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472:, records made a grand, concert piano sound like a small, upright piano, and maximal duration was four and a half minutes. Selections and performance were often altered accordingly, and playing this disc—the wax master—destroyed it. The finality often caused anxiety that restrained performance to prevent error. In the 1940s, during World War II, the Germans refined audio recording onto magnetic tape—uncapping recording duration and allowing immediate playback, rerecording, and editing—a technology that premised emergence of record producers in their current roles.
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lower its ugly head." Still, when tasked to explain her profession's sex disparity, Page partly reasoned that record labels, dominated by men, have been, she said, "mistrustful of giving a woman the reins of an immense, creative project like making a record." Ultimately, the reasons are multiple and not fully clear, although prominently proposed factors include types of sexism and scarcity of female role models in the profession.
150:
engineering of the recording, and coordinating the production team and process. The producer's involvement in a musical project can vary in depth and scope. Sometimes in popular genres the producer may create the recording's entire sound and structure. However, in classical music recording, for example, the producer serves as more of a liaison between the conductor and the engineering team. The role is often likened to that of a
1002:
772:, enables DAWs to undo clipping. Still, some criticize digital instruments and workflows for excess automation, allegedly impairing creative or sonic control. In any case, as production technology has drastically changed, so have the knowledge demands, although DAWs enables novices, even teenagers at home, to learn production independently. Some have attained professional competence before ever working with an artist.
709:, SNR, abolished it. Digital also imparted to the music a perceived "pristine" sound quality, if also a loss of analog recordings' perceived "warm" quality and better-rounded bass. Yet whereas editing tape media requires physically locating the target audio on the ribbon, cutting there, and splicing pieces, editing digital media offers inarguable advantages in ease, efficiency, and possibilities.
497:. Joining the preexisting recording head, erase head, and playback head, the preview head allows the artist to hear the extant recording over headphones playing it in synchrony, "in sync", with the present performance being recorded alone on an isolated track. This isolation of multiple tracks enables countless mixing possibilities. Producers began recording initially only the "bed tracks"—the
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305:, either stereo or surround sound. Then a mastering engineer further adjusts this recording for distribution on the chosen media. A producer may work on only one or two songs or on an artist's entire album, helping develop the album's overall vision. The record producers may also take on the role of executive producer, managing the budget, schedules, contracts, and negotiations.
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creative and aesthetic decisions that realize both the artist's and label's goals in the creation of musical content. Other duties include, but are not limited to: keeping budgets and schedules; adhering to deadlines; hiring musicians, singers, studios, and engineers; overseeing other staffing needs; and editing (Classical projects).
270:, who oversees business partnerships and financing; the vocal producer or vocal arranger, who aids vocal performance via expert critique and coaching of vocal technique, and the record producer or music producer, who, often called simply the producer, directs the overall creative process of recording the song in its final mix.
226:, turn an ordinary computer into a production console, whereby a solitary novice can become a skilled producer in a thrifty home studio. In the 2010s, efforts began to increase the prevalence of producers and engineers who are women, heavily outnumbered by men and prominently accoladed only in classical music.
182:. Record producers' precursors were "A&R men", who likewise could blend entrepreneurial, creative, and technical roles, but often exercised scant creative influence, as record production still focused, into the 1950s, on simply improving the record's sonic match to the artists' own live performance.
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magazine queried, "Where are all the female music producers?" Upon the
Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's second annual report, released in February 2019, its department at USC reported, "2018 saw an outcry from artists, executives and other music industry professionals over the lack of women in music"
930:
in rock, the vast majority have been men. Early in the 2010s, asked for insights that she herself had gleaned as a woman who has specialized successfully in the industry, Wendy Page remarked, "The difficulties are usually very short-lived. Once people realize that you can do your job, sexism tends to
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The person who has overall creative and technical control of the entire recording project, and the individual recording sessions that are part of that project. He or she is present in the recording studio or at the location recording and works directly with the artist and engineer. The producer makes
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developed a recording technique called "sound on sound". By this, the final recording could be built piece by piece and tailored, effecting an editing process. In one case, Paul produced a song via 500 recorded discs. But, besides the tedium of this process, it serially degraded the sound quality of
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In the 2000s, with the advent of technology that made traditional record production accessible, especially with hip hop beatmaking and electronic music. Within these genres, the term producer is applied to a number of roles and has popularized the use of more niche terms and credits including
764:, whereby dynamic peaks exceed the maximal recordable signal level: tape's limitation, a physical property, is magnetic capacity, which tapers off, smoothing the overmodulated waveform even at a signal nearly 15 decibels too "hot", whereas a digital recording is ruined by harsh distortion of "
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The producer often selects and collaborates with a mixing engineer, who focuses on the especially technological aspects of the recording process, namely, operating the electronic equipment and blending the raw, recorded tracks of the chosen performances, whether vocal or instrumental, into a
149:
is a music creating project's overall supervisor whose responsibilities can involve a range of creative and technical leadership roles. Typically the job involves hands-on oversight of recording sessions; ensuring artists deliver acceptable and quality performances, supervising the technical
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took over from his father Murry within a couple of years after the band's commercial breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson had taken
Spector's techniques to unseen sophistication. Wilson alone produced all Beach Boys recordings between 1963 and 1967. Using multiple studios and multiple attempts of
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The 1980s advent of digital processes and formats rapidly replaced analog processes and formats, namely, tape and vinyl. Although recording onto quality tape, at least half an inch wide and traveling 15 inches per second, had limited "tape hiss" to silent sections, digital's higher
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led its evolution into its present use of elaborate techniques and unrealistic sounds, creating songs impossible to originate live. After the 1980s, production's move from analog to digital further expanded possibilities. By now, DAWs, or
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instrumentation, the producer may be the sole artist. Conversely, some artists do their own production. Some producers are their own engineers, operating the technology across the project: preproduction, recording,
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During the decade, A&R executives increasingly directed songs' sonic signatures, although many still simply teamed singers with musicians, while yet others exercised virtually no creative influence. The term
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Early in the recording industry, a record was attained by simply having all of the artists perform together live in one take. In 1945, by recording a musical element while playing a previously recorded record,
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controllers to communicate among equipment, the recording device itself, and perhaps effects gear that is outboard. Yet literal recording is sometimes still analog, onto tape, whereupon the raw recording is
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and speakers. These could mimic acoustic instruments or create utterly new sounds. Soon, by combining the capabilities of tape, multitrack recording, and electronic instruments, producers like
1671:
Pras, Amandine; Cance, Caroline; Guastavino, Catherine (2013). "Record
Producers' Best Practices For Artistic Direction—From Light Coaching To Deeper Collaboration With Musicians".
