631:, can fall into either category. For instance, a chess program designed to play in a tournament with a clock will need to decide on a move before a certain deadline or lose the game, and is therefore a real-time computation, but a chess program that is allowed to run indefinitely before moving is not. In both of these cases, however, high performance is desirable: the more work a tournament chess program can do in the allotted time, the better its moves will be, and the faster an unconstrained chess program runs, the sooner it will be able to move. This example also illustrates the essential difference between real-time computations and other computations: if the tournament chess program does not make a decision about its next move in its allotted time it loses the game—i.e., it fails as a real-time computation—while in the other scenario, meeting the deadline is assumed not to be necessary. High-performance is indicative of the amount of processing that is performed in a given amount of time, whereas real-time is the ability to get done with the processing to yield a useful output in the available time.
47:
495:. As the next image cannot be computed in advance, since it depends on inputs from the player, only a short time is available to perform all the computing needed to generate a frame of video before that frame must be displayed. If the deadline is missed, the game can continue at a lower frame rate; depending on the game, this may only affect its graphics (while the gameplay continues at normal speed), or the gameplay itself may be slowed down (which was common on older
372:. If the machine is delayed, the item on the assembly line could pass beyond the reach of the machine (leaving the product untouched), or the machine or the product could be damaged by activating the robot at the wrong time. If the failure is detected, both cases would lead to the assembly line stopping, which slows production. If the failure is not detected, a product with a defect could make it through production, or could cause damage in later steps of production.
2252:
2262:
2272:
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useful. Furthermore, if a network server is highly loaded with network traffic, its response time may be slower but will (in most cases) still succeed before it times out (hits its deadline). Hence, such a network server would not be considered a real-time system: temporal failures (delays, time-outs, etc.) are typically small and compartmentalized (limited in effect) but are not
365:. Even though a pacemaker's task is simple, because of the potential risk to human life, medical systems like these are typically required to undergo thorough testing and certification, which in turn requires hard real-time computing in order to offer provable guarantees that a failure is unlikely or impossible.
488:
alternatives of continuing to play silence, static, a previous audio frame, or estimated data. A frame of video that is delayed typically causes even less disruption for viewers. The system can continue to operate and also recover in the future using workload prediction and reconfiguration methodologies.
558:
waiting for the checkout in a grocery store. If the line asymptotically grows longer and longer without bound, the checkout process is not real-time. If the length of the line is bounded, customers are being "processed" and output as rapidly, on average, as they are being inputted then that process
468:
real-time. A missed deadline still causes an error which needs to be dealt with: there might be machinery to mark a part as bad or eject it from the assembly line, or the assembly line could be stopped so an operator can correct the problem. However, as long as these errors are infrequent, they may
346:
are used when it is imperative that an event be reacted to within a strict deadline. Such strong guarantees are required of systems for which not reacting in a certain interval of time would cause great loss in some manner, especially damaging the surroundings physically or threatening human lives
339:
the goal becomes meeting a certain subset of deadlines in order to optimize some application-specific criteria. The particular criteria optimized depend on the application, but some typical examples include maximizing the number of deadlines met, minimizing the lateness of tasks and maximizing the
670:
Near real-time also refers to delayed real-time transmission of voice and video. It allows playing video images, in approximately real-time, without having to wait for an entire large video file to download. Incompatible databases can export/import to common flat files that the other database can
487:
Live audio-video systems are also usually soft real-time. A frame of audio that is played late may cause a brief audio glitch (and may cause all subsequent audio to be delayed correspondingly, causing a perception that the audio is being played slower than normal), but this may be better than the
666:
The distinction between the terms "near real time" and "real time" is somewhat nebulous and must be defined for the situation at hand. The term implies that there are no significant delays. In many cases, processing described as "real-time" would be more accurately described as "near real-time".
