Bird of prey - Knowledge

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fovea points approximately 15° to the right or left of the head axis. Several raptor species repeatedly cock their heads into three distinct positions while observing an object. First, is straight ahead with their head pointed towards the object. Second and third are sideways to the right or left of the object, with their head axis positioned approximately 40° adjacent to the object. This movement is believed to be associated with lining up the incoming image to fall on the deep fovea. Raptors will choose which head position to use depending on the distance to the object. At distances as close as 8m, they used primarily binocular vision. At distances greater than 21m, they spent more time using monocular vision. At distances greater than 40m, they spent 80% or more time using their monocular vision. This suggests that raptors tilt their head to rely on the highly acute deep fovea.

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geographic dissimilarities may mask important relationships between life history traits and migratory behaviours. The West Palearctic-Afrotropical and the North-South American migratory systems are fundamentally different from the East Palearctic-Indomalayan system, owing to the presence versus absence of ecological barriers." Maximum entropy modelling can help in answering the question: why species winters at one location while the others are elsewhere. Temperature and precipitation related factors differ in the limitation of species distributions. "This suggests that the migratory behaviours differ among the three main migratory routes for these species" which may have important conservational consequences in the protection of migratory raptors.

1360: 1175: 1591: 1259: 57: 1551: 1226: 1447: 1087: 1738: 1475: 1115: 1612: 1280: 1689: 1808:(by royal decree from 1741) given in return for the bills of birds of prey shown by hunters. In Britain, kites and buzzards were seen as destroyers of game and killed, for instance in 1684-5 alone as many as 100 kites were killed. Rewards for their killing were also in force in the Netherlands from 1756. From 1705 to 1800, it has been estimated that 624087 birds of prey were killed in a part of Germany that included Hannover, Luneburg, Lauenburg and Bremen with 14125 claws deposited just in 1796–97. Many species also develop 843: 94: 434: 1957: 1792:. Despite this, most raptors are still considered to primarily rely on vision, with raptor vision being extensively studied. A 2020 review of the existing literature combining anatomical, genetic, and behavioural studies showed that, in general, raptors have functional olfactory systems that they are likely to use in a range of different contexts. 1780:

has become more energetically favorable for male kestrels to remain smaller than their female counterparts because smaller males have an agility advantage when it comes to defending the nest and hunting. Larger females are favored because they can incubate larger numbers of offspring, while also being able to brood a larger clutch size.

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Birds of prey have incredible vision and rely heavily on it for a number of tasks. They utilize their high visual acuity to obtain food, navigate their surroundings, distinguish and flee from predators, mating, nest construction, and much more. They accomplish these tasks with a large eye in relation

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is a type of falcon in which males are the primary providers, and the females are responsible for nurturing the young. In this species, the smaller the kestrels are, the less food is needed and thus, they can survive in environments that are harsher. This is particularly true in the male kestrels. It

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Migratory species of raptors may have had a southern origin because it seems that all of the major lineages within Accipitridae had an origin in one of the biogeographic realms of the Southern Hemisphere. The appearance of migratory behaviour occurred in the tropics parallel with the range expansion

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Jarvis, Erich D.; Mirarab, Siavash; Aberer, Andre J.; Li, Bo; Houde, Peter; Li, Cai; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Nabholz, Benoit; Howard, Jason T.; Suh, Alexander; Weber, Claudia C.; da Fonseca, Rute R.; Li, Jianwen; Zhang, Fang; Li, Hui; Zhou, Long; Narula, Nitish; Liu, Liang; Ganapathy,

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occasionally views human children as prey, with a witness account of one attack (in which the victim, a seven-year-old boy, survived and the eagle was killed), and the discovery of part of a human child skull in a nest. This would make it the only living bird known to prey on humans, although other

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between males and females. It appears that both sexes of the species play a role in the sexual dimorphism within raptors; females tend to compete with other females to find good places to nest and attract males, and males competing with other males for adequate hunting ground so they appear as the

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A recent study discovered new connections between migration and the ecology, life history of raptors. A brief overview from abstract of the published paper shows that "clutch size and hunting strategies have been proved to be the most important variables in shaping distribution areas, and also the

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There are two regions in the retina, called the deep and shallow fovea, that are specialized for acute vision. These regions contain the highest density of photoreceptors, and provide the highest points of visual acuity. The deep fovea points forward at an approximate 45° angle, while the shallow

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Distribution and biogeographic history highly determine the origin of migration in birds of prey. Based on some comparative analyses, diet breadth also has an effect on the evolution of migratory behaviour in this group, but its relevance needs further investigation. The evolution of migration in

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Breman, Floris C.; Jordaens, Kurt; Sonet, Gontran; Nagy, Zoltán T.; Van Houdt, Jeroen; Louette, Michel (23 September 2012). "DNA barcoding and evolutionary relationships in Accipiter Brisson, 1760 (Aves, Falconiformes: Accipitridae) with a focus on African and Eurasian representatives".

1752:. It is commonly believed that the dimorphisms found in raptors occur due to sexual selection or environmental factors. In general, hypotheses in favor of ecological factors being the cause for sexual dimorphism in raptors are rejected. This is because the ecological model is less 731:), whilst the diurnal raptors were divided into three families: Vulturini, Gypaëti, and Accipitrini. Thus Vieillot's families were similar to the Linnaean genera, with the difference that shrikes were no longer included amongst the birds of prey. In addition to the original 2688:

Yuri, Tamaki; Kimball, Rebecca; Harshman, John; Bowie, Rauri; Braun, Michael; Chojnowski, Jena; Han, Kin-Lan; Hackett, Shannon; Huddleston, Christopher; Moore, William; Reddy, Sushma; Sheldon, Frederick; Steadman, David; Witt, Christopher; Braun, Edward (13 March 2013).

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were observed in many phylogenetic studies. More recent and detailed studies show similar results. However, according to the findings of a 2014 study, the sister relationship between larger clades of Accipitriformes was well supported (e.g. relationship of

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A recent phylogenomic study from Wu et al. (2024) has found an alternative phylogeny for the placement of the birds of prey. Their analysis has found support in a clade consisting of the Strigiformes and Accipitrimorphae in new clade

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Jones, Washington; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Migotto, Rafael; Blanco, R. Ernesto (2013). "Body Mass Estimations and Paleobiological Inferences on a New Species of Large Caracara (Aves, Falconidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Uruguay".

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The earliest event occurred nearly 14 to 12 million years ago. This result seems to be one of the oldest dates published so far in the case of birds of prey. For example, a previous reconstruction of migratory behaviour in one

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Ganesh; Boussau, Bastien; Bayzid, Md. Shamsuzzoha; Zavidovych, Volodymyr; Subramanian, Sankar; Gabaldón, Toni; Capella-Gutiérrez, Salvador; Huerta-Cepas, Jaime; Rekepalli, Bhanu; Munch, Kasper; et al. (12 December 2014).