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produced some of their own songs, although many such songs are officially credited to specialist producers. Yet especially influential was the Beach Boys, whose band leader
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871:'s 2019 nomination was the next for a woman. On why no woman had ever won it, Perry commented, "I just don't think there are that many women interested." In the U.K.,
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increasingly opened official A&R departments, whose roles included supervision of recording. Meanwhile, independent recording studios opened, helping originate
976:, announced, "This initiative is the first step in a broader effort to improve those numbers and increase diversity and inclusion for all in the music industry."
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instrumental and vocal tracks, Wilson selected the best combinations of performance and audio quality, and used tape editing to assemble a composite performance.
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magazine, became widespread in the 1960s. Still, a formal distinction was elusive for some time more. A&R managers might still be creative directors, like
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previously recorded elements, rerecorded as ambient sound. Yet in 1948, Paul adopted tape recording, enabling truly multitrack recording by a new technique, "
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In the 1990s, digital production reached affordable home computers via production software. By now, recording and mixing are often centralized in DAWs,
398:, pioneering A&R managers who transitioned influentially to record production as now understood, while sometimes owning independent labels, include
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With 32-bit float, you no longer need to worry about clipping during your best vocal takes or instrument solos. Any recorded moments exceeding 0
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Zak, Albin J. (29 September 2002). "Review of
Timothy D. Taylor. 2001. Strange Sounds: Music, Technology, and Culture. New York: Routledge".
1922:
Inclusion in the recording studio? Gender and race/ethnicity of artists, songwriters & producers across 700 popular songs from 2012–2018
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Inclusion in the recording studio? Gender and race/ethnicity of artists, songwriters & producers across 600 popular songs from 2012–2017
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In 1947, the
American market gained audio recording onto magnetic tape. At the record industry's 1880s dawn, rather, recording was done by
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who produces and arranges her vocals as well as being an audio engineer. Still among specialists, despite some prominent women, including
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1417:"Recording Academy Task Force On Diversity and Inclusion announces initiative to expand opportunities for female producers and engineers"
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and "the plight of women in music", where women were allegedly being "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut out". Also in
February 2019, the
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285:. A producer may give creative control to the artists themselves, taking a supervisory or advisory role instead. As to qualifying for a
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Smith, Stacy L.; Choueiti, Marc; Pieper, Katherine; Case, Ariana; Villanueva, Sylvia; Onyeabor, Ozodi; Kim, Dorga (25 January 2018).
19:"Musical production" redirects here. For musical production in the sense of a live performance involving music and choreography, see
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executive producer, co-producer, assistant producer, and additional and miscellaneous production to differentiate contributions.
197:—and the 1950s rise of electronic instruments, turned record production into a specialty. In popular music, then, producers like
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became the precursors of record producers, supervising recording and often leading session orchestras. During the 1940s,
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748:. DAWs fairly standard in the industry are Logic Pro and Pro Tools. Physical devices involved include the main mixer,
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Smith, Stacy L.; Choueiti, Marc; Pieper, Katherine; Clark, Hannah; Case, Ariana; Villanueva, Sylvia (February 2019).
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956:'s Task Force on Diversity and Inclusion announced an initiative whereby over 200 artists and producers—ranging from
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Women producers known for producing records not their own include Sonia
Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson and Carla Olson.
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To enable overdubbing, Paul revised the tape recorder itself by adding a second playback head, and terming it the
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1990:
Music in
American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture
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another week later. A singer could perform her own backup vocals, or a guitarist could play 15 layers.
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to lead
Mercury's popular recordings in New York. Miller then produced country-pop crossover hits by
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was an early female record producer, having produced both of her Ivor
Novello award-winning songs.
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for processing and editing, as some producers still find audio advantages to recording onto tape.
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As a broad project, the creation of a music recording may be split across three specialists: the
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863:, awarded since 1975 and only one even nominated for a record not her own, Linda Perry. After
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Across the decades, many female artists have produced their own music. For instance, artists
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Across the 1960s, popular music increasingly switched from acoustic instruments, like piano,
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in its current meaning—the creative director of song production—appearing in a 1953 issue of
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Varying by project, the producer may or may not choose all of the artists. If employing only
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855:' classical division. For classical production, three women have won Grammy awards, and
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1798:"Ariana Grande Reveals Complex Vocal Arrangements That Went Into Recording 'Positions'"
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In January 2018, a research team led by Stacy L. Smith, founder and director of the
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1737:"Linda Perry's Grammy Nomination 'Is a Win for all Women Producers and Engineers'"
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In the 1880s, the record industry began by simply having the artist perform at a
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department", had planned a set of recordings in Los Angeles. Later, folklorist
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1927:(Report). Annenberg Inclusion Initiative. University of Southern California.
1909:(Report). Annenberg Inclusion Initiative. University of Southern California.
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The producer's roles can include gathering ideas, composing music, choosing
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as a specialty. But despite a tradition of some A&R men writing music,
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though there are important differences. It is distinct from the role of an
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1144:. Routledge Studies in Human Geography. Taylor & Francis. p. 25.
