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second addition can be reversed using the Hooker modification, though it is also costly. The second step shares the low conversion rate and high selectivity of the first step. The small amount conversion per reaction offsets the monetary benefit of recycling the hydrogen chloride due to the large initial cost of the reaction. Therefore, the
Raschig–Hooker process needed to be run at high concentrations in large reactors to be industrially economical.
119:, which also converts benzene into phenol. In fact, the ability to recycle the hydrogen chloride made the Raschig–Hooker process preferable to the Dow and Bayer process, which requires its sodium chloride product to be converted into chlorine and sodium hydroxide. The reaction, however, takes place at very high temperatures in a very acidic environment with hydrogen chloride vapor and therefore the industrial setting must use highly
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resistant equipment for the reaction. While the
Raschig–Hooker process does recycle the hydrogen chloride it produces, its catalyst experiences carbon deposition and must be frequently regenerated. The harsh chemical environment, use of catalysts, and large energy consumption has made it a target for
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The
Raschig–Hooker process suffers from selectivity issues in both steps. In the first step, the reaction is only run to 10% to 15% conversion to prevent the second addition of a chlorine atom to the desired chlorobenzene. Despite this, the overall selectivity of the reaction is 70% to 85%. This
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Due to its low productivity, this process is largely unused today. As of 1997, every plant in the United States that was using the
Raschig–Hooker process has been shut down, though it was still used by some plants in countries such as Argentina, India, Italy, and Poland. Rather than using the
104:°C over a silicon catalyst that hydrolyses the chlorobenzene, giving phenol and hydrogen chloride that can then be recycled back to the first step. Due to the two step nature, the Raschig–Hooker process can be used to produce either chlorobenzene or phenol.
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Losch, P; Kolb, J.F.; Astafan, A; Daou, T.J.; Pinard, L; Pale, P; Louis, B (2016). "Eco-compatible zeolite-catalysed continuous halogenation of aromatics".
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and phenol from benzene and propylene. This preferred process has dominated the market, especially as acetone is also a highly desired substance.
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The
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Weber, Manfred; Weber, Markus; Kleine-Boymann, Michael (2004). "Phenol".
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The main steps in this process are the production of chlorobenzene from
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Wittcoff, Harold; Reuben, Bryan; Plotkin, Jeffrey (2012-12-10).
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Environmental
Engineering: A Chemical Engineering Discipline
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Kropf, H. (1964). "Moderne technische Phenol-Synthesen I".
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Weissermel, Klaus; Arpe, Hans-Jrgen, eds. (2003-05-27),
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Raschig–Hooker process, some companies use the Hock or
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Chemical process for formation of phenol from benzene
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catalyst and exposes the materials to air at 200–250
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