Rebar - Knowledge

2795: 402:. If this were not so, it would cause problems through additional longitudinal and perpendicular stresses at temperatures different from the temperature of the setting. Although rebar has ribs that bind it mechanically to the concrete, it can still be pulled out of the concrete under high stresses, an occurrence that often accompanies a larger-scale collapse of the structure. To prevent such a failure, rebar is either deeply embedded into adjacent structural members (40–60 times the diameter), or bent and hooked at the ends to lock it around the concrete and other rebar. This first approach increases the friction locking the bar into place, while the second makes use of the high compressive strength of concrete. 316: 1358: 1181: 143: 2679: 573:-inch rule imperfectly and skip sizes #12–13, and #15–17 due to historical convention. In early concrete construction bars of one inch and larger were only available in square sections, and when large format deformed round bars became available around 1957, the industry manufactured them to provide the cross-sectional area equivalent of standard square bar sizes that were formerly used. The diameter of the equivalent large format round shape is rounded to the nearest 4321: 635: 240: 38: 2598: 296:

changes were made that increased rib height and reduced rib spacing for certain bar sizes, and the qualification of “tentative” was removed when the updated standard ASTM A305-49 was issued in 1949. The requirements for deformations found in current specifications for steel bar reinforcing, such as ASTM A615 and ASTM A706, among others, are the same as those specified in ASTM A305-49.

2550: 2332:(1000 psi); for example, grade 60 rebar has a minimum yield strength of 60 ksi. Rebar is most commonly manufactured in grades 40, 60, and 75 with higher strength readily available in grades 80, 100, 120 and 150. Grade 60 (420 MPa) is the most widely used rebar grade in modern US construction. Historic grades include 30, 33, 35, 36, 50 and 55, which are not in common use today. 2500:. The manufacture of reinforcing steel by re-rolling finished products (e.g. sheets or rails) is not allowed. In contrast to structural steel, rebar steel grades are not harmonized yet across Europe, each country having their own national standards. However, some standardization of specification and testing methods exist under EN 10080 and EN ISO 15630: 2344:

a controlled property range material specification which has a minimum yield strength of 60 ksi (420 MPa), maximum yield strength of 78 ksi (540 MPa), minimum tensile strength of 80 ksi (550 MPa) and not less than 1.25 times the actual yield strength, and minimum elongation requirements that vary by bar size.

1840:

anchor nuts. Fully threaded rebar is also produced with very coarse threads which satisfy rebar deformation standards and allow for custom nuts and couplers to be used. These customary sizes, while in common use, do not have consensus standards associated with them, and properties may vary by manufacturer.

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grade (300 MPa) smooth bar stirrups, spaced at 225 mm centres. By default in New Zealand practice all stirrups are normally interpreted as being full, closed, loops. This is a detailing requirement for concrete ductility in seismic zones; If a single strand of stirrup with a hook at each end was

2343:

In certain cases, such as earthquake engineering and blast-resistant design where post-yield behavior is expected, it is important to be able to predict and control properties such as the maximum yield strength and minimum ratio of tensile strength to yield strength. ASTM A706 Gr. 60 is an example of

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Some material specifications cover multiple grades, and in such cases it is necessary to indicate both the material specification and grade. Rebar grades are customarily noted on engineering documents, even when there are no other grade options within the material specification, in order to eliminate

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Some grades are only manufactured for specific bar sizes; for example, under ASTM A615, Grade 40 (280 MPa) is only furnished for US bar sizes #3 through #6 (soft metric No.10 through 19). Sometimes limitations on available material grades for specific bar sizes is related to the manufacturing process

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Sizes smaller than #3 are no longer recognized as standard sizes. These are most commonly manufactured as plain round undeformed rod steel but can be made with deformations. Sizes smaller than #3 are typically referred to as "wire" products and not "bar" and specified by either their nominal diameter

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rebar, because damage will reduce the long-term corrosion resistance of these bars. Even damaged epoxy-coated bars have shown better performance than uncoated reinforcing bars, though issues from debonding of the epoxy coating from the bars and corrosion under the epoxy film have been reported. These

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Roll reinforcement system is a remarkably fast and cost-efficient method for placing a large quantity of reinforcement over a short period of time. Roll reinforcement is usually prepared off-site and easily unrolled on site. Roll reinforcement placement has been applied successfully in slabs (decks,

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Bars are typically abbreviated to simply 'N' (hot-rolled deformed bar), 'R' (hot-rolled round bar), 'RW' (cold-drawn ribbed wire) or 'W' (cold-drawn round wire), as the yield strength and ductility class can be implied from the shape. For example, all commercially available wire has a yield strength

626:

or the "soft metric" size. The US/Imperial bar size system recognizes the use of true metric bar sizes (No. 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 50 and 60 specifically) which indicates the nominal bar diameter in millimeters, as an "alternate size" specification. Substituting a true metric size for a

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Requirements for deformations on steel bar reinforcement were not standardized in US construction until about 1950. Modern requirements for deformations were established in "Tentative Specifications for the Deformations of Deformed Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement", ASTM A305-47T. Subsequently,

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For concrete structures designed with ductility in mind, it is recommended that the mechanical connections are also capable of failing in a ductile manner, typically known in the reinforcing steel industry as achieving "bar-break". As an example, Caltrans specifies a required mode of failure (i.e.,

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The use of a grade by itself only indicates the minimum permissible yield strength, and it must be used in the context of a material specification in order to fully describe product requirements for rebar. Material specifications set the requirements for grades as well as additional properties such

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Some special construction such as research and manufacturing facilities with very sensitive electronics may require the use of reinforcement that is non-conductive to electricity, and medical imaging equipment rooms may require non-magnetic properties to avoid interference. FRP rebar, notably glass

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This type of failure manifested in the partial collapse of the Bixby Hotel in Long Beach, California and total collapse of the Eastman Kodak Building in Rochester, New York, both during construction in 1906. It was, however, concluded that both failures were the consequences of poor-quality labor.

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The system was both praised and criticized by Kahn's engineering contemporaries: Turner voiced strong objections to this system as it could cause catastrophic failure to concrete structures. He rejected the idea that Kahn's reinforcing system in concrete beams would act as a Warren truss and also

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designed to resist the effects of corrosion, especially when used in saltwater environments. Bamboo has been shown to be a viable alternative to reinforcing steel in concrete construction. These alternative types tend to be more expensive or may have lesser mechanical properties and are thus more

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Very large format rebar sizes are widely available and produced by specialty manufacturers. The tower and sign industries commonly use "jumbo" bars as anchor rods for large structures which are fabricated from slightly oversized blanks such that threads can be cut at the ends to accept standard

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The structural performance criteria for mechanical connections varies between countries, codes, and industries. As a minimum requirement, codes typically specify that the rebar to splice connection meets or exceeds 125% of the specified yield strength of the rebar. More stringent criteria also

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A similar approach (of embedding rebar vertically in designed voids in engineered blocks) is also used in dry-laid landscape walls, at least pinning the lowest course in place into the earth, also employed securing the lowest course and/or deadmen in walls made of engineered concrete or wooden

