260:, the glasses used "Kalichrome lenses designed to sharpen details and minimise haze by filtering out blue light, making them ideal for misty conditions." In 1936 Ray-Ban had been founded as a civilian division of Bausch & Lomb. This style of sunglasses is credited with being one of the first popularized styles of sunglasses to be developed. In its military usage, the sunglasses replaced the outmoded flight goggles used previously, as they were lighter, thinner, and "more elegantly designed". Writing about the transition of aviators from military gear to a commercial product, Vanessa Brown wrote that, "The War was a ... revelation of the sheer might, scale, power, and horror of the modern world ... necessitated a new kind of military demeanor and gave rise to new definitions of the heroic stance which was to have a profound influence on modern fashion." Eventually, the aviator sunglasses produced by Bausch & Lomb were trademarked as "Ray-Bans".
413:
467:
196:, The Chas. Fischer Spring Co., Willson Optical and Rochester Optical Co. Frame and hinge design varied slightly from contractor to contractor. Despite being designed for utility, these glasses had advanced properties: teardrop-shaped and convex lenses, plastic nose pads and a prominent brow bar and featured flexible cable temples. The nickel plated frame was made of a copper based alloy to prevent offsetting compasses. The "teardrop" shape lens of the AN 6531 was designed to accommodate Air Force pilots who were constantly looking down at their instrument panel while in flight, and that influenced all future Aviator style lens shapes.
341:
above the nose intended to keep sweat and debris from inhibiting the wearer's vision. The brow bar and temple end pieces of the
Shooter and Outdoorsman variants have been covered through years with different materials. Aimed at the sports enthusiast and outdoorsman, The Ray-Ban Shooter variant incorporates a cigarette holder, a circular device located at the center of the nose bridge originally intended to free the sportsman's hands while taking aim. In 1953 Ray-Ban introduced G-15 tempered glass lenses. These neutral gray/green lenses transmit 15% of incoming visible light whilst providing "true" color and contrast distribution.
428:
455:
90:
192:
made to a joint standard shared by the U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Navy. As a result, the lens carried an "AN" (Army/Navy) specification number: the AN6531. The U.S. Government specified the shape of the lens and the color, which was initially a green tinted lens that transmitted 50% of incoming visible daylight. This AN6531 Type 1 lens proved insufficient to protect the pilot's eyes from sun glare so this lens was superseded by the darker AN6531 Type 2 lens in rose smoke. Various contractors made the frames and ground the lenses. These included
American Optical,
485:
229:, a Rochester, New York-based medical equipment manufacturer, to create aviation sunglasses that would reduce the distraction for pilots caused by the intense blue and white hues of the sky. Specifically, MacCready was concerned about how pilots' goggles would fog up, greatly reducing visibility at high altitudes. The prototype, created in 1936 and known as "Anti-Glare", had plastic frames and green lenses that could cut out the glare without obscuring vision. It went on sale to the public in 1937. Impact-resistant lenses were added in 1938.
181:
443:
382:. They are commercially known as "Randolph Aviator" sunglasses. HGU-4/P aviation flight glasses are still built to the guidelines of the MIL-S-25948 military specification, a document detailing the manufacturing specifications. One of the many specifications is that the neutral grey lenses used in Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses must transmit between 12% and 18% of incoming visible daylight whilst providing "true" color and contrast distribution. The military HGU-4/P Aviator and the Modified HGU-4/P Apache spectacles intended for
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36:
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pilots shortly after the HGU4/P was officially recommended by military optometrists in
November 1958. The HGU-4/P design frame is also issued to military personnel that require various corrective clear or other types of lenses and allows corrected vision through the full field of vision. Besides the military, Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses were also issued to and used by NASA astronauts. By 1982,
172:. They have a conspicuous USAC engraving on the hinged bridge. The D-1 flying goggle assembly was standardized on 13 August 1935, and was actually a pair of sun glasses with a rigid frame and plastic insulated arms. The D-1 sunglasses were superseded by the more comfortable AN6531 flying sun glasses (comfort cable) in November 1941.
