Reactions to global surveillance disclosures

1999:, the report found what it called "compelling evidence of the existence of far-reaching, complex and highly technologically advanced systems designed by US and some Member States' intelligence services to collect, store and analyze communication and location data and metadata of all citizens around the world on an unprecedented scale and in an indiscriminate and non-suspicion-based manner." The fight against terrorism, said the report, can "never in itself be a justification for untargeted, secret and sometimes even illegal mass surveillance programs." Moraes and his fellow rapporteurs considered it "very doubtful that data collection of such magnitude is only guided by the fight against terrorism, as it involves the collection of all possible data of all citizens; points therefore to the possible existence of other power motives such as political and 1347:(PCLOB) concluded that the NSA's collection of every U.S. phone record on a daily basis violates the legal restrictions of the statute cited to authorize it. "The Section 215 bulk telephone records program," PCLOB reported, "lacks a viable legal foundation under Section 215 , implicates constitutional concerns under the First and Fourth Amendments, raises serious threats to privacy and civil liberties as a policy matter, and has shown only limited value. As a result, the Board recommends that the government end the program." The White House rejected the findings, saying "We simply disagree with the board's analysis on the legality of the program." A second PCLOB review, in July 2014, concluded that the NSA's surveillance program targeting foreigners overseas is lawful, under Section 702 of the 1844: 1835: 1826: 2032: 2251:, stating that "however much may dislike it, they have become the command and control networks of choice for terrorists and criminals" and that GCHQ and its sister agencies "cannot tackle these challenges at scale without greater support from the private sector", arguing that most internet users "would be comfortable with a better and more sustainable relationship between the agencies and the tech companies". Since the 2013 surveillance disclosures, large US technology companies have improved security and become less co-operative with foreign intelligence agencies, including those of the UK, generally requiring a US court order before disclosing data. 1258: 1351:, and effective but that certain elements push "close to the line" of being unconstitutional. The July report said that the Board was "impressed with the rigor of the government’s efforts to ensure that it acquires only those communications it is authorized to collect, and that it targets only those persons it is authorized to target. Moreover, the government has taken seriously its obligations to establish and adhere to a detailed set of rules regarding how it handles U.S. person communications that it acquires under the program." 2346: 1695: 1649: 1109:, preemptively shut down in order to "prevent spying". Snowden said about the Lavabit closure, "Ladar Levison and his team suspended the operations of their 10-year-old business rather than violate the Constitutional rights of their roughly 400,000 users. The President, Congress, and the Courts have forgotten that the costs of bad policy are always borne by ordinary citizens, and it is our job to remind them that there are limits to what we will pay." He said that "internet titans" like 2056: 1101:, a Texas-based secure email service provider reportedly used by Snowden, abruptly announced it was shutting down operations after nearly 10 years of business. The owner, Ladar Levison, posted a statement online saying he would rather go out of business than "become complicit in crimes against the American people." He also said that he was barred by law from disclosing what he had experienced over the preceding 6 weeks, and that he was appealing the case in the 1610: 729: 1340:. He asked that "Snowden and his accomplices" return the purloined NSA documents. When Clapper was asked whether the word "accomplices" referred to journalists, Clapper's spokesperson Shawn Turner responded, "Director Clapper was referring to anyone who is assisting Edward Snowden to further threaten our national security through the unauthorized disclosure of stolen documents related to lawful foreign intelligence collection programs." 705:, said that while some terrorist groups had altered their communications to avoid surveillance techniques revealed by Snowden, the damage done overall did not lead him to conclude that "the sky is falling." Conceding there was no absolute protection against leaks by a dedicated insider with access to the agency's networks, Rogers said the NSA must nevertheless "ensure that the volume" of data taken by Snowden "can't be stolen again." 102: 1409:" to the National Defense Authorization Act. If passed, the amendment would have curtailed "the ongoing dragnet collection and storage of the personal records of innocent Americans." The House rejected the amendment by a vote of 205–217. An analysis indicated that those who voted against the amendment received 122% more in campaign contributions from defense contractors than those who voted in favor. 24: 2485:" (season 1, episode 12, minutes 00:22:00-00:22:55), one of the technical experts Red tasked to reconstitute documents shredded by American governmental agencies reports: "We actually reached out to the Germans for help. They're the ones who designed the software." Red replies: "Ah, the Germans. Despite recent headlines, they're still the best at keeping an eye on their fellow man". 1200:, maintained that the exposing of intelligence techniques had given extremists the ability to evade the intelligence agencies; he said, "It causes enormous damage to make public the reach and limits of GCHQ techniques. Such information hands the advantage to the terrorists. It is the gift they need to evade us and strike at will." 692:, then director of the NSA, said in June 2013, "These leaks have caused significant and irreversible damage to our nation's security." He added that "the irresponsible release of classified information about these programs will have a long-term detrimental impact on the intelligence community's ability to detect future attacks." 1460:(H.R. 3361/ S. 1599), would effectively halt “bulk” records collection under the USA Patriot Act, while it also would require a warrant to deliberately search for the e-mail and phone call content of Americans that is collected as part of a surveillance program targeting foreigners located overseas. Another proposal is the 1687:(NSA) on February 11, 2014. The 'day of action' primarily took the form of webpage banner-advertisements urging viewers to contact their lawmakers over issues surrounding cyber surveillance and a free Internet. By February 10, more than 5,700 websites and organizations had signed up to show support by featuring 732: 735: 734: 730: 2073:, "The outcry over NSA eavesdropping has been most pronounced in Germany, a country whose history of dictatorship has left the population particularly sensitive to violations of personal privacy." It was revealed that, beginning in 2002, German Chancellor Angela Merkel’s phone has been on an NSA target list. 736: 2432:, saying, "The mass surveillance of citizens' private communications is unacceptable—it both invades privacy and threatens freedom of expression. The US government cannot use the excuse of national security to justify either surveillance on this scale or the extradition of Snowden for revealing it." 1382:

criticized politicians who voted in favor of the PATRIOT Act but were outraged by the NSA spying on phone calls by saying, "We passed the Patriot Act. We passed specific provisions of the act that allowed for this program to take place, to be enacted in operation. Now, if members of Congress did not

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website seeking "a full, free and absolute pardon for any crimes has committed or may have committed related to blowing the whistle on secret NSA surveillance programs." The petition attained 100,000 signatures within two weeks, thus meeting the threshold and requiring an official response from the

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reported, "was the first of this scale. No individual EU country has looked into the scandal this thoroughly and no EU government has been as explicit in its criticism of the US government." The draft report covered the preceding six months and was, said Deutsche Welle, "hard on all sides—including

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published a poll of Hong Kong residents conducted while Snowden was still in Hong Kong that showed that half of the 509 respondents believed the Chinese government should not surrender Snowden to the United States if Washington raises such a request; 33 percent of those polled think of Snowden as a

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U.S. Army General Keith Alexander, then director of the NSA, said in June 2013, "These leaks have caused significant and irreversible damage to our nation's security." He added that "the irresponsible release of classified information about these programs will have a long-term detrimental impact on

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backed a measure that, if enacted, would require American companies to seek clearance from European officials before complying with United States warrants seeking private data. The legislation has been under consideration for two years. The vote is part of efforts in Europe to shield citizens from

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expressed relief that Hong Kong no longer had to shoulder the burden of the Snowden situation. Mainland experts said that, although the Central Government did not want to appear to be intervening in the matter, it was inconceivable that the Hong Kong government acted independently in a matter that

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remarked that the U.S. would be critical of any other nation that failed to prevent the release of such sensitive documents. "Certainly if it had gone the other way," said Carr, "if there'd been some official in Canberra, some contractor in Canberra, who allowed a slew of material as sensitive as

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meeting at the end of October 2013 in its statement signed by all 28 EU leaders while stressing that "intelligence gathering is a vital element in the fight against terrorism" and noting "the close relationship between Europe and the USA and the value of that partnership", said that this must "be

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said that he had called for a review of U.S. surveillance activities even before Snowden had begun revealing details of the NSA's operations. Obama announced that he was directing DNI Clapper "to establish a review group on intelligence and communications technologies" that would brief and later

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editorialized that security chiefs were "right to be alarmed, knowing that terrorists can change their modus operandi in response to new information on their capabilities" and there was "no firm evidence that the intelligence agencies are using these new collection capabilities for malign ends."

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that would preserve the program while strengthening privacy protections. It would also codify the requirement that analysts 'have a “reasonable articulable suspicion” that a phone number is associated with terrorism' in order to query the NSA phone records database; require that the FISA court

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Look, for the longest time I was in fear that I couldn't actually say the phrase "computer network attack". This stuff is hideously over-classified. And it gets into the way of a mature public discussion as to what it is that we as a democracy want our nation to be doing up here in the cyber

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In an interview shortly after Snowden's disclosures were first published, Clapper stated that he had misunderstood Wyden's question and answered in what he thought was the "least untruthful manner". Later, in his letter of apology, Clapper wrote that he had only focused on Section 702 of the

1621:" was held in Washington, D.C., billed by organizers as the "largest rally yet to protest mass surveillance". A diverse coalition of over 100 advocacy groups organized the event and attracted thousands of protesters calling for an end to mass surveillance. Speakers included former governor 1254:, and that "significant misimpressions" had resulted from the articles published; he called the disclosures of "intelligence community measures used to keep Americans safe" "reckless". He condemned the leaks as having done "huge, grave damage" to the U.S. intelligence capabilities. 1563:

from co-operating with the NSA in various ways: the Utah bill would prohibit provision of water to NSA facilities; the California bill would prohibit state universities from conducting research for the NSA; and the Kansas bill would require a search warrant for data collection.