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Rebars are available in the following grades as per IS:1786-2008 FE 415/FE 415D/FE 415S/FE 500/FE 500D/FE 500S/FE 550, FE550D, FE 600. Rebars are quenched with water at a high level pressure so that the outer surface is hardened while the inner core remains soft. Rebars are ribbed so that the

553:, and thus "#6" is read as "number six". The use of the "#" sign is customary for US sizes, but "No." is sometimes used instead. Within the trades rebar is known by a shorthand utilizing the bar diameter as descriptor, such as "four-bar" for bar that is four-eighths (or one-half) of an inch. 2605:

Stirrups form the outer part of a rebar cage. The function of stirrups (often referred to as 'reinforcing steel links' and 'shear links') is threefold: to give the main reinforcement bars structure, to maintain a correct level of concrete cover, and to maintain an equal transferance of force

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in Stockton, California. His twisted rebar was, however, not initially appreciated and even ridiculed at the Technical Society of California, where members stated that the twisting would weaken the iron. In 1889, Ransome worked on the West Coast mainly designing bridges. One of these, the

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rebar is also used in high-corrosion environments. It is available in many forms, such as spirals for reinforcing columns, common rods, and meshes. Most commercially available rebar is made from unidirectional fibers set in a thermoset polymer resin and is often referred to as FRP.

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Reinforcement is usually tabulated in a "reinforcement schedule" on construction drawings. This eliminates ambiguity in the notations used around the world. The following list provides examples of the notations used in the architectural, engineering, and construction industry.

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are used to connect reinforcing bars together. Mechanical couplers are an effective means to reduce rebar congestion in highly reinforced areas for cast-in-place concrete construction. These couplers are also used in precast concrete construction at the joints between members.

254:, an English engineer and architect who worked in the United States, made a significant contribution to the development of reinforcing bars in concrete construction. He invented twisted iron rebar, which he initially thought of while designing self-supporting sidewalks for the 2487:

Historically in Europe, rebar is composed of mild steel material with a yield strength of approximately 250 MPa (36 ksi). Modern rebar is composed of high-yield steel, with a yield strength more typically 500 MPa (72.5 ksi). Rebar can be supplied with various grades of

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When US/Imperial sized rebar are used in projects with metric units, the equivalent metric size is typically specified as the nominal diameter rounded to the nearest millimeter. These are not considered standard metric sizes, and thus is often referred to as a

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reinforcement at the ends of the simply supported beams, the place where the shear stress is greatest. Furthermore, Turner warned that Kahn's system could result in a brittle failure as it did not have longitudinal reinforcement in the beams at the columns.

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of France is one of the most notable figures for the invention and popularization of reinforced concrete. As a French gardener, Monier patented reinforced concrete flowerpots in 1867, before proceeding to build reinforced concrete water tanks and bridges.

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Reinforcement for use in concrete construction is subject to the requirements of Australian Standards AS3600 (Concrete Structures) and AS/NZS4671 (Steel Reinforcing for Concrete). There are other standards that apply to testing, welding and galvanizing.

429:. Too much concrete cover can cause bigger crack widths which also compromises the local guard. As rust takes up greater volume than the steel from which it was formed, it causes severe internal pressure on the surrounding concrete, leading to cracking, 363:, also known as distribution or thermal reinforcement, is employed for durability and aesthetic reasons, by providing enough localized resistance to limit cracking and resist stresses caused by effects such as temperature changes and shrinkage. 3050:

Ransome, Ernest L, and Alexis Saurbrey. Reinforced Concrete Buildings: A Treatise on the History, Patents, Design and Erection of the Principal Parts Entering Into A Modern Reinforced Concrete Building. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,

2626:(Low-alloy — A706). Rebar that is not produced to the ASTM A706 specification is generally not suitable for welding without calculating the "carbon-equivalent". Material with a carbon-equivalent of less than 0.55 can be welded. 2340:

confusion and avoid potential quality issues such as might occur if a material substitution is made. "Gr." is the common engineering abbreviation for "grade", with variations on letter capitalization and the use of a period.

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bars which significantly increase the tensile strength of the structure. Rebar surfaces feature a continuous series of ribs, lugs or indentations to promote a better bond with the concrete and reduce the risk of slippage.

375:. Masonry structures held together with grout have similar properties to concrete – high compressive resistance but a limited ability to carry tensile loads. When rebar is added they are known as "reinforced masonry". 3276: 2321:

as, chemical composition, minimum elongation, physical tolerances, etc. Fabricated rebar must exceed the grade's minimum yield strength and any other material specification requirements when inspected and tested.

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In unusual cases, steel reinforcement may be embedded and partially exposed, as in the steel tie bars that constrain and reinforce the masonry of Nevyansk Tower or ancient structures in Rome and the Vatican.

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was experimenting with an innovative rolled diamond-shaped rebar with flat-plate flanges angled upwards at 45° (patented in 1902). Kahn predicted concrete beams with this reinforcing system would bend like a

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inch to provide the bar size. For example, #9 bar has a cross section of 1.00 square inch (6.5 cm), and therefore a diameter of 1.128 inches (28.7 mm). #10, #11, #14, and #18 sizes correspond to

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High strength (500 MPa) 16 mm diameter rebars spaced at 300 mm centers (center-to-center distance) on both the top and bottom face and in each way as well (i.e., longitudinal and transverse).

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Rebar cages are normally tied together with wire, although spot welding of cages has been the norm in Europe for many years, and is becoming more common in the United States. High strength steels for

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Reinforcement for use in concrete construction is subject to the requirements of AS/NZS4671 (Steel Reinforcing for Concrete). There are other standards that apply to testing, welding and galvanizing.

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This is a particular problem where the concrete is exposed to salt water, as in bridges where salt is applied to roadways in winter, or in marine applications. Uncoated, corrosion-resistant low-

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epoxy-coated bars are used in over 70,000 bridge decks in the US, but this technology was slowly being phased out in favor of stainless steel rebar as of 2005 because of its poor performance.

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With the increase in demand of construction standardization, innovative reinforcing systems such as Kahn's were pushed to the side in favor of the concrete reinforcing systems seen today.

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requires the development of the specified ultimate strength of the rebar. As an example, ACI 318 specifies either Type 1 (125% Fy) or Type 2 (125% Fy and 100% Fu) performance criteria.

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ASTM A 616 & ASTM A 617 (now replaced by the combined standard A996) reinforcing bars are re-rolled rail steel and re-rolled rail axle steel with uncontrolled chemistry,

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Requirements for deformations are found in US-standard product specifications for steel bar reinforcing, such as ASTM A615 and ASTM A706, and dictate lug spacing and height.

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concrete can have a better grip. Coastal regions use galvanized rebars to prolong their life. BIS rebar sizes are 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40 and 50 millimeters.

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Parameters Governing the Corrosion Protection Efficiency of Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings on Reinforcing Steel, Virginia Transportation Research Council, January 2008

304:"Primary reinforcement" and "Secondary reinforcement" redirect here. For primary reinforcement and secondary reinforcement in psychology (operant conditioning), see 2759:

Number 4 rebars spaced 12 inches on center (center-to-center distance) on both the top and bottom faces and in each way as well, i.e. longitudinal and transverse.