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after accidental consumption of lead shot when feeding on animals that had been shot by hunters. Lead pellets from direct shooting that the birds have escaped from also cause reduced fitness and premature deaths.

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are large, slender hawk-like birds with long tails and long thin legs. Most use a combination of keen eyesight and hearing to hunt small vertebrates, gliding on their long broad wings and circling low over

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are variable-sized, typically night-specialized hunting birds. They fly almost silently due to their special feather structure that reduces turbulence. They have particularly acute hearing and nocturnal

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Griffiths, Carole S.; Barrowclough, George F.; Groth, Jeff G.; Mertz, Lisa A. (September 2007). "Phylogeny, diversity, and classification of the Accipitridae based on DNA sequences of the RAG-1 exon".

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Helbig, Andreas J.; Kocum, Annett; Seibold, Ingrid; Braun, Michael J. (April 2005). "A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level".

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Massemin, S.; Korpimäki, Erkki; Wiehn, Jürgen (21 July 2000). "Reversed sexual size dimorphism in raptors: evaluation of the hypotheses in kestrels breeding in a temporally changing environment".

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used additional ranks: order, tribe, family, genus, species. Birds of prey (order Accipitres) were divided into diurnal and nocturnal tribes; the owls remained monogeneric (family Ægolii, genus

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Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. A classification of the bird species of

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which is the clade where the birds of prey belong to along with passerines and several near-passerine lineages. The orders in bold text are birds of prey orders; this is to show the

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McClure, Christopher J. W.; Schulwitz, Sarah E.; Anderson, David L.; Robinson, Bryce W.; Mojica, Elizabeth K.; Therrien, Jean-Francois; Oleyar, M. David; Johnson, Jeff (2019).

611:. As English-speaking people travelled further, the familiar names were applied to new birds with similar characteristics. Names that have generalised this way include: kite ( 3149:(17 October 2012). "Size-biased allocation of prey from male to offspring via female: family conflicts, prey selection, and evolution of sexual size dimorphism in raptors". 2857:

Joseph, Leo; Lessa, Enrique P.; Christidis, Leslie (March 1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography in the evolution of migration: shorebirds of the Charadrius complex".

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Lerner, Heather R.L.; Mindell, David P. (November 2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA".

2135: 595:, large South American birds with long, stilted legs that occupy a similar ecological niche to secretarybirds. They are also the closest relatives to the extinct 681:

grouped birds (class Aves) into orders, genera, and species, with no formal ranks between genus and order. He placed all birds of prey into a single order,

973:. The Cathartidae are sometimes placed separately in an enlarged stork family, Ciconiiformes, and may be raised to an order of their own, Cathartiiformes. 2162:

Mayr, Gerald (19 April 2018). "New data on the anatomy and palaeobiology of sandcoleid mousebirds (Aves, Coliiformes) from the early Eocene of Messel".

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do Amaral, Fábio Raposo; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Gamauf, Anita; Haring, Elisabeth; Riesing, Martin; Silveira, Luís F.; Wajntal, Anita (December 2009).

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within Raptores, formerly composed of the orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes. The clade was invalidated after 2012. Falconiformes is now placed in

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for various birds of prey are based on structure, but many of the traditional names do not reflect the evolutionary relationships between the groups.

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Kenneth Newman's birds of prey of southern Africa : rulers of the skies : an identification guide to 67 species of southern African raptors

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Wu, S.; Rheindt, F.E.; Zhang, J.; Wang, J.; Zhang, L.; Quan, C.; Zhiheng, L.; Wang, M.; Wu, F.; Qu, Y; Edwards, S.V.; Zhou, Z.; Liu, L. (2024).

497:(see below). They are mainly woodland birds that hunt by sudden dashes from a concealed perch. They usually have long tails for tight steering. 2042:"Predatory Functional Morphology in Raptors: Interdigital Variation in Talon Size Is Related to Prey Restraint and Immobilisation Technique" 1941:, however, due to their emphasis on visual acuity, many diurnal birds of prey have little ability to see ultraviolet light as this produces 4153: 3984: 2605:"Patterns and processes of diversification in a widespread and ecologically diverse avian group, the buteonine hawks (Aves, Accipitridae)" 1721:

of migratory species to temperate habitats. Similar results of southern origin in other taxonomic groups can be found in the literature.

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have long wings and relatively weak legs. They spend much of their time soaring. They will take live vertebrate prey, but mostly feed on

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In non-predatory birds, males are typically larger than females. However, in birds of prey, the opposite is the case. For instance, the

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Mueller, Helmut C. (1986). "The Evolution of Reversed Sexual Dimorphism in Owls: An Empirical Analysis of Possible Selective Factors".

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are reported attacking human beings, but its unclear if they intend to eat them or if they have ever been successful in killing one.

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Steyn, P. 1982. Birds of prey of southern Africa: their identification and life histories. David Phillip, Cape Town, South Africa.

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The secretary bird and/or osprey are sometimes listed as subfamilies of Acciptridae: Sagittariinae and Pandioninae, respectively.

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The order Accipitriformes is believed to have originated 44 million years ago when it split from the common ancestor of the

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el Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. 2. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 107.

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Although the term "bird of prey" could theoretically be taken to include all birds that actively hunt and eat other animals,

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It is a long-standing belief that birds lack any sense of smell, but it has become clear that many birds do have functional

4419: 3865: 2691:"Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals" 2354: 459:

are medium-size birds of prey with long pointed wings, and many are particularly swift flyers. They belong to the family

1451: 1091: 3770: 2457:"Phylogenetic relationships in diurnal raptors based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear marker genes" 2414:"Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography and the Evolution of Migration in Accipitrid Birds of Prey (Aves: Accipitriformes)" 2464:

Raptors Worldwide: Proceedings of the VI World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Budapest, Hungary, 18–23 May 2003

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Some names have not generalised, and refer to single species (or groups of closely related (sub)species), such as the

3849: 3819: 3803: 3792: 3743: 3716: 3689: 3670: 3367: 1753: 4146: 3977: 2456: 3399:"A new species of giant marabou stork (Aves: Ciconiiformes) from the Pleistocene of Liang Bua, Flores (Indonesia)" 555:

is a single species with a large body and long, stilted legs endemic to the open grasslands of Sub-Saharan Africa.

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clade with a result of the origin of migration around 5 million years ago was also supported by that study.

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are similar in size to the Haast's eagle, implying that they similarly could pose a threat to a human being.

479:– their broad wings, naked faces and appetites of a generalist suggest some level of convergence with either 35: 17: 2995:"Life history traits, bioclimate, and migratory systems of accipitrid birds of prey (Aves: Accipitriformes)" 1359: 1174: 4950: 4061: 4473: 4139: 3970: 1760:

model. Additionally, ecological models are much harder to test because a great deal of data is required.