333:, covering the phonography and record industry, reported that Eddie King,
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1563:. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
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768:" at any overshoot. In digital recording, however, a recent advancement,
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1774:"Triple threats: 13 female singers who write and produce their own work"
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1885:"Stereotyped, sexualized and shut out: The plight of women in music"
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can be reduced to an acceptable level, after recording, in your DAW
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a disc. Constrained in tonal range, whether bass or treble, and in
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1820:"Ariana Grande Breaks Down How She Made Her "Stuck With U" Vocals"
1624:"Sound Devices MixPre V6.00 adds 32-bit float USB audio streaming"
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1842:"Q&A: Ariana Grande on 'Yours Truly' and Judging Miley Cyrus"
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859:'s 2015 win was her fifth. Yet in nonclassical, no woman has won
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Advances in recording technology, especially the 1940s advent of
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A&R Pioneers: Architects of American Roots Music on Record
1332:"Audio recording software: Avid Pro Tools vs. Apple Log Pro X"
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The Producer as Composer: Shaping the Sounds of Popular Music
1083:
The Producer as Composer: Shaping the Sounds of Popular Music
915:
844:
4471:
4262:
3143:
2995:
2483:
2375:
2251:
1633:
1493:
Rock Eras: Interpretation of Music & Society, 1954–1984
749:
464:
a cylinder. By the 1930s, a gramophone etched it laterally
355:
magazine in 1946, and entering wide use in the late 1940s.
1594:
Analog Recording: Using Analog Gear in Today's Home Studio
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
386:
still referred to just the manufacturing of record discs.
3168:
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3064:
2839:
2380:
1755:"List of British women record producers - FamousFix List"
1361:
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1357:
1355:
1353:
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1349:
4010:
1919:
1529:
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1471:
594:, spliced sections of extensive improvisation sessions.
3883:
1901:
1452:
1194:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1346:
1141:
Cultural Production in and Beyond the Recording Studio
1889:
USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
1868:
USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
1514:
943:
USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
1948:
The Art of Music Production: The Theory and Practice
1099:
983:
4326:
Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
2135:
The Poetics of Rock: Cutting Tracks, Making Records
2030:
1670:
1557:"Pianists on record in the early twentieth century"
1302:
Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics
2034:An International History of the Recording Industry
1166:"Music Production: What Does a Music Producer Do?"
1069:
1067:
1065:
576:rendered sounds unattainable live. Similarly, in
358:In the 1920s and 1930s, A&R executives, like
6074:
1432:
1430:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
509:, for example, could record a week later, and a
345:called this perhaps the earliest printed use of
2092:Olsen, Eric; Verna, Paul; Wolff, Carlo (1999).
2091:
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1546:
1544:
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1384:
1382:
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1378:
1376:
1374:
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1323:
1184:"What does a music producer do, anyway ?"
1062:
4026:
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2168:
1427:
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1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
2031:Gronow, P.; Saunio, I.; Moseley, C. (1998).
2007:
1707:"What Exactly Does "Producer" Mean, Anyway?"
1577:
1287:
1285:
1874:
1725:
1539:
1391:"Where Are All the Female Music Producers?"
1371:
1320:
636:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4033:
4019:
3570:
3556:
2175:
2161:
2070:
1442:"How the Phonograph Changed Music Forever"
1291:
1262:
1260:
1116:
1073:
760:Conventionally, tape is more forgiving of
308:
4670:Music technology (electronic and digital)
3977:Music technology (electronic and digital)
2650:
2110:
1986:
1477:
1465:
1282:
1217:
656:Learn how and when to remove this message
516:
1436:
1414:
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1228:
1226:
798:
667:
520:
460:, etching the sonic waveform vertically
228:
16:Individual supervising a musical project
1965:
1941:
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1590:
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1365:
1257:
1110:
475:
406:. Upon moving from Columbia Records to
162:who operates the recording technology.
6075:
2051:
1734:
1621:
1554:
1489:
1388:
1329:
1243:. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 8.
1137:
281:, and, in some cases, supervising the
261:
193:promptly innovated further to develop
4849:
4208:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
4014:
3551:
2156:
1223:
794:
775:
699:
597:
370:at Victor Records, and Bob Haring at
3577:
2094:The Encyclopedia of Record Producers
1561:The Cambridge Companion to the Piano
634:adding citations to reliable sources
601:
3402:Global Recording Artist of the Year
3370:Highest-grossing live music artists
2131:
2054:Music Theory for Computer Musicians
1987:Edmondson, Jacqueline, ed. (2013).
1647:
1622:Allard, Matthew (15 January 2020).
1389:Newman, Melinda (19 January 2018).
1330:Joseph, Kiesha (11 February 2016).
1266:
1240:Multi-Track Recording for Musicians
941:Inclusion Initiative, based in the
786:Hip hop § Beatmaking/producing
389:
13:
5884:Classical and art music traditions
4316:History of lute-family instruments
4133:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
2182:
2138:. University of California Press.
1935:
1844:. Rolling Stone. 11 September 2013
1415:Hertweck, Nate (1 February 2019).
1236:
548:, to electronic instruments, like
14:
6104:
3818:Recording studio as an instrument
1735:Leight, Elias (7 December 2018).
1272:"What does a record producer do?"
851:produced hundreds of records for
451:
6056:
6055:
6042:
6028:
5600:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5075:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4675:Sound recording and reproduction
4128:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
3994:
3531:
3530:
3517:
2547:Artists and repertoire (A&R)
2278:Universal Music Publishing Group
1772:Casetti, Chris (21 March 2017).
1014:
1000:
986:
918:have produced or coproduced and
675:during a recording session, 1966
606:
5904:Jazz and popular music glossary
2968:Entertainment Monitoring Africa
2117:. Vanderbilt University Press.