203:
After World War II AN6531 Comfort Cable aviator sunglasses were available for civilians on the surplus market. Subsequently, civilian models and options appeared without a frontal brow bar and with plastic earhooks. Since everything military was in fashion in those years, these glasses became popular
373:
is worn, and covers the full field of vision. The frame additionally features bayonet temples designed to slip under a flight helmet or other headgear and was more compatible with oxygen masks. They are commercially known as "Original Pilot
Sunglass", and were issued by the U.S. military in 1959 to
340:
Besides the standard model there are several different Ray-Ban
Aviator sunglasses variations designed as functional, technical and recreational sunglasses . The Ray-Ban Shooter variant was introduced in 1938 and the Ray-Ban Outdoorsman variant in 1939. These sunglasses both feature a large brow bar
199:
The AN6531 Comfort Cable aviator sunglasses frame kept being issued by the U.S. military as No. MIL-G-6250 glasses after World War II with different lenses as Type F-2 (arctic) and Type G-2 aviator sunglasses but fitted with darker lenses until their substitute the Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses
191:
In the second half of the 1930s and early 1940s, a group of
American firms continued developing sunglasses. The military "flying sun glasses (comfort cable)" were standardized in November 1941. They were produced in huge quantities (several million pieces) for pilots and sailors. The lenses were
368:
In 1958, American
Optical created the Flight Goggle 58 according to the then-new U.S. Air Force Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses standard. Type HGU-4/P sunglasses feature semi-rectangular lenses with less lens surface area and are lighter compared to the preceding Type G-2 sunglasses. The HGU-4/P
128:, steel or titanium metal frames with double or triple bridges and bayonet earpieces or flexible cable temples that hook more securely behind the ears. The large lenses are not flat but slightly convex. The design attempts to cover the entire field of vision of the
284:
has not yet begun. During the 1950s, aviator sunglasses were a part of the cultural style, mimicking the military style. In addition to popularity in the 1950s, aviators were popular in the 1970s and 1980s, being worn by public figures like
682:
And so
Macready began working with Bausch & Lomb to design goggles especially suited to protect against the dazzle in the stratosphere. "My dad gave Bausch & Lomb the original shape, tint and fit" of aviator lenses, Wallace
279:
The first advertisements for Ray-Ban
Aviators stated they would provide "real scientific glare protection" and were sold as sporting equipment. At this time, they had not yet taken on their name of "aviators", the
275:
and newspaper photographers snapped several pictures of him in
October 1944 wearing them that became a lasting image of the Second World War. Bausch & Lomb dedicated a line of sunglasses to him in 1987.
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Besides flexible cable temples and bayonet temples, non-U.S. Air Force issued glasses often feature traditional skull temples. Some models have polarized lenses, made of
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polarized plastic sheeting laminated between lenses, to reduce glare caused by light reflected from non-metallic surfaces such as water (see
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The sunglasses were redesigned with a metal frame in 1939 and promoted by Bausch & Lomb as the Ray-Ban Aviator. According to the
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among the people and companies got their bearings on time and began to promote such glasses for civilian use in the 1940s and 1950s.
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627:"ATBG-DT AVN 558 SUBJECT: Report of Test, Project Nr AVN 5558, "Expedited Evaluation of the US Air Force Type HGU-h/P Sunglasses""
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The first aviator style sunglasses contracted by the US military in 1935 were the U.S. Army Air Corps D-1 Sunglasses made by
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has published an aeromedical safety brochure for general aviation pilots, commercial pilots and physicians. Polarized and
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Aviator style sunglasses are intended to be worn under headgear and are characterised by dark, oftentimes reflective
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17:
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911:
Media and communication research methods – An introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches
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had become the prime contractor for military-style Type HGU-4/P aviation flight glasses for the
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How We Got Here: The 70s The Decade That Brought You Modern Life--For Better Or Worse
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Vision Aids in America: A Social History of Eyewear and Sight Correction Since 1900
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Why Didn't I Think of That?: 101 Inventions that Changed the World by Hardly Trying
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1092:"Better Get Rid of the Cheap Sunglasses, Dilbert! by Lt. David M. Kennedy, VA-27"
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design frame allowed the visor to reliably clear the aviator's spectacles when a
302:
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1049:"Made with the shades: Randolph Engineering grows as its sunglasses get noticed"
1026:
Comparing and identifying the Ray-Ban 3025, 3029, 3030, 3407 and 3422 sunglasses
1291:
773:
294:
1075:"MIL-S-25948 standard MILITARY SPECIFICATION SUNGLASSES, HGU - 4P (WITH CASE)"
1015:
Bayonet vs Skull Aviator Temples For Sunglasses by John M. White, 18 July 2015
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Aviators, although other manufacturers also produce aviator-style sunglasses.