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These families (with the exception of Cariamidae) were traditionally grouped together in a single order

2800:"Genomes, fossils, and the concurrent rise of modern birds and flowering plants in the Late Cretaceous" 1857:, an early human found in Africa, is believed to have been killed by an eagle-like bird similar to the 1838:

by accident. Many stories of Brazilian indigenous peoples speak about children mauled by Uiruuetê, the

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are medium-large raptors with robust bodies and broad wings, or, alternatively, any bird of the genus

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Some fossil evidence indicates large birds of prey occasionally preyed on prehistoric hominids. The

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Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Niu, Kecheng; Mai, Huijuan (29 October 2019).

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Mitkus, Mindaugas; Potier, Simon; Martin, Graham R.; Duriez, Olivier; Kelber, Almut (2018-04-26),

541:, a single species found worldwide that specializes in catching fish and builds large stick nests. 1446: 1086: 710: 39: 4271: 3201: 2951:"Postglacial population expansion drives the evolution of long–distance migration in a songbird" 2040:

Fowler, Denver W.; Freedman, Elizabeth A.; Scannella, John B.; Pizzari, Tom (25 November 2009).

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for tearing off flesh. Although predatory birds primarily hunt live prey, many species (such as

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most healthy mate. It has also been proposed that sexual dimorphism is merely the product of

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Birds of prey have been historically persecuted both directly and indirectly. In the Danish

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Sonerud, Geir A.; Steen, Ronny; Løw, Line M.; Røed, Line T.; Skar, Kristin; Selås, Vidar;

2355:"Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations" 1474: 1114: 8: 4867: 4744: 4638: 4578: 4548: 4533: 4405: 3487:"Avian Vision: A Review of Form and Function with Special Consideration to Birds of Prey" 2466:. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, MME/BirdLife Hungary. pp. 483–498. 2111: 2104: 1894: 1611: 1279: 3444: 3312: 3265: 3162: 3066: 2870: 2834: 2815: 2799: 2758: 2620: 2543: 2500: 2373: 2222: 2175: 2110:. illustrated by Boyer, Trevor; Ellis, Malcolm; Thelwell, David. Gallery Books. p. 2057: 4877: 4872: 4794: 4789: 4628: 4618: 4603: 4558: 4518: 4350: 3855: 3464: 3456: 3293: 3182: 3122: 3105: 3086: 3035: 2967: 2950: 2931: 2923: 2882: 2775: 2742: 2717: 2690: 2670: 2385: 2315: 2241: 2206: 2187: 2076: 2041: 1923: 980: 586: 574: 88: 65: 4769: 4764: 4711: 4686: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4553: 4513: 4483: 4286: 4205: 4162: 4084: 3993: 3950: 3825: 3815: 3788: 3776: 3766: 3749: 3739: 3722: 3712: 3695: 3685: 3666: 3639: 3591: 3540: 3415: 3398: 3380: 3363: 3328: 3285: 3277: 3174: 3127: 3078: 2972: 2878: 2839: 2780: 2722: 2634: 2586: 2555: 2512: 2467: 2381: 2334: 2319: 2269: 2246: 2191: 2115: 2081: 1919: 1910:

to their skull, which allows for a larger image to be projected onto the retina. The

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animals seems to be a complex and difficult topic with many unanswered questions.

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and other smaller birds). In addition to speed and strength, these predators have

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Olsen, Jerry 2014, Australian High Country raptors, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne,

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of three different orders (Accipitriformes, Falconiformes and Cariamiformes).

589:. Members of both groups have heads either partly or fully devoid of feathers. 4939: 4661: 4643: 4598: 4478: 4102: 4036: 3929: 3829: 3799: 3726: 3699: 3281: 1938: 1911: 1858: 1847: 1843: 1822: 1801: 1584: 1544: 1252: 1219: 966: 947: 930: 926: 853: 699: 678: 657: 608: 552: 338: 195: 190: 3780: 3753: 3587: 2824: 2766: 422: 305:

typically use the narrower definition followed in this page, excluding many

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for detecting prey from a distance or during flight, strong feet with sharp

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Lind, Olle; Mitkus, Mindaugas; Olsson, Peter; Kelber, Almut (15 May 2013).

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Dickinson, Rachel (2009). Falconer on the Edge. Houghton Mifflin-Harcourt.

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has twice the visual acuity of a typical human and six times that of the

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have legs and feet feathered to the toes and build very large stick nests.

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tend to be large, powerful birds with long, broad wings and massive feet.

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hawks are sister taxa of the clade containing Aquilinae and Harpiinae).

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Outlaw, Diana C.; Voelker, Gary; Mila, Borja; Girman, Derek J. (2003).

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Migratory behaviour evolved multiple times within accipitrid raptors.

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group names originally referred to particular species encountered in

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British birds of prey : a study of Britain's 24 diurnal raptors

3572:"The Deep Fovea, Sideways Vision and Spiral Flight Paths in Raptors" 709:(shrikes). This approach was followed by subsequent authors such as 565:

and carrion-eating raptors of two distinct biological families: the

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Birds of Prey Hawks, Eagles, Falcons, and Vultures of North America

1379: 1323: 1056: 831: 739:(now reduced in scope), Vieillot adopted four genera from Savigny: 613: 350: 291: 148: 125: 3485:

Jones, Michael P.; Pierce, Kenneth E.; Ward, Daniel (April 2007).

1330:(which it includes the Cariamiformes and Falconiformes along with 4924: 4453: 4188: 4017: 3870: 2949:

Milá, Borja; Smith, Thomas B.; Wayne, Robert K. (November 2006).

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buzzards, eagles, harriers, hawks, kites, and Old World vultures

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are medium-sized birds of prey that usually belong to the genus

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https://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar752148

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Perrins, Christopher M; Middleton, Alex L. A., eds. (1984).

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of the group as well as their relationships to other birds.

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10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0299:EOLMIA]2.0.CO;2

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kites to buzzards and sea eagles and these latter two with

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Birds of prey (raptors) are known to display patterns of

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but are now split into two orders, the Falconiformes and

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Nagy, Jenő; Végvári, Zsolt; Varga, Zoltán (1 May 2017).

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are a distinct subgroup of the Falconidae unique to the

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The Arboretum at Flagstaff's Wild Birds of Prey Program

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Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Saunders, Howard (ed.).

365:, alongside opportunistic predators from predominantly 3615: 3254:

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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Benson, W. W.; Pharaoh, Barry; Miller, Pamela (1974).

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Bolnick, Daniel I.; Doebeli, Michael (November 2003).