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The American Welding Society (AWS) D 1.4 sets out the practices for welding rebar in the US. Without special consideration the only rebar that is ready to weld is

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ASTM A955: Deformed and plain stainless-steel bars for concrete reinforcement (Supplementary Requirement S1 is used when specifying magnetic permeability testing)

1354:, although various national standards still remain in force (e.g. BS 4449 in the United Kingdom). In Switzerland some sizes are different from European standard. 1350:

Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimetres. Preferred bar sizes in Europe are specified to comply with Table 6 of the standard

560:², works out to (bar size/9.027)², which is approximated as (bar size/9)² square inches. For example, the area of #8 bar is (8/9)² = 0.79 square inches. 371:

joint (every fourth or fifth course of block) or vertically (in the horizontal voids of cement blocks and cored bricks, which is then fixed in place with

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often used in specialty construction where their physical characteristics fulfill a specific performance requirement that carbon steel does not provide.

2469:"ASTM A617 / A617M - 96a Standard Specification for Axle Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement (Withdrawn 1999, superseded by A996)" 2452:"ASTM A616 / A616M - 96a Standard Specification for Rail Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement (Withdrawn 1999, superseded by A996)" 2435:"ASTM A616 / A616M - 96a Standard Specification for Rail Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement (Withdrawn 1999, superseded by A996)" 4259: 263:

in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, was the first reinforced concrete bridge built in the United States. He used twisted rebar in this structure.

223:), did rebar display its greatest strengths. Several people in Europe and North America developed reinforced concrete in the 1850s. These include 3567: 2606:

throughout the supporting elements. Stirrups are usually rectangular in beams, and circular in piers and are placed at regular intervals along a

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benders and shears. However, for small or custom work a tool known as a Hickey, or hand rebar bender, is sufficient. The rebars are placed by

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rebars may be employed in these situations at greater initial expense, but significantly lower expense over the service life of the project.

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BS 4449: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. Bar, coil and decoiled product. Specification. (2005/2009)

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fibre types have low electrical conductivity and are non-magnetic which is commonly used for such needs. Stainless steel rebar with low

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BS EN ISO 15630-1: Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete. Test methods. Reinforcing bars, wire rod and wire. (2010)

279:, and also thought of this rebar as shear reinforcement. Kahn's reinforcing system was built in concrete beams, joists, and columns. 3997: 3707: 92:, typically consisting of hot-rolled round bars with deformation patterns embossed into its surface. Steel and concrete have similar 2496:

forces and is used in design. These high-yield-strength ductile steels are usually produced using the TEMPCORE process, a method of

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SEAOSC Design Guide Vol. 1 "City of Los Angeles Mandatory Earthquake Hazard Reduction in Existing Non-Ductile Concrete Buildings"

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To prevent injury, the protruding ends of steel rebar are often bent over or covered with special steel-reinforced plastic caps.

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refers to the steel which is employed to guarantee the resistance needed by the structure as a whole to support the design loads.

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Extra care is taken during the transport, fabrication, handling, installation, and concrete placement process when working with

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Number 3 rebars used as stirrups, spaced at 9 inches on center. Each set consists of two ties, which is usually illustrated.

2370: 3537: 3822: 2999: 4239: 2794: 3481:"BS EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. General.", clause 6.4, pp. 13 (2005). 3547: 3061: 2516:

BS 6744: Stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of and use in concrete. Requirements and test methods. (2001/2009)

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ASTM A1035: Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain, Low-carbon, Chromium, Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

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D500N12 is deformed bar, 500 MPa strength, normal ductility and 12 mm nominal diameter – also known as "N12"

395: 4355: 3205:"Cost-Effective Corrosion Protection Systems for Reinforced Concrete - Epoxy Interest Group (based on the KU study)" 4007: 3654: 2891: 2810:, the largest steel producer in the United States, claims its steel bar products are made from 97% recycled steel. 2325: 618:

or wire gage number. #2 bars are often informally called "pencil rod" as they are about the same size as a pencil.

93: 2492:. The more ductile steel is capable of absorbing considerably more energy when deformed – a behavior that resists 367:

Secondary applications include rebar embedded in masonry walls, which includes both bars placed horizontally in a

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BS EN ISO 15630-2: Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete. Test methods. Welded fabric. (2010)

3737: 2589:. For tying epoxy-coated or galvanized rebars, epoxy-coated or galvanized wire is normally used, respectively. 2314: 219:

However, not until the mid-19th century, with the embedding of steel bars into concrete (thus producing modern

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Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimeters, rounded to the nearest 5 mm.

3353:"BS EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. General.", pp. 19 (2005). 2839: 2553:

Steel wire used to secure rebar before it is set in concrete. A centimeter rule is provided for reference.

4360: 4345: 4254: 4229: 4143: 4110: 2497: 2362: 2355:(similar to US grade 60; however, metric grade 420 is actually the exact substitution for the US grade). 2329: 506: 472: 422: 4208: 4022: 3732: 3680: 346:. To compensate for this imbalance in concrete's behavior, rebar is cast into it to carry the tensile 4244: 4186: 4105: 4045: 3860: 3775: 2953: 2306: 426: 193: 147: 3303: 3190: 2938: 513:. Updated building designs, including more circumferential rebar, can address this type of failure. 509:, causing 42 fatalities. The shaking of the earthquake caused rebars to burst from the concrete and 247:

in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, the first reinforced concrete bridge built in the United States

3693: 482: 327:, while several thick vertical rebar stubs will stick out of the pour to form the base of a future 315: 309: 2347:

In countries that use the metric system, the grade designation is typically the yield strength in

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was designing his "mushroom system" of reinforced concrete floor slabs with smooth round rods and

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BS EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. General. (2005)

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ASTM A767/A767M: Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

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ASTM A617/A617M: Specification for Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

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ASTM A616/A616M: Specification for Rail-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

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ASTM A184/A184M: Specification for Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement

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Two bundles of full-length rebar, which will be placed, bent, or cut as required by installation

4370: 4115: 3992: 3916: 3807: 3802: 2658: 2586: 2565:("rodbusters" or concrete reinforcing iron workers), with bar supports and concrete or plastic 1193: 502: 406: 271: 31: 17: 3465:

TEMPCORE, the most convenient process to produce low cost high strength rebars from 8 to 75 mm

4198: 3941: 3177: 2925: 2783:

Number 7 rebar spaced 12 inches apart, placed in each direction (each way) and on each face.

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ASTM A722/A722M: Standard Specification for High-Strength Steel Bars for Prestressed Concrete

491: 339: 96:, so a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal differential 73: 323:

deck prior to pouring concrete. The large horizontal rebar "cages" will be encased within a

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of 500 MPa and low ductility, while round bars are 250 MPa and normal ductility.