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591:"Who really made those WWII aviator sunglasses? Part 5 of our investigation"
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and significantly reduce the amount of transmitted visible light and (near)
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The battle for the mind – War and peace in the era of mass communication
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721:"You can thank the US military for the world's most famous sunglasses"
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933:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
610:"The History of Aviator Sunglasses, Part 7 – The Air Force HGU-4/P"
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aircrew are under regular review to determine their functionality.
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Aviators became a well-known style of sunglasses when US General
109:
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RAY-BAN: THE HISTORY OF THE TOP-SELLING EYEWEAR BRAND WORLDWIDE
155:
has also provided guidance on the use of sunglasses by pilots.
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that was developed by a group of American firms. The original
125:
93:
F.W. Hunter, Army test pilot, with AN 6531 sunglasses (1942)
354:
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43:
The examples and perspective in this US-centric article
540:
Ray-Ban New Materials #2, luxottica.com, 2 October 2014
688:
647:"Military Aircrew Eyewear Survey: Operational Issues"
163:
61:, or create a new US-centric article, as appropriate.
502:
184:
AN6531 sunglasses with Type 1 AN6531 lenses made by
790:. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst 2011,
856:Cool Shades: The History and Meaning of Sunglasses
813:10 Things You May Not Know About Douglas MacArthur
1420:
140:radiation from entering the eye from any angle.
566:
151:are not recommended for use by pilots. The UK
1117:
659:
335:
175:
562:Guidance on the use of sunglasses for pilots
328:for how this works) as well as by polarized
143:For selecting sunglasses, the United States
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752:"The enduring appeal of aviator sunglasses"
245:'s signature look included his ornate hat,
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460:Ray-Ban Leathers Outdoorsman II (c. 1980s)
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619:
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
806:
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574:"The first aviator sunglasses revealed!"
348:
345:Military type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses
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108:design is now commercially marketed as
14:
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551:Sunglassesfor Pilots: Beyond the Image
448:1968 Ray-Ban Outdoorsman advertisement
1105:
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826:Rubino, Anthony Jr. (18 March 2010).
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207:
1131:
985:"Who Made Those Aviator Sunglasses?"
956:
662:"Who Made Those Aviator Sunglasses?"
212:
200:became available in the late 1950s.
29:
853:Brown, Vanessa (18 December 2014).
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380:United States Department of Defense
24:
420:(G-15 lenses, cable temples, 2002)
232:
164:U.S. Army Air Corps D-1 sunglasses
136:radiation and prevent (erythemal)
25:
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403:Ray-Ban 3025 Large Metal Aviator
880:Segrave, Kerry (23 March 2011).
816:. On May 22, 2014 at history.com
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660:Pagan Kennedy (3 August 2012).
475:HGU4/P Original Pilot Sunglass
145:Federal Aviation Administration
55:improve this US-centric article
957:Frum, David (1 January 2008).
653:
555:
544:
533:
13:
1:
772:. 24 May 1987. Archived from
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936:. OUP USA. 31 January 2013.
913:. Sage, Thousand Oaks 2011,
7:
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57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
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361:wearing HGU4/P sunglasses
336:Ray-Ban Aviator variations
249:, and Aviator sunglasses.
176:AN6531 military sunglasses
158:
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1305:
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1140:
973:– via Google Books.
946:– via Google Books.
896:– via Google Books.
869:– via Google Books.
859:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
842:– via Google Books.
