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on to extend
Winnicott's account of how environmental failure can lead to an inner splitting of mind and body, so as to cover the idea of the false body – falsified sense of one's own body. Orbach saw the female false body in particular as built upon identifications with others, at the cost of an inner sense of authenticity and reliability. Breaking up a monolithic but false body-sense in the process of therapy could allow for the emergence of a range of authentic (even if often painful) body feelings in the patient.
1952:
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445:" to denote a sense of self based on spontaneous authentic experience and a feeling of being alive, having a real self with little to no contradiction. "False self", by contrast, denotes a sense of self created as a defensive facade, which in extreme cases can leave an individual lacking spontaneity and feeling dead and empty behind an inconsistent and incompetent appearance of being real, such as in
509:, had also explored the concept of the narcissist's masquerade, which is essentially a superficial assent concealing a subtle hidden struggle for control. Freud's own late theory of the ego as the product of identifications came close to viewing it only as a false self; while Winnicott's true/false distinction has also been compared to
587:
narcissist the feeling self must be hidden and denied. Since the superficial self represents submission and conformity, the inner or true self is rebellious and angry. This underlying rebellion and anger can never be fully suppressed since it is an expression of the life force in that person. But because of the
489:
The danger was particularly acute where the baby had to provide attunement for the mother/parents, rather than vice versa, building up a sort of dissociated recognition of the object on an impersonal, not personal and spontaneous basis. But while such a pathological false self stifled the spontaneous
734:
Daniel Stern considered
Winnicott's sense of "going on being" as constitutive of the core, pre-verbal self. He also explored how language could be used to reinforce a false sense of self, leaving the true self linguistically opaque and disavowed. He ended, however, by proposing a three-fold division
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Susie Orbach saw the false self as an overdevelopment (under parental pressure) of certain aspects of the self at the expense of other aspects – of the full potential of the self – producing thereby an abiding distrust of what emerges spontaneously from the individual himself or herself. Orbach went
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As part of what has been described as a personal mission to raise the profile of the condition, psychology professor (and self-confessed narcissist) Sam Vaknin has highlighted the role of the false self in narcissism. The false self replaces the narcissist's true self and is intended to shield him
481:
in place, the infant's spontaneity was in danger of being encroached on by the need for compliance with the parents' wishes/expectations. The result could be the creation of what
Winnicott called the "false self", where "other people's expectations can become of overriding importance, overlaying or
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of personal action, contrasting an autonomous and a discordant source of action – the latter drawn from the internalisation of external influences and pressures. Thus for example parental dreams of self-glorification by way of their child's achievements can be internalised as an alien discordant
571:
Kohut extended
Winnicott's work in his investigation of narcissism, seeing narcissists as evolving a defensive armor around their damaged inner selves. He considered it less pathological to identify with the damaged remnants of the self, than to achieve coherence through identification with an
586:
Alexander Lowen identified narcissists as having a true and a false, or superficial, self. The false self rests on the surface, as the self presented to the world. It stands in contrast to the true self, which resides behind the facade or image. This true self is the feeling self, but for the
613:
crucially involve the conflict between a person's two selves: the false self, which the very young child constructs to please the mother, and the true self. The psychotherapy of personality disorders is an attempt to put people back in touch with their real selves.
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formed true self, waiting behind the false self facade; and that as a result freeing the true self is not as simple as the
Winnicottian image of the butterfly emerging from its cocoon. If a true self can be developed, however, she considered that the empty
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In his work, Winnicott saw the "true self" as stemming from self-perception in early infancy, such as awareness of tangible aspects of being alive, like blood pumping through veins and lungs inflating and deflating with breathing—what
Winnicott called
545:, based her idea of "true self" and "false self" through the view of self-improvement, interpreting it as real self and ideal self, with the real self being what one currently is and the ideal self being what one could become. (See also
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gestures of the true self in favour of a lifeless imitation, Winnicott nevertheless considered it of vital importance in preventing something worse: the annihilating experience of the exploitation of the hidden true self itself.
