741:
733:
20:
535:
582:
366:
1313:
76:
56:
pulleys and tethers are used. Sometimes a single tether is attached to a bar that can be swung from one side of the ferry to the other. This type also uses a rudder in order to set the angle of the ferry to the current flow from zero - it is then stationary - to the best angle for maximal crossing speed. Ferries without a rudder change the relative lengths of the bridle or multiple tethers in order to steer. The lateral force of the current moves the ferry across the river.
216:
595:
125:), in this simplified two-dimensional projection of what is really a three-dimensional situation. R can be resolved in a drag component directly downstream and a component in the direction of crossing, the thrust T which drives the ferry. This is balanced by the opposing drag of the traveller pulleys. The amount of lift required is set by the angle of incidence of the ferry to the apparent current (here 10°), often done with a rudder (not shown).
1068:
55:
suspended from towers anchored on either bank of the river at right angles to the current flow. A "traveller" with pulleys runs along this cable and is attached to the ferry with a tether rope. This can divide into a two-part bridle which defines the angle of the ferry to the current. Sometimes two
59:
A now rare type of reaction ferry uses a submerged cable lying on the bottom across a river or tidal water. This can be a wire rope or a chain and is pulled to the surface by the ferry or its operator. It passes through moveable pulleys or belaying points whose location sets the ferry's angle. In
133:
the forces increase with the square of the speed and put a great load particularly on the overhead cable. With the anchored-tether type ferry, such high speeds would be unobtainable because its tether drags in the water or is supported by buoys that do and this drag would also increase with the
120:
of the true current and the current component due to the crossing speed. The drag D acts parallel to the apparent current. The vector sum of L and D is the resultant force R. This force can only exist because the tether exerts an opposed force of the same magnitude (see
115:
A diagram is shown which follows the standard force diagram for sailing. It is drawn with a traveller L/D of only about 6 in order to make it clearer. The ferry L/D is drawn at 1.5. The lift L acts at right angles to the direction of the apparent current, the
111:
For reaction ferries, L/D ratios also apply except that one is very high, for example typically 30 for a traveller on a steel rope, as visible in aerial photographs, and the other can vary from low, e.g. 1-2 without a centerboard, to 3.5 with one.
103:
with the true current exactly at right angles to the direction of crossing. For the anchored-tether type ferry this is valid when the tether is parallel to the current, near the middle of crossing. In sailing, the speed is governed by the
128:
In the figure the crossing speed is the same as the speed of the true current. With a centerboard or keel, the hull's L/D could increase several times. This would increase the crossing speed also several times, but according to the
87:
craft where the traveller pulleys represent the wheels of a land yacht and the moving fluid is the water current rather than the wind. In the case of a reaction ferry with an anchored tether, the analogy can also be to a
846:
613:
92:. In both cases the ferry's hull itself represents a sail and is angled to the apparent water current in order to generate lift in the same way a sail is set at an angle to the
1746:
255:
1250:
1118:
1097:
1033:
556:
1232:
1012:
865:
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988:
43:
of a river against a fixed tether to propel the vessel across the water. Such ferries operate faster and more effectively in rivers with strong currents.
962:
1038:
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with a deck bridging them. Some ferries carry only passengers, whilst others carry road vehicles, with some examples carrying up to 12 cars.
1052:
664:
1375:
in
Jackson Hole, Wyoming, was a dual-pontoon reaction ferry built in the 1890s and operated until 1927. A replica was constructed by the
60:
order to set off, manual work is required to initially pull the cable and also to manoeuvre, especially during the turning of the tide.
757:
628:
1532:
444:
740:
1694:
806:
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303:
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618:
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With an overhead cable stretched across a river at right angles to the current, the ferry is, in sailing terminology,
917:
546:
in
Germany is a reaction ferry using a floating cable attached to a mid-channel anchorage, to the right of the boat.
1681:
149:
792:
117:
996:
833:
931:
913:
231:, Canada, is a reaction ferry using an overhead cable and traveller, visible in the upper right corner.
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36:
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261:
1766:
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1312:
1130:
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311:
236:
228:
40:
1071:
Border-crossing ferry, Záhorská Ves in
Slovakia and Angern an der March in Austria
1364:
1219:
365:
378:
A number of reaction ferries operate in
Germany, particularly across the rivers
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93:
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of the central United States during the first half of the 20th century. The
983:
361:
Vrané nad
Vltavou – Strnady, Vltava river before Prague, with overhead cable
355:
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75:
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407:
398:
203:
108:(L/D) of the sail and the hull including centerboard or keel and rudder.