493:HGU4/P conform sunglasses
433:Ray-Ban W163 Outdoorsman
267:landed on a beach in the
115:
696:"The best ever ray-bans"
384:Apache attack helicopter
153:Civil Aviation Authority
1053:Boston Business Journal
725:Business Insider France
365:
253:
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94:
435:(B-20 Chromax lenses)
418:Ray-Ban 3139 Shooter
352:
330:diffuse sky radiation
240:
183:
92:
1055:. September 16, 2011
491:Randolph Engineering
376:Randolph Engineering
45:may not represent a
1003:U.S. patent D292984
810:Christopher Klein:
786:Gary S. Messinger:
776:on 18 October 2016.
770:The Washington Post
149:photochromic lenses
27:Style of sunglasses
1080:. 17 January 1984.
989:The New York Times
477:(Flight Goggle 58)
405:(polarized lenses)
366:
353:US Test pilot and
254:
208:Commercial history
189:
98:Aviator sunglasses
95:
1416:
1415:
919:978-1-4129-8777-6
907:Arthur Asa Berger
796:978-1-55849-853-2
672:on 21 August 2012
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265:Douglas MacArthur
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243:General MacArthur
227:Bausch & Lomb
219:US Army Air Corps
213:Bausch & Lomb
194:Bausch & Lomb
106:Bausch & Lomb
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16:(Redirected from
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991:. 5 August 2012.
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698:. Archived from
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282:Second World War
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186:American Optical
170:American Optical
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832:. Adams Media.
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766:"Fashion Notes"
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612:. 30 June 2014.
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100:are a style of
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67:November 2021
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1340:Night-vision
1330:Fatal Vision
1320:Dark adaptor
1287:Solar viewer
1276:
1145:/ spectacles
1086:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
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798:. p. 131–132
787:
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774:the original
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729:. Retrieved
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704:. Retrieved
700:the original
690:
681:
674:. Retrieved
670:the original
665:
655:
568:
557:
546:
535:
367:
359:James Buchli
339:
332:(skylight).
319:
311:Roger Waters
278:
273:World War II
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255:
247:corncob pipe
225:worked with
216:
202:
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142:
119:
97:
96:
73:
64:
44:
1355:Upside down
1192:Horn-rimmed
1059:January 23,
727:(in French)
521:Aviator hat
269:Philippines
138:ultraviolet
1429:Sunglasses
1423:Categories
1408:VR headset
1269:Sunglasses
921:. p. 66–67
731:2017-05-24
706:2020-06-19
527:References
357:astronaut
307:Jeff Lynne
299:Tom Cruise
102:sunglasses
1376:Blindfold
1315:Ballistic
1249:Trifocals
1219:Pince-nez
1202:Lorgnette
1132:Types of
217:In 1929,
130:human eye
124:and thin
59:talk page
1398:Eyepatch
1297:Wayfarer
1282:Mirrored
1239:Shooting
1234:Scissors
1197:Lensless
1162:Browline
1157:Bifocals
499:See also
322:Polaroid
221:Colonel
134:infrared
53:You may
1393:Contact
1386:Blinker
1381:Blinder
1360:Welding
1350:Swedish
1335:Foggles
1325:Doggles
1307:Goggles
1292:Shutter
1277:Aviator
1254:Windsor
1229:Rimless
1224:Pinhole
1214:Monocle
1187:Groucho
1177:Chicken
1172:Cat eye
1167:Bug-eye
1143:glasses
1134:eyewear
632:. 1959.
390:Gallery
159:History
110:Ray-Ban
967:
940:
917:
890:
863:
836:
794:
363:(1989)
251:(1944)
122:lenses
116:Design
1369:Other
1259:X-ray
1244:Smart
1207:Opera
1152:Belay
1141:(Eye)
1078:(PDF)
683:said.
676:1 May
630:(PDF)
287:Slash
126:monel
1345:Snow
1061:2012
965:ISBN
938:ISBN
915:ISBN
888:ISBN
861:ISBN
834:ISBN
792:ISBN
678:2017
355:NASA
313:and
271:in
258:BBC
241:US
1425::
1182:GI
1051:.
987:.
909::
803:^
768:.
740:^
723:.
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638:^
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582:^
317:.
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1125:e
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65:(
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20:)
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