733: 2091:-era administrative agreements with Britain, the United States and France, which had granted the Western countries which had troops stationed in West Germany the right to request surveillance operations to protect those forces. At the end of August, under the orders of the 1311:

report to the president. In December, the task force issued 46 recommendations that, if adopted, would subject the NSA to additional scrutiny by the courts, Congress, and the president, and would strip the NSA of the authority to infiltrate American computer systems using "

951:, said that under the act, police can only detain someone "to assess whether they are involved in the commission, preparation or instigation of terrorism." He said, "I am very clear that this does not apply, either on its terms or in its spirit, to Mr Miranda." 1600:

was responsible for protests in more than 80 cities including Seattle, San Francisco, Denver, Chicago, Los Angeles and New York City. These protests were loosely coordinated via online messaging services and involved protesters from all over the United States.

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assured that the government would "handle the case of Mr Snowden in accordance with the laws and established procedures of Hong Kong follow up on any incidents related to the privacy or other rights of the institutions or people in Hong Kong being violated."

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to Washington—the only state visit for a foreign leader scheduled this year. A senior Brazilian official stated the country would downgrade commercial ties unless Rousseff received a public apology. That would include ruling out the $ 4 billion purchase of

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editorials of June 19 stated respectively that the central Chinese government was unwilling to be involved in a "mess" caused by others, and that the Hong Kong government should follow the public opinion and not concern itself with Sino-US relations. A

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called it "a small but growing faction, including judges in Texas, Kansas, New York and Pennsylvania," and said the judges deemed the requests overly broad and at odds with basic constitutional rights. Although some rulings were overturned, said the

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introduced a "sweeping surveillance reform" proposal. Called the most comprehensive proposal to date, the "Intelligence Oversight and Surveillance Reform Act" seeks to end the bulk collection of communication records made legal in section 215 of the

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s entire website for personnel stationed in Afghanistan, the Middle East, and South Asia. A spokesperson described the filtering as a routine "network hygiene" measure intended to mitigate unauthorized disclosures of classified information onto the

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Snowden's arrival in the city gave Hong Kong a rare place in the global geopolitical spotlight and ushered in near-unprecedented political solidarity as pan-democrats and Beijing loyalists lined up to take a shot at an unlikely target: the United

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said that the perceived U.S. prosecution against Snowden will set "a dangerous precedent and will likely be used to justify similar actions" by authoritarian governments. During Snowden's stay, the two main political groups, the pan-democrats and

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However, surrounding the Snowden case is something never before seen in local politics. Not only are the pan-democrat and pro-establishment camps singing off the same song sheet, the pan-democrats and mainland propagandists are humming a similar

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To increase transparency and because it is in the public interest the Director of National Intelligence authorized the declassification and public release of the following documents pertaining to the collection of telephone metadata pursuant to

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On October 24, 2013, EU heads of state met to discuss a proposed data protection law. The representatives of Italy, Poland and France wanted the law to be passed before the May 2014 European Parliament elections. Germany, represented by

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and other Indonesian political leaders. On November 18, the Australian ambassador was summoned again by Indonesian government officials, who pledged to review all types of cooperation with Australia. The Indonesian Foreign Minister

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communications studies specialist, Liu Jianming, interpreted the two articles as suggesting that the mainland government did not want further involvement in the case and that the Hong Kong government should handle it independently.

4282: 5381:"DRAFT REPORT on the US NSA surveillance programme, surveillance bodies in various Member States and their impact on EU citizens' fundamental rights and on transatlantic cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs. (2013/2188(INI))" 4946: 723: 663:

announced the creation of "a review group on intelligence and communications technologies" that would brief and later report to him. In December, the task force issued 46 recommendations that, if adopted, would subject the

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documents on a single computer file to Greenwald in Brazil. Greenwald described Miranda's detention as "clearly intended to send a message of intimidation to those of us who have been reporting on the NSA and GCHQ". The

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some legal observers have called this "the Magistrates' Revolt," which began several years ago; however, it gained power amid mounting public anger about government surveillance capabilities after the NSA disclosures.

2467:, expressed alarm at Ban's remarks. She said that he "seemed entirely unconcerned about the invasion of privacy by governments around the world, and only concerned about how whistleblowers are misusing the system." 713:

Shortly after the disclosures were published, President Obama asserted that the American public had no cause for concern because "nobody is listening to your telephone calls", and "there is no spying on Americans".

1105:. Multiple sources speculated that the timing of the statement suggested that Lavabit had been targeted by the US government in its pursuit of information about Snowden. The following day, a similar email service, 2221:

admitted that Britain's GCHQ was also spying and collaborating with the NSA, and defended the two agencies' actions as "indispensable." British Prime Minister David Cameron issued a veiled threat to resort to

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promptly review each such determination, and limit the retention period for phone records. Both proposals call for the introduction of a special advocate to promote privacy interests before the FISA court.

1281:, Obama's homeland security and terrorism advisor, the White House said Snowden's disclosures had severe consequences for national security and that he should come home to be judged by a jury of his peers. 731: 2331:

called the spying "unacceptable", and added that "This is an unfriendly, unbecoming act between strategic partners." The Indonesian ambassador to Australia was also recalled as a response to the incident.

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found that the NSA's bulk collection of phone records "has had no discernible impact on preventing acts of terrorism," and that U.S. government claims of the program's usefulness were "overblown."

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said at a daily briefing, "We believe the United States should pay attention to the international community's concerns and demands and give the international community the necessary explanation."

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responded by renouncing U.S. trade benefits and offering to pay a similar amount, $ 23 million per year, to finance human rights training in America to help avoid what Ecuador's Foreign Minister

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the Snowden disclosures have "caused a sea change in the way the public views the surveillance system". The draft bill is a blend of 12 similar proposals as well as other legislative proposals.

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was on board". Ban said it was important to prevent such incidents from occurring in the future and emphasized that "A Head of State and his or her aircraft enjoy immunity and inviolability".

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While the German government had hoped for a "no spy" agreement with the U.S., by January 2014 it was reported that Germany had "given up hope" of securing such a treaty. The Foreign Office's

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in order to investigate the extent and background of foreign secret services spying in Germany and to search for strategies on how to protect German telecommunication with technical means.

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to the "Fiscal Year 2014 Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill" that would have sought sanctions against any country offering asylum to Snowden.

963:. The United States government later said that British officials had given them a "heads up" about Miranda's detention, while adding that the decision to detain him had been a British one. 1348: 408: 2138: 3647: 1486:

their decisions have shaped when and how investigators can seize information detailing the locations, communications and online histories of Americans. Albert Gidari Jr., a partner at

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that these judges "don't want to be the ones who approve an order that later becomes public and embarrassing…. Nobody likes to be characterized as a rubber stamp." According to the

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Seeking clarification on the matter, the foreign ministry has called the U.S. ambassador to Germany, Philip Murphy, for a meeting later Monday, a spokesman for the ministry said.

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can be seen. The grey structure on the embassy's roof (top right corner of the photograph) is thought to contain surveillance equipment, possibly used to tap into mobile phones.

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On December 23, 2013, the European Parliament released the results of its inquiry into the NSA activities. "The European Parliament's committee inquiry into the spying scandal,"

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denied the US government accusation that the PRC central government had allowed Snowden to escape, and said that Snowden helped in "tearing off Washington's sanctimonious mask."

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said it was "clear to every single tech company that this is affecting their bottom line," and predicted that the U.S. cloud computing industry could lose $ 35 billion by 2016.

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and spurred 70 of the world's leading human rights organizations to write an open letter to the newspaper expressing their concern about press and other freedoms in the UK.

2199:, data allegedly collected by the NSA in Spain was actually collected by Spanish intelligence agencies outside Spain and then shared with the United States. On October 29, 1477:

reported that some federal judges holding low-level positions had been balking at sweeping requests by law enforcement for cellphone and other sensitive personal data. The

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said that Miranda's detention was "not justifiable". The reasons for Miranda's detention were sought from the police by British politicians and David Anderson Q.C., the

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on American writers. Fearing the risk of being targeted by government surveillance, 28% of PEN's American members have curbed their usage of social media, and 16% have

4004: 2552: 1541:, "The two decisions have generated public confusion over the constitutionality of the NSA's data collection program—a kind of judicial 'he-said, she-said' standoff." 1219: 479: 5748: 1921:

could have far-reaching consequences for Sino-US relations. One expert suggested that, by doing so, China had "returned the favor" for their not having accepted the

4894: 2834:"United States Foreign Intelligence Surveilllance Court Docket-Nr: BR 13–80 Primary Order for Business Records Collection Under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act" 2719: 3696: 978:

said the newspaper had received legal threats from the British government and was urged to surrender all documents leaked by Snowden. Security officials from the

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said such practices, if true, were "inappropriate and unacceptable". An EU delegation was to meet officials in Washington to convey their concerns. According to

668:(NSA) to additional scrutiny by the courts, Congress, and the president, and would strip the NSA of the authority to infiltrate American computer systems using " 2455:

said that in his personal opinion, Edward Snowden had misused his right to digital access and created problems that outweigh the benefits of public disclosure.