32:
1197:
979:
215:
1463:"The physics of sailing craft as revealed by measurements at full size"
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513:
448:
386:. Between the 17th and 19th centuries, they were quite common on the
283:
170:
52:
1105:
1029:
820:
1533:"Leonardo's Ferry Left High and Dry by Global Warming and Red Tape"
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816:
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84:
1434:(in German). Institut for the Scientific Film (IWF) (Göttingen).
1424:
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until 2017. It was operated partly by the current and partly by
1300:
A small traditional ferry, the last on this river, crosses the
1109:
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761:
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500:
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435:
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299:
185:
153:
1269:, and continues to use a traditional wooden ferry boat design.
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1695:"Menor's Ferry Back in Service At Grand Teton National Park"
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327:
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At one time over 30 reaction ferries crossed the rivers of
89:
1659:
1564:
1432:
German
National Library of Science and Technology (TIB)
23:
Reaction ferry crossing the Rhine at Basel, Switzerland
1448:. Amateur Yacht Research Society, 1976, pp. 92-117.
1425:"Prahmfähre über die Oste, Baujahr 1911, Oberndorf"
79:Force diagram of a reaction ferry with a traveller
16:Cable ferry that uses river current for propulsion
1767:Catalonia historical and tourist information site
1773:
1762:History of current-powered ferries in the Ozarks
1757:Commemorating the centennial of the McLure ferry
1671:Video about Basel’s reaction ferry, by Tom Scott
51:Some reaction ferries operate using an overhead
1351:Several reaction ferries crossed rivers in the
280:, across the Thompson River in British Columbia
264:, across the Thompson River in British Columbia
63:The ferry may consist of a single hull, or two
46:
1742:BC Ministry of Transportation Marine Division
1613:[River ferry (50.290066,20.801754)].
1588:[River ferry (52.215265,18.434951)].
1327:, which carried passengers only, crossed the
1265:region of Spain has been operating since the
1638:[River ferry (52.055176,15.42901)].
1428:(Video 17 Min. with transcript and article)
1692:
1178:river is recognised as a border crossing.
574:. It is reputed to have been designed by
1530:
1422:
1311:
1066:
739:
731:
593:
580:
566:is a historic reaction ferry across the
533:
364:
214:
74:
18:
1490:
1456:
1454:
736:Ferry in Czeszewo, Poland (Warta river)
691:Ferry service Doornenburg crossing the
390:. Currently operating ferries include:
70:
1774:
1719:. National Park Service. July 20, 2019
744:Ferry in Gniew, Poland (Vistula river)
729:A number of reaction ferries operate:
206:river, recognised as a border crossing
184:across the Danube 12 km north of
1460:
1709:
1686:
1611:"Prom rzeczny (50.290066,20.801754)"
1586:"Prom rzeczny (52.215265,18.434951)"
1507:"Murfähre - Thema auf meinbezirk.at"
1495:. Adlard Coles Limited. p. 121.
1451:
1636:"Prom rzeczny (52.055176,15.42901)"
13:
1693:Repanshek, Matt (August 4, 2009).
326:Reaction ferries cross the rivers
137:
14:
1793:
1735:
1444:Bruce, Edmond & Morss, Harry
1307:
1278:Four passenger ferries cross the
337:
304:Laval-sur-le-Lac–Île-Bizard Ferry
247:. Those still operating include:
1717:"Menors Ferry Historic District"
1346:
1675:
1664:
1653:
1628:
358:. with lower (underwater) cable
306:operates seasonally across the
83:A reaction ferry operates as a
1603:
1578:
1557:
1531:Horowitz, Jason (2023-04-23).
1524:
1499:
1484:
1438:
1416:
1273:
698:
677:
1:
1409:
1289:Three such ferries cross the
1041:, across the Vistula between
1015:, across the Dunajec between
978:, across the Vistula between
952:, across the Dunajec between
939:, across the Vistula between
854:, across the Vistula between
801:, across the Vistula between
270:, across the Fraser River at
254:, across the Fraser River at
162:to Arnsdorf across the Danube
589:
585:Traghetto di Leonardo, Italy
526:at Matting in Bavaria (Near
47:Types and modes of operation
7:
1493:Sailing Theory and Practice
1461:Bruce, Edmond (July 1962).