3052: 2339:(in French) (London 1883 ed.). Willughby Society. 2856: 2739: 2462:. In Chancellor, Robin D.; Meyburg, Bernd-U. (eds.). 1952: 3247: 3144: 274:for grasping or killing prey, and powerful, curved 64:Montage of extant raptors. From top left to right: 3706: 2797: 2103: 755:. He also introduced five new genera of vultures ( 3665:. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins Publishers. 2287: 2285: 4937: 2992: 2294:"Commentary: Defining Raptors and Birds of Prey" 2024: 3484: 2804:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2454: 2348: 2346: 2336:Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire 1869:, and this conclusion would be consistent with 1821:Some evidence supports the contention that the 880:birds of prey are formally classified into six 3480: 3478: 3103: 2948: 2282: 1696:of the birds of prey is the bottleneck-shaped 4413: 4147: 3978: 3891: 3397:Meijer, Hanneke J.M.; Due, Rokus AWE (2010). 3199: 2529: 2263: 1922:are the highest known among vertebrates; the 998:—are classified separately as members of two 672: 3711:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 3679: 3529:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience 2343: 1334:). Below is their phylogeny from the study. 3475: 2412:Nagy, Jenő; Tökölyi, Jácint (1 June 2014). 2411: 641:), harrier (simplified from "hen-harrier", 426:, meaning "to seize or take by force". The 4420: 4406: 4154: 4140: 3985: 3971: 3905: 3898: 3884: 3019: 2791: 2733: 2326: 55: 4427: 3733: 3633: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3414: 3403:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3396: 3232: 3217: 3206:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3121: 3010: 2999:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2966: 2917: 2833: 2823: 2774: 2716: 2706: 2628: 2455:Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2004). 2439: 2429: 2309: 2240: 2230: 2164:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 2075: 2065: 2020: 2018: 1830:have killed humans in self-defense and a 775:) and eleven new genera of accipitrines ( 207:included but traditionally excluded taxa 3809: 2681: 2332: 2097: 2095: 1930:, the vertebrate with the largest eyes. 1885:and anatomically modern humans, and the 1736: 1687: 841: 432: 3025: 2942: 2893: 2598: 2596: 2352: 1945:which decreases the clarity of vision. 1763:Dimorphisms can also be the product of 1357:(woodpeckers, rollers, hornbills, etc.) 1172:(woodpeckers, rollers, hornbills, etc.) 955:: New World vultures, including condors 14: 4938: 3760: 3569: 3558: 3537:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.232 2850: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2101: 2015: 4401: 4135: 3966: 3879: 3709:Raptor : a journey through birds 3660: 3570:Tucker, Vance A. (15 December 2000). 3310: 2988: 2986: 2609:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2532:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2489:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2092: 837: 685:, subdividing this into four genera: 3680:Dunne, Pete; Karlson, Kevin (2017). 2645: 2593: 2566: 2523: 2480: 2448: 2257: 2161: 1976: 1816: 1732: 3765:. Knysna, South Africa: Korck Pub. 2396: 1865:may have preyed on early humans in 1704:, here seen from Dinnammare mount, 1692:An obliged point of transit of the 1031:Below is a simplified phylogeny of 987:, although it is a nocturnal bird. 24: 3738:. Toronto, Ont: Key Porter Books. 3707:Macdonald Lockhart, James (2017). 3654: 3250:"Lead poisoning in a bird of prey" 3123:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01489.x 2983: 2968:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01875.x 830:, while Strigiformes is placed in 25: 4962: 3861:Global Raptor Information Network 3837: 3313:"Lead Poisoning in Birds of Prey" 1989:Vieillot included the caracaras ( 3416:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00616.x 2879:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00269.x 2587:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03971.x 2382:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02650.x 2029:. Guild Publishing. p. 102. 1955: 1937:Like all birds, raptors possess 1610: 1589: 1549: 1473: 1450: 1445: 1405: 1358: 1278: 1257: 1224: 1173: 1152: 1113: 1090: 1085: 697:(eagles, hawks, falcons, etc.), 485:or the vulturine birds, or both. 463:, only distantly related to the 92: 3852:on the Internet Bird Collection 3622:Journal of Experimental Biology 3609: 3576:Journal of Experimental Biology 3516: 3423: 3390: 3373: 3356: 3347: 3304: 3241: 3226: 3193: 3138: 3097: 3046: 1983: 1741:Male (left) and female (right) 822:Falconimorphae is a deprecated 420:is derived from the Latin word 411: 3812:Field guide to Raptors of Asia 3804:American Ornithologists' Union 3734:Mackenzie, John P. S. (1997). 3491:Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 2198: 2155: 2128: 2033: 1914:of some large raptors such as 1795: 667: 32:Birds of Prey (disambiguation) 13: 1: 4067:Greater yellow-headed vulture 3684:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2008: 1846:. Various large raptors like 36:Bird of Prey (disambiguation) 4062:Lesser yellow-headed vulture 3325:10.1007/978-3-319-73745-4_11 2067:10.1371/journal.pone.0007999 1826:birds such as ostriches and 1783: 1680: 1026: 617:), sparrowhawk or sparhawk ( 585:), which occurs only in the 573:), which occurs only in the 437:Variations in shape and size 337:, as well as many primarily 7: 4474:Black-chested buzzard-eagle 3233:Bijleveld, Maarten (1974). 2630:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.020 2552:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010 2509:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.003 2353:Ericson, Per G. P. (2012). 2304:(4). BioOne COMPLETE: 419. 1948: 27:Paraphyletic group of birds 10: 4967: 3503:10.1053/j.jepm.2007.03.012 2311:10.3356/0892-1016-53.4.419 2298:Journal of Raptor Research 2232:10.1038/s41598-019-51929-9 2027:The Encyclopaedia of Birds 1879:might have preyed on both 983:is a member of the family 673:Historical classifications 29: 4915: 4886: 4851: 4833: 4803: 4753: 4735: 4695: 4670: 4652: 4492: 4462: 4443: 4439: 4377: 4359: 4341: 4323: 4305: 4287:Himalayan griffon vulture 4250: 4232: 4214: 4196: 4178: 4111: 4093: 4075: 4045: 4027: 4005: 3917: 3219:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz121 3171:10.1007/s00442-012-2491-9 3012:10.1093/biolinnean/blw021 2667:10.1007/s10336-012-0892-5 2184:10.1007/s12549-018-0328-1 1904: 1604: 1581: 1574: 1564: 1541: 1534: 1527: 1465: 1437: 1430: 1420: 1397: 1390: 1383: 1373: 1352: 1345: 1272: 1249: 1242: 1216: 1209: 1167: 1144: 1137: 1105: 1077: 1070: 1060: 1050: 475:, and most common in the 211: 203: 172: 167: 89:Scientific classification 87: 63: 54: 49: 4262:Eurasian griffon vulture 3761:Newman, Kenneth (1999). 