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contradicting the original sense of self, the one connected to the very roots of one's being". The danger he saw was that "through this false self, the infant builds up a false set of relationships, and by means of
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For Vaknin, the false self is by far more important to the narcissist than his dilapidated, dysfunctional true self; and he does not subscribe to the view that the true self can be resuscitated through therapy.
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distinguished between original self and pseudo self—the inauthenticality of the latter being a way to escape the loneliness of freedom; while much earlier existentialists such as
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and
Winnicott's false self; but, while noting similarities, consider that only the most rigidly defensive persona approximates to the pathological status of the false self.
637:
element in the individual's abandoning the autonomous self in favour of a false self or narcissistic mask – something he considered
Winnicott to have overlooked.
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has been interpreted in terms of the true self's struggle to break through the false self, and the social overlay that makes the false self socially acceptable.
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had claimed that "to will to be that self which one truly is, is indeed the opposite of despair"—the despair of choosing "to be another than himself".
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The second half of the twentieth century saw
Winnicott's ideas extended and applied in a variety of contexts, both in psychoanalysis and beyond.
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sense, and if responded to kindly and with affirmation by the parents, become the basis for the continuing development of the true self.
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even attains a show of being real", while, in fact, merely concealing a barren emptiness behind an independent-seeming façade.
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505:, had previously described "as if" personalities, pseudo-relationships substituting for real ones. Winnicott's analyst,
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by self-imputing omnipotence. The narcissist pretends that his false self is real and demands that others affirm this
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462:. Out of this, an infant begins to guarantee that these elements are constant, and regards its life as an essential
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of self-formation, not something simply waiting to be uncovered: "we have to create ourselves as a work of art".
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grounds that the self was a construct – something one had to evolve through a process of subjectification, an
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explores the spiritual dimensions of the concept of True self and False self in his book
Immortal Diamond.
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The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development
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808:'s poetry has been interpreted in terms of the conflict of the true self and the false self.
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criticised Winnicott for failing to integrate his false self insight with the theory of
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Symington developed Winnicott's contrast between true and false self to cover the
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Winnicott, Donald (1960). "Ego distortion in terms of true and false self".
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591:, it cannot be expressed directly. Instead it shows up in the narcissist's
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466:. After birth, the baby's spontaneous, nonverbal gestures derive from that
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Susie Orbach, 'Working with the False Body', in A. Erskine/D. Judd eds.,
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J. H. Padel, "Freudianism: Later Developments", in Richard Gregory ed.,
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of the false self could give way to a new sense of autonomous vitality.
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distinction, while having reservations about its theoretical status.
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external personality at the cost of one's own autonomous creativity.
32:
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1747:
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The Language of Winnicott: A Dictionary of Winnicott's Use of Words
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1929:
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Jungians have explored the overlap between Jung's concept of the
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988:. New York City: International Universities Press, Inc: 140–57.
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Alice Miller cautiously warns that a child/patient may not have
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took issue more broadly with the concept of a true self on the
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Psychological concepts often used in connection with narcissism
660:, meanwhile keeping his real imperfect true self under wraps.
1964:
1702:
1309:"Dr. James Masterson, expert on personality disorders; at 84"
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However, when what Winnicott was careful to describe as
1648:
Chapters in a Mythology: The Poetry of Sylvia Plath
1147:
The Poetics of Psychoanalysis: In the Wake of Klein
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
633:source of action. Symington stressed however the
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1201:(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 2001) p. 175
1980:
1718:
1593:Psychotherapy of the Quiet Borderline Patient
1227:
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1379:The Dual Role of the Narcissist's False Self
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735:of social, private, and of disavowed self.
1987:
1973:
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1711:
723:
381:
367:
1417:Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession
1269:Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession
983:
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1480:Susie Orbach, in Lawrence Spurling ed.,
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1042:
437:conceptualized by English psychoanalyst
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1027:
761:. Similarly, continental analysts like
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609:James F. Masterson argued that all the
14:
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1057:
1023:
1021:
765:have made use of true/false self as a
595:. And it can become a perverse force.