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this to be plastered over the world's media, America would be saying very stern things to someone they'd be regarding as a woefully immature ally and partner."

3861: 2238: 443: 2023:, data allegedly collected by the NSA in France was actually collected by French intelligence agencies outside France and then shared with the United States. 3941: 2092: 1532: 1364: 1189:

in the 1950s could have dreamt of acquiring 58,000 highly classified intelligence documents." Snowden stated that he had not leaked any documents to Russia.

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sent a letter to the Obama administration, urging it to allow companies involved in the NSA's surveillance to report about these activities and to increase

5647: 5142: 4137: 4967: 3330: 1963:, wrote to two U.S. officials that "mutual trust and confidence have been seriously eroded and I expect the U.S. to do all that it can to restore them". 1162:

said that Snowden "has caused us some considerable damage to our intelligence architecture. Our adversaries are changing the way that they communicate."

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asserted that if journalists maintain their independence and report critically about governments, they too may be "targeted" by the British government.

982:(GCHQ) later made a visit to the newspaper's London headquarters to ensure that all computer hard drives containing Snowden's documents were destroyed. 1525:(ACLU) filed a lawsuit against Director of National Intelligence James Clapper alleging that the NSA's phone records program was unconstitutional (see 5185: 2361:

and her top aides. It called the incident an "unacceptable violation of sovereignty" and requested an immediate explanation from the U.S. government.

2119:" espionage alliance, Merkel remarked, "Unlike David, we are unfortunately not part of this group." Also on October 24, the Foreign Ministry summoned 1079:

was denied entry by a number of western European countries, and was forced to reroute to Austria based on "suspicion that United States whistleblower

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told reporters, "We have a duty to clarity to Italian citizens—we must obtain the whole truth and tell the whole truth, without regard for anyone."

2096: 800:, which justifies the mass collection of telephone data from U.S. citizens. Clapper said: "My response was clearly erroneous—for which I apologize". 5856: 4267: 1996: 1387: 1136: 2357:

The Brazilian government expressed outrage at the revelations that the National Security Agency directly targeted the communications of president

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called Snowden a traitor, and several senators and representatives joined them in calling for Snowden's arrest and prosecution. Arizona Senator

5936: 4867: 4474: 3770: 3555: 3308: 960: 623: 283: 5279: 3751: 3255: 5683: 5305: 4834: 1225: 1143:, an independent technology and market research company, said losses could be as high as $ 180 billion, or 25 percent of industry revenue. 944: 4453: 4321: 1515:

filed a lawsuit claiming that the federal government had unlawfully collected metadata for his telephone calls and was harassing him (see

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stated that "in some cases" the NSA had "reached too far" in some of its surveillance activities, and promised that it would be stopped.

6208: 3789: 2912: 2103:, apparently in search of suspected clandestine eavesdropping facilities. A German official called it a symbolic "shot across the bow." 3283: 4707: 4069: 2015:, the U.S. Ambassador to France, to clarify and explain the NSA's surveillance of French citizens. Speaking to journalists, President 5991: 2168:, the U.S. Secretary of State, to clarify if the NSA had illegally intercepted telecommunications in Italy. On October 23, 2013, the 288: 5763: 4670: 4502: 2578: 2134:

declared that "the current situation in transatlantic relations is worse than it was at the low-point in 2003 during the Iraq War".

3054: 2709:"DNI Clapper Letter on Misunderstandings Arising from his March 12th Appearance Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence" 2299: 2505: 1559:, written by anti-surveillance activists, called the "Fourth Amendment Protection Act". The bills seek to prohibit the respective 6073: 5561: 3384: 3199: 2885: 2449: 2315: 2212: 2152:

intelligence service has covertly monitored European defence interests and politicians inside Germany at the request of the NSA.

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based on respect and trust," a lack of which "could prejudice the necessary cooperation in the field of intelligence gathering".

1531:). Once the judge in each case had issued rulings seemingly at odds with one another, Gary Schmitt (former staff director of the 1193: 956: 162: 6459: 5406: 4677:

The Utah bill aims to prohibit state and local agencies from providing water to a giant new NSA data center near Salt Lake City.

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Five Latin American countries—Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, Nicaragua and Venezuela—voiced their concerns to the UN Secretary-General

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NBC News Exclusive Transcript of Andrea Mitchell's Interview with Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, June 9, 2013

2191:, the U.S. Ambassador to Spain, to clarify reports about the NSA's surveillance of the Spanish government. Spanish EU Minister 2149: 1940: 1560: 979: 928: 48: 32: 6477: 5581: 3890: 5488: 3513: 2808:"Cover Letters and 2011 Report on the National Security Agency's Bulk Collection Program for USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization" 2265: 2019:

said, "We cannot accept this kind of behaviour between partners and allies. We ask that this immediately stop." According to

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did not obey his demands to stop reporting its revelations on spying by GCHQ and the NSA, a development that "alarmed" the

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Cover Letters and 2011 Report on the National Security Agency's Bulk Collection Program for USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization

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Cover Letter and 2009 Report on the National Security Agency’s Bulk Collection Program for USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization

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Russia, South Africa, and Turkey reacted angrily after it was revealed that their diplomats had been spied on during the

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posted a blog titled "The Day the Internet Didn't Fight Back," reporting that "the protest on Tuesday barely registered.

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to several press organizations, with the aim of restricting their ability to report on these leaks. That same month, the

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summoned the ambassadors of Australia and the United States to protest an alleged American-led spying network in Asia.

1728:, which were listed as organizers, did not include the banner on their homepages. The eight major technology companies— 1269: 1261: 858: 428: 303: 242: 5231: 4424: 4396: 3356: 3082: 1383:

know what they were voting on, then I think that that's their responsibility a lot more than it is the government's."

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would prevent state/local agencies in Kansas from searching or obtaining personal electronic data without a warrant

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reported that an anonymous "senior Obama administration official" had also described such an arrangement with Spain.

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website related to government surveillance programs for thousands of defense personnel across the country, and to

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Report on the Surveillance Program Operated Pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

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White House. The White House answered on July 28, 2015, declining to pardon Snowden. In a response written by

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Spying row: Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono accuses Tony Abbott of taking claims too lightly

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should ask themselves why they weren't "fighting for our interests the same way small businesses are."

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website was blocked for personnel stationed throughout Afghanistan, the Middle East, and South Asia.

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during his testimony to Congress, and therefore, he "simply didn't think" about Section 215 of the

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fighters and cooperation on oil and biofuels technology, as well as other commercial agreements.

2123:, the U.S. Ambassador to Germany, to clarify allegations that the NSA had tapped into Chancellor 2069: 699: 686: 558: 4187: 774:"Does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?" 4191: 2482: 1769: 1360: 1251: 752: 237: 222: 4690:"California Lawmakers Introduce Fourth Amendment Protection Act, push back against NSA spying" 3878: 1053:

stressed that the "protection of national security secrets must never be used as an excuse to

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called "violations of privacy, torture and other actions that are denigrating to humanity."

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It does not adequately summarize the international and cultural response to the disclosures.

4583:"NSA bills set up a choice in Congress: End bulk collection of phone records or endorse it" 4074: 2060: 1971:

online surveillance in the wake of revelations about a far-reaching spying program by NSA.

1773: 1626: 1312: 1186: 1050: 766: 756: 669: 512: 507: 167: 3434:"Texas-based secure email service linked to NSA leaker Edward Snowden abruptly shuts down" 2131: 2016: 1960: 8: 6417: 5915: 5041:"HK, US govt lawyers 'not working together' on Snowden, say sources as CY breaks silence" 4951: 4694:

Blocks public universities from serving as NSA research facilities or recruiting grounds.