1969:The History of Music Production
1913:
1895:
1856:
1834:
1812:
1790:
1765:
1747:
1699:
1664:
1641:
1615:
1483:
807:Among female record producers,
313:
237:, best known for his work with
42:Music producer, record producer
5145:Federated States of Micronesia
3468:Largest recorded music markets
3375:Highest-grossing concert tours
1498:Bowling Green State University
1176:
1158:
1:
4188:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
4108:Afghan classical music—Klasik
2096:. New York: Billboard Books.
1673:Journal of New Music Research
1055:
1008:Business and economics portal
755:converted to a digital signal
679:In the 1960s, rock acts like
327:. In 1924, the trade journal
6049:Record production portal
5894:Cultural and regional genres
4153:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
4001:Record production portal
3524:Record production portal
2340:Independent UK record labels
2111:Ward, B.; Huber, P. (2018).
1685:10.1080/09298215.2013.848903
1294:"Digital audio workstations"
7:
4665:Music technology (electric)
4203:Thai classical music—Piphat
4158:Japanese court music—Gagaku
3972:Music technology (electric)
3392:Most-attended concert tours
1972:. Oxford University Press.
1951:. Oxford University Press.
1500:Popular Press. p. 43.
979:
744:, by third parties, effect
337:' manager of the "New York
10:
6109:
4311:History of the harpsichord
4198:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
3407:Wealthiest musical artists
3260:Best-selling music artists
779:
714:digital audio workstations
438:William "Mickey" Stevenson
253:at a recording session at
212:digital audio workstations
18:
6022:
5927:
5856:
4856:
4842:
4693:
4603:
4485:
4426:
4348:
4291:
4221:
4138:Chinese traditional music
4098:
4048:
4040:
3990:
3939:
3846:
3785:
3675:
3585:
3511:
3415:
3247:
3182:
3111:
3102:
3014:
2978:New Zealand singles chart
2899:
2863:
2754:
2532:
2434:
2399:
2353:
2296:
2260:
2199:
2190:
2056:. Course Technology Ptr.
1085:. MIT Press. p. 13.
819:the first on Nashville's
746:virtual studio technology
319:(Artists and Repertoires)
111:
97:
75:
70:
58:
46:
38:
33:
5020:Central African Republic
4563:Computational musicology
4113:Andalusi classical music
3448:Christian music industry
2963:GfK Entertainment charts
2607:Professional audio store
2052:Hewitt, Michael (2008).
1559:. In Rowland, D. (ed.).
1292:Kadis, Jay (2006–2013).
994:Record production portal
241:, pictured with members
5909:Music genres and styles
4213:Western classical music
4183:Persian classical music
2855:Music streaming service
2288:Disney Music Publishing
2071:Moorefield, V. (2005).
1591:Simmons, David (2006).
1555:Philip, Robert (1998).
843:, produced influential
309:Historical developments
5889:Classical music genres
4965:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4506:Doctor of Musical Arts
4331:History of the trumpet
4143:Indian classical music
3397:Most-attended concerts
3365:Highest-paid musicians
1966:Burgess, R.J. (2014).
804:
676:
533:
517:Electronic instruments
258:
5715:São Tomé and Príncipe
5590:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5570:Republic of the Congo
4336:History of the violin
3889:Ghostwriters in music
3478:Most valuable records
3473:Most expensive albums
3428:Album-equivalent unit
2958:Italian singles chart
2815:Promotional recording
2283:Warner Chappell Music
2273:Sony Music Publishing
2268:BMG Rights Management
1786:on 20 September 2018.
1658:10.7916/CM.V0I74.4910
1496:. Bowling Green, OH:
1478:Ward & Huber 2018
1466:Ward & Huber 2018
1218:Ward & Huber 2018
802:
707:signal-to-noise ratio
671:
562:instrument amplifiers
524:
339:artist and repertoire
330:Talking Machine World
232:
6093:Occupations in music
5785:United Arab Emirates
4850:
4558:Cognitive musicology
3453:Environmental impact
3353:Best-selling singles
2366:Digital music stores
2014:The Art of Producing
1870:. 10 September 2020.
1822:. Nylon. 15 May 2020
1490:Curtis, Jim (1987).
1446:Smithsonian Magazine
1336:F.I.R.S.T. Institute
1170:Recording Connection
867:'s 2004 nomination,
861:Producer of the Year
847:records. Meanwhile,
630:improve this section
476:Multitrack recording
410:, Hammond appointed
293:defines a producer:
195:multitrack recording
5935:Aesthetics of music
5750:Trinidad and Tobago
4885:Antigua and Barbuda
4369:Band (rock and pop)
4293:Musical instruments
4168:Lao classical music
3483:Music certification
3463:Largest music deals
3341:Best-selling albums
3174:The Country Network
2953:Irish Singles Chart
2602:Musical instruments
1306:Stanford University
1190:. 26 February 2009.
1138:Watson, A. (2014).
530:Modern Folk Quartet
376:major record labels
262:Production overview
80:Instrumental skills
30:
5997:Musical instrument
5965:Music and politics
5095:Dominican Republic
4843:By sovereign state
4163:Korean court music
4123:Azerbaijani Mugham
3803:Hip hop production
2996:SNEP singles chart
2771:Extended play (EP)
2542:Album cover design
2132:Zak, A.J. (2001).
1891:. 5 February 2019.
1650:Current Musicology
1601:. pp. 26–27.
1440:(6 January 2016).
1342:on 11 August 2018.
