219:
218:
208:
207:
195:
194:
193:
192:
182:
178:
177:
160:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
129:
127:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
99:
93:
92:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6910:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6804:War on terror
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6699:Espionage and
6697:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6650:Andrew Thorpe
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6545:Gabriel Kolko
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6510:Fred Halliday
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6495:Lloyd Gardner
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6455:Norman Davies
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6440:John Costello
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6375:Technological
6373:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:Pro-communist
6254:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6183:Organizations
6181:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5997:Eurocommunism
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:Domino theory
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5781:South Ossetia
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5565:8888 Uprising
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5510:Iran–Iraq War
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:Falklands War
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5338:NDF Rebellion
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5318:German Autumn
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Metapolitefsi
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
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4991:
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4969:
4967:
4966:Prague Spring
4964:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:Al-Wadiah War
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
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4912:
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4909:12-3 incident
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4514:
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4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:Domino theory
4486:
4484:
4483:Petrov Affair
4481:
4479:
4476:
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4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
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4368:
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4363:
4361:
4360:Madiun Affair
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:Marshall Plan
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
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4296:
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4088:
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4069:United States
4066:
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4018:
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3883:9780465003105
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3694:
3693:New Statesman
3690:
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3658:
3642:
3635:
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3610:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3575:(in Italian).
3574:
3570:
3563:
3554:
3553:Parole donnée
3548:
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3490:
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3309:
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3252:
3248:
3242:
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3228:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3209:La Repubblica
3206:published in
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3055:9781857435795
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3016:
3015:la Repubblica
3012:
3006:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2964:
2963:ilGiornale.it
2960:
2954:
2945:
2940:
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2928:
2924:
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2770:
2763:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2703:0-14-012496-9
2700:
2694:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2635:
2628:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2598:
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2590:
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2565:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2498:9780801449864
2494:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2379:had with the
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2264:Antonio Negri
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:decided that
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2089:La Repubblica
2085:
2080:
2076:
2075:hunger strike
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2033:Ronald Reagan
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:apartment of
2014:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:Guido Salvini
1986:
1985:Years of Lead
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:Antonio Negri
1938:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1907:Years of Lead
1904:
1903:
1902:La Repubblica
1898:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:Bettino Craxi
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:Mario Moretti
1815:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1766:In 1975, the
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1720:
1712:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670: –
1669:
1665:
1664:Find sources:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1642:This section
1640:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:Reggio Emilia
1521:
1517:
1516:Reggio Emilia
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:Renato Curcio
1440:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Paul Ginsborg
1360:
1357:published by
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:revolutionary
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:Years of Lead
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1246:Brigate Rosse
1243:
1239:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1016:Volante Rossa
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:Critical Left
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
902:
901:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
802:
801:
794:
793:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
710:
709:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:Eurocommunism
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
595:
594:
587:
584:
582:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
549:Years of Lead
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
493:
492:Biennio Rosso
490:
488:
485:
484:
478:
477:
470:
467:
465:
464:Paolo Ferrero
462:
460:
459:Nichi Vendola
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Renato Curcio
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:Antonio Negri
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Onorato Damen
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:Carlo Cafiero
242:
240:
237:
236:
230:
229:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
210:
209:
205:
201:
200:
191:
188:
187:
186:
185:Years of Lead
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
159:Major actions
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
103:
100:
94:
91:
87:
83:
82:Renato Curcio
80:
76:
72:
70:Also known as
68:
61:
56:
52:Brigate Rosse
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6863:Red Brigades
6809:Brinkmanship
6701:intelligence
6590:Marius Oprea
6540:Harvey Klehr
6470:Herbert Feis
6460:Willem Drees
6425:Archie Brown
6342:
6330:
6312:
6302:Trybuna Ludu
6300:
6293:
6289:Radio Moscow
6281:
6274:
6267:
6095:Anti-Zionism
6011:
5934:Keynesianism
5922:Conservatism
5786:Transnistria
5766:China-Taiwan
5423:Gera Demands
5296:
5097:
4972:
4777:El Porteñazo
4671:Congo Crisis
4586:
4521:Algerian War
4504:
4380:Western Bloc
4375:Eastern Bloc
4370:Iron Curtain
4226:
4218:
4210:
4187:
4167:
4159:
4076:Soviet Union
4074:
4067:
4008:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3971:
3961:
3945:
3935:
3928:I Miserabili
3924:
3917:Bibliography
3902:. Retrieved
3892:
3871:
3863:
3857:. Routledge.
3854:
3848:
3842:. Owl Books.