4615: 4587: 4287: 4142: 4095: 3973: 3701: 3652: 3535:"Email service used by Snowden shuts itself down, warns against using US-based companies" 3438: 3334: 3232: 3018: 2988: 2962: 2674: 2574: 2425: 2349:

Glenn Greenwald (right) and his partner, Brazilian David Miranda (left), speaking to the

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with several of its allies and economic partners as well as in its relationship with the

645: 543: 359: 207: 92: 5322: 3771:"After Two Years, White House Finally Responds to Snowden Pardon Petition — With a "No"" 3514:"Lavabit privacy row: second email service closes 'to prevent spying' | Technology" 3385:"Latin American nations voice concerns to Ban over rerouting of Bolivian leader's plane" 1760:- only participated Tuesday insofar as having a joint website flash the protest banner. 1662:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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David Miranda's detention had no basis in law, says former lord chancellor | World news

2553:"NSA program stopped no terror attacks, says White House panel member – Investigations" 2534: 2272: 2036: 2000: 1704: 1592: 1587: 1581: 1417: 1140: 1123: 924: 873: 842: 740:

Excerpt of James Clapper's testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

696: 689: 683: 517: 5280:"European Union threatens to stop sharing data with United States over spying reports" 4611:"Low-level federal judges balking at law enforcement requests for electronic evidence" 2282: 837:

Primary Order for Business Records Collection Under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act

3309:"UK: Detention of Guardian journalist's partner at Heathrow unlawful and unwarranted" 2142: 1927: 1887: 1680: 1441: 1316: 890: 702: 673: 497: 4283:"House proposal to curtail NSA in response to Edward Snowden's leaks fails narrowly" 2393: 2345: 1173:

Snowden's stay in Russia could be, told the BBC: "Part of me says that not even the

6495: 6185: 5881: 5835: 5809: 5708: 5630: 5348: 4552:"Bill Summary & Status - 113th Congress (2013 - 2014) - H.R.3361 - CRS Summary" 4195: 3809: 2932: 2328: 2081: 2044: 1975: 1877: 1618: 1517: 1371: 1250:, stressed the activities were lawful, conducted under authorities approved by the 1239: 952: 781: 748: 592: 575: 354: 339: 3648:"GCHQ leaks have 'gifted' terrorists ability to attack 'at will', warns spy chief" 1319:

said there was no evidence that the bulk collection of phone data had stopped any

6325: 6134: 6106: 5306:"Rules Shielding Online Data From N.S.A. and Other Prying Eyes Advance in Europe" 4345:"Lawmakers Who Upheld NSA Phone Spying Received Double the Defense Industry Cash" 3605: 3260: 3059: 2985:"PEN American Center Report Shows Impact of NSA Surveillance on American Writers" 2464: 2243: 2223: 2172: 2120: 1859: 1694: 1527: 1457: 1449: 1205: 975: 916: 898: 894: 846: 580: 502: 403: 393: 388: 5937:"Data snooping: law-abiding citizens have 'nothing to fear', says Hague – video" 5143:"Beijing wants Hong Kong to handle Snowden on its own, party newspapers suggest" 1127:

reported that revelations of NSA spying had cost U.S. tech companies, including

5767: 5687: 5539: 5259: 3455:"Edward Snowden's email provider, Lavabit, shuts down to fight gov't intrusion" 3331:"Forcing The Guardian to destroy materials is a direct attack on press freedom" 2759:"DNI Clapper Declassifies and Releases Telephone Metadata Collection Documents" 2378: 2358: 2322:'s Ambassador Greg Moriarty to explain his country's surveillance of President 2012: 1983: 1916: 1817:

hero, 12.8 percent described him as a traitor, 36 percent said he was neither.

1508: 1391: 1320: 1273: 1159: 1080: 948: 937: 920: 677: 653: 641: 364: 5684:"German foreign minister summons US ambassador over Merkel spying allegations" 5582:"NSA surveillance: Merkel's phone may have been monitored 'for over 10 years'" 4203: 4005:"Washington turns on the NSA blinders to target weird 'IT guy' leaker instead" 1596:" was formed in the United States and rapidly gained momentum. In early July, 695:

In June 2014, Alexander's recently installed successor as the NSA's director,

6512: 5789:

German spies 'monitored European targets for the US against German interests'

3775: 2218: 2184: 2124: 2112: 2108: 1988: 1794:

On June 17, 2013, nearly two weeks after the first disclosure was published,

1512: 1146: 649: 553: 5386:. European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs 3969:"Independent panel: NSA surveillance program targeting foreigners is lawful" 3862:"Obama's 'outside experts' surveillance review panel has deep ties to gov't" 3495:"The real, terrifying reason why British authorities detained David Miranda" 3103:"White House knew Glenn Greenwald's partner David Miranda would be detained" 3083:"Glenn Greenwald: detaining my partner was a failed attempt at intimidation" 2761:. Director of Public Affairs Office of the Director of National Intelligence 1858:

Referring to Snowden's presence in the territory, Hong Kong chief executive

1004:

and ordered that "none of Delong's comments could be quoted on the record".

6444: 6398: 6078: 6050: 5996: 5975: 5586: 5411: 5236: 4813: 4479: 4429: 4315: 4207: 4009: 3909: 3905:"James Clapper calls for Snowden and 'accomplices' to return NSA documents" 3818: 3539: 3518: 3204: 3087: 2941: 2890: 2510: 2188: 2161: 1895: 1799: 1622: 1487: 1456:(FISA) court. Senators introduced two different reform proposals. One, the 1402: 1398: 1367: 1307: 878: 660: 570: 548: 329: 5911:"NSA chief says NATO allies shared phone records with the U.S. spy agency" 2445: 6046:"UK government reaction to NSA leaks eroding freedom, rights groups warn" 5015:"Hongkongers don't want Snowden handed over to the US, according to poll" 3942:"White House rejects review board finding that NSA data sweep is illegal" 3814:"US army blocks access to Guardian website to preserve 'network hygiene'" 3577:"Transcript for Joint Chiefs Chairman Gen. Martin Dempsey on 'This Week'" 3512:

Arthur, Spencer Ackerman Charles; Moscow, Alec Luhn in (August 9, 2013).

3178: 3033: 2506:"White House insists James Clapper will not lead NSA surveillance review" 2452: 2365: 2277: 2055: 1943: 1555:

In 2014, legislators in several USA states introduced bills based upon a

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In January 2014, James Clapper gave public testimony to a session of the

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Edward Snowden's digital 'misuse' has created problems, says Ban Ki-moon

5968: 4778: 2937:"US military blocks entire Guardian website for troops stationed abroad" 2643: 1884:

even organised a separate march to Government headquarters for Snowden.

1852:

Hong Kong demonstration at US Consulate on June 15 in support of Snowden

1609: 5407:"NSA and GCHQ activities appear illegal, says EU parliamentary inquiry" 4242:"U.S. Senate advances law pressuring Russia not to give Snowden asylum" 3879:

Kerry: Some NSA surveillance work reached 'too far' and will be stopped

2805: 2779: 2165: 1925:

in February 2012. The official Chinese Communist Party mouthpiece, the

1872: 1745: 1725: 1413: 1330: 1178: 1054: 334: 187: 6394:"G20 summits: Russia and Turkey react with fury to spying revelations" 5610:"German Foreign Ministry Summons US Ambassador Over NSA Spying Claims" 5535:"NSA-Spähskandal: So funktionieren die Abhöranlagen in US-Botschaften" 4809:"Thousands gather in Washington for anti-NSA 'Stop Watching Us' rally" 4111:"Edward Snowden: Ex-CIA leaker drops out of sight, faces legal battle" 3200:"David Miranda, schedule 7 and the danger that all reporters now face" 2115:, favored a slower implementation; their wishes prevailed. About the " 2095:, a federal police helicopter conducted a low-altitude flyover of the 1908:

After Snowden left Hong Kong, Chinese-language newspapers such as the

1507:

In the wake of the NSA leaks, conservative public interest lawyer and

1433:

and to reign in other "electronic eavesdropping programs". Wyden told

1359:

Reactions to the global surveillance disclosures among members of the

1060: 1039:

argued that the British government's "threat of legal action" against

943:

called Miranda's detention "legally and procedurally sound". However,

6376:"Ecuador waives US trade rights after threats made over Snowden case" 4785: 4757: 3925:"Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215" 3415:"Edward Snowden's email provider shuts down amid secret court battle" 3034:"David Miranda Heathrow detention: No 10 'kept abreast of operation'" 2744: 2460: 2374: 2364:

Brazil's government signaled it would consider cancelling Rousseff's

2319: 2116: 2100: 1733: 1709: 1556: 1490:

who represents technology and telecommunications companies, told the

1425: 1421: 1128: 869: 769: 759: 538: 369: 293: 232: 147: 6182:"Indonesia Summons Australian Ambassador Over US Spying Allegations" 5992:"David Cameron makes veiled threat to media over NSA and GCHQ leaks" 5953:"NSA Prism programme: William Hague makes statement on GCHQ – video" 990:

After the NSA Director of Compliance John Delong was interviewed by

6074:"Human rights groups' open letter to David Cameron on surveillance" 5886: 5712: 5634: 5353: 5264: 4839: 4425:"NSA reform bill to trim back US surveillance unveiled in Congress" 4199: 3697:"Clapper: Leaks are 'literally gut-wrenching,' leaker being sought" 3631: 3610: 3183: 3038: 2621: 2556: 2302: 2139:

German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal

2088: 2043:, the seat of the German parliament. In the background, behind the 1910: 1868: 1757: 1737: 1448:, introduced a proposal to the House of Representatives called the 751:

issued an apology for giving erroneous testimony under oath to the

344: 172: 5764:"NSA spying scandal committee presents controversial final report" 5109:"Hong Kong's political foes made allies amid Edward Snowden storm" 5060:"H.K. lawmakers petition Obama for leniency against whistleblower" 4397:"U.S. lawmakers seek to end bulk NSA telephone records collection" 3891:

US surveillance by NSA has sometimes 'reached too far,' says Kerry

3790:"Restricted Web access to the Guardian is Armywide, say officials" 2913:"Restricted Web access to the Guardian is Armywide, say officials" 6478:"The Blacklist: Kickass Reddington Quotes (S1:E12) The Alchemist" 6360: 6296: 5464: 4990: 4475:"The USA Freedom Act: a look at the key points of the draft bill" 4401: 4226: 3729: 3673: 3136: 3055:"Glenn Greenwald: Snowden Gave Me 15–20,000 Classified Documents" 2441: 2389: 1749: 1721: 1452:

to end the bulk collection of Americans' metadata and reform the

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In June 2013, British government officials issued a confidential

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to clarify the alleged surveillance of U.S. citizens by the NSA:

217: 182: 157: 101: 6292:"Exclusive: Brazil's Rousseff wants U.S. apology for NSA spying" 6102:"The web is a terrorist's command-and-control network of choice" 4558:. THOMAS (Library of Congress). October 29, 2013. Archived from 4222:"U.S. lawmakers want sanctions on any country taking in Snowden" 3930:. Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. January 23, 2014. 1959:

Early in July 2013, the European Commissioner for Home Affairs,

1284:

Also in June 2013, the U.S. military blocked access to parts of

1152:

the intelligence community's ability to detect future attacks."

4968:"Review Of Terrorism Cases Finds NSA Spying Helped Very Little" 4861: 4859: 4857: 4835:"Advocacy groups had a day of protest against NSA surveillance" 3478: 3361:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

2886:"MoD serves news outlets with D notice over surveillance leaks" 2440:

In July 2013, speaking to the foreign affairs committee of the

2040: 1729: 1717: 1713: 1110: 901:

themselves by avoiding controversial topics in their writings.

313: 5969:

Travis, Alan; Connolly, Kate; Watt, Nicholas (June 26, 2013).

5648:

German Helicopter Searched For NSA Listening Post In Frankfurt

4070:"Sen. Feinstein calls Snowden's NSA leaks an 'act of treason'" 2381:

21 billion over five years to improve its data security.

1242:, referring to the surveillance activities lately reported in 6460:"Vietnamese German Philipp Rösler and Transnational Adoption" 4779:

Bart Jansen and Carolyn Pesce, USA TODAY (October 26, 2013).

4454:"'Patriot Act' Author Seeks 'USA Freedom Act' to Rein In NSA" 4374: 3725:"'Pardon Edward Snowden' petition seeks White House response" 2780:

Assistant Attorney General Roland Weich (December 14, 2009).

1753: 882:

after that site's publication of Snowden's leaks. The entire

152: 6262:"Brazil Reacts With Fury To NSA Spying; Mexico Orders Probe" 5908: 5438:"EU report reveals massive scope of secret NSA surveillance" 4854: 3752:"Petition to Pardon Snowden to Receive White House Response" 3606:"Edward Snowden revelations: Can we trust the spying state?" 2806:

Assistant Attorney General Roland Weich (February 2, 2011).

2670:"James Clapper's 'least untruthful' statement to the Senate" 1716:… added an inconspicuous banner to its homepage. Sites like 1016:

A criminal investigation of these disclosures, by Britain's

876:

barred its personnel from access to parts of the website of

5971:"GCHQ surveillance: Germany blasts UK over mass monitoring" 5323:"EU-US spying row stokes concern over anti-terror campaign" 2602:

New N.S.A. Chief Calls Damage From Snowden Leaks Manageable

1880:, found rare agreement to support Snowden. The pro-Beijing 1613:"Stop Watching US" rally in Washington DC, October 26, 2013 889:

According to a survey undertaken by the human rights group

308: 227: 5662:"Appearances and Reality: Merkel Balks at EU Privacy Push" 4781:"Anti-NSA rally attracts thousands to march in Washington" 4753:"Anti-NSA rally attracts thousands to march in Washington" 1220:

Proposed reforms of mass surveillance by the United States

1147:

Allegations of adverse consequences for US and UK security

6233:

Romero, Simon; Archibold, Randal C. (September 2, 2013).

5882:"NSA surveillance: Spain demands US explain 'monitoring'" 5504: 5159:. In print as "Articles highlight possible Beijing role". 4971: 4730: 4308: 4169: 4138:"DNC chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz: Snowden is a coward" 3846: 3106: 2647: 1741: 1197: 1174: 1132: 6157:"Mexico foreign minister meets US envoy over spy claims" 5909:

Ellen Nakashima & Karen DeYoung (October 29, 2013).

5349:"EU says distrust of US on spying may harm terror fight" 5260:"Malaysia protests at 'US and Australia spying' in Asia" 4750: 4709:

Shawnee legislator files Fourth Amendment Protection Act

4165:"Senators should have known about snooping, says McCain" 3132:"Guardian says Britain made it destroy Snowden material" 2087:

In early August 2013, Germany canceled largely symbolic

724:

Congressional calls for the resignation of James Clapper

6356:"Ecuador offers U.S. rights aid, waives trade benefits" 6321:"Brazil's Petrobras to invest heavily in data security" 5709:"NSA spying allegations: Are US allies really shocked?" 5404: 3556:"Revelations of N.S.A. Spying Cost U.S. Tech Companies" 2528:

Sanger, David E.; Savage, Charlie (December 18, 2013).

1772:

in January 2014 reviewed 225 terrorism cases since the

6235:"Brazil Angered Over Report N.S.A. Spied on President" 3256:"At the Obama White House: Transparency Transhmarency" 3126: 3124: 2618:"Obama: "Nobody is listening to your telephone calls"" 1698:

The banner of The Day We Fight Back, February 11, 2014

919:, was detained for nine hours under Schedule 7 of the 5857:"Spanish PM summons U. S. ambassador over NSA spying" 5533:

Lischka, Konrad; Kremp, Matthias (October 28, 2013).

5505:

Adam Entous & Siobhan Gorman (October 29, 2013).

5136: 5134: 4422: 2841:

United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court

2527: 2353:

of Brazil about U.S. spying activity in that country.

1264:

petition to pardon Snowden at the White House website

927:. Miranda was returning from Berlin, carrying 58,000 6414:"US needs to protect whistleblowers and journalists" 6127: 5631:"Germany ends spy pact with US and UK after Snowden" 5489:"France warns US spying claims threaten trade talks" 5190:] seen as a relief: Chinese-language newspapers" 4751:

Bart Jansen & Carolyn Pesce (October 26, 2013).

2813:. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legal Affairs 2787:. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legal Affairs 2530:"Obama panel recommends new limits on N.S.A. spying" 2226:, through high court injunctions and DA-Notices, if 1632: 6312: 6044:Taylor, Matthew; Hopkins, Nick (November 3, 2013). 5460:"France summons U.S. ambassador over spying report" 4895:"'The Day We Fight Back' Protests NSA Surveillance" 4503:"Freedom Act to End NSA Data Collection Introduced" 4423:Paul Lewis & Dan Roberts (September 25, 2013). 3284:"UK Pursuing Criminal Investigation Into NSA Leaks" 3121: 2575:"Leaks Damage National Security, NSA Director Says" 2281:that the NSA hacked the emails of former president 1987:governments and companies in the EU." Presented by 1061:

Forced landing of Bolivian President Morales' plane

755:. Earlier in March that year, Clapper was asked by 6019:"CPJ alarmed by Cameron's threat against UK press" 5405:Nick Hopkins & Ian Traynor (January 9, 2014). 5131: 4986:"China asks U.S. to explain Internet surveillance" 4672:California lawmakers move to bar state help to NSA 4609:Marimow, Ann E.; Timberg, Craig (April 25, 2014). 4309:Abby Ohlheiser & Philip Bump (July 24, 2013). 3667:Gardner, Timothy; Hosenball, Mark (June 9, 2013). 3627:"Snowden Refutes Anonymous Media Claims About Him" 2689: 2644:"Obama To Leno: 'There Is No Spying On Americans'" 1043:was a "direct attack on press freedom in the UK". 5486: 5398: 4371:"New calls for surveillance reform after Snowden" 3804: 3802: 1575: 717: 6510: 6128:Sam Jones & Murad Ahmed (November 3, 2014). 5374: 5372: 4728:"Protests against the NSA spring up across U.S." 4268:United States Senate Committee on Appropriations 3666: 3486: 3431: 3179:"US given 'heads up' on David Miranda detention" 2183:On October 25, 2013, the Spanish Prime Minister 1997:Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats 1137:Information Technology and Innovation Foundation 6232: 6099: 5500: 5498: 5312:, October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013. 4030: 3808: 3532: 2568: 2566: 2459:, an Icelandic legislator who in 2010 assisted 2414: 1617:On October 26, 2013, an anti-NSA rally called " 1604: 1572:The disclosures have inspired public protests. 817:Former director of NSA and CIA, Michael Hayden. 6432: 6206: 6093: 5431: 5429: 4608: 4602: 4063: 4061: 3799: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 2428:called upon the U.S. government to uphold the 1763: 1679:"The Day We Fight Back" was a protest against 6043: 5369: 5215:"Beijing made final decision, say analysts". 4039:"John Boehner: Edward Snowden Is A 'Traitor'" 2843:. Office of Director of National Intelligence 2523: 2521: 961:Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation 617: 6226: 6121: 5735:"Germans abandon hope of US 'no-spy' treaty" 5532: 5495: 5183: 4068:Herb, Jeremy; Sink, Justin (June 10, 2013). 3843:"Fact-checking Obama's claims about Snowden" 3669:"Spy agency seeks criminal probe into leaks" 3511: 2919:, June 27, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2014. 2743:Recorded in the Gibney document on Stuxnet, 2594: 2563: 1390:unanimously adopted an amendment by Senator 1135:, over $ 1 billion. A senior analyst at the 6457: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6130:"Tech groups aid terror, says UK spy chief" 5902: 5426: 4280: 4058: 3991:Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board 3796:, June 27, 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2014. 3688: 3399: 3253: 3173: 3171: 2955: 2927: 2925: 2863:"US: Increase Transparency on Surveillance" 2499: 2497: 2463:in publishing U.S. state secrets leaked by 1345:Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board 6318: 5806:"Italy Presses Kerry Over US Surveillance" 5660:Schmitz, Gregor Peter (October 28, 2013), 5507:"U.S. Says France, Spain Aided NSA Spying" 4828: 4826: 4824: 4705: 4270:. July 25, 2013. Event occurs at 1:10:08. 3281: 3275: 3197: 2547: 2545: 2518: 852: 624: 610: 4944: 4909: 4580: 4528: 4395:Zengerle, Patricia (September 25, 2013). 4036: 3966: 3834: 3722: 3645: 3624: 3080: 2958:"NSA 'Chilling' Effect Feared By Writers" 2877: 2641: 2503: 1779: 1226:Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure 67:Learn how and when to remove this message 6279: 4918:"The Day the Internet Didn't Fight Back" 4915: 4394: 4219: 4067: 3934: 3917: 3902: 3768: 3660: 3568: 3492: 3168: 3026: 2931: 2922: 2883: 2494: 2344: 2054: 2030: 1966:On October 20, 2013, a committee at the 1693: 1608: 1315:" in hardware or software. Panel member 1256: 827:on July 31, 2013. These documents were: 727: 6448:. July 3, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2013. 5659: 4965: 4821: 4725: 4668: 4636: 4472: 4342: 3960: 3859: 3574: 3452: 3412: 3225: 2667: 2542: 2213:Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom 2035:A view from the rooftop terrace of the 1533:Senate Select Committee on Intelligence 1388:U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations 1075:after the plane of Bolivia's President 947:, who helped introduce the bill in the 6511: 5962: 5832:"Letta quizzes Kerry on US spy claims" 5378: 5229: 5219:. Hong Kong. June 25, 2013. p. 2. 5057: 4916:Perlroth, Nicole (February 11, 2014). 4806: 4368: 4088: 3903:Ackerman, Spencer (January 29, 2014). 3639: 3603: 3554:Miller, Claire Cain (March 21, 2014). 3553: 3052: 3014:"The security threat posed by Snowden" 2831: 2756: 2419: 2141:was started on March 20, 2014, by the 2063:against PRISM in Berlin, Germany, 2013 1343:Also in January 2014, a review by the 980:Government Communications Headquarters 5761: 5672:from the original on November 1, 2013 5186:"Edward Snowden's depature [ 4945:Nakashima, Ellen (January 12, 2014). 4865: 4832: 4706:Rothschild, Scott (January 6, 2014), 4669:Vijayan, Jaikumar (January 7, 2014), 4643:, The Weekly Standard, archived from 4581:Nakashima, Ellen (October 29, 2013). 4500: 4451: 4135: 4002: 3694: 3597: 3379: 3377: 3008: 3006: 2470: 2011:On October 21, 2013, France summoned 1454:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 1165:In October, former GCHQ director Sir 1157:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 794:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 6207:George Roberts (November 18, 2013). 6100:Robert Hannigan (November 3, 2014). 5989: 5379:Moreas, Claude (December 23, 2013). 4220:Zengerle, Patricia (July 25, 2013). 3840: 3723:Zabarenko, Deborah (June 10, 2013). 3625:Calderone, Michael (July 10, 2013). 3471: 3198:Rusbridger, Alan (August 19, 2013). 3081:Greenwald, Glenn (August 19, 2013). 2949: 1642: 1544: 1103:U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals 17: 6213:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 6071: 5990:Watt, Nicholas (October 28, 2013). 5562:"NSA Flap Strains Ties With Europe" 5140: 5106: 5012: 4966:Peralta, Eyder (January 13, 2014). 4369:Serwer, Adam (September 25, 2013). 4311:"The Amash Amendment Fails, Barely" 3493:Schneier, Bruce (August 22, 2013). 3432:Associated Press (August 8, 2013). 3226:Gellman, Barton (August 16, 2013). 2865:. Human Rights Watch. July 18, 2013 2701: 2504:MacAskill, Ewen (August 13, 2013). 2275:to discuss allegations reported by 2093:German domestic intelligence agency 1230: 803: 523:Surveillance issues in smart cities 13: 5762:Chase, Jefferson (June 28, 2017). 5487:Michael Mainville (July 2, 2013). 5230:Kaiman, Jonathan (June 25, 2013). 5083: 4692:(Press release). January 6, 2014. 4637:Schmitt, Gary (January 13, 2014), 4281:Ehrenfreund, Max (July 25, 2013). 4037:LoGiurato, Brett (June 11, 2013). 3881:. Star Tribune (November 1, 2013). 3860:Farivar, Cyrus (August 23, 2013). 3841:Wolf, Z. Byron (August 13, 2013). 3646:Whitehead, Tom (October 9, 2013). 3604:Corera, Gordon (October 4, 2013). 3575:Raddatz, Martha (August 4, 2013). 3533:Glenn Greenwald (August 9, 2013). 3374: 3053:Boadle, Anthony (August 6, 2013). 3003: 2725:from the original on July 16, 2013 2642:Henderson, Greg (August 7, 2013). 2581:from the original on July 13, 2013 2399: 1567: 1116: 859:Global surveillance and journalism 243:Jindalee Operational Radar Network 14: 6535: 6319:Leahy, Joe (September 18, 2013). 5435: 5086:"Ip in security minister's shoes" 4833:Gross, Grant (January 10, 2014). 4473:Roberts, Dan (October 10, 2013). 3967:Nakashima, Ellen (July 1, 2014). 3413:Poulsen, Kevin (August 8, 2013). 2956:Matt Sledge (November 13, 2013). 2716:Director of National Intelligence 2600:Sanger, David E. (June 29, 2014) 2577:. American Forces Press Service. 2572: 2435: 1993:Member of the European Parliament 1954: 1363:initially were largely negative. 1237:Director of National Intelligence 1213: 1020:, was reported in November 2013. 996:regarding these disclosures, the 746:Director of National Intelligence 6488: 6470: 6451: 6406: 6386: 6368: 6348: 6254: 6200: 6174: 6163: 6149: 6065: 6037: 6011: 5983: 5946: 5930: 5874: 5849: 5824: 5798: 5781: 5755: 5741: 5727: 5701: 5676: 5653: 5641: 5623: 5602: 5574: 5554: 5526: 5480: 5452: 5341: 5315: 5299: 5272: 5252: 5223: 5208: 5177: 5100: 5077: 5051: 5033: 5006: 4978: 4959: 4938: 4887: 4866:Brown, Eric (January 14, 2014). 4807:Newell, Jim (October 26, 2013). 4529:Sensenbrenner, Congressman Jim. 4343:Kravets, David (July 26, 2013). 4003:Reeve, Elspeth (June 10, 2013). 3812:; Roberts, Dan (June 28, 2013). 3472:Hill, Kashmir (August 8, 2013). 3453:Masnick, Mike (August 8, 2013). 2884:Halliday, Josh (June 17, 2013). 2832:Vinson, Roger (April 25, 2013). 2377:announced that it was investing 2335: 2254: 2232:Committee to Protect Journalists 1842: 1833: 1824: 1702:As February 11 drew to a close, 1647: 100: 22: 5308:, James Kanter and Mike Scott, 5058:Fraser, Niall (June 13, 2013). 4800: 4772: 4744: 4726:Heather, Kelly (July 5, 2013). 4719: 4699: 4682: 4662: 4630: 4574: 4544: 4522: 4501:Risen, Tom (October 29, 2013). 4494: 4466: 4452:Risen, Tom (October 10, 2013). 4445: 4416: 4388: 4362: 4336: 4302: 4274: 4256: 4248:. July 26, 2013. Archived from 4234: 4213: 4181: 4157: 4129: 4103: 4082: 3996: 3981: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3853: 3783: 3769:Froomkin, Dan (July 28, 2015). 3762: 3744: 3716: 3618: 3547: 3526: 3505: 3465: 3446: 3425: 3349: 3323: 3301: 3254:Lloyd Grove (August 23, 2013). 3247: 3219: 3191: 3152: 3095: 3074: 3046: 2977: 2906: 2855: 2825: 2799: 2773: 2757:Turner, Shawn (July 31, 2013). 2750: 2737: 2668:Kessler, Glenn (July 3, 2013). 