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Design and Construction of Segmental Concrete Bridges for Service Life of 100 to 150 Years

3170:"Evaluation of multiple corrosion protection systems for reinforced concrete bridge decks" 8: 4181: 4100: 3870: 3812: 2388:

ASTM A497: Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement

1185: 224: 220: 158: 65: 3630: 1357: 1180: 4095: 4012: 3561: 2981: 2954:"Experimental Characterization of Ancient Metal Tie-Rods in Historic Masonry Buildings" 2577:

and ensure that proper embedment is achieved. The rebars in the cages are connected by

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Rebar cages are fabricated either on or off the project site commonly with the help of

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The designation of reinforcement is defined in AS/NZS4671 using the following formats:

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ASTM A185: Specification for Welded Plain Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement

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structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension. Concrete is strong under

4350: 4324: 4080: 4075: 4050: 4032: 3946: 3926: 3747: 3543: 3334: 3117: 2985: 2973: 2525:

DIN 488-3: Reinforcing steels - Part 3: Reinforcing steel in coils, steel wire (2009)

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BS 4482: Steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete products. Specification (2005)

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ASTM A934/A934M: Specification for Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars

501:, resulting in structural failure. The prime example of this is the collapse of the 4176: 4085: 3951: 3911: 3790: 3752: 3363: 3168:

O’Reilly, Matthew; Darwin, David; Browning, JoAnn; Locke Jr, Carl E. (2011-01-01).

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ASTM A706/A706M: Low-alloy steel deformed and plain bars for concrete reinforcement

368: 324: 77: 3169: 3017: 2969: 2365:: "ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary", 4365: 4120: 3971: 3875: 3785: 3553: 465: 347: 208:

on the bars to this day. The carcass of the tower was connected to its cast iron

197: 104: 3441: 3138:"GFRP Bar Transverse Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Effects on Concrete Cover" 2767:

Three number 4 rebars (usually used when the rebar perpendicular to the detail)

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ASTM A615/A615M: Deformed and plain carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement

350:. Most steel reinforcement is divided into primary and secondary reinforcement: 4193: 4125: 3966: 3885: 3855: 3850: 3742: 2574: 2302: 550: 549:

There are no fractional bar sizes in this system. The "#" symbol indicates the

453: 255: 228: 3842: 2678: 4339: 4166: 4065: 4055: 3961: 2977: 2513:

BS 4483: Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete. Specification (2005)

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ASTM A996: Rail-steel and axle-steel deformed bars for concrete reinforcement

1189: 438: 267: 232: 213: 120: 3539:

ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary

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used, as well as the availability of controlled quality raw materials used.

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ASTM A496: Specification for Deformed Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement

284: 276: 166: 116: 112: 89: 3880: 2519:

DIN 488-1: Reinforcing steels - Part 1: Grades, properties, marking (2009)

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is available and is sometimes used to avoid magnetic interference issues.

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L- low ductility, N- normal ductility, E- seismic (Earthquake) ductility

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of the United States, who produced and tested reinforced concrete beams.

209: 124: 108: 631:, and sometimes results in the use of a physically different sized bar. 4275: 4060: 4040: 3832: 2630: 2558: 2493: 2376:

ASTM A82: Specification for Plain Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement

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D- deformed ribbed bar, R- round / plain bar, I- deformed indented bar

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as defined by civil or structural engineers in construction drawings.

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DIN 488-6: Reinforcing steel - Part 6: Assessment of conformity (2010)

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ASTM A775/A775M: Specification for Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars

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reaction. Too little concrete cover can compromise this guard through

4306: 3583:"METHOD OF TESTS FOR MECHANICAL AND WELDED REINFORCING STEEL SPLICES" 3087: 2952:

Calderini, Chiara; Piccardo, Paolo; Vecchiattini, Rita (2019-04-03).

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DIN 488-2: Reinforcing steels - Part 2: Reinforcing steel bars (2009)

2489: 634: 418: 205: 201: 3609:"Mushroom Style Plastic Rebar Covers Used For Impalement Protection" 3281:. American Segmental Bridge Institut. pp. 19–20. Archived from 3253: 2917: 4290: 4285: 3921: 3716: 2803: 2570: 1351: 510: 449: 430: 399: 335: 320: 239: 227:

of France, who built reinforced concrete boats in Paris (1854) and

170: 37: 2892:"Bamboo Reinforced Concrete US Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory" 2736:

required, this would typically be both specified and illustrated.

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noted that this system would not provide the adequate amount of

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Merritt, Frederic S., M. Kent Loftin and Jonathan T. Ricketts,

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foundations), wind energy mast foundations, walls, ramps, etc.

2607: 445: 328: 3580: 3167: 2918:"Metal tie-rods and anchor plates in old buildings structural" 2531:

DIN 488-5: Reinforcing steels - Part 5: Lattice girders (2009)

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Steel reinforcement bars with color codes indicating the grade

3797: 3655:"Nucor (NUE) to Construct Rebar Micro Mill in North Carolina" 2951: 2807: 2657:

Also known as "mechanical couplers" or "mechanical splices",

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Rebar is available in grades and specifications that vary in

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inch (3.2 mm) for bar sizes #2 through #8, so that #8 =

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Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods

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DIN 488-4: Reinforcing steels - Part 4: Welded fabric (2009)

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At the same time Ransome was inventing twisted steel rebar,

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Recommended Field Handling of Expoy-Coated Reinforcing Bars

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Reinforcing steel can also be displaced by impacts such as

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Other readily available types of rebar are manufactured of

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Common US specifications, published by ACI and ASTM, are:

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Historic size designation that is no longer in common use.

119:. The carbon steel reinforcing bars may also be coated in 3396:. Portland Bolt & Manufacturing Company. 31 July 2014 2724:

Three mild strength (300 MPa) 12 mm diameter rebars

3329:

Wang, Chu-Kia; Salmon, Charles; Pincheira, Jose (2007).

2806:, and rebar is often made entirely from recycled steel. 2798:

Workers extracting rebar from demolition rubble in China

204:

used for the rebar was of high quality, and there is no

414: 2827:

Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, Fourth Edition

2449:'IR' Rail Meeting Supplementary Requirements S1 A616 181:. 2,500 meters of rebar was used in the 14th-century 2633:

and carbon content. These materials are not common.

2016:(#18 and smaller are the same as US/Imperial sizes) 526:

US/Imperial bar sizes give the diameter in units of

196:

in Russia, built on the orders of the industrialist

188:

During the 18th century, rebar was used to form the

3328: 2682:

Rebars with temporary plastic safety caps installed

2643: 1718:

Reinforcement steel bar Grade 300 & 500 Class E

1184:Concrete betraying corroded rebar within it at the 413:. Normally the concrete cover is able to provide a 3333:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 20. 3535: 2324:In US use, the grade designation is equal to the 4337: 4260:International Federation for Structural Concrete 3251: 3116:. International Code Council. 2016. p. 79. 2581:, tying steel wire, sometimes using an electric 3607:Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2958:International Journal of Architectural Heritage 1834: 556:The cross-sectional area of a bar, as given by 319:Rebar has been placed atop a temporary wooden 299: 3701: 3461: 3085: 3086:Salmon, Ryan; Elliott, Meghan (April 2013). 3566:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3000:"Le donjon de Vincennes livre son histoire" 386: 3708: 3694: 3014:"The office of the first Russian oligarch" 2840:"Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion" 1576:Reinforcement steel bar Grade 500 Class N 505:in Oakland, California as a result of the 3681:OSHA rebar impalement protection measures 2829:, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1995, p. 8.17 2652: 173:Europe, as a device to reinforce arches, 161:, with Rome using iron or wooden rods in 3041:. 4th edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2004. 2793: 2677: 2596: 2548: 1356: 1179: 633: 614:, and 2-inch square bars, respectively. 314: 238: 141: 36: 2569:separating the rebar from the concrete 14: 4338: 3274: 3230:, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute 2789: 546:inch = 1-inch (25 mm) diameter. 212:, crowned with one of the first known 3689: 3542:. American Concrete Institute (ACI). 2889: 338:is a material that is very strong in 310:Reinforcement § Secondary reinforcers 146:An early version of rebar inside the 3823:Ground granulated blast-furnace slag 3581:California Dept. of Transportation. 2915: 563:Bar sizes larger than #8 follow the 4240:Institution of Structural Engineers 1563: 516: 405:Common rebar is made of unfinished 306:Reinforcement § Primary reinforcers 24: 3268: 3062:"Rebar and the Alvord Lake Bridge" 417:value higher than 12 avoiding the 157:construction have been used since 138:Reinforced concrete § History 25: 4382: 3674: 2890:Brink, Francis E.; Rush, Paul J. 1345: 1175: 94:coefficients of thermal expansion 88:The most common type of rebar is 64:device added to concrete to form 4320: 4319: 3471:. 2nd ESTAD - METEC. Düsseldorf. 3037:Allen, Edward, and Joseph Iano. 2644:Reinforcement placement in rolls 2544: 409:steel, making it susceptible to 165:construction. Iron tie rods and 3647: 3623: 3600: 3574: 3529: 3505: 3484: 3475: 3455: 3434: 3422:. DYWIDAG-Systems International 3408: 3382: 3356: 3347: 3322: 3296: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3197: 3161: 3130: 3106: 3079: 3054: 3044: 2689: 2425:ASTM marking designations are: 1160: 398:nearly equal to that of modern 3738:Roman architectural revolution 3492:"Rebar Stirrups (Shear Links)" 3416:"THREADBAR Reinforcing System" 3304:"History of Reinforcing Steel" 3256:. Epoxy Interest Group of CRSI 3254:"Epoxy Interest Group of CRSI" 3031: 3006: 2992: 2945: 2909: 2883: 2857: 2832: 2819: 1708: 1361:Steel reinforcement in storage 437:. This phenomenon is known as 13: 1: 2970:10.1080/15583058.2018.1563230 2813: 1728:Cross-sectional area (mm sq) 1691:250N, 300E, 500L, 500N, 500E 1584:Cross-sectional area (mm sq) 627:US/Imperial size is called a 396:thermal expansion coefficient 107:, and composite bars made of 3715: 3442:"4 Ways to Abbreviate Grade" 3016:(in Russian). Archived from 2865:"Bamboo Reinforced Concrete" 2772:#3 ties @ 9 OC, (2) per set 1835:Jumbo and threaded bar sizes 1731:Mass per metre length, kg/m 1587:Mass per metre length, kg/m 100:as the temperature changes. 80:. Rebar usually consists of 7: 4255:Portland Cement Association 4230:American Concrete Institute 3462:Noville, J.F. (June 2015). 2592: 2498:thermomechanical processing 2363:American Concrete Institute 1872:(outside of threaded zone) 1866:(outside of threaded zone) 521: 507:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake 300:Use in concrete and masonry 169:were later employed across 10: 4387: 3733:Ancient Roman architecture 3631:"CRSI: Recycled Materials" 3536:ACI committee 318 (2014). 3331:Reinforced Concrete Design 2617: 1960:Threaded rebar size chart 303: 135: 131: 29: 4315: 4299: 4268: 4245:Indian Concrete Institute 4222: 4159: 4031: 3985: 3904: 3841: 3761: 3723: 3364:"Rebar - #14J & #18J" 2673: 2307:ultimate tensile strength 2296: 2015: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1848: 665: 662: 659: 653: 647: 342:, but relatively weak in 194:Leaning Tower of Nevyansk 148:Leaning Tower of Nevyansk 4356:Reinforcement technology 2756:#4 @ 12 OC, T&B, EW 1825: 483:Fibre-reinforced plastic 387:Physical characteristics 52:), known when massed as 2896:Roman Concrete Research 2844:The Engineering ToolBox 2712:HD-16-300, T&B, EW 2670:"necking of the bar"). 1844:Jumbo rebar size chart 361:Secondary reinforcement 4023:Alkali–silica reaction 3781:Energetically modified 3275:Rostam, Steen (2005). 3252:Epoxy Interest Group. 3209:epoxyinterestgroup.org 3185:Cite journal requires 2933:Cite journal requires 2799: 2729:R8 Stirrups @ 225 MAX 2683: 2659:mechanical connections 2653:Mechanical connections 2602: 2587:mechanical connections 2554: 2326:minimum yield strength 1725:Nominal Diameter (mm) 1581:Nominal Diameter (mm) 1362: 1197: 1194:Niagara Falls, Ontario 639: 503:Cypress Street Viaduct 425:from the surface, and 332: 248: 150: 42: 32:Rebar (disambiguation) 2797: 2681: 2600: 2552: 1687:Standard grades (MPa) 1360: 1183: 637: 492:magnetic permeability 355:Primary reinforcement 318: 242: 145: 136:Further information: 40: 4008:Environmental impact 3866:Reversing drum mixer 3659:nz.finance.yahoo.com 3394:www.portlandbolt.com 2802:Rebar is frequently 2638:prestressed concrete 2483:'W' Low-alloy — A706 2313:, and percentage of 2311:chemical composition 1977:Linear Mass Density 1861:Linear Mass Density 1212:Linear Mass Density 660:Linear Mass Density 643:US rebar size chart 183:Château de Vincennes 153:Reinforcing bars in 30:For other uses, see 3370:. Haydon Bolts, Inc 3368:www.haydonbolts.com 3239:Ramniceanu, Andrei 2790:Reuse and recycling 2744: 2700: 2351:(MPa), for example 1961: 1845: 1577: 1186:Queen Elizabeth Way 644: 433:, and, ultimately, 225:Joseph-Louis Lambot 221:reinforced concrete 66:reinforced concrete 58:steel reinforcement 27:Steel reinforcement 4361:Russian inventions 4346:Building materials 4111:Self-consolidating 3803:Water–cement ratio 3494:. January 10, 2023 3420:www.dsiamerica.com 2916:Petrucci, Enrica. 