615:
executing a scientific simulation may offer impressive performance, yet it is not executing a real-time computation. Conversely, once the hardware and software for an anti-lock braking system have been designed to meet its required deadlines, no further performance gains are obligatory or even
566:
A signal processing algorithm that cannot keep up with the flow of input data with output falling farther and farther behind the input, is not real-time. But if the delay of the output (relative to the input) is bounded regarding a process that operates over an unlimited time, then that signal
253:
date from this era. Background-foreground scheduling allowed low priority tasks CPU time when no foreground task needed to execute, and gave absolute priority within the foreground to threads/tasks with the highest priority. Real-time operating systems would also be used for
397:. The software must run every few milliseconds to generate the next audio data to be output. If that data is late, the receiving modem will lose synchronization, causing a long interruption as synchronization is reestablished or causing the connection to be lost entirely.
437:
which is not common in general-purpose systems, as it requires additional information in order to schedule a task: namely a bound or worst-case estimate for how long the task must execute. Specific algorithms for scheduling such hard real-time tasks exist, such as
307:
if the total correctness of an operation depends not only upon its logical correctness, but also upon the time in which it is performed. Real-time systems, as well as their deadlines, are classified by the consequence of missing a deadline:
282:, without using native machine language and thus bypassing all interrupting Windows code. However, several coding libraries exist which offer real time capabilities in a high level language on a variety of operating systems, for example
163:
A real-time system has been described as one which "controls an environment by receiving data, processing them, and returning the results sufficiently quickly to affect the environment at that time". The term "real-time" is used in
277:
of the Intel CPUs (8086..80586) generates a very large latency and the
Windows operating system is neither a real-time operating system nor does it allow a program to take over the CPU completely and use its own
591:
by the audience also directly watching the performers. Tolerable limits to latency for live, real-time processing is a subject of investigation and debate but is estimated to be between 6 and 20 milliseconds.
416:(the impact mechanism must be activated at the right time as the print mechanism comes into alignment with the desired output). A failure in any of these would cause either missing output or misaligned output.
432:
schedulers). In some situations, these can guarantee hard real-time performance (for instance if the set of tasks and their priorities is known in advance). There are other hard real-time schedulers such as
1071:
Appropriate A/V sync limits have been established and the range that is considered acceptable for film is +/- 22 ms. The range for video, according to the ATSC, is up to 15 ms lead time and about 45 ms lag
294:
etc.) also became popular with manufacturers of industrial control systems. This application area is one in which real-time control offers genuine advantages in terms of process performance and safety.
563:
real-time. The grocer might go out of business or must at least lose business if they cannot make their checkout process real-time; thus, it is fundamentally important that this process is real-time.
222:, most often, were capable of simulating at a much faster pace than real-time, a situation that could be just as dangerous as a slow simulation if it were not also recognized and accounted for.
624:, a slow-down beyond limits would often be considered catastrophic in its application context. The most important requirement of a real-time system is consistent output, not high throughput.
663:
and control purposes. For example, a near-real-time display depicts an event or situation as it existed at the current time minus the processing time, as nearly the time of the live event.
532:. This is the criterion whether the samples are grouped together in large segments and processed as blocks or are processed individually and whether there are long, short, or non-existent
476:
are typically used to solve issues of concurrent access and the need to keep a number of connected systems up-to-date through changing situations. Some examples of soft real-time systems:
269:
Early personal computers were sometimes used for real-time computing. The possibility of deactivating other interrupts allowed for hard-coded loops with defined timing, and the low
516:(DSP) process, the analyzed (input) and generated (output) samples can be processed (or generated) continuously in the time it takes to input and output the same set of samples
1053:
Kudrle, Sara; Proulx, Michel; Carrieres, Pascal; Lopez, Marco; et al. (July 2011). "Fingerprinting for
Solving A/V Synchronization Issues within Broadcast Environments".
262:
could run in the foreground or background of RDOS and would introduce additional elements to the scheduling algorithm to make it more appropriate for people interacting via
680:
273:
allowed the implementation of a real-time operating system, giving the user interface and the disk drives lower priority than the real-time thread. Compared to these the
1002:
Menychtas, Andreas; Kyriazis, Dimosthenis; Tserpes, Konstantinos (July 2009). "Real-time reconfiguration for guaranteeing QoS provisioning levels in Grid environments".