2148:It was revealed that Germany's 1586:After the June 2013 release, a 1551:Fourth Amendment Protection Act 1000:sent a "prepared" statement to 986:Editing of interview transcript 893:, these disclosures have had a 6072:Jouleva, Gergana; et al. 5184:Lai Ying-kit (June 24, 2013). 4556:Congressional Research Service 4173:. June 9, 2013. Archived from 4136:Blake, Aaron (June 11, 2013). 4089:Nelson, Bill (June 11, 2013). 3387:. United Nations. July 9, 2013 2661: 2635: 2610: 1523:American Civil Liberties Union 1272:petition was launched via the 1171:Russia's intelligence services 1067:Evo Morales grounding incident 957:Minister of External Relations 825:Section 215 of the PATRIOT Act 718:Allegations of false testimony 638:global surveillance disclosure 1: 6458:Hidle, Jade (March 3, 2014). 5107:Lau, Stuart (June 24, 2013). 5013:But, Joshua (June 16, 2013). 3695:Blake, Aaron (June 9, 2013). 2488: 2111:, and the UK, represented by 1440:In October 2013, Congressman 1338:Senate Intelligence Committee 1196:, director general of the UK 1169:, speaking of how useful for 454:Investigatory Powers Act 2016 6266:International Business Times 5861:Agenzia Giornalistica Italia 5141:Zuo, Mandy (June 20, 2013). 4873:International Business Times 4508:U.S. News & World Report 4459:U.S. News & World Report 3228:"NSA statements to The Post" 2415:Non-government organizations 2309: 2293: 2269:José Antonio Meade Kuribreña 1805: 1768:An analysis released by the 1468: 1412:In September 2013, Senators 7: 6382:. Hong Kong. June 28, 2013. 5047:. Hong Kong. June 16, 2013. 3893:. DW.DE (October 31, 2013). 2241:authored an article in the 1934: 1923:asylum plea from Wang Lijun 1764:Non-government organization 1502: 1354: 1349:FISA Amendments Act of 2008 1018:Metropolitan Police Service 672:" in hardware or software. 10: 6540: 5169:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 5084:Ma, Mary (June 20, 2013). 2384: 2288: 2210: 2026: 1941:Malaysian Foreign Minister 1636: 1579: 1548: 1300:'s unclassified networks. 1223: 1217: 1090: 1086: 1064: 856: 721: 708: 644:has caused tension in the 6524:Reactions to 2010s events 2698:. Retrieved July 3, 2014. 2340: 2314:On November 1, 2013, the 2271:met with U.S. Ambassador 2264:On October 24, 2013, the 2259: 2217:British Foreign Minister 2170:Italian Interior Minister 2006: 1949: 1939:On November 2, 2013, the 1656:This section needs to be 1057:the press into silence." 945:Lord Falconer of Thoroton 439:National Intelligence Law 424:Data Protection Directive 6380:South China Morning Post 6159:. AFP. October 25, 2013. 5959:(London). June 10, 2013. 5217:South China Morning Post 5194:South China Morning Post 5148:South China Morning Post 5113:South China Morning Post 5064:Kyodo News International 5045:South China Morning Post 5019:South China Morning Post 4117:. Reuters. June 10, 2013 2371:Boeing F-18 Super Hornet 2324:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 2266:Mexican Foreign Minister 2178: 2155: 1813:South China Morning Post 1796:Chinese Foreign Ministry 1789: 1685:National Security Agency 1405:(D-Mich.) proposed the " 1397:Also in July 2013, Rep. 915:, partner of journalist 906:Detention without charge 666:National Security Agency 598:Nothing to hide argument 419:Data Retention Directive 36:may need to be rewritten 6496:"Review: the blacklist" 5943:(London). June 9, 2013. 5614:The Wall Street Journal 5567:The Wall Street Journal 5512:The Wall Street Journal 4091:"This man is a traitor" 4044:San Francisco Chronicle 3311:. Amnesty International 2483:The Alchemist (No. 101) 2406:2009 G-20 London summit 2197:The Wall Street Journal 2160:Italy's Prime Minister 2097:United States Consulate 2078:German Foreign Ministry 2070:The Wall Street Journal 2061:Pirate Party of Germany 2021:The Wall Street Journal 1784: 1633:"The Day We Fight Back" 1407:Amash–Conyers Amendment 1328:U.S. Secretary of State 1048:U.N. Special Rapporteur 967:Destruction of evidence 853:Treatment of journalism 847:government transparency 38:. The reason given is: 2354: 2318:of Indonesia summoned 2064: 2052: 1780:International response 1770:New America Foundation 1699: 1691:banners for 24 hours. 1625:and NSA whistleblower 1614: 1265: 1235:On June 9, 2013, U.S. 1046:On September 4, 2013, 1012:Criminal investigation 820: 789: 753:United States Congress 744:On June 21, 2013, the 741: 238:Mastering the Internet 6502:. September 30, 2014. 6342:registration required 4905:on February 11, 2014. 4531:"The USA FREEDOM Act" 2348: 2249:internet surveillance 2206: 2076:On July 1, 2013, the 2059:Demonstration of the 2058: 2049:United States Embassy 2034: 1712:did not participate. 1697: 1689:The Day We Fight Back 1639:The Day We Fight Back 1612: 1462:FISA Improvements Act 1326:On October 31, 2013, 1298:Department of Defense 1260: 1203:That same month, the 1030:Amnesty International 925:Terrorism Act of 2000 807: 764: 739: 640:released to media by 475:FISA Improvements Act 5793:The Daily Telegraph. 4712:, Shawnee Dispatch, 4640:A Tale of Two Judges 4018:on November 14, 2013 3165:. (August 21, 2013). 2450:UN Secretary-General 2442:Icelandic Parliament 2193:Íñigo Méndez de Vigo 1774:September 11 attacks 1576:"Restore the Fourth" 1365:Speaker of the House 1035:On August 20, 2013, 1028:On August 18, 2013, 911:On August 18, 2013, 508:Secure communication 350:Southern Cross Cable 6519:Global surveillance 6418:Index on Censorship 6300:. September 4, 2013 5916:The Washington Post 5737:. January 14, 2014. 5268:. November 2, 2013. 4952:The Washington Post 4947:"National Security" 4616:The Washington Post 4588:The Washington Post 4288:The Washington Post 4143:The Washington Post 4115:The Chicago Tribune 4096:New York Daily News 3993:p. 103, 2 July 2014 3974:The Washington Post 3702:The Washington Post 3439:The Washington Post 3335:Index on Censorship 3233:The Washington Post 3019:The Financial Times 2991:. November 13, 2013 2989:PEN American Center 2963:The Huffington Post 2675:The Washington Post 2457:Birgitta Jónsdóttir 2426:Index on Censorship 2420:Index on Censorship 2201:The Washington Post 1968:European Parliament 1902:Tsinghua University 1538:The Weekly Standard 1475:The Washington Post 1401:(R-Mich.) and Rep. 1244:The Washington Post 1097:On August 8, 2013, 1037:Index on Censorship 1008:refused to comply. 993:The Washington Post 934:Metropolitan Police 646:bilateral relations 544:Intelligence agency 360:Bad Aibling Station 208:Boundless Informant 93:Global surveillance 6240:The New York Times 6025:. October 29, 2013 5890:. October 28, 2013 5812:. October 23, 2013 5715:. October 26, 2013 5590:. October 26, 2013 5468:. October 21, 2013 5357:. October 25, 2013 5329:. October 26, 2013 4923:The New York Times 4675:, Computer World, 4647:on January 6, 2014 4562:on October 8, 2014 3948:. January 23, 2014 3792:, Philipp Molnar, 3561:The New York Times 3187:. August 19, 2013. 3042:. August 20, 2013. 3022:. October 9, 2013. 2915:, Philipp Molnar, 2606:The New York Times 2573:Roulo, Claudette. 2535:The New York Times 2471:In popular culture 2355: 2273:Earl Anthony Wayne 2065: 2053: 2037:Reichstag building 2001:economic espionage 1705:The New York Times 1700: 1615: 1605:"Stop Watching Us" 1598:Restore the Fourth 1593:Restore the Fourth 1588:political movement 1582:Restore the Fourth 1418:Richard Blumenthal 1386:In July 2013, the 1266: 1141:Forrester Research 1124:The New York Times 874:United States Army 843:Human Rights Watch 841:On July 19, 2013, 742: 690:Keith B. Alexander 656:. In August 2013, 518:Call detail record 6438:Pilkington, Ed. " 5637:. August 2, 2013. 4657:The NSA on trial. 4252:on July 29, 2013. 4177:on June 12, 2013. 3810:Ackerman, Spencer 3337:. August 20, 2013 3140:. August 20, 2013 3109:. August 20, 2013 2933:Ackerman, Spencer 2351:National Congress 2285:while in office. 2143:German Parliament 2132:Philipp Mißfelder 2127:’s mobile phone. 2017:François Hollande 1961:Cecilia Malmström 1681:mass surveillance 1677: 1676: 1545:State governments 1442:Jim Sensenbrenner 1317:Geoffrey R. Stone 1268:That same day, a 1192:Also in October, 1177:in its heyday of 891:PEN International 737: 703:Michael S. Rogers 674:Geoffrey R. Stone 634: 633: 498:Mass surveillance 444:Cybersecurity Law 77: 76: 69: 49:lead layout guide 6531: 6504: 6503: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6455: 6449: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6402:. June 17, 2013. 6390: 6384: 6383: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6364:. June 27, 2013. 6352: 6346: 6345: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6288: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6186:Voice of America 6178: 6172: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5966: 5960: 5950: 5944: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5836:Gazzetta del Sud 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5810:Voice of America 5802: 5796: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5616:. July 1, 2013. 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5502: 5493: 5492: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5440:. Deutsche Welle 5433: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5385: 5376: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5168: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4901:. Archived from 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4863: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4830: 4819: 4818: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4324:on July 28, 2013 4320:. Archived from 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4217: 4211: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4014:. Archived from 4000: 3994: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3806: 3797: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3758:. June 24, 2013. 