547:Karen Horney § Theory of the self
1968:
1706:
1645:
1553:The Interpersonal World of the Infant
1538:The Interpersonal World of the Infant
1256:Humanizing Child Development Theories
1134:The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis
1087:
1072:
552:
1508:Shame and the Origins of Self-Esteem
1120:On Kissing, Tickling and Being Bored
979:
977:
975:
973:
787:
517:'s notion of the "compromised ego".
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
1306:
1297:. Simon & Schuster, 2004, 1984.
1295:Narcissism: Denial of the true self
1018:
477:—i.e., not necessarily perfect—was
24:
1909:Narcissistic Personality Inventory
1657:
1633:Literature and the Relational Self
818:I Never Promised You a Rose Garden
705:
452:
25:
2996:
1845:Narcissistic personality disorder
1685:
1389:Samuel Vaknin/Lidija Rangelovska
1366:All about Me: Loving a Narcissist
970:
2196:
1951:
1950:
1307:Fox, Margalit (April 20, 2010).
1186:The Oxford Companion to the Mind
1045:The Work & Play of Winnicott
31:
1639:
1624:
1619:Contemporary Critical Theorists
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42:needs additional citations for
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305:Personal identity (philosophy)
13:
1:
2292:Industrial and organizational
1670:Jan Abram and Knud Hjulmand,
1631:A. Schapiro, Barbara (1995).
1404:The Drama of the Gifted Child
1315:– via The Boston Globe.
1030:The Poetics of Psychoanalysis
964:
749:
493:
2533:Human factors and ergonomics
1741:Similar personality concepts
1591:V. R. Sherwood/C. P. Cohen,
1284:(London 1984), pp. 142, 167.
617:
598:
7:
1918:Related psychology concepts
923:Religious views on the self
825:
730:Daniel Stern (psychologist)
674:Alice Miller (psychologist)
159:Self-knowledge (psychology)
10:
3001:
2980:Psychoanalytic terminology
1471:(Penguin 1999) pp. 48, 216
1430:The Drama of Being a Child
1342:(London 2000) pp. 112, 198
1107:. London. pp. 119–20.
848:Bad faith (existentialism)
727:
709:
694:
671:
644:
621:
602:
579:
564:
195:Self-categorization theory
66:"True self and false self"
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2856:
2563:
2473:
2385:
2222:Applied behavior analysis
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2194:
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2002:
1948:
1917:
1867:Manipulation (psychology)
1837:
1796:
1740:
1617:Quoted in Jon Simons ed.
1329:(London 2003) pp. 36, 115
1231:Neurosis and Human Growth
1122:. London. pp. 30–31.
1105:Psychoanalysis and Gender
1103:Minsky, Rosalind (1996).
1088:Klein, Josephine (1994).
1073:Klein, Josephine (1994).
1060:Psychoanalysis and Gender
1058:Minsky, Rosalind (1996).
843:Authenticity (philosophy)
667:
640:
542:Neurosis and Human Growth
310:Identity (social science)
1580:Narcissism: A New Theory
1469:The Impossibility of Sex
1353:Narcissism: A New Theory
1338:Polly Young-Eisandrath,
1327:Narcissism: A New Theory
1043:Grolnick, Simon (1990).
575:
560:
513:'s "basic fault" and to
255:As applied to activities
247:True self and false self
2498:Behavioral neuroscience
2062:Behavioral neuroscience
1838:Pathological narcissism
1698:Unmasking the True Self
1696:The Wikiversity course
1497:(London 2009) pp. 67–72
1282:How Does Analysis Cure?
1118:Phillips, Adam (1994).
724:Stern's tripartite self
441:. Winnicott used "true
350:Respectability politics
2548:Psychology of religion
2488:Behavioral engineering
2425:Human subject research
2081:Cognitive neuroscience
2047:Affective neuroscience
1646:Kroll, Judith (1976).
1524:Jung's Self Psychology
1520:Polly Young-Eisendrath
1456:Winnicott on the Child
1254:Eugene M. DeRobertis,
1228:Horney, Karen (1950).
1092:. London. p. 365.
1077:. London. p. 241.
1062:. London. p. 118.
1047:. Aronson. p. 44.