1040:Hip hop production
833:major record label
805:
795:Women in producing
782:Hip hop production
776:Hip hop production
700:Digital production
685:the Rolling Stones
677:
598:Performer-producer
534:
368:Nathaniel Shilkret
268:executive producer
259:
156:executive producer
126:executive producer
122:recording engineer
84:keyboard knowledge
28:
6070:
6069:
5955:Music and fashion
5950:Music and emotion
5852:
5851:
5120:Equatorial Guinea
4616:A-side and B-side
4521:Music archaeology
4496:Bachelor of Music
4344:
4343:
4278:Psychedelic music
4273:Progressive music
4193:Scottish Ceòl Mór
4008:
4007:
3610:Critical distance
3545:
3544:
3488:Parental Advisory
3443:Bootleg recording
3433:A-side and B-side
3290:
3243:
3242:
3159:The Music Factory
3001:Sverigetopplistan
2925:Argentina Hot 100
2891:Music competition
2881:Concert residency
2820:Phonograph record
2790:
2750:
2749:
2577:Music and fashion
2562:Entertainment law
2430:
2429:
2391:Virgin Megastores
2193:and organizations
2145:978-0-520-92815-2
2124:978-0-8265-2177-4
2103:978-0-8230-7607-9
2084:978-0-262-33519-5
2063:978-1-59863-503-4
2044:978-0-304-70173-5
2000:978-0-313-39348-8
1979:978-0-19-935716-1
1958:978-0-19-935932-5
1608:978-0-87930-864-3
1597:. San Francisco:
1570:978-0-521-47986-8
1507:978-0-87972-369-9
1270:(10 March 2016).
1250:978-1-4574-2484-7
1188:Production Advice
1151:978-1-135-00631-0
1092:978-0-262-26101-2
1030:Audio engineering
954:Recording Academy
849:Wilma Cozart Fine
831:, the first at a
811:was the first at
666:
665:
658:
546:brass instruments
384:record production
372:Brunswick Records
291:Recording Academy
275:session musicians
235:Sir George Martin
139:
138:
106:Recording studios
6100:
6088:Music production
6083:Record producers
6059:
6058:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6035:Music portal
6033:
6032:
6031:
5987:Music technology
5975:Environmentalism
5928:Related articles
5535:Papua New Guinea
5400:Marshall Islands
4847:
4846:
4793:Central American
4531:Music psychology
4416:Backing vocalist
4253:Electronic music
4096:
4095:
4050:History of music
4035:
4028:
4021:
4012:
4011:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3914:Session musician
3579:Music production
3572:
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3558:
3549:
3548:
3534:
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3522:
3521:
3520:
3288:
3109:
3108:
3006:UK singles chart
2938:Canadian Hot 100
2830:Compact cassette
2768:
2715:Session musician
2690:Hip hop producer
2648:
2647:
2582:Music journalism
2514:Rhythm and blues
2232:IFPI (worldwide)
2197:
2196:
2177:
2170:
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2154:
2153:
2149:
2128:
2107:
2088:
2067:
2048:
2027:
2016:. Alfred Music.
2004:
1983:
1962:
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1864:"Stacy L. Smith"
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1782:. Archived from
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1720:
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1713:. 6 October 2015
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1338:. Archived from
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1035:Electronic music
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661:
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650:
647:
641:
610:
602:
550:electric guitars
501:, including the
400:J. Mayo Williams
390:Record producers
364:Columbia Records
289:nomination, the
60:Activity sectors
31:
27:
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6018:
5945:Fictional music
5923:
5848:
5655:Solomon Islands
5500:North Macedonia
4852:
4838:
4700:
4698:regional genres
4697:
4689:
4655:Record producer
4599:
4588:Sociomusicology
4573:Ethnomusicology
4501:Master of Music
4481:
4440:
4422:
4379:All-female band
4362:
4340:
4287:
4224:
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4173:Mandé art music
4148:Byzantine music
4094:
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4039:
4009:
4004:
3995:
3993:
3986:
3935:
3904:Record producer
3857:
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3722:Double tracking
3678:
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3662:Sound recording
3600:Audio mastering
3581:
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3093:Top of the Pops
3058:Musica e dischi
3010:
2895:
2859:
2779:Cassette single
2757:
2746:
2700:Record producer
2646:
2617:Radio promotion
2587:Music publisher
2572:Music executive
2567:Music education
2534:
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2395:
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2200:Representatives
2192:
2191:Major companies
2186:
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2085:
2064:
2045:
2024:
2010:Curtis, Maestro
2008:Gibson, David;
2001:
1980:
1959:
1938:
1936:Further reading
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1172:. 23 June 2022.
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999:
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987:
985:
982:
926:in hip hop and
900:Destiny's Child
853:Mercury Records
841:Trumpet Records
837:Lillian McMurry
797:
788:
780:Main articles:
778:
702:
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645:
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611:
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542:acoustic guitar
519:
478:
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428:record producer
408:Mercury Records
392:
380:record producer
316:
311:
283:audio mastering
264:
243:George Harrison
233:Music producer
143:record producer
118:Music executive
114:
102:
100:
61:
49:
48:Occupation type
29:Record producer
24:
21:Musical theatre
17:
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6014:Women in music
6011:
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6009:
6004:
6002:Classification
5994:
5989:
5984:
5982:Music festival
5979:
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5960:Music industry
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5790:United Kingdom
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5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5070:Czech Republic
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4805:North American
4802:
4801:
4800:
4798:South American
4795:
4788:Latin American
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4754:Middle Eastern
4751:
4746:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4703:
4701:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4645:Audio engineer
4642:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4578:New musicology
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4384:Rhythm section
4381:
4376:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4006:
4005:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3911:
3909:Rhythm section
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3869:Audio engineer
3866:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:Overproduction
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:Exciter effect
3739:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3714:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3527:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3498:Surprise album
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3291:
3286:United Kingdom
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Brasil Hot 100
2927:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2886:Music festival
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2850:Music download
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2791:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2742:Sound engineer
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2707:
2705:Rhythm section
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2637:Talent manager
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:Easy listening
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2184:Music industry
2180:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2129:
2123:
2108:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2005:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1963:
1957:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1912:
1894:
1873:
1855:
1833:
1811:
1789:
1764:
1746:
1724:
1698:
1679:(4): 381–395.
1663:
1640:
1614:
1607:
1599:Backbeat Books
1576:
1569:
1538:
1513:
1506:
1482:
1480:, p. 283.
1470:
1451:
1426:
1400:
1370:
1368:, p. 199.