2575:Journal of Avian Biology 858:Sagittarius serpentarius 3871:Raptor Resource Project 3846:with The Peregrine Fund 3810:Yamazaki, Toru (2012). 3588:10.1242/jeb.203.24.3745 3433:Journal of Paleontology 3235:Birds of Prey in Europe 2859:Journal of Biogeography 2825:10.1073/pnas.2319696121 2767:10.1126/science.1253451 2362:Journal of Biogeography 2140:www.worldbookonline.com 2102:Burton, Philip (1989). 1609:(parrots and songbirds) 1277:(parrots and songbirds) 40:Raptor (disambiguation) 4282:Slender-billed vulture 4037:American black vulture 3806:. Accessed 2007-04-10. 3661:Brown, Leslie (2013). 3311:Krone, Oliver (2018). 3202:"Olfaction in raptors" 3200:Potier, Simon (2020). 2708:10.3390/biology2010419 2655:Journal of Ornithology 2431:10.2478/orhu-2014-0008 2264:Brown, Leslie (1997). 1887:Malagasy crowned eagle 1745: 1709: 849: 438: 400:, indicating possible 4863:Rufous-winged buzzard 3856:Bird of Prey Pictures 3850:Explore Birds of Prey 3844:Explore Birds of Prey 3075:10.1007/s004420050021 1823:African crowned eagle 1804:, there were rewards 1765:intrasexual selection 1740: 1691: 1444:(hawks and relatives) 1084:(hawks and relatives) 845: 725:Louis Pierre Vieillot 436: 4539:Rough-legged buzzard 4387:White-headed vulture 4369:Lappet-faced vulture 4292:White-backed vulture 4267:White-rumped vulture 2268:. Chancellor Press. 1943:chromatic aberration 1876:Leptoptilos robustus 1770:disruptive selection 1472:(New World vultures) 1112:(New World vultures) 402:convergent evolution 357:, songbirds such as 30:For other uses, see 4951:Paraphyletic groups 4868:Grasshopper buzzard 4745:Black-collared hawk 4579:White-throated hawk 4549:Red-shouldered hawk 4534:Long-legged buzzard 3445:2013JPal...87..151J 3266:1974BuECT..11..105B 3163:2013Oecol.172...93S 3067:2000Oecol.124...26M 3028:The Wilson Bulletin 2871:1999JBiog..26..329J 2816:2024PNAS..12119696W 2759:2014Sci...346.1320J 2753:(6215): 1320–1331. 2621:2009MolPE..53..703D 2544:2005MolPE..37..327L 2501:2005MolPE..35..147H 2374:2012JBiog..39..813E 2223:2019NatSR...915513X 2176:2018PdPe...98..639M 2058:2009PLoSO...4.7999F 1022:: barn and bay owls 404:in some cases, and 4878:Grey-faced buzzard 4873:White-eyed buzzard 4795:Semiplumbeous hawk 4790:Slate-colored hawk 4629:Red-necked buzzard 4619:Madagascar buzzard 4604:Rufous-tailed hawk 4519:Cape Verde buzzard 4351:Red-headed vulture 4163:Old World vultures 3994:New World vultures 3951:New World vultures 3635:10.1242/jeb.082834 3274:10.1007/BF01684587 2810:(8): e2319696121. 2211:Scientific Reports 1924:wedge-tailed eagle 1920:Old World vultures 1834:might have killed 1746: 1743:red-footed falcons 1710: 994:birds of prey—the 981:letter-winged kite 913:Old World vultures 850: 838:Modern systematics 626:Accipiter gentilis 587:Western Hemisphere 579:New World vultures 575:Eastern Hemisphere 567:Old World vultures 439: 309:predators such as 66:Eurasian eagle-owl 4933: 4932: 4911: 4910: 4770:White-necked hawk 4765:White-browed hawk 4712:Common black hawk 4687:White-rumped hawk 4574:Short-tailed hawk 4569:White-rumped hawk 4554:Broad-winged hawk 4514:Himalayan buzzard 4484:White-tailed hawk 4395: 4394: 4272:Rüppell's vulture 4206:Cinereous vulture 4129: 4128: 4085:California condor 3960: 3959: 3628:(10): 1819–1826. 3582:(24): 3745–3754. 3546:978-0-19-026408-6 3453:10.1666/12-026R.1 3385:978-0-618-80623-2 3334:978-3-319-73744-7 3116:(11): 2433–2449. 2961:(11): 2403–2409. 2473:978-963-86418-1-6 2275:978-1-85152-732-8 2121:978-0-8317-6381-7 1977:Explanatory notes 1882:Homo floresiensis 1817:Attacks on humans 1790:olfactory systems 1750:sexual dimorphism 1733:Sexual dimorphism 1698:Strait of Messina 1677: 1676: 1668: 1667: 1659: 1658: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1623: 1622: 1513: 1512: 1504: 1503: 1495: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1318: 1317: 1309: 1308: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1290: 1195: 1194: 1186: 1185: 1126: 1125: 662:Falco columbarius 632:Falco tinninculus 227: 226: 16:(Redirected from 4958: 4815:Grey-backed hawk 4775:Black-faced hawk 4722:Great black hawk 4717:Cuban black hawk 4707:Rufous crab hawk 4639:Archer's buzzard 4614:Mountain buzzard 4594:Zone-tailed hawk 4544:Ferruginous hawk 4441: 4440: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4333:Egyptian vulture 4242:Palm-nut vulture 4156: 4149: 4142: 4133: 4132: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3833: 3784: 3757: 3730: 3703: 3676: 3648: 3647: 3637: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3567: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3394: 3388: 3377: 3371: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3125: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2970: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2921: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2827: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2778: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2720: 2710: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2632: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2461: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2433: 2409: 2394: 2393: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2313: 2289: 2280: 2279: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2244: 2234: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2109: 2099: 2090: 2089: 2079: 2069: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2022: 2002: 1987: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1895:Woodward's eagle 1758:sexual selection 1614: 1607:Psittacopasserae 1593: 1577: 1576: 1571:Eufalconimorphae 1567: 1566: 1553: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1477: 1454: 1449: 1433: 1432: 1427:Accipitrimorphae 1423: 1422: 1409: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1376: 1375: 1362: 1348: 1347: 1338: 1337: 1332:Psittacopasserae 1282: 1275:Psittacopasserae 1261: 1245: 1244: 1239:Eufalconimorphae 1228: 1212: 1211: 1177: 1156: 1140: 1139: 1117: 1094: 1089: 1073: 1072: 1067:Accipitrimorphae 1063: 1062: 1053: 1052: 1043: 1042: 1016:: "typical owls" 828:Eufalconimorphae 677:The taxonomy of 605:English language 534:or even carrion. 