1382:
1156:
1062:
1028:, across the Warta between
965:, across the Warta between
841:, across the Warta between
671:, opened in 2018. See also
491:, across the Weser between
150:Weißenkirchen in der Wachau
10:
1798:
991:, across the Oder between
912:, across the Oder between
868:, across the Oder between
443:, across the Elbe between
373:
321:
142:
1697:. National Parks Traveler
1423:Luckmann, Detlev (1974).
926:, across the San between
724:
210:
152:to St. Lorenz across the
1753:across the Fraser River.
1226:
1214:Tinekov brod across the
614:Padalių-Čiobiškio keltas
550:
1491:Marchaj, C. A. (1977).
1446:Design for Fast Sailing
1251:Pas de barca de Miravet
601:- small river ferry in
369:The Aken Ferry, Germany
123:Newton's laws of motion
1660:Stiftung Basler Fähren
1565:"UPERIS River crosser"
1371:remains in operation.
1320:
1168:Weitersfeld an der Mur
1072:
1055:, across the Warta at
832:, across the Warta at
745:
737:
609:
586:
547:
370:
232:
192:Weitersfeld an der Mur
80:
24:
1377:National Park Service
1315:
1070:
1005:, across the Oder at
743:
735:
597:
584:
557:Traghetto di Leonardo
537:
512:, across the Elbe at
481:, across the Elbe at
471:, across the Elbe at
430:, across the Elbe at
420:, across the Elbe at
410:, across the Elbe at
397:, across the Elbe at
368:
218:
134:square of the speed.
78:
22:
1747:Picture of the ferry
1470:A.Y.R.S. Publication
1233:Pas de barca de Flix
1143:Gänserndorf district
1043:Baranów Sandomierski
308:Rivière des Prairies
71:Physical explanation
1325:Hampton Loade Ferry
1317:Hampton Loade Ferry
1139:Angern an der March
1121:, across the river
1100:, across the river
1098:Vlčany-Selice Ferry
1079:, across the river
1034:Węglewskie Holendry
1013:Siedliszowice Ferry
932:Dąbrówka Starzeńska
866:Grzegorzowice Ferry
705:Tuapeka Mouth Ferry
106:lift-to-drag ratios
1537:The New York Times
1321:
1119:Záhorská Ves Ferry
1073:
971:Nowa Wieś Podgórna
958:Pasieka Otfinowska
746:
738:
610:
587:
548:
371:
294:, British Columbia
274:, British Columbia
258:, British Columbia
233:
160:Spitz an der Donau
101:sailing on a reach
81:
25:
1203:Ferry across the
1192:Ferry across the
1181:Ferry across the
963:Pogorzelica Ferry
693:Pannerdens Kanaal
655:across the river
623:across the river
576:Leonardo da Vinci
540:Westerhüsen Ferry
510:Westerhüsen Ferry
489:Veckerhagen Ferry
262:Little Fort Ferry
173:across the Danube
1789:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1690:
1684:
1682:Ferry of Tariche
1679:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1657:
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1481:
1479:
1477:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1247:region of Spain.