1345:
1319:
1281:
1256:
1249:
1222:
1220:, p. 300.
1193:
1175:
1157:
1150:
1115:
1098:
1091:
1079:"Introduction"
1075:Moorefield, V.
1060:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1011:
997:
981:
978:
898:(even that of
873:Lynsey de Paul
865:Lauren Christy
857:Judith Sherman
803:Mixing console
796:
793:
777:
774:
762:overmodulation
716:—for example,
701:
698:
664:
663:
614:
612:
605:
599:
596:
588:'s 1970 album
518:
515:
511:string section
499:rhythm section
477:
474:
453:
452:Tape recording
450:
448:record label.
391:
388:
335:Victor Records
315:
312:
310:
307:
263:
260:
247:Paul McCartney
187:tape recording
160:audio engineer
147:music producer
137:
136:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
98:
95:
94:
92:vocal coaching
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
65:Music industry
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
47:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6105:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6063:
6062:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:Music therapy
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5795:United States
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:Liechtenstein
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5210:Guinea-Bissau
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4696:Cultural and
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4623:Extended play
4621:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4593:Zoomusicology
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:Ecomusicology
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Biomusicology
4551:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Music history
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:Improvisation
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:Lead vocalist
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:Military band
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
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4299:
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4290:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Hip hop music
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Country music
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
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4230:
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4179:
4178:Ottoman music
4176:
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3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:Interpolation
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:Backup singer
3917:
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3833:Wall of Sound
3831:
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3765:
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3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Octave effect
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:Chorus effect
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3630:Wah-wah pedal
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
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3608:
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3309:
3308:Nationality:
3307:
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3297:
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3294:United States
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3083:
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3079:Rolling Stone
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2989:
2987:
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2984:Rolling Stone
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Oricon charts
2971:
2969:
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2964:
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2959:
2956:
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2948:G-Music chart
2946:
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2736:
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2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Backup singer
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
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2649:
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2642:Tour promoter
2640:
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2625:
2623:
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2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:Record labels
2295:
2289:
2286:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
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2269:
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2263:
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2130:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:. MIT Press.
2076:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2023:1-931140-44-8
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1943:Burgess, R.J.
1940:
1939:
1923:
1916:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1843:
1837:
1821:
1815:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1759:FamousFix.com
1756:
1750:
1742:
1741:Rolling Stone
1738:
1731:
1729:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1694:
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1600:
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1583:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1536:, p. 50.
1535:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1468:, p. 41.
1467:
1462:
1460:
1458:
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1443:
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1433:
1431:
1422:
1418:
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1308:
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1233:
1231:
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1219:
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1200:
1198:
1189:
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1179:
1171:
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1153:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1113:, p. 13.
1112:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
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1068:
1066:
1061:
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1038:
1036:
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1031:
1028:
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1023:
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1009:
1003:
998:
995:
984:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
949:
944:
940:
935:
932:
929:
925:
924:Missy Elliott
921:
920:Ariana Grande
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:Janet Jackson
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Ethel Gabriel
822:
818:
814:
810:
801:
792:
787:
783:
773:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
697:
694:
690:
686:
682:
674:
670:
660:
657:
649:
639:
635:
631:
625:
624:
620:
615:This section
613:
609:
604:
603:
595:
593:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:George Martin
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
531:
527:
523:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
484:
473:
471:
470:dynamic range
467:
463:
459:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:
429:
423:
421:
420:Frankie Laine
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
326:
321:
320:
306:
304:
298:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
199:George Martin
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
152:film director
148:
144:
135:
131:
130:film producer
127:
123:
119:
116:
110:
107:
104:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
69:
66:
63:
57:
54:
51:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
6054:
6040:
6026:
5815:Vatican City
5765:Turkmenistan
5665:South Africa
5635:Sierra Leone
5615:Saudi Arabia
4990:Burkina Faso
4654:
4650:Record label
4536:Music school
4396:Concert band
4306:Angular harp
4233:Circus music
4118:Arabic music
3992:
3957:Loudness war
3924:Ghost singer
3903:
3899:Orchestrator
3894:Horn section
3777:Reverse echo
3737:Equalization
3707:Delay effect
3657:Punch in/out
3652:Ping-ponging
3620:Effects unit
3615:Effects loop
3605:Audio mixing
3595:Audio filter
3578:
3529:
3515:
3493:Record sales
3458:Hidden track
3248:Achievements
3232:
3227:The X Factor
3225:
3218:
3211:
3206:Star Academy
3204:
3197:
3190:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3015:Publications
2983:
2943:Circle Chart
2930:
2922:
2914:
2876:Concert tour
2799:Double album
2725:Ghost singer
2710:Orchestrator
2699:
2695:Horn section
2622:Record label
2557:Distribution
2464:Experimental
2436:Major genres
2422:Ticketmaster
2370:iTunes Store
2327:
2326:
2304:
2303:
2222:Music Canada
2134:
2113:
2093:
2073:
2053:
2033:
2013:
1993:. ABC-CLIO.