242:hypercarnivorous 236:, also known as 220:Psittacopasserae 168:Groups included 97: 96: 74:peregrine falcon 59: 47: 46: 21: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4907: 4882: 4847: 4829: 4799: 4749: 4731: 4691: 4666: 4648: 4559:Swainson's hawk 4529:Red-tailed hawk 4524:Socotra buzzard 4509:Eastern buzzard 4488: 4458: 4435: 4426: 4396: 4391: 4373: 4355: 4337: 4319: 4301: 4246: 4228: 4224:Bearded vulture 4210: 4192: 4174: 4160: 4130: 4125: 4107: 4089: 4071: 4041: 4023: 4001: 3991: 3961: 3956: 3928:Sagittariidae ( 3913: 3911:Accipitriformes 3904: 3840: 3822: 3773: 3746: 3719: 3692: 3673: 3657: 3655:Further reading 3652: 3651: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3568: 3559: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3525:"Raptor Vision" 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3483: 3476: 3428: 3424: 3395: 3391: 3378: 3374: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3309: 3305: 3246: 3242: 3231: 3227: 3198: 3194: 3147:Slagsvold, Tore 3143: 3139: 3102: 3098: 3051: 3047: 3024: 3020: 2991: 2984: 2947: 2943: 2898: 2894: 2855: 2851: 2796: 2792: 2738: 2734: 2686: 2682: 2650: 2646: 2601: 2594: 2571: 2567: 2528: 2524: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2418:Ornis Hungarica 2410: 2397: 2357: 2351: 2344: 2331: 2327: 2290: 2283: 2276: 2262: 2258: 2203: 2199: 2160: 2156: 2144: 2142: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2100: 2093: 2038: 2034: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2005: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1971:Origin of birds 1961: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1907: 1819: 1798: 1786: 1735: 1683: 1678: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1514: 1505: 1496: 1487: 1441:Accipitriformes 1319: 1310: 1301: 1292: 1196: 1187: 1127: 1081:Accipitriformes 1029: 971:Accipitriformes 840: 675: 670: 620:Accipiter nisus 465:Accipitriformes 414: 394:Messelasturidae 234:predatory birds 186:Accipitriformes 91: 82:bearded vulture 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4964: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4903:Solitary eagle 4900: 4894: 4892: 4889:Harpyhaliaetus 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4843:Lizard buzzard 4839: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4780:Plumbeous hawk 4777: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4634:Jackal buzzard 4631: 4626: 4624:Upland buzzard 4621: 4616: 4611: 4609:Forest buzzard 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4584:Galapagos hawk 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4564:Ridgway's hawk 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4504:Common buzzard 4500: 4498: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4449: 4437: 4436: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4383: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4315:Hooded vulture 4311: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4277:Indian vulture 4274: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4175: 4159: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4057:Turkey vulture 4053: 4051: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4013: 4011: 4003: 4002: 4000:: Cathartidae) 3990: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3942:Accipitridae ( 3940: 3933: 3925: 3923: 3915: 3914: 3903: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3839: 3838:External links 3836: 3835: 3834: 3820: 3807: 3796: 3785: 3772:978-0620245364 3771: 3758: 3744: 3731: 3717: 3704: 3690: 3677: 3671: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3608: 3557: 3545: 3515: 3474: 3439:(1): 151–158. 3422: 3409:(4): 707–724. 3389: 3372: 3355: 3346: 3333: 3303: 3260:(2): 105–108. 3240: 3225: 3212:(3): 713–721. 3192: 3137: 3096: 3045: 3034:(3): 387–406. 3018: 2982: 2941: 2892: 2865:(2): 329–342. 2849: 2790: 2732: 2701:(1): 419–444. 2680: 2661:(1): 265–287. 2644: 2615:(3): 703–715. 2592: 2581:(5): 587–602. 2565: 2538:(2): 327–346. 2522: 2495:(1): 147–164. 2479: 2472: 2447: 2395: 2368:(5): 813–824. 2342: 2325: 2281: 2274: 2256: 2197: 2170:(4): 639–651. 2154: 2127: 2120: 2091: 2032: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1950: 1947: 1928:common ostrich 1906: 1903: 1899:Caracara major 1871:Maori folklore 1818: 1815: 1810:lead poisoning 1797: 1794: 1785: 1782: 1734: 1731: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1469:Cathartiformes 1464: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1355:Coraciimorphae 1351: 1346: 1344: 1336: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1170:Coraciimorphae 1166: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1109:Cathartiformes 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1061: 1059: 1051: 1049: 1041: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1017: 963: 962: 956: 950: 948:forest falcons 933: 924: 915: 839: 836: 674: 671: 669: 666: 644:Circus cyaneus 638:Falco subbuteo 603:Many of these 601: 600: 597:"terror birds" 590: 556: 549: 542: 535: 525: 510: 498: 486: 450: 413: 410: 406:common descent 398:Enantiornithes 341:birds such as 303:ornithologists 250:that actively 225: 224: 223: 222: 217: 215:Coraciimorphae 209: 208: 201: 200: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 181:Cathartiformes 178: 170: 169: 165: 164: 159: 152: 151: 146: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 85: 84: 61: 60: 52: 51: 50:Birds of prey 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4963: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4946:Birds of prey 4944: 4943: 4941: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:Harris's hawk 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4662:Roadside hawk 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4644:Augur buzzard 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4599:Hawaiian hawk 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4479:Variable hawk 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4103:Andean condor 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3952: 3949:Cathartidae ( 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3935:Pandionidae ( 3934: 3931: 3930:secretarybird 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3821:9786021963531 3817: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3800:South America 3797: 3794: 3793:9780643109162 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3745:9781550138030 3741: 3737: 3736:Birds of prey 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3718:9780226470580 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3691:9780544018440 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3672:9780007406487 3668: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3479: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3368:84-87334-15-6 3365: 3359: 3350: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317:Birds of Prey 3314: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3229: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3157:(1): 93–107. 