1131:Malacky District
945:Ujście Jezuickie
893:Krzemienna Ferry
654:
622:
565:
516:in Saxony-Anhalt
475:in Saxony-Anhalt
465:in Saxony-Anhalt
455:Rothenburg Ferry
451:in Saxony-Anhalt
424:in Saxony-Anhalt
414:in Saxony-Anhalt
344:Dolní Žleb Ferry
312:Laval-sur-le-Lac
239:, primarily the
237:British Columbia
229:British Columbia
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
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1485:
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1417:
1412:
1385:
1353:Ozark Mountains
1349:
1310:
1276:
1229:
1220:Gornja Bistrica
1159:
1093:Žilina District
1089:Nezbudská Lúčka
1065:
937:Opatowiec Ferry
905:Jabłonica Ruska
727:
701:
680:
648:
616:
592:
559:
553:
376:
340:
324:
213:
145:
140:
138:Worldwide usage
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5:
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1736:External links
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1407:
1406:
1404:Pontoon (boat)
1401:
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1308:United Kingdom
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1047:Świniary Stare
1039:Świniary Ferry
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1023:
1021:Wietrzychowice
1010:
1003:Pomorsko Ferry
1000:
986:
976:Połaniec Ferry
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960:
947:
934:
924:Nozdrzec Ferry
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877:
863:
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830:Czeszewo Ferry
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825:Piaski Drużków
810:
796:
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767:Borusowa Ferry
764:
750:Biechowy Ferry
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641:Vilnius County
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245:Thompson River
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182:Klosterneuburg
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35:that uses the
29:reaction ferry
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1511:MeinBezirk.at
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1402:
1400:
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1390:
1387:
1386:
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1378:
1374:
1373:Menor's Ferry
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:Current River
1358:
1354:
1347:United States
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:Hampton Loade
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1305:
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1217:
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1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:) across the
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1147:Lower Austria
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Šaľa District
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:Strečno Ferry
1075:
1074:
1069:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:Siedliszowice
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
989:Połęcko Ferry
987:
985:
981:
977:
974:
972:
968:
964:
961:
959:
955:
951:
950:Otfinów Ferry
948:
946:
942:
938:
935:
933:
929:
925:
922:
919:
915:
911:
908:
906:
902:
898:
895:, across the
894:
891:
889:
885:
882:, across the
881:
880:Kozubów Ferry
878:
875:
871:
870:Grzegorzowice
867:
864:
861:
857:
853:
850:
848:
844:
840:
837:
835:
831:
828:
826:
822:
818:
815:, across the
814:
811:
808:
804:
800:
799:Ciszyca Ferry
797:
794:
790:
787:, across the
786:
783:
780:
776:
772:
769:, across the
768:
765:
763:
759:
755:
752:, across the
751:
748:
747:
742:
734:
730:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:
702:
694:
690:
688:
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662:
661:Verkių parkas
659:, connecting
658:
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634:
633:Kaunas County
630:
627:, connecting
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529:
525:
522:, across the
521:
520:Matting Ferry
518:
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479:Belgern Ferry
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286:, across the
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252:Big Bar Ferry
250:
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202:) across the
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132:
131:drag equation
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94:apparent wind
91:
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68:
66:
61:
57:
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44:
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34:
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21:
1721:. Retrieved
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1688:
1677:
1666:
1655:
1644:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1536:
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1469:
1445:
1440:
1431:
1418:
1350:
1329:River Severn
1322:
1299:
1288:
1277:
1127:Záhorská Ves
1049:road no. 872
1026:Sławsk Ferry
1009:road no. 281
999:road no. 138
920:road no. 282
910:Milsko Ferry
876:road no. 421
862:road no. 510
813:Czchów Ferry
809:road no. 758
795:road no. 280
781:road no. 973
779:Nowy Korczyn
728:
717:Clutha River
713:South Island
667:district of
598:
554:
505:Lower Saxony
469:Sandau Ferry
428:Rathen Ferry
418:Coswig Ferry
377:
346:crosses the
325:
302:, the small
297:
288:Skeena River
278:McLure Ferry
268:Lytton Ferry
241:Fraser River
234:
225:Fraser River
221:Lytton Ferry
127:
114:
110:
98:
82:
62:
58:
50:
28:
26:
1640:Google Maps
1615:Google Maps
1590:Google Maps
1513:(in German)
1472:(40): 23–55
1389:Cable ferry
1359:across the
1357:Akers Ferry
1274:Switzerland
1267:Middle Ages
1218:river near
1162:Ferry from
967:Pogorzelica
852:Gniew Ferry
839:Dębno Ferry
785:Brody Ferry
699:New Zealand
678:Netherlands
649: [
617: [
560: [
542:across the
493:Veckerhagen
441:Räbel Ferry
408:Barby Ferry
399:Aken (Elbe)
223:across the
190:Ferry from
176:Ferry from
165:Ferry from
158:Ferry from
148:Ferry from
33:cable ferry
1723:29 October
1701:29 October
1646:2012-01-29
1621:2012-01-29
1596:2012-01-29
1550:2023-04-24
1517:2023-01-21
1410:References
1394:Chain boat
1337:Shropshire
1257:river, in
1239:river, in
1164:Sladki Vrh
1125:, between
1104:, between
1083:, between
1053:Waki Ferry
984:Gliny Małe
901:Krzemienna
874:Ciechowice
803:Tarnobrzeg
665:Valakampis
568:Adda River
528:Regensburg
463:Rothenburg
395:Aken Ferry
352:Dolní Žleb
316:Île Bizard
196:Sladki Vrh
178:Korneuburg
167:Ottensheim
118:vector sum
1545:0362-4331
1379:in 2009.