2871:. 12 December 2016 2800: 2742: 2698: 2684: 2640:cannot be welded. 2603: 2555: 1959: 1843: 1575: 1363: 1198: 642: 640: 452:(microcomposite), 435:structural failure 333: 261:Alvord Lake Bridge 249: 245:Alvord Lake Bridge 151: 43: 4333: 4332: 4325:Category:Concrete 4106:Roller-compacting 3927:Climbing formwork 3776:Calcium aluminate 3748:Roman engineering 3340:978-0-471-26286-2 3123:978-1-60983-697-9 2787: 2786: 2740: 2739: 2371:978-0-87031-930-3 2294: 2293: 1980:Maximum diameter 1957: 1956: 1864:Nominal diameter 1823: 1822: 1668: 1667: 1561: 1560: 1343: 1342: 1218:Nominal diameter 1156: 1155: 663:Nominal diameter 252:Ernest L. Ransome 54:reinforcing steel 16:(Redirected from 4378: 4323: 4322: 4235:Concrete Society 4046:Fiber-reinforced 3861:Volumetric mixer 3753:Roman technology 3710: 3703: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3587: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3565: 3557: 3552:. Archived from 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3390:"Threaded Rebar" 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3173: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3149: 3143:. Archived from 3142: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3002:. 21 March 2007. 2996: 2990: 2989: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2836: 2830: 2823: 2780:#7 @ 12" EW, EF 2745: 2741: 2701: 2697: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2134: 2133: 2129: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1962: 1958: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1846: 1842: 1722: 1721: 1578: 1574: 1564:Australian sizes 1386:Cross-sectional 1365: 1364: 1224:Cross-sectional 1203: 1202: 1188:bridge over the 1169: 1164: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1003: 1002: 998: 968: 967: 963: 933: 932: 928: 898: 897: 893: 888: 887: 883: 853: 852: 848: 818: 817: 813: 808: 807: 803: 773: 772: 768: 738: 737: 733: 728: 727: 723: 690: 689: 685: 679: 678: 674: 645: 641: 613: 612: 608: 603: 602: 598: 593: 592: 588: 582: 581: 577: 572: 571: 567: 545: 544: 540: 535: 534: 530: 517:Sizes and grades 427:salt penetration 379:landscape ties. 78:tensile strength 21: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4311: 4295: 4264: 4218: 4155: 4027: 3981: 3900: 3876:Flow table test 3837: 3757: 3719: 3714: 3677: 3672: 3663: 3661: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3639: 3637: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3519: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3021: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2950: 2946: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2869:The Constructor 2863: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2792: 2692: 2676: 2655: 2646: 2620: 2595: 2547: 2474: 2472: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2432:'I' rail A616 ( 2429:'S' billet A615 2299: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2131: 2127: 2126: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1837: 1828: 1711: 1679:Ductility Class 1566: 1376:density (kg/m) 1348: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1165: 1161: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1000: 996: 995: 965: 961: 960: 930: 926: 925: 895: 891: 890: 885: 881: 880: 850: 846: 845: 815: 811: 810: 805: 801: 800: 770: 766: 765: 735: 731: 730: 725: 721: 720: 687: 683: 682: 676: 672: 671: 629:hard conversion 624:soft conversion 610: 606: 605: 600: 596: 595: 590: 586: 585: 579: 575: 574: 569: 565: 564: 542: 538: 537: 532: 528: 527: 524: 519: 466:stainless steel 389: 313: 302: 198:Akinfiy Demidov 140: 134: 105:stainless steel 68:and reinforced 50:reinforcing bar 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4384: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4194:Concrete block 4191: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4182:voided biaxial 4179: 4174: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3886:Concrete cover 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3856:Concrete mixer 3853: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3767: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3743:Roman concrete 3740: 3735: 3729: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3675:External links 3673: 3671: 3670: 3646: 3622: 3599: 3573: 3556:on 2013-07-27. 3549:978-0870319303 3548: 3528: 3504: 3483: 3474: 3454: 3433: 3407: 3381: 3355: 3346: 3339: 3321: 3295: 3267: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3196: 3187:|journal= 3160: 3129: 3122: 3105: 3078: 3053: 3043: 3030: 3005: 2991: 2964:(3): 425–437. 2944: 2935:|journal= 2908: 2882: 2856: 2831: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2743:United States 2738: 2737: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2691: 2688: 2675: 2672: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2619: 2616: 2601:Stirrup sample 2594: 2591: 2575:concrete cover 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2466:'A' Axle A617 2464: 2447: 2430: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2328:of the bar in 2303:yield strength 2298: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1710: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1671:Shape/ Section 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1382:diameter (mm) 1378: 1372: 1347: 1346:European sizes 1344: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1177: 1176:Canadian sizes 1174: 1171: 1170: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 992: 989: 986: 983: 979: 978: 975: 972: 969: 957: 954: 951: 948: 944: 943: 940: 937: 934: 922: 919: 916: 913: 909: 908: 905: 902: 899: 877: 874: 871: 868: 864: 863: 860: 857: 854: 842: 839: 836: 833: 829: 828: 825: 822: 819: 797: 794: 791: 788: 784: 783: 780: 777: 774: 762: 759: 756: 753: 749: 748: 745: 742: 739: 717: 714: 711: 708: 704: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 680: 668: 667: 664: 661: 658: 652: 523: 520: 518: 515: 454:silicon bronze 388: 385: 365: 364: 358: 301: 298: 229:Thaddeus Hyatt 214:lightning rods 133: 130: 76:, but has low 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4383: 4372: 4371:Steel objects 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4326: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223:Organizations 4221: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4187:slab