456:
are more nebulously defined, and some classifications do not include them, distinguishing only hard and soft real-time systems. Some examples of firm real-time systems:
140:
Real-time responses are often understood to be in the order of milliseconds, and sometimes microseconds. A system not specified as operating in real time cannot usually
321: – infrequent deadline misses are tolerable, but may degrade the system's quality of service. The usefulness of a result is zero after its deadline.
1218:
579:. Live audio digital signal processing requires both real-time operation and a sufficient limit to throughput delay so as to be tolerable to performers using
520:
of the processing delay. It means that the processing delay must be bounded even if the processing continues for an unlimited time. That means that the
233:) scanners, increased the need for low-latency priority-driven responses to important interactions with incoming data and so operating systems such as
1248:
599:
of less than 300 ms ("round trip" or twice the unidirectional delay) are considered "acceptable" to avoid undesired "talk-over" in conversation.
347:(although the strict definition is simply that missing the deadline constitutes failure of the system). Some examples of hard real-time systems:
551:, or process 2.00 seconds of sound, it is not real-time. However, if it takes 1.99 seconds, it is or can be made into a real-time DSP process.
1288:
692:
575:
Real-time signal processing is necessary, but not sufficient in and of itself, for live signal processing such as what is required in
1028:
Kuo, Sen M.; Lee, Bob H.; and Tian, Wenshun; "Real-Time
Digital Signal Processing: Implementations and Applications", Wiley, 2006,
500:
496:
183:(RTOSes), and real-time networks, each of which provide essential frameworks on which to build a real-time software application.
412:(the laser must be activated at the right time as the beam scans across the rotating drum), and dot matrix and various types of
2005:
1977:
2030:
1150:
869:
768:
327: – the usefulness of a result degrades after its deadline, thereby degrading the system's quality of service.
922:
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2015:
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839:
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123:
90:
68:
17:
985:
Liu, Chang L.; and
Layland, James W.; "Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard Real-time Environment",
61:
2275:
1369:
1084:
Stankovic, John (1988), "Misconceptions about real-time computing: a serious problem for next-generation systems",
773:
176:
130:. Real-time programs must guarantee response within specified time constraints, often referred to as "deadlines".
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713:
671:
import/export on a scheduled basis so that they can sync/share common data in "near real-time" with each other.
1954:
1916:
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1281:
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684:
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if not completed within a specified deadline relative to an event; deadlines must always be met, regardless of
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transmission, between the occurrence of an event and the use of the processed data, such as for display or
484:. The flight plans must be kept reasonably current, but they can operate with the latency of a few seconds.
447:
387:
vector graphics had hard real-time requirements because of the nature of the graphics and timing hardware.
2265:
2000:
1498:
1037:
748:
259:
214:, in which a real-world process is simulated at a rate that matched that of the real process (now called
1261:
set of notes which will hopefully point up problem areas which should be considered in real time design.
2237:
1886:
1160:
753:
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control system is a hard real-time system because a delayed signal may cause engine failure or damage.
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2020:
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assist in managing large systems with a mixture of hard real-time and non real-time applications.
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2101:
1992:
1808:
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540:
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Hard real-time systems are typically found interacting at a low level with physical hardware, in
31:
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1944:
1711:
1701:
1696:
937:
446:, is sufficient for system loads of less than 100%. New overlay scheduling systems, such as an
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Similarly, video games are often soft real-time, particularly as they try to meet a target
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8:
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1334:
1097:
854:
834:; "Principles of Concurrent and Distributed Programming", ch. 16, Prentice Hall, 1990,
809:"FreeRTOS – Open Source RTOS Kernel for small embedded systems – What is FreeRTOS FAQ?"
763:
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Several methods exist to aid the design of real-time systems, an example of which is
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127:
115:
1162:
Hard Real-Time
Computing Systems: Predictable Scheduling Algorithms and Applications
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733:
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408:(the ink must be deposited at the correct time as the printhead crosses the page),
195:
157:
111:
1117:
567:
processing algorithm is real-time, even if the throughput delay may be very long.