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2597: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2277: 2271: 2267: 2266:Birds of Prey 2260: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2152: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2123: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2106:Birds of Prey 2098: 2096: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052:(11): e7999. 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1939:tetrachromacy 1935: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1912:visual acuity 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863:Haast's eagle 1860: 1859:crowned eagle 1856: 1851: 1849: 1848:golden eagles 1845: 1844:Tupi language 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:Faroe Islands 1793: 1791: 1781: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1585:Falconiformes 1579: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1545:Cariamiformes 1539: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1500: 1499: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1314: 1313: 1305: 1304: 1296: 1295: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1253:Falconiformes 1247: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1220:Cariamiformes 1214: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1005:of the order 1004: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 986: 982: 977: 974: 972: 968: 967:Falconiformes 960: 957: 954: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 934: 932: 931:secretarybird 928: 927:Sagittariidae 925: 923: 919: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 887: 886: 885: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 863: 859: 855: 854:secretarybird 848: 844: 835: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707: 702: 701: 696: 695: 690: 689: 684: 680: 679:Carl Linnaeus 665: 663: 659: 654: 652: 651: 646: 645: 640: 639: 634: 633: 628: 627: 622: 621: 616: 615: 614:Milvus milvus 610: 606: 598: 594: 591: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 557: 554: 553:secretarybird 550: 546: 543: 540: 536: 533: 529: 526: 523: 519: 514: 511: 508: 507: 502: 499: 496: 495: 490: 487: 484: 483: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 451: 448: 447:Booted eagles 444: 441: 440: 435: 431: 429: 425: 424: 419: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 339:insectivorous 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 268:keen eyesight 265: 261: 257: 253: 252:hunt and feed 249: 246: 243: 239: 235: 231: 230:Birds of prey 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 210: 206: 205:Cladistically 202: 197: 196:Cariamiformes 194: 192: 191:Falconiformes 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 171: 166: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 95: 90: 86: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 62: 58: 53: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Raptor (bird) 4887: 4852: 4834: 4825:Mantled hawk 4804: 4756:Leucopternis 4754: 4736: 4727:Savanna hawk 4696: 4671: 4653: 4493: 4463: 4452: 4444: 4378: 4360: 4342: 4324: 4306: 4297:Cape vulture 4251: 4233: 4215: 4197: 4187: 4179: 4170: 4121:King vulture 4113:Sarcoramphus 4112: 4094: 4076: 4046: 4028: 4016: 4006: 3918: 3811: 3762: 3735: 3708: 3681: 3662: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3599:. Retrieved 3579: 3575: 3550:, retrieved 3528: 3518: 3506:. Retrieved 3497:(2): 69–87. 3494: 3490: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3375: 3358: 3349: 3338:. Retrieved 3316: 3306: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3061:(1): 26–32. 3058: 3054: 3048: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3005:(1): 63–71. 3002: 2998: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2750: 2746: 2735: 2698: 2694: 2683: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2612: 2608: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2463: 2450: 2424:(1): 15–35. 2421: 2417: 2365: 2361: 2335: 2328: 2301: 2297: 2265: 2259: 2217:(1): 15513. 2214: 2210: 2200: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2143:. Retrieved 2139: 2136:"World Book" 2130: 2105: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2026: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1963:Birds portal 1936: 1932: 1908: 1898: 1880: 1874: 1852: 1820: 1805: 1799: 1787: 1774: 1762: 1754:parsimonious 1747: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1684: 1605: 1583: 1582: 1543: 1542: 1467: 1466: 1439: 1438: 1401:Strigiformes 1399: 1398: 1353: 1320: 1273: 1251: 1250: 1218: 1217: 1168: 1148:Strigiformes 1146: 1145: 1107: 1106: 1079: 1078: 1030: 1007:Strigiformes 989: 985:Accipitridae 979:Australia's 978: 975: 964: 889:Accipitridae 875: 870: 866: 857: 851: 821: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 704: 703:(owls), and 698: 692: 691:(vultures), 686: 682: 676: 661: 655: 648: 647:), buzzard ( 642: 636: 630: 629:), kestrel ( 624: 623:), goshawk ( 618: 612: 602: 571:Accipitridae 504: 492: 480: 428:common names 421: 417: 415: 412:Common names 390:Sandcoleidae 300: 237: 233: 229: 228: 176:Strigiformes 155: 142: 78:golden eagle 70:king vulture 44: 4898:Chaco eagle 4785:Barred hawk 4698:Buteogallus 4465:Geranoaetus 4379:Trigonoceps 4307:Necrosyrtes 2441:2437/197470 1867:New Zealand 1855:Taung Child 1840:Harpy Eagle 1832:lammergeier 1828:cassowaries 1796:Persecution 1524:Australaves 1328:Australaves 1206:Australaves 953:Cathartidae 918:Pandionidae 862:paraphylies 668:Systematics 650:Buteo buteo 635:), hobby ( 583:Cathartidae 408:in others. 388:relatives ( 378:cassowaries 371:herbivorous 367:frugivorous 335:kingfishers 307:piscivorous 280:fish eagles 256:vertebrates 4940:Categories 4835:Kaupifalco 4820:White hawk 4806:Pseudastur 4737:Busarellus 4433:Buteoninae 4234:Gypohierax 4171:Aegypiinae 3552:2023-07-30 3340:2021-12-28 2912:(2): 299. 