3839:
3833:
3824:
3819:
3811:Red Horizons
3810:
3790:
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3764:The Guardian
3762:
3735:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3698:12 September
3696:. Retrieved
3692:
3667:. Retrieved
3657:
3645:. Retrieved
3619:. Retrieved
3609:
3603:(in Spanish)
3596:
3581:
3572:
3562:
3547:
3525:
3520:
3507:
3499:
3486:
3478:
3461:
3453:
3447:(in Italian)
3440:
3432:
3426:(in Italian)
3419:
3411:
3399:
3390:
3376:
3371:
3359:. Retrieved
3357:(in Italian)
3355:Linkiesta.it
3354:
3344:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3277:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3250:
3241:
3227:
3217:
3213:
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1651:Please help
1646:verification
1643:
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1465:anti-fascist
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1014:
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339:Luciano Lama
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101:
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6445:Michael Cox
6377:competition
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6240:Safari Club
6210:Warsaw Pact
6065:Nationalism
6055:Imperialism
5954:Reaganomics
5817:Containment
5610:Perestroika
5099:Realpolitik
4929:Six-Day War
4914:Greek junta
4725:Berlin Wall
4573:Suez Crisis
4541:Vietnam War
4428:McCarthyism
4243:Baruch Plan
4188:Unthinkable
4148:Dekemvriana
4087:Warsaw Pact
3728:(in French)
3556:(in French)
3534:(in French)
3514:(in French)
3493:(in French)
3472:(in French)
3468:Abbé Pierre
3078:, now M1),
3069:(in French)
2995:16 December
2468:Prima Linea
2362:Leamon Hunt
2350:1982 ambush
2336:. Smuggled
2305:Carabinieri
2299:by Italy's
2257:Nadia Lioce
2253:Marco Biagi
2247:, Rome and
2231:Marco Biagi
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2182:neo-fascist
2125:Lando Conti
2114:Leamon Hunt
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1930:Cosa Nostra
1850:hard line (
1779:magistrates
1775:Carabinieri
1769:Carabinieri
1757:imperialist
1599:neo-fascist
1552:trade union
1546:). Members
1532:Sit-Siemens
1326:kidnappings
1322:kneecapping
1287:Guido Rossa
1055:Il Pioniere
1040:Liberazione
681:Neo-Marxism
671:Migliorismo
439:Paolo Virno
329:Nilde Iotti
314:Luigi Longo
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6857:Categories
6403:Historians
6394:Space Race
6295:Rudé právo
6249:Propaganda
6105:Neo-Nazism
6075:Chauvinism
6029:Trotskyism
5944:Monetarism
5912:Liberalism
5904:Capitalism
5896:Ideologies
5847:Ostpolitik
5570:Solidarity
5535:Toyota War
5438:Solidarity
5295:Operation
5250:Ogaden War
4939:Dhofar War
4827:Shifta War
4585:Operation
4433:Korean War
4225:Operation
4217:Operation
4209:Operation
4186:Operation
4166:Operation
4158:Operation
3947:L'Humanité
3787:Gus Martin
3573:Insorgenze
3509:Libération
3394:Ugo Milani
2989:Rai Storia
2705:p. 361–362
2474:References
2413:said in a
2392:Yugoslavia
2356:patrol in
2297:statistics
2291:Statistics
2043:After the
1915:dissociati
1897:Ezio Mauro
1679:newspapers
1587:autonomist
1564:Alfa Romeo
1556:kidnapping
1530:(Pirelli,
1510:While the
1123:Bella ciao
941:Front Line
816:CARC Party
792:Subalterns
786:Solidarity
781:Secularism
713:Principles
691:Trotskyism
609:Autonomism
598:Ideologies
554:Hot Autumn
175:kidnapping
171:conspiracy
6690:Ken Young
6535:Tony Judt
6384:Arms race
6357:Red Scare
6225:NN States
6170:Apartheid
6125:Autocracy
6034:Stalinism
6002:Guevarism
5992:Castroism
5982:Communism
5974:Socialism
5500:Star Wars
5093:Koza riot
4219:Beleaguer
4211:Masterdom
3900:. Ted.com
3770:30 August
3643:. Reuters
3336:144245156
3320:0022-2801
3283:11 August
3112:cite book
3046:Routledge
2931:145234617
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2538:13 August
2435:punk rock
2431:The Clash
2342:Aldo Moro
2017:U.S. Army
1937:operaismo
1831:Aldo Moro
1783:mistrials
1753:manifesto
1568:Aldo Moro
1548:sabotaged
1538:) and in
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1371:Viet Cong
1351:Tupamaros
1283:Aldo Moro
1095:Vie Nuove
1080:Rinascita
1050:Pattuglia
701:Workerism
659:Stalinism
614:Bordigism
569:Moro case
212:Communism
133:Communism
6842:Timeline
6832:Category
6777:See also
6269:Izvestia
6110:Islamism
6007:Hoxhaism
5882:Rollback
5761:Abkhazia
5701:Gulf War
5605:Glasnost
4975:incident
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4603:Ifni War
4112:Rio Pact
4057:Cold War
4013:Archived
3937:Le Monde
3932:a review
3789:(2003).
3723:Le Monde
3647:28 April
3589:Archived
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3527:La Croix
3463:Le Monde
3361:7 August
3257:7 August
3141:20 March
3021:6 August
2969:20 March
2923:23999304
2873:Le Monde
2868:a review
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2568:Archived
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1494:and the
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1369:and the
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204:a series
202:Part of
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1090:l'Unità
1085:Società
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6283:Pravda
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6230:ASEAN
6195:SEATO
6048:Other
6013:Juche
5771:Korea
5684:1990s
5397:1980s
5041:1970s
4664:1960s
4416:1950s
4126:1940s
4107:NEATO
4102:SEATO
4092:ANZUS
3716:(See
3669:6 May
3598:Telam
3332:S2CID
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1700:JSTOR
1686:books
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1540:Turin
1528:Milan
1034:Media
216:Italy
119:Italy
6308:TASS
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