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2010:
1982:
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Minicomputers, particularly in the 1970s onwards, when built into dedicated
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to mean that the simulation's clock runs at the same speed as a real clock.
2207:
1866:
1176:
923:"Real-time computing: a new discipline of computer science and engineering"
918:
413:
291:
255:
234:
974:
Real-Time
Systems: Design Principles for Distributed Embedded Applications
2197:
1823:
1735:
1196:
688:
533:
528:, is no greater than the sampling period, which is the reciprocal of the
191:
27:
Study of hardware and software systems that have a "real-time constraint"
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2147:
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1329:
555:
492:
380:
352:
211:
38:, closely related technologies that are also often abbreviated to RTC.
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1066:
951:
644:
611:, but this is not an accurate classification. For example, a massive
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860:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Incorporated. p.
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Software that maintains and updates the flight plans for commercial
1783:
1266:
1184:
1093:
660:
198:, both of which demand immediate and accurate mechanical response.
119:
481:
1088:, vol. 21, no. 10, IEEE Computer Society, p. 11,
315: – missing a deadline is a total system failure.
1208:
405:
393:
replace a hardware modem with software running on a computer's
1118:"Federal Standard 1037C: Glossary of Telecommunications Terms"
122:
systems subject to a "real-time constraint", for example from
596:
250:
1197:
1259:(9). Silver Spring, Maryland: Datatrol Corporation: 26–34.
1052:
639:
The term "near real-time" or "nearly real-time" (NRT), in
1226:"RTOS—Extending OS/360 for real time spaceflight control"
683:, an old but very successful method which represents the
507:
175:
Real-time software may use one or more of the following:
1001:
368:
Industrial process controllers, such as a machine on an
1213:
340:
number of high priority tasks meeting their deadlines.
190:
applications must be real-time, such as for control of
607:
Real-time computing is sometimes misunderstood to be
298:
1214:Euromicro Technical Committee on Real-time Systems
853:
152:response times may be given. Real-time processing
602:
335:is to ensure that all deadlines are met, but for
2288:
991:http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/liu73scheduling.html
1247:Coyle, R. J.; Stewart, J. K. (September 1963).
1219:The What, Where and Why of Real-Time Simulation
1191:, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall
554:A common life analogy is standing in a line or
543:example; if a process requires 2.01 seconds to
460:The assembly line machine described earlier as
917:
1306:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
1282:
1209:IEEE Technical Committee on Real-Time Systems
1140:
1077:
290:and subsequent family members (68010, 68020,
1246:
825:
687:structure of the system. Other examples are
1143:Real-Time Systems and Programming Languages
1022:
1289:
1275:
1249:"Design of a Real-time Programming System"
404:have hard real-time requirements, such as
144:a response within any timeframe, although
1083:
941:
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
1158:
1112:
1110:
54:This article includes a list of general
921:; Ramanathan, Parameswaran (Jan 1994).
379:. Early video game systems such as the
14:
2289:
2006:Knowledge representation and reasoning
856:Programming Real-time Computer Systems
851:
524:processing time per sample, including
508:Real-time in digital signal processing
464:real-time could instead be considered
239:RDOS (Real-Time Disk Operating System)
2031:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
1270:
1223:
1107:
769:Scheduling analysis real-time systems
627:Some kinds of software, such as many
620:. In a real-time system, such as the
570:
172:to mean "without significant delay".