on grade 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4116:Self-leveling 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917:Cast-in-place 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3813:Reinforcement 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3610: 3603: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3532: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3493: 3487: 3478: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3443: 3437: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3350: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3285:on 2022-04-07 3284: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3255: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3224: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3192: 3179: 3171: 3164: 3150:on 2012-02-20 3146: 3139: 3133: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3067: 3066:99% Invisible 3063: 3057: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3020:on 2017-05-19 3019: 3015: 3009: 3001: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2796: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2696: 2687: 2680: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2650: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2573:to establish 2572: 2568: 2567:rebar spacers 2564: 2560: 2551: 2545:Placing rebar 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2470: 2465: 2453: 2448: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1987: 1986: 1983:Nominal area 1974: 1968: 1963: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1870:Nominal area 1867: 1858: 1852: 1847: 1841: 1832: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1706: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1191: 1190:Welland River 1187: 1182: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 980: 976: 973: 970: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 945: 941: 938: 935: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 910: 906: 903: 900: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 865: 861: 858: 855: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 830: 826: 823: 820: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 785: 781: 778: 775: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 750: 746: 743: 740: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 705: 701: 698: 695: 692: 681: 670: 669: 666:Nominal area 657: 651: 646: 636: 632: 630: 625: 619: 615: 561: 559: 554: 552: 547: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 487: 484: 480: 477: 474: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 442: 440: 439:oxide jacking 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 384: 380: 376: 374: 370: 362: 359: 356: 353: 352: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 330: 326: 322: 317: 311: 307: 297: 293: 289: 286: 280: 278: 273: 269: 268:C.A.P. Turner 264: 262: 257: 253: 246: 241: 237: 234: 233:Joseph Monier 230: 226: 222: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 167:anchor plates 164: 160: 156: 149: 144: 139: 129: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 101: 99: 95: 91: 86: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 39: 33: 19: 4199:Step barrier 4160:Applications 4071:Nanoconcrete 3957:Power trowel 3942:Power screed 3932:Slip forming 3905:Construction 3895: 3662:. Retrieved 3658: 3649: 3638:. Retrieved 3635:www.crsi.org 3634: 3625: 3615:February 28, 3613:. Retrieved 3602: 3592:February 28, 3590:. Retrieved 3576: 3554:the original 3538: 3531: 3520:. Retrieved 3516: 3507: 3496:. Retrieved 3486: 3477: 3464: 3457: 3447:November 30, 3445:. Retrieved 3436: 3424:. Retrieved 3419: 3410: 3398:. Retrieved 3393: 3384: 3372:. Retrieved 3367: 3358: 3349: 3330: 3324: 3312:. Retrieved 3308:www.crsi.org 3307: 3298: 3287:. Retrieved 3283:the original 3277: 3270: 3258:. Retrieved 3247: 3235: 3223: 3212:. Retrieved 3208: 3199: 3178:cite journal 3163: 3152:. Retrieved 3145:the original 3132: 3113: 3108: 3096:. Retrieved 3091: 3081: 3069:. Retrieved 3065: 3056: 3046: 3038: 3033: 3022:. Retrieved 3018:the original 3008: 2994: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2926:cite journal 2911: 2899:. Retrieved 2895: 2885: 2873:. Retrieved 2868: 2859: 2847:. Retrieved 2843: 2834: 2826: 2821: 2801: 2751:Explanation 2748:Designation 2732: 2707:Explanation 2704:Designation 2699:New Zealand 2693: 2690:Designations 2685: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2647: 2635: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2604: 2579:spot welding 2563:steel fixers 2556: 2486: 2473:. Retrieved 2456:. Retrieved 2439:. Retrieved 2424: 2357: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2323: 2319: 2300: 1973:size (soft) 1972: 1966: 1871: 1865: 1857:size (soft) 1856: 1850: 1838: 1829: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1703: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1571: 1567: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1374:Linear mass 1369: 1349: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1199: 1166: 1162: 656:size (soft) 655: 649: 620: 616: 562: 557: 555: 548: 525: 496: 488: 481: 478: 473:epoxy-coated 470: 443: 404: 390: 381: 377: 366: 360: 354: 334: 294: 290: 285:shear stress 281: 277:Warren truss 265: 256:Masonic Hall 250: 218: 187: 152: 117:basalt fiber 113:carbon fiber 102: 90:carbon steel 87: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44: 4177:hollow-core 4136:Waste light 4131:Translucent 4091:Prestressed 4018:Segregation 4003:Degradation 3891:Cover meter 3828:Silica fume 3763:Composition 3426:29 November 3400:29 November 3374:29 November 3314:28 November 3098:15 November 3071:15 November 2349:megapascals 1971:Metric bar 1855:Metric bar 1709:New Zealand 654:Metric bar 551:number sign 499:earthquakes 423:carbonation 340:compression 272:Julius Kahn 210:tented roof 125:epoxy resin 109:glass fiber 74:compression 48:(short for 4340:Categories 4276:Eurocode 2 4214:Structures 4101:Reinforced 4061:Lunarcrete 4041:AstroCrete 3998:Durability 3993:Properties 3871:Slump test 3843:Production 3833:Metakaolin 3664:2022-05-15 3640:2022-05-15 3588:. Caltrans 3522:2023-06-01 3513:"Homepage" 3498:2024-02-26 3289:2021-06-08 3214:2017-04-15 3154:2012-08-24 3024:2010-05-18 2901:29 October 2875:29 October 2814:References 2631:phosphorus 2585:, or with 2583:rebar tier 2494:earthquake 2475:2012-08-24 2471:. Astm.org 2458:2012-08-24 2454:. Astm.org 2441:2012-08-24 2437:. Astm.org 2315:elongation 1388:area (mm) 1226:Area (mm) 462:galvanized 4307:Hempcrete 4269:Standards 4096:Ready-mix 4013:Recycling 3808:Aggregate 3791:Rosendale 3562:cite book 3260:24 August 3092:Structure 2986:117541100 2978:1558-3058 2559:hydraulic 2490:ductility 2353:grade 400 1967:bar size 1965:Imperial 1851:bar size 1849:Imperial 1696:Examples: 1370:bar size 1208:bar size 650:bar size 648:Imperial 460:-coated, 419:corrosion 206:corrosion 202:cast iron 159:antiquity 4351:Concrete 4300:See also 4291:EN 10080 4286:EN 206-1 4281:EN 197-1 4140:Aerated 4081:Polished 4076:Pervious 4051:Filigree 3947:Finisher 3922:Formwork 3786:Portland 3717:Concrete 2804:recycled 2593:Stirrups 2571:formwork 1380:Nominal 1352:EN 10080 1196:, Canada 1134:2.257 ≈ 1099:1.693 ≈ 1064:1.410 ≈ 1029:1.270 ≈ 994:1.128 ≈ 959:1.000 = 924:0.875 = 879:0.750 = 844:0.625 = 799:0.500 = 764:0.375 = 719:0.250 = 522:US sizes 450:chromium 431:spalling 407:tempered 400:concrete 336:Concrete 321:formwork 171:Medieval 4250:Nanocem 4209:Columns 4086:Polymer 3986:Science 3952:Grinder 3912:Precast 3818:Fly ash 3725:History 3517:BAMTEC® 2764:(3) #4 2624:W grade 2618:Welding 2238:⁄ 2202:⁄ 2166:⁄ 2130:⁄ 1992:⁄ 1882:⁄ 1368:Metric 1333:19.625 1319:11.775 1214:(kg/m) 1206:Metric 1139:⁄ 1131:20.239 1104:⁄ 1096:11.384 1069:⁄ 1034:⁄ 999:⁄ 964:⁄ 929:⁄ 894:⁄ 884:⁄ 849:⁄ 814:⁄ 804:⁄ 769:⁄ 734:⁄ 724:⁄ 686:⁄ 675:⁄ 609:⁄ 599:⁄ 594:inch, 1 589:⁄ 578:⁄ 568:⁄ 541:⁄ 531:⁄ 411:rusting 344:tension 192:of the 190:carcass 179:cupolas 155:masonry 132:History 70:masonry 62:tension 60:, is a 4366:Steels 4172:waffle 4121:Sulfur 3977:Tremie 3972:Sealer 3937:Screed 3881:Curing 3771:Cement 3611:. OSHA 3546: 3337: 3310:. CRSI 3120: 3094:: 9–11 2984: 2976: 2849:6 July 2721:3-D12 2674:Safety 2608:column 2373:(2014) 2369: 2297:Grades 2278:35.85 2275:24.09 2272:No.75 2252:27.08 2249:18.20 2246:No.65 2216:13.73 2210:No.46 2174:No.36 2138:No.32 2102:No.26 2082:48.80 2079:32.79 2076:No.90 2056:35.85 2053:24.09 2050:No.75 2030:24.85 2027:16.70 2024:No.63 1999:(kg/m) 1941:21.78 1938:14.60 1915:14.14 1889:(kg/m) 1764:0.888 1753:0.617 1742:0.222 1598:0.888 1439:0.888 1425:0.617 1411:0.395 1397:0.222 1305:7.850 1291:5.495 1277:3.925 1263:2.355 1249:1.570 1235:0.785 1152:2,581 1128:13.60 1125:No.57 1117:1,452 1093:7.650 1090:No.43 1082:1,006 1061:7.907 1058:5.313 1055:No.36 1026:6.404 1023:4.303 1020:No.32 991:5.060 988:3.400 985:No.29 956:3.973 953:2.670 950:No.25 921:3.042 918:2.044 915:No.22 876:2.235 873:1.502 870:No.19 841:1.552 838:1.043 835:No.16 796:0.994 793:0.668 790:No.13 761:0.560 758:0.376 755:No.10 716:0.249 713:0.167 511:buckle 446:carbon 394:has a 369:mortar 329:column 200:. The 177:, and 175:vaults 123:or an 98:stress 18:Rebars 4204:Roads 4126:Tabby 4033:Types 3967:Float 3896:Rebar 3851:Plant 3798:Water 3586:(PDF) 3469:(PDF) 3148:(PDF) 3141:(PDF) 3051:1912. 2982:S2CID 2808:Nucor 2290:4419 2287:6.85 2281:3.15 2264:3329 2261:5.16 2255:2.80 2228:1665 2225:2.58 2219:2.01 2213:9.23 2192:1019 2189:1.58 2183:1.63 2180:8.27 2177:5.56 2153:1.25 2147:1.45 2144:6.53 2141:4.39 2117:0.85 2111:1.25 2108:4.48 2105:3.01 2094:6207 2091:9.62 2085:3.68 2068:4555 2065:7.06 2059:3.18 2042:3168 2039:4.91 2033:2.72 2011:(mm) 1953:2768 1950:4.29 1947:59.4 1944:2.34 1932:#18J 1927:1794 1924:2.78 1921:47.8 1918:1.88 1912:9.48 1906:#14J 1901:(mm) 1826:India 1819:9.86 1816:1260 1808:6.31 1797:3.85 1786:2.47 1775:1.58 1750:78.5 1739:28.3 1664:7.99 1661:1020 1653:6.31 1642:4.83 1631:3.55 1620:2.47 1609:1.58 1557:1963 1551:15.4 1548:50,0 1543:1257 1537:9.86 1534:40,0 1523:6.31 1520:32,0 1509:4.83 1506:28,0 1495:3.85 1492:25,0 1481:2.47 1478:20,0 1436:12,0 1431:78.5 1422:10,0 1417:50.3 1403:28.3 1339:2500 1336:56.4 1325:1500 1322:43.7 1311:1000 1308:35.7 1294:29.9 1280:25.2 1266:19.5 1252:16.0 1238:11.3 1220:(mm) 1149:4.00 1146:57.3 1114:2.25 1111:43.0 1079:1.56 1076:35.8 1044:1.27 1041:32.3 1009:1.00 1006:28.7 974:0.79 971:25.4 939:0.60 936:22.2 904:0.44 901:19.1 859:0.31 856:15.9 824:0.20 821:12.7 779:0.11 776:9.53 744:0.05 741:6.35 710:No.6 702:(mm) 464:, or 458:epoxy 392:Steel 373:grout 348:loads 115:, or 82:steel 46:Rebar 4167:Slab 4149:RAAC 4066:Mass 4056:Foam 3962:Pump 3617:2015 3594:2011 3568:link 3544:ISBN 3449:2017 3428:2017 3402:2017 3376:2017 3335:ISBN 3316:2017 3262:2012 3191:help 3118:ISBN 3100:2017 3073:2017 2974:ISSN 2939:help 2903:2019 2877:2019 2851:2015 2612:beam 2367:ISBN 2156:806 2120:548 2073:#28 2047:#24 2021:#20 2008:(in) 2005:(mm) 2002:(in) 1898:(in) 1895:(mm) 1892:(in) 1805:804 1794:491 1783:314 1772:201 1761:113 1650:804 1639:616 1628:452 1617:314 1606:201 1595:113 1529:804 1515:616 1501:491 1487:314 1473:201 1467:1.58 1464:16,0 1459:154 1453:1.21 1450:14,0 1445:113 1408:8,0 1394:6,0 1330:55M 1316:45M 1302:35M 1297:700 1288:30M 1283:500 1274:25M 1269:300 1260:20M 1255:200 1246:15M 1241:100 1232:10M 1122:#18 1087:#14 1052:#11 1047:819 1017:#10 1012:645 977:510 942:387 907:284 862:200 827:129 699:(in) 696:(mm) 693:(in) 325:beam 308:and 243:The 163:arch 121:zinc 4144:AAC 2966:doi 2610:or 2330:ksi 2284:80 2269:3" 2258:71 2222:51 2186:41 2150:37 2114:32 2099:1" 2088:94 2062:81 2036:69 1813:40 1802:32 1791:25 1780:20 1769:16 1758:12 1747:10 1658:36 1647:32 1636:28 1625:24 1614:20 1603:16 1592:12 1554:50 1540:40 1526:32 1512:28 1498:25 1484:20 1442:12 1428:10 1192:in 982:#9 947:#8 912:#7 867:#6 832:#5 787:#4 782:71 752:#3 747:32 707:#2 604:, 1 441:. 216:. 185:. 56:or 4342:: 3657:. 3633:. 3564:}} 3560:{{ 3515:. 3418:. 3392:. 3366:. 3306:. 3207:. 3182:: 3180:}} 3176:{{ 3090:. 3064:. 2980:. 2972:. 2962:13 2960:. 2956:. 2930:: 2928:}} 2924:{{ 2894:. 2867:. 2842:. 2317:. 2309:, 2305:, 2243:" 2233:2 2207:" 2197:1 2171:" 2161:1 2135:" 2125:1 1994:ft 1990:lb 1935:- 1909:- 1884:ft 1880:lb 1736:6 1470:16 1456:14 1414:8 1400:6 1137:18 1102:14 1067:11 1032:10 889:= 809:= 729:= 684:kg 677:ft 673:lb 558:πr 456:, 415:pH 111:, 3709:e 3702:t 3695:v 3667:. 3643:. 3619:. 3596:. 3570:) 3525:. 3501:. 3451:. 3430:. 3404:. 3378:. 3343:. 3318:. 3292:. 3264:. 3217:. 3193:) 3189:( 3172:. 3157:. 3126:. 3102:. 3075:. 3027:. 2988:. 2968:: 2941:) 2937:( 2920:. 2905:. 2879:. 2853:. 2733:D 2480:) 2478:. 2463:) 2461:. 2446:) 2444:. 2240:2 2236:1 2204:4 2200:3 2168:8 2164:3 2132:4 2128:1 1716:' 1141:8 1106:8 1071:8 1036:8 1001:8 997:9 966:8 962:8 931:8 927:7 896:4 892:3 886:8 882:6 851:8 847:5 816:2 812:1 806:8 802:4 771:8 767:3 736:4 732:1 726:8 722:2 688:m 611:2 607:1 601:4 597:1 591:8 587:1 584:1 580:8 576:1 570:8 566:1 543:8 539:8 533:8 529:1 448:/ 331:. 312:. 34:. 20:)

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