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3410: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3282:RAPHAEL SATTER. 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3175: 3166: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3010: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2935:(July 1, 2013). 2929: 2920: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2838: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2812: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2786: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2754: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2713: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2614: 2608: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2525: 2516: 2515: 2501: 2329:Marty Natalegawa 2316:Foreign Ministry 2300:Foreign Minister 2247:on the topic of 2239:Director of GCHQ 2082:Philip D. Murphy 2045:Brandenburg Gate 1976:European Council 1878:Pro-Beijing camp 1846: 1837: 1828: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1619:Stop Watching Us 1561:state government 1518:Klayman v. Obama 1444:, author of the 1372:Dianne Feinstein 1303:In August 2013, 1294: 1240:James R. Clapper 1231:Executive branch 1198:Security Service 953:Antonio Patriota 864:Press censorship 818: 804:Declassification 749:James R. Clapper 738: 626: 619: 612: 593:Stop Watching Us 464:Proposed changes 355:Utah Data Center 104: 79: 78: 72: 65: 61: 58: 52: 45:improve the lead 26: 25: 18: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6456: 6452: 6437: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6420:. June 24, 2013 6412: 6411: 6407: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6332: 6330: 6326:Financial Times 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6290: 6289: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6188:. November 2013 6180: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6135:Financial Times 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6107:Financial Times 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6054: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5988: 5984: 5967: 5963: 5951: 5947: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5760: 5756: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5668:, Der Spiegel, 5658: 5654: 5650:Spiegel Online. 5646: 5642: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5503: 5496: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5182: 5178: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5152: 5139: 5132: 5118: 5116: 5105: 5101: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5056: 5052: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4994:. June 17, 2013 4984: 4983: 4979: 4964: 4960: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4914: 4910: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4864: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4831: 4822: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4724: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4650: 4648: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4471: 4467: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4279: 4275: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4218: 4214: 4186: 4182: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4087: 4083: 4066: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4001: 3997: 3986: 3982: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3858: 3854: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3807: 3800: 3794:Monterey Herald 3788: 3784: 3767: 3763: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3665: 3661: 3644: 3640: 3623: 3619: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3573: 3569: 3552: 3548: 3531: 3527: 3510: 3506: 3491: 3487: 3470: 3466: 3451: 3447: 3430: 3426: 3411: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3383: 3382: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3261:The Daily Beast 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3196: 3192: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3130: 3129: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3060:Huffington Post 3051: 3047: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3012: 3011: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2954: 2950: 2930: 2923: 2917:Monterey Herald 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2755: 2751: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2599: 2595: 2584: 2582: 2571: 2564: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2526: 2519: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2473: 2465:Chelsea Manning 2438: 2430:First Amendment 2422: 2417: 2411: 2402: 2400:Other countries 2387: 2343: 2338: 2312: 2296: 2291: 2283:Felipe Calderón 2262: 2257: 2244:Financial Times 2224:prior restraint 2215: 2209: 2181: 2173:Angelino Alfano 2158: 2121:John B. Emerson 2029: 2009: 1957: 1952: 1937: 1860:Leung Chun-Ying 1856: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1829: 1808: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1766: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1641: 1635: 1607: 1584: 1578: 1570: 1568:Public protests 1553: 1547: 1528:ACLU v. Clapper 1505: 1473:In April 2014, 1471: 1458:USA Freedom Act 1450:USA Freedom Act 1357: 1292: 1233: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1206:Financial Times 1149: 1121:In March 2014, 1119: 1117:Impact on trade 1095: 1089: 1069: 1063: 976:Alan Rusbridger 917:Glenn Greenwald 895:chilling effect 861: 855: 819: 816: 806: 777: 776: 728: 726: 720: 711: 630: 503:Culture of fear 480:Other proposals 409:FISA amendments 404:USA Freedom Act 389:UKUSA Agreement 73: 62: 56: 53: 42: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 6537: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6506: 6505: 6487: 6469: 6450: 6431: 6405: 6385: 6367: 6347: 6311: 6278: 6253: 6225: 6199: 6173: 6162: 6148: 6120: 6092: 6064: 6036: 6010: 5982: 5961: 5945: 5929: 5901: 5873: 5848: 5823: 5797: 5795:24 April 2015. 5780: 5768:Deutsche Welle 5754: 5740: 5726: 5700: 5688:Deutsche Welle 5675: 5666:Spiegel Online 5652: 5640: 5622: 5601: 5573: 5553: 5540:Spiegel Online 5525: 5494: 5479: 5451: 5425: 5397: 5368: 5340: 5314: 5310:New York Times 5298: 5271: 5251: 5222: 5207: 5176: 5130: 5099: 5076: 5050: 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2153: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2125:Angela Merkel 2122: 2118: 2114: 2113:David Cameron 2110: 2109:Angela Merkel 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2067:According to 2062: 2057: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989:Claude Moraes 1985: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1845: 1836: 1827: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1671: 1659: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1611: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1573: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1513:Larry Klayman 1510: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370:and senators 1369: 1366: 1362: 1361:U.S. Congress 1352: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1270:We the People 1263: 1262:We the People 1259: 1255: 1253: 1252:U.S. Congress 1249: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1227: 1221: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1194:Andrew Parker 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1107:Silent Circle 1104: 1100: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1068: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 985: 984: 983: 981: 977: 973: 966: 965: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 939: 935: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:David Miranda 907: 904: 903: 902: 900: 899:self-censored 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 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Retrieved 2533: 2511:The Guardian 2509: 2476: 2474: 2439: 2423: 2410: 2403: 2388: 2363: 2356: 2313: 2297: 2276: 2263: 2242: 2237:In 2014 the 2236: 2228:The Guardian 2227: 2216: 2200: 2196: 2189:James Costos 2182: 2162:Enrico Letta 2159: 2147: 2136: 2129: 2105: 2086: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2020: 2010: 1981: 1973: 1965: 1958: 1938: 1926: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1896:Global Times 1894: 1889: 1886: 1867:legislators 1865:Pan-democrat 1857: 1811: 1809: 1800:Hua Chunying 1798:spokeswoman 1793: 1767: 1703: 1701: 1688: 1678: 1665: 1657: 1627:Thomas Drake 1623:Gary Johnson 1616: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1571: 1554: 1536: 1526: 1516: 1506: 1495: 1491: 1488:Perkins Coie 1483: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1439: 1435:The Guardian 1434: 1411: 1403:John Conyers 1399:Justin Amash 1396: 1385: 1368:John Boehner 1358: 1342: 1335: 1325: 1308:Barack Obama 1302: 1290:The Guardian 1289: 1286:The Guardian 1285: 1283: 1267: 1248:The Guardian 1247: 1243: 1234: 1204: 1202: 1191: 1164: 1154: 1150: 1122: 1120: 1096: 1070: 1051:Frank La Rue 1045: 1041:The Guardian 1040: 1034: 1027: 1015: 1005: 1001: 991: 989: 972:The Guardian 971: 970: 910: 905: 888: 883: 879:The Guardian 877: 867: 840: 821: 809: 808: 790: 785: 773: 765: 743: 712: 694: 682: 661:Barack Obama 635: 571:Human rights 549:Cryptography 340:Menwith Hill 330:The Doughnut 131: 127:2013–present 91: 63: 54: 43:Please help 39: 35: 33:lead section 15: 6500:Den of Geek 6329:. 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