133:The term "real-time" is also used in
1350:Energy consumption (Green computing)
1296:
1141:Burns, Alan; Wellings, Andy (2009),
884:
286:. Later microprocessors such as the
243:background and foreground scheduling
40:
2036:Distributed artificial intelligence
1308:ACM Computing Classification System
1183:
24:
1541:Integrated development environment
1134:
1004:Future Generation Computer Systems
976:, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997
442:, which, ignoring the overhead of
60:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2313:
2016:Automated planning and scheduling
1546:Software configuration management
1202:
888:Computer-Based Industrial Control
674:
634:
275:programmable interrupt controller
177:synchronous programming languages
2270:
2260:
2251:
2250:
1165:, New York, New York: Springer,
1145:(4th ed.), Addison-Wesley,
774:Synchronous programming language
299:Criteria for real-time computing
45:
2261:
1664:Computational complexity theory
1046:
714:Autonomous peripheral operation
258:multiuser duties. For example,
1448:Network performance evaluation
995:
979:
966:
911:
878:
845:
801:
603:Real-time and high-performance
361:Medical systems such as heart
210:derives from its use in early
13:
1:
1819:Multimedia information system
1804:Geographic information system
1794:Enterprise information system
1383:Computer systems organization
989:, 20(1):46-61, January 1973,
891:. PHI Learning. p. 356.
795:
428:is normally priority driven (
247:Digital Equipment Corporation
2178:Computational social science
1766:Theoretical computer science
1579:Software development process
1355:Electronic design automation
1340:Very Large Scale Integration
1055:SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal
1016:10.1016/j.future.2008.11.001
448:adaptive partition scheduler
7:
2001:Natural language processing
1789:Information storage systems
749:Real-time computer graphics
706:
260:Data General Business Basic
181:real-time operating systems
10:
2318:
1917:Human–computer interaction
1887:Intrusion detection system
1799:Social information systems
1784:Database management system
1159:Buttazzo, Giorgio (2011),
885:Kant, Krishna (May 2010).
754:Real-time operating system
609:high-performance computing
501:fourth-generation consoles
201:
29:
2246:
2183:Computational engineering
2158:Computational mathematics
2135:
2082:
2044:
1991:
1953:
1915:
1857:
1774:
1720:
1682:
1627:
1564:
1497:
1461:
1418:
1382:
1315:
1304:
789:Worst-case execution time
651:introduced, by automated
597:telecommunications delays
514:digital signal processing
231:Digital on-screen graphic
2193:Computational healthcare
2188:Differentiable computing
2107:Graphics processing unit
1526:Domain-specific language
1395:Computational complexity
1253:Computers and Automation
595:Real-time bidirectional
534:input and output buffers
30:Not to be confused with
2168:Computational chemistry
2102:Photograph manipulation
1993:Artificial intelligence
1809:Decision support system
930:Proceedings of the IEEE
440:earliest deadline first
303:A system is said to be
75:more precise citations.
32:Real-time communication
2233:Educational technology
2064:Reinforcement learning
1814:Process control system
1712:Computational geometry
1702:Algorithmic efficiency
1697:Analysis of algorithms
1345:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
852:Martin, James (1965).
629:chess-playing programs
587:and not noticeable as
474:Soft real-time systems
454:Firm real-time systems
344:Hard real-time systems
337:soft real-time systems
186:Systems used for many
2203:Electronic publishing
2173:Computational biology
2163:Computational physics
2059:Unsupervised learning
1973:Distributed computing
1849:Information retrieval
1756:Mathematical analysis
1746:Mathematical software
1629:Theory of computation
1594:Software construction
1584:Requirements analysis
1462:Software organization
1390:Computer architecture
1360:Hardware acceleration
1325:Printed circuit board
1040:Real-Time Constraints
779:Time-utility function
647:, refers to the time
618:catastrophic failures
333:hard real-time system
218:to avoid ambiguity).