1989:
1968:
1947:
1915:
1897:
1888:
1867:
1858:
1848:11 September
1846:. Retrieved
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1792:
1784:the original
1777:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1715:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1649:
1643:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1593:
1560:
1534:Burgess 2014
1492:
1485:
1473:
1445:
1420:
1394:
1366:Burgess 2013
1340:the original
1335:
1312:11 September
1310:. Retrieved
1300:
1275:
1239:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1140:
1111:Burgess 2014
1082:
1022:Music portal
973:
970:Quincy Jones
962:Taylor Swift
946:
936:
933:
928:Sylvia Massy
912:Taylor Swift
908:Lana Del Rey
888:Mariah Carey
877:
806:
789:
770:32-bit float
759:
711:
703:
693:Brian Wilson
678:
673:Brian Wilson
652:
643:
628:Please help
616:
591:Bitches Brew
589:
584:, producing
566:Phil Spector
560:, employing
558:synthesizers
538:upright bass
535:
526:Phil Spector
507:horn section
495:preview head
494:
492:
479:
465:
461:
455:
431:
427:
424:
412:Mitch Miller
404:John Hammond
396:World War II
393:
383:
379:
357:
350:
346:
343:Archie Green
328:
322:
318:
317:
314:A&R team
302:
299:
295:
279:audio mixing
272:
265:
203:Phil Spector
184:
164:
146:
142:
140:
113:Related jobs
76:Competencies
25:
5919:Terminology
5899:Instruments
5705:Switzerland
5675:South Sudan
5670:South Korea
5595:Saint Lucia
5550:Philippines
5495:North Korea
5475:New Zealand
5470:Netherlands
5275:Ivory Coast
5115:El Salvador
4860:Afghanistan
4827:Micronesian
4628:Compilation
4541:Composition
4436:Composition
4401:Disc jockey
4374:Backup band
4301:Arched Harp
4058:Prehistoric
3947:Click track
3931:Vocal coach
3874:Backup band
3854:professions
3828:Turntablism
3702:Compression
3687:Pitch shift
3647:Overdubbing
3587:Engineering
3503:White label
3438:Backmasking
3255:Music award
3234:Rising Star
3030:HitQuarters
2909:ARIA Charts
2825:Eight-track
2810:Music video
2787:Maxi single
2735:Ghostwriter
2730:Vocal coach
2685:Disc jockey
2658:Arrangement
2627:Record shop
2597:Music venue
2592:Music store
2552:Disc jockey
2412:Live Nation
2407:CTS Eventim
2329:Independent
2037:. Cassell.
1628:Newsshooter
1237:Hurtig, B.
904:the Carters
869:Linda Perry
817:Gail Davies
740:—for which
681:the Beatles
586:Miles Davis
578:jazz fusion
488:overdubbing
442:Berry Gordy
440:, hired by
347:A&R man
251:John Lennon
239:the Beatles
167:synthesized
71:Description
6077:Categories
5805:Uzbekistan
5725:Tajikistan
5630:Seychelles
5610:San Marino
5445:Mozambique
5435:Montenegro
5405:Mauritania
5370:Madagascar
5365:Luxembourg
5320:Kyrgyzstan
5295:Kazakhstan
5100:East Timor
5050:Costa Rica
5015:Cape Verde
4925:Bangladesh
4910:Azerbaijan
4832:Polynesian
4822:Melanesian
4604:Production
4583:Organology
4548:Musicology
4283:Soul music
4238:Folk music
4223:Vernacular
3879:Bandleader
3838:Xenochrony
3793:aesthetics
3757:Noise gate
3717:Distortion
3679:processing
3642:Microphone
3358:by country
3346:by country
3104:Television
3086:Smash Hits
2991:Sino Chart
2864:Live shows
2775:12" single
2663:Songwriter
2651:Production
2459:Electronic
2400:Live music
2261:Publishers
2242:PROMUSICAE
1421:Grammy.com
1056:References
974:Grammy.com
809:Sylvia Moy
582:Teo Macero
528:producing
458:phonograph
416:Patti Page
360:Ben Selvin
325:phonograph
255:Abbey Road
224:Studio One
101:employment
53:Profession
34:Occupation
5940:Album era
5820:Venezuela
5685:Sri Lanka
5640:Singapore
5525:Palestine
5480:Nicaragua
5410:Mauritius
5360:Lithuania
5245:Indonesia
5200:Guatemala
4900:Australia
4890:Argentina
4810:Caribbean
4764:Southeast
4489:and study
4487:Education
4477:Technique
4358:Ensembles
4268:Pop music
4100:Art music
4078:Religious
3789:Practices
3692:Auto-Tune
3667:Tape loop
3637:Diffusion
3423:Album era
3317:Brazilian
3289:(Females)
3220:The Voice
3193:franchise
3154:MuchMusic
3119:Channel V
3037:Hot Press
3023:Billboard
2931:Billboard
2923:Billboard
2915:Billboard
2783:CD single
2680:Conductor
2632:Road crew
2612:Promotion
2535:and roles
2417:LiveStyle
2354:Retailers
2317:Universal
1800:. Variety
1693:0929-8215
1395:Billboard
1268:Kot, Greg
948:Billboard
939:Annenberg
880:Kate Bush
839:, owning
821:Music Row
738:FL Studio
722:Logic Pro
718:Pro Tools
689:the Kinks
646:July 2020
617:does not
554:keyboards
444:, at the
433:Billboard
352:Billboard
220:Pro Tools
216:Logic Pro
207:Brian Eno
180:mastering
99:Fields of
88:arranging
6061:Category
5874:Timeline
5845:Zimbabwe
5735:Thailand
5730:Tanzania
5695:Suriname
5650:Slovenia
5645:Slovakia
5560:Portugal
5540:Paraguay
5515:Pakistan
5430:Mongolia
5385:Maldives
5380:Malaysia
5305:Kiribati
5225:Honduras
5140:Ethiopia
5135:Eswatini
5090:Dominica
5085:Djibouti
5040:Colombia
5005:Cameroon
5000:Cambodia
4985:Bulgaria
4970:Botswana
4930:Barbados
4817:Oceanian
4771:European
4727:Southern
4660:Sampling
4457:Notation
4391:Big band
4353:Musician
4083:Biblical
3864:Arranger
3823:Sampling
3747:Flanging
3625:Talk box
3536:Category
3380:by women
3213:The Four
3199:Popstars
3112:Channels
3044:Kerrang!
2673:Lyricist
2668:Composer
2012:(2005).
1945:(2013).
1711:Soundfly
1276:BBC Home
1077:(2010).