1032:. Oxford. p. 160.
1028:Jacobus, Mary (2005).
763:Jean-Bertrand Pontalis
433:) are a psychological
330:Social identity threat
325:In-group and out-group
320:Social identity theory
211:Self-perception theory
2924:Wiktionary definition
2460:Self-report inventory
2455:Quantitative research
1804:Collective narcissism
1783:Narcissus (mythology)
1175:(Harvard 1988) p. 136
888:Impression management
611:personality disorders
475:good enough parenting
2450:Qualitative research
2405:Behavior epigenetics
1862:Malignant narcissism
1679:The Imaginative Body
1522:/James Albert Hall,
1419:(London 1988) p. 135
1355:(London 2003) p. 104
1271:(London 1988) p. 136
1216:On Becoming a Person
1197:Erich Fromm (1942),
1188:(Oxford 1987) p. 273
1162:(London 1997) p. 128
1136:(London 1946) p. 445
1015:(London 2009) p. 128
958:Vertiginous question
691:Orbach: false bodies
539:, in her 1950 book,
190:Neural basis of self
51:improve this article
2975:Conceptions of self
2929:Wiktionary category
2493:Behavioral genetics
2465:Statistical surveys
2322:Occupational health
2057:Behavioral genetics
1788:Superiority complex
1665:Playing and Reality
1606:The Foucault Reader
1582:(London 2003) p. 97
1578:Neville Symington,
1445:(London 2009) p. 67
1391:Malignant Self-Love
1351:Neville Symington,
1325:Neville Symington,
1199:The Fear of Freedom
1160:Ecrits: A Selection
1149:(Oxford 2005) p. 37
1090:Our Need for Others
1075:Our Need for Others
913:Psyche (psychology)
654:narcissistic injury
526:The Fear of Freedom
523:, in his 1941 book
315:Collective identity
2901:Schools of thought
2804:Richard E. Nisbett
2684:Donald T. Campbell
2362:Sport and exercise
1763:Healthy narcissism
1650:. pp. 182–84.
1604:Paul Rabinov ed.,
1368:(London 2007) p. 7
1293:Lowen, Alexander.
928:Self-actualization
918:Psychology of self
898:Open individualism
605:James F. Masterson
553:Later developments
355:Political identity
226:Self-consciousness
2962:
2961:
2939:Wikimedia Commons
2866:Counseling topics
2829:Ronald C. Kessler
2819:Shelley E. Taylor
2744:Lawrence Kohlberg
2719:Stanley Schachter
2518:Consumer behavior
2400:Archival research
2168:Psycholinguistics
2052:Affective science
1962:
1961:
1692:Self (True/False)
1663:D. W. Winnicott,
1482:Winnicott Studies
1454:D. W. Winnicott,
1393:(2003) pp. 187–88
948:Superficial charm
878:Honne and tatemae
858:Crystallized self
799:Wuthering Heights
788:Literary examples
778:anti-essentialist
755:Neville Symington
624:Neville Symington
531:Søren Kierkegaard
501:, a colleague of
391:
390:
346:Identity politics
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
2992:
2896:Research methods
2839:Richard Davidson
2834:Joseph E. LeDoux
2709:George A. Miller
2699:David McClelland
2694:Herbert A. Simon
2594:Edward Thorndike
2415:Content analysis
2200:
2173:Psychophysiology
1989:
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1814:In the workplace
1773:Machiavellianism
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1565:Michael Jacobs,
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1541:(1985) pp. 7, 93
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1510:(1996) pp. 59–60
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933:Self-concealment
838:Anima and animus
813:Joanne Greenberg
772:The philosopher
515:Ronald Fairbairn
439:Donald Winnicott
427:superficial self
383:
376:
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289:Self-concealment
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2891:Psychotherapies
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2809:Martin Seligman
2774:Daniel Kahneman
2714:Richard Lazarus
2664:Raymond Cattell
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2153:Neuropsychology
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1778:Messiah complex
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1658:Further reading
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1567:D. W. Winnicott
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1635:. p. 52.