2302:Real-time technology
1963:Concurrent computing
1935:Ubiquitous computing
1907:Application security
1902:Information security
1731:Discrete mathematics
1707:Randomized algorithm
1659:Computability theory
1637:Model of computation
1609:Software maintenance
1604:Software engineering
1566:Software development
1516:Programming language
1511:Programming paradigm
1428:Network architecture
331:Thus, the goal of a
216:real-time simulation
2297:Real-time computing
2238:Document management
2228:Operations research
2153:Enterprise software
2069:Multi-task learning
2054:Supervised learning
1776:Information systems
1599:Software deployment
1556:Software repository
1410:Real-time computing
104:Real-time computing
2021:Search methodology
1968:Parallel computing
1925:Interaction design
1834:Computing platform
1761:Numerical analysis
1751:Information theory
1536:Software framework
1499:Software notations
1438:Network components
1335:Integrated circuit
987:Journal of the ACM
832:Ben-Ari, Mordechai
784:Ward–Mellor method
764:Remote diagnostics
729:Nodal architecture
641:telecommunications
577:live event support
571:Live vs. real-time
420:In the context of
170:enterprise systems
2284:
2283:
2213:Electronic voting
2143:Quantum Computing
2136:Applied computing
2122:Image compression
1892:Hardware security
1882:Security services
1839:Digital marketing
1619:Open-source model
1531:Modeling language
1443:Network scheduler
1189:Real-time systems
1152:978-0-321-41745-9
1120:. Its.bldrdoc.gov
972:Kopetz, Hermann;
871:978-0-13-730507-0
759:Real-time testing
697:Ravenscar profile
691:, Real-Time UML,
444:context switching
426:scheduling policy
271:interrupt latency
101:
100:
93:
18:Real-time systems
16:(Redirected from
2309:
2274:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2074:Cross-validation
2046:Machine learning
1930:Social computing
1897:Network security
1692:Algorithm design
1614:Programming team
1574:Control variable
1551:Software library
1489:Software quality
1484:Operating system
1433:Network protocol
1298:Computer science
1291:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1224:Johnstone, R.L.
1192:
1179:
1155:
1129:
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1114:
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1081:
1075:
1074:
1067:10.5594/j18059XY
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1867:Cryptography
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1238:February 24,
1236:. Retrieved
1232:
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1177:Google Books
1175:– via
1161:
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1085:
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539:Consider an
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422:multitasking
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235:Data General
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2218:Video games
2198:Digital art
1955:Concurrency
1824:Data mining
1736:Probability
1469:Interpreter
936:(1): 6–24.
518:independent
430:pre-emptive
245:as well as
192:fly-by-wire
158:system load
73:introducing
2291:Categories
2276:Glossaries
2148:E-commerce
1741:Statistics
1684:Algorithms
1642:Stochastic
1474:Middleware
1330:Peripheral
1124:2014-04-26
904:2015-01-17
818:2021-03-08
796:References
685:concurrent
549:synthesize
493:frame rate
391:Softmodems
381:Atari 2600
363:pacemakers
212:simulation
135:simulation
81:April 2014
56:references
2097:Rendering
2092:Animation
1723:computing
1674:Semantics
1365:Processor
1233:Bitsavers
960:0018-9219
938:CiteSeerX
645:computing
541:audio DSP
482:airliners
305:real-time
280:scheduler
208:real-time
206:The term
142:guarantee
114:term for
110:) is the
2256:Category
2084:Graphics
1859:Security
1521:Compiler
1420:Networks
1317:Hardware
1187:(2000),
1102:13884580
1086:Computer
842:, p. 164
813:FreeRTOS
707:See also
661:feedback
526:overhead
402:printers
292:ColdFire
150:expected
120:software
116:hardware
2266:Outline
657:network
545:analyze
406:inkjets
202:History
146:typical
69:improve
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681:MASCOT
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356:engine
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1669:Logic
1503:tools
1229:(PDF)
1098:S2CID
926:(PDF)
649:delay
556:queue
251:RT-11
154:fails
124:event
1501:and
1374:Form
1370:Size
1240:2023
1167:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1072:time
1030:ISBN
956:ISSN
893:ISBN
866:ISBN
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693:AADL
689:HOOD
643:and
522:mean
499:and
466:firm
462:hard
383:and
325:Soft
319:Firm
313:Hard
168:and
118:and
1257:XII
1090:doi
1063:doi
1059:120
1012:doi
948:doi
655:or
583:or
395:CPU
353:car
249:'s
237:'s
148:or
126:to
108:RTC
34:or
2293::
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1109:^
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88:(
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