1050:Musician
980:See also
966:Maroon 5
766:clipping
574:Joe Meek
503:bassline
483:Les Paul
191:Les Paul
5970:Warfare
5869:Outline
5825:Vietnam
5810:Vanuatu
5800:Uruguay
5780:Ukraine
5755:Tunisia
5660:Somalia
5620:Senegal
5575:Romania
5490:Nigeria
5455:Namibia
5450:Myanmar
5440:Morocco
5420:Moldova
5345:Liberia
5340:Lesotho
5335:Lebanon
5280:Jamaica
5260:Ireland
5235:Iceland
5230:Hungary
5195:Grenada
5180:Germany
5175:Georgia
5155:Finland
5130:Estonia
5125:Eritrea
5105:Ecuador
5080:Denmark
5055:Croatia
5045:Comoros
4995:Burundi
4960:Bolivia
4940:Belgium
4935:Belarus
4920:Bahrain
4915:Bahamas
4905:Austria
4895:Armenia
4875:Andorra
4870:Algeria
4865:Albania
4744:Central
4712:Central
4707:African
4090:Secular
4073:Martial
4063:Ancient
3767:Pumping
3732:Ducking
3677:Signal
3332:Swedish
3327:Italian
3322:British
3312:Belgian
3298:Genre:
3276:Germany
3271:Finland
2986:Top 100
2917:Hot 100
2871:Concert
2845:Airplay
2803:Mixtape
2758:formats
2756:Release
2533:Sectors
2499:New Age
2479:Hip hop
2449:Country
2386:Kaspien
2335:Concord
1804:6 April
1779:VH1.com
958:Cardi B
896:Beyoncé
884:Madonna
827:, with
742:plugins
726:Ableton
638:removed
623:sources
418:and by
257:in 1966
214:, like
189:—which
171:sampled
134:A&R
5879:Albums
5840:Zambia
5775:Uganda
5770:Tuvalu
5760:Turkey
5720:Taiwan
5700:Sweden
5625:Serbia
5585:Rwanda
5580:Russia
5555:Poland
5530:Panama
5505:Norway
5425:Monaco
5415:Mexico
5375:Malawi
5330:Latvia
5315:Kuwait
5310:Kosovo
5290:Jordan
5265:Israel
5215:Guyana
5205:Guinea
5190:Greece
5170:Gambia
5160:France
5065:Cyprus
5010:Canada
4980:Brunei
4975:Brazil
4955:Bhutan
4945:Belize
4880:Angola
4851:
4781:Nordic
4776:Balkan
4611:Single
4516:Method
4467:Lyrics
4431:Theory
3967:Medley
3962:Mashup
3772:Reverb
3762:Phaser
3266:Brazil
3183:Series
2901:Charts
2766:Single
2509:Reggae
2474:Gospel
2361:Amazon
2322:Warner
2142:
2121:
2100:
2081:
2060:
2041:
2020:
1997:
1976:
1955:
1826:15 May
1717:3 June
1691:
1652:(74).
1605:
1567:
1504:
1247:
1148:
1089:
914:, and
823:, and
813:Motown
736:, and
734:Reason
730:Cubase
687:, and
572:, and
556:, and
544:, and
532:, 1966
466:across
446:Motown
394:After
287:Grammy
178:, and
176:mixing
5914:Songs
5864:Index
5857:Lists
5835:Yemen
5745:Tonga
5710:Syria
5690:Sudan
5680:Spain
5605:Samoa
5565:Qatar
5520:Palau
5485:Niger
5465:Nepal
5460:Nauru
5395:Malta
5350:Libya
5300:Kenya
5285:Japan
5270:Italy
5240:India
5220:Haiti
5185:Ghana
5165:Gabon
5110:Egypt
5035:China
5030:Chile
4950:Benin
4759:South
4739:Asian
4722:North
4685:Remix
4680:Cover
4638:Remix
4452:Genre
4321:Nafir
4243:Blues
4225:music
4068:Dance
4042:Music
3982:Remix
3940:Other
3850:Roles
3808:Lo-fi
3711:STEED
3416:Other
3385:Latin
3302:Latin
3281:Japan
2794:Album
2524:World
2494:Metal
2489:Latin
2444:Blues
2306:Major
1925:(PDF)
1907:(PDF)
1297:(PDF)
916:Lorde
845:blues
39:Names
6007:Folk
5740:Togo
5545:Peru
5510:Oman
5390:Mali
5325:Laos
5255:Iraq
5250:Iran
5150:Fiji
5060:Cuba
5025:Chad
4749:East
4732:West
4717:East
4633:Live
4472:Song
4447:Form
4263:Jazz
3264:In:
3191:Idol
3164:Viva
3149:Tr3s
3144:MTV2
3134:Mnet
3129:Fuse
3051:Mojo
2519:Rock
2484:Jazz
2469:Folk
2376:Fnac
2345:AAMG
2312:Sony
2252:SNEP
2247:RIAA
2227:FIMI
2212:BVMI
2207:ARIA
2140:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1850:2013
1828:2020
1806:2021
1719:2021
1689:ISSN
1634:dBFS
1603:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1314:2020
1245:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1087:ISBN
968:and
960:and
902:and
784:and
750:MIDI
621:any
619:cite
462:into
402:and
249:and
222:and
205:and
4511:PhD
3726:ADT
3169:VH1
3139:MTV
3124:CMT
3065:NME
2840:DVD
2504:Pop
2381:HMV
2237:PMB
2217:BPI
1681:doi
1654:doi
964:to
906:),
829:RCA
632:by
490:".
362:at
303:mix
218:,
169:or
145:or
6079::
3884:DJ
2835:CD
2801:,
2785:,
2781:,
2777:,
2773:,
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1186:.
1168:.
1118:^
1101:^
1081:.
1064:^
910:,
894:,
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886:,
882:,
835:.
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732:,
728:,
724:,
720:,
683:,
580:,
568:,
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540:,
366:,
245:,
201:,
141:A
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128:,
124:,
120:,
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2003:.
1982:.
1961:.
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1830:.
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1448:.
1423:.
1397:.
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626:.
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