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1620:
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40:This article
38:
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29:
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2799:Larry Squire
2794:Bruce McEwen
2789:Amos Tversky
2759:Jerome Kagan
2749:Noam Chomsky
2689:Hans Eysenck
2659:Harry Harlow
2639:Erik Erikson
2538:Intelligence
2435:Neuroimaging
2178:Quantitative
2143:Mathematical
2138:Intelligence
2128:Experimental
2123:Evolutionary
2113:Differential
2022:Psychologist
1925:Compensation
1678:
1671:
1664:
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1626:
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1595:(1994) p. 50
1592:
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1526:(1991) p. 29
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1468:
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1458:(2002) p. 76
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49:Please help
44:verification
41:
2871:Disciplines
2844:Susan Fiske
2734:Roger Brown
2634:Carl Rogers
2619:Jean Piaget
2584:Ivan Pavlov
2440:Observation
2420:Experiments
2367:Suicidology
2262:Educational
2217:Anomalistic
2188:Theoretical
2163:Personality
2093:Comparative
2076:Cognitivism
2067:Behaviorism
1940:Grandiosity
1935:Entitlement
1809:Don Juanism
1758:God complex
1484:(1995) p. 6
1212:Carl Rogers
873:Higher self
685:grandiosity
635:intentional
567:Heinz Kohut
521:Erich Fromm
468:instinctual
431:pseudo self
242:Self-esteem
174:Self-schema
2985:Narcissism
2969:Categories
2934:Wikisource
2779:Paul Ekman
2614:Kurt Lewin
2508:Competence
2430:Interviews
2410:Case study
2287:Humanistic
2267:Ergonomics
2252:Counseling
2227:Assessment
2209:psychology
2158:Perception
2118:Ecological
2034:psychology
2012:Philosophy
1996:Psychology
1902:withdrawal
1857:Dark triad
1819:Leadership
1797:In society
1734:Narcissism
1313:Boston.com
1234:. Norton.
1210:Quoted in
965:References
782:aesthetics
759:ego and id
750:Criticisms
647:Sam Vaknin
593:acting out
494:Precursors
447:narcissism
415:false self
413:) and the
164:Self-image
151:Constructs
107:March 2023
77:newspapers
2954:Wikibooks
2944:Wikiquote
2814:Ed Diener
2599:Carl Jung
2503:Cognition
2332:Political
2242:Community
2072:Cognitive
1377:Vaknin S
1173:Winnicott
938:Self-love
883:Hypocrisy
868:Ego ideal
863:Ego death
833:Alter ego
712:Carl Jung
618:Symington
599:Masterson
419:fake self
399:real self
395:true self
203:Processes
18:Real self
2949:Wikinews
2906:Timeline
2528:Feelings
2523:Emotions
2483:Behavior
2474:Concepts
2352:Religion
2337:Positive
2327:Pastoral
2312:Military
2277:Forensic
2272:Feminist
2257:Critical
2247:Consumer
2237:Coaching
2232:Clinical
2207:Applied
2103:Cultural
2042:Abnormal
1956:Category
1882:neurosis
1748:Egomania
826:See also
767:clinical
338:Politics
182:Theories
145:The Self
137:a series
135:Part of
2881:Outline
2377:Traffic
2372:Systems
2307:Medical
2133:Gestalt
2007:History
1930:Empathy
1887:elation
1850:history
1829:Parents
1753:Egotism
908:Persona
718:persona
630:sources
464:reality
435:dualism
91:scholar
2911:Topics
2357:School
2282:Health
2183:Social
2086:Social
2032:Basic
2017:Portal
1897:supply
1877:injury
1768:Hubris
1495:Bodies
1443:Bodies
1238:
992:
668:Miller
641:Vaknin
589:denial
297:Social
93:
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72:
64:
2858:Lists
2317:Music
2302:Media
2297:Legal
2148:Moral
576:Lowen
561:Kohut
503:Freud
98:JSTOR
84:books
2543:Mind
1236:ISBN
990:ISBN
893:Mask
443:self
429:and
409:and
393:The
70:news
815:'s
811:In
796:'s
680:any
549:).
479:not
53:by
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