1319:, England
1263:Catalonia
1245:Catalonia
1207:river in
1196:river in
1185:river in
941:Opatowiec
847:Orzechowo
715:, on the
684:Culemborg
663:with the
637:Čiobiškis
607:Lithuania
590:Lithuania
572:Imbersago
514:Magdeburg
485:in Saxony
449:Havelberg
284:Usk Ferry
171:Wilhering
1776:Category
1642:. Google
1617:. Google
1592:. Google
1476:15 March
1383:See also
1369:Missouri
1198:Ižakovci
1157:Slovenia
1135:Slovakia
1063:Slovakia
1007:Pomorsko
997:Chlebowo
980:Połaniec
928:Nozdrzec
899:between
834:Czeszewo
819:between
775:Borusowa
773:between
758:Biechowy
756:between
629:Padaliai
243:and the
200:Slovenia
65:pontoons
37:reaction
1782:Ferries
1341:punting
1261:in the
1259:Miravet
1253:on the
1243:in the
1235:on the
1209:Melinci
1172:Austria
1151:Austria
1085:Strečno
993:Połęcko
954:Otfinów
918:Przewóz
888:Kozubów
817:Dunajec
807:Ciszyca
771:Vistula
709:Tuapeka
669:Vilnius
603:Vilnius
483:Belgern
374:Germany
322:Croatia
314:to the
256:Big Bar
143:Austria
85:sailing
41:current
39:of the
1751:Lytton
1543:
1123:Morava
1110:Selice
1106:Vlčany
1030:Sławsk
914:Milsko
860:Janowo
821:Czchów
762:Piersk
725:Poland
686:ferry
646:Uperis
599:Uperis
524:Danube
501:Hemeln
473:Sandau
436:Saxony
432:Rathen
422:Coswig
300:Quebec
272:Lytton
211:Canada
186:Vienna
154:Danube
1570:4 May
1466:(PDF)
1399:Ferry
1365:Salem
1363:near
1302:Doubs
1284:Basel
1280:Rhine
1227:Spain
884:Warta
856:Gniew
843:Dębno
793:Brody
754:Warta
707:, in
657:Neris
653:]
635:with
625:Neris
621:]
564:]
551:Italy
497:Hesse
459:Saale
445:Räbel
412:Barby
388:Rhine
384:Weser
356:Děčín
354:near
332:Drava
310:from
53:cable
31:is a
1725:2022
1703:2022
1572:2019
1541:ISSN
1478:2023
1323:The
1295:Bern
1291:Aare
1255:Ebro
1241:Flix
1237:Ebro
1187:Krog
1137:and
1108:and
1087:and
1057:Waki
1045:and
1032:and
1019:and
995:and
982:and
969:and
956:and
943:and
930:and
916:and
903:and
872:and
858:and
845:and
823:and
805:and
789:Oder
777:and
760:and
555:The
544:Elbe
538:The
499:and
447:and
382:and
380:Elbe
348:Elbe
330:and
328:Sava
219:The
90:kite
1749:at
1367:in
1335:in
1331:at
1293:in
1282:in
1216:Mur
1205:Mur
1194:Mur
1183:Mur
1176:Mur
1166:to
1145:in
1133:in
1112:in
1102:Váh
1091:in
1081:Váh
897:San
886:at
791:at
639:in
631:in
570:at
503:in
495:in
461:at
434:in
401:in
350:at
298:In
292:Usk
290:in
227:in
204:Mur
194:to
180:to
169:to
1778::
1539:.
1535:.
1509:.
1468:.
1453:^
1430:.
1343:.
1304:.
1297:.
1286:.
1149:,
1141:,
1129:,
711:–
651:lt
619:lt
605:,
578:.
562:it
334:.
318:.
96:.
27:A
1727:.
1705:.
1649:.
1624:.
1599:.
1574:.
1553:.
1520:.
1480:.
1222:.
1211:.
1200:.
1189:.
1170:(
530:)
198:(
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