2145:2023-10-05 2009:References 1806:Naebbetold 1706:Peloritani 1548:(seriemas) 1342:Telluraves 1223:(seriemas) 1047:Telluraves 1033:Telluraves 961:: seriemas 959:Cariamidae 936:Falconidae 847:Bald eagle 824:superorder 761:Catharista 683:Accipitres 577:; and the 563:scavengers 518:grasslands 489:True hawks 477:Neotropics 461:Falconidae 355:frogmouths 343:passerines 162:Telluraves 4673:Parabuteo 4589:Gray hawk 4429:Subfamily 4343:Sarcogyps 4167:subfamily 4077:Gymnogyps 4048:Cathartes 3830:857105968 3727:959200538 3700:953709935 3282:0007-4861 3151:Oecologia 3110:Evolution 3055:Oecologia 2955:Evolution 2320:207933673 2192:134450324 1999:Polyborus 1891:teratorns 1836:Aeschylus 1784:Olfaction 1694:migration 1681:Migration 1588:(falcons) 1256:(falcons) 1037:paraphyly 1027:Phylogeny 1020:Tytonidae 1014:Strigidae 992:nocturnal 944:caracaras 871:Accipiter 809:Spizaëtus 781:Circaëtus 773:Polyborus 745:Haliæetus 548:eyesight. 494:Accipiter 473:New World 469:Caracaras 416:The term 396:and some 386:mousebird 351:nightjars 254:on other 112:Kingdom: 106:Eukaryota 4854:Butastur 4654:Rupornis 4325:Neophron 4216:Gypaetus 4198:Aegypius 4029:Coragyps 3781:54470834 3754:37041161 3644:23785106 3596:11076738 3469:83648963 3461:23353814 3298:42626967 3187:17489247 3179:23073637 3132:14686521 3083:28308409 2977:17236431 2936:53002864 2887:86547121 2844:38346181 2835:10895254 2785:25504713 2727:24832669 2675:17933934 2639:19635577 2560:15925523 2517:15737588 2390:85599747 2251:31664115 2086:19946365 2046:PLOS ONE 1991:Daptrius 1949:See also 1380:Hieraves 1324:Hieraves 1057:Afroaves 1003:families 905:harriers 901:buzzards 882:families 867:Harpagus 832:Afroaves 817:Sparvius 813:Asturina 765:Daptrius 593:Seriemas 559:Vultures 513:Harriers 501:Buzzards 457:kestrels 376:such as 331:penguins 294:and eat 292:scavenge 284:vultures 264:reptiles 258:(mainly 149:Passerea 126:Chordata 122:Phylum: 116:Animalia 102:Domain: 4925:Buzzard 4454:Species 4189:Species 4018:Species 3441:Bibcode 3290:4433788 3262:Bibcode 3159:Bibcode 3091:8498728 3063:Bibcode 3040:4162266 2928:4090182 2906:The Auk 2867:Bibcode 2812:Bibcode 2776:4405904 2755:Bibcode 2747:Science 2718:4009869 2695:Biology 2617:Bibcode 2540:Bibcode 2497:Bibcode 2370:Bibcode 2242:6820775 2219:Bibcode 2172:Bibcode 2077:2776979 2054:Bibcode 1995:Ibycter 1777:kestrel 940:falcons 878:diurnal 801:Physeta 797:Ictinia 769:Ibycter 757:Gypagus 749:Pandion 609:Britain 532:insects 522:marshes 467:above. 453:Falcons 374:ratites 347:shrikes 296:carrion 290:) also 288:condors 260:mammals 248:species 238:raptors 132:Class: 4361:Torgos 4095:Vultur 3998:family 3937:osprey 3920:Family 3828: 3818: 3791: 3779: 3769: 3752: 3742: 3725: 3715: 3698: 3688: 3669: 3642: 3601:7 June 3594: 3543: 3508:7 June 3467: 3459: 3383: 3366: 3331: 3296: 3288: 3280: 3185: 3177: 3130: 3089: 3081: 3038: 2975: 2934: 2926: 2885: 2842: 2832: 2783: 2773: 2725: 2715: 2673: 2637: 2558: 2515: 2470: 2388: 2318: 2272: 2249: 2239: 2190: 2118: 2084: 2074: 1997:, and 1916:eagles 1905:Vision 1861:. The 1702:Sicily 1404:(owls) 1151:(owls) 1000:extant 946:, and 929:: the 922:osprey 920:: the 911:, and 897:eagles 805:Harpia 793:Milvus 785:Circus 777:Aquila 753:Elanus 751:, and 733:Vultur 719:Turton 715:Latham 711:Gmelin 706:Lanius 688:Vultur 658:merlin 539:osprey 443:Eagles 418:raptor 363:ravens 345:(e.g. 333:, and 319:herons 315:cranes 311:storks 272:talons 240:, are 38:, and 4920:Eagle 4495:Buteo 4446:Genus 4181:Genus 4008:Genus 3907:Order 3465:S2CID 3457:JSTOR 3294:S2CID 3183:S2CID 3087:S2CID 3036:JSTOR 2932:S2CID 2924:JSTOR 2883:S2CID 2671:S2CID 2460:(PDF) 2386:S2CID 2358:(PDF) 2316:S2CID 2188:S2CID 1715:Buteo 909:kites 893:hawks 789:Buteo 741:Phene 737:Falco 729:Strix 700:Strix 694:Falco 528:Kites 506:Buteo 482:Buteo 423:rapio 382:rheas 359:crows 327:skuas 323:gulls 276:beaks 156:Clade 143:Clade 4253:Gyps 3826:OCLC 3816:ISBN 3789:ISBN 3777:OCLC 3767:ISBN 3750:OCLC 3740:ISBN 3723:OCLC 3713:ISBN 3696:OCLC 3686:ISBN 3667:ISBN 3640:PMID 3603:2023 3592:PMID 3541:ISBN 3510:2023 3381:ISBN 3364:ISBN 3329:ISBN 3286:PMID 3278:ISSN 3175:PMID 3128:PMID 3079:PMID 2973:PMID 2840:PMID 2781:PMID 2723:PMID 2635:PMID 2556:PMID 2513:PMID 2468:ISBN 2270:ISBN 2247:PMID 2116:ISBN 2082:PMID 1918:and 1897:and 996:owls 990:The 876:The 735:and 717:and 561:are 551:The 545:Owls 537:The 520:and 455:and 380:and 361:and 286:and 245:bird 136:Aves 80:and 3630:doi 3626:216 3584:doi 3580:203 3533:doi 3499:doi 3449:doi 3411:doi 3407:160 3321:doi 3270:doi 3214:doi 3210:189 3167:doi 3155:172 3118:doi 3071:doi 3059:124 3007:doi 3003:121 2963:doi 2914:doi 2910:120 2875:doi 2830:PMC 2820:doi 2808:121 2771:PMC 2763:doi 2751:346 2713:PMC 2703:doi 2663:doi 2659:154 2625:doi 2583:doi 2548:doi 2505:doi 2436:hdl 2426:doi 2378:doi 2306:doi 2237:PMC 2227:doi 2180:doi 2072:PMC 2062:doi 1842:in 819:). 664:). 653:). 392:), 369:or 349:), 232:or 4942:: 4431:: 4169:: 3909:: 3824:. 3802:. 3775:. 3748:. 3721:. 3694:. 3638:. 3624:. 3620:. 3590:. 3578:. 3574:. 3560:^ 3539:, 3531:, 3527:, 3495:16 3493:. 3489:. 3477:^ 3463:. 3455:. 3447:. 3437:87 3435:. 3405:. 3401:. 3327:. 3292:. 3284:. 3276:. 3268:. 3258:11 3256:. 3252:. 3208:. 3204:. 3181:. 3173:. 3165:. 3153:. 3126:. 3114:57 3112:. 3108:. 3085:. 3077:. 3069:. 3057:. 3032:98 3030:. 3001:. 2997:. 2985:^ 2971:. 2959:60 2957:. 2953:. 2930:. 2922:. 2908:. 2904:. 2881:. 2873:. 2863:26 2861:. 2838:. 2828:. 2818:. 2806:. 2802:. 2779:. 2769:. 2761:. 2749:. 2745:. 2721:. 2711:. 2697:. 2693:. 2669:. 2657:. 2633:. 2623:. 2613:53 2611:. 2607:. 2595:^ 2579:38 2577:. 2554:. 2546:. 2536:37 2534:. 2511:. 2503:. 2493:35 2491:. 2434:. 2422:22 2420:. 2416:. 2398:^ 2384:. 2376:. 2366:39 2364:. 2360:. 2345:^ 2314:. 2302:53 2300:. 2296:. 2284:^ 2245:. 2235:. 2225:. 2213:. 2209:. 2186:. 2178:. 2168:98 2166:. 2138:. 2114:. 2094:^ 2080:. 2070:. 2060:. 2048:. 2044:. 2017:^ 1993:, 1893:, 1889:, 1873:. 1700:, 1009:: 942:, 938:: 907:, 903:, 899:, 895:, 891:: 834:. 815:, 811:, 807:, 803:, 799:, 795:, 791:, 787:, 783:, 779:, 771:, 767:, 763:, 759:, 747:, 743:, 721:. 713:, 353:, 329:, 325:, 321:, 317:, 313:, 298:. 282:, 262:, 158:: 145:: 76:, 72:, 68:, 34:, 4421:e 4414:t 4407:v 4173:) 4165:( 4155:e 4148:t 4141:v 3996:( 3986:e 3979:t 3972:v 3953:) 3946:) 3939:) 3932:) 3899:e 3892:t 3885:v 3832:. 3795:. 3783:. 3756:. 3729:. 3702:. 3675:. 3646:. 3632:: 3605:. 3586:: 3535:: 3512:. 3501:: 3471:. 3451:: 3443:: 3419:. 3413:: 3387:. 3370:. 3343:. 3323:: 3300:. 3272:: 3264:: 3222:. 3216:: 3189:. 3169:: 3161:: 3134:. 3120:: 3093:. 3073:: 3065:: 3042:. 3015:. 3009:: 2979:. 2965:: 2938:. 2916:: 2889:. 2877:: 2869:: 2846:. 2822:: 2814:: 2787:. 2765:: 2757:: 2729:. 2705:: 2699:2 2677:. 2665:: 2641:. 2627:: 2619:: 2589:. 2585:: 2562:. 2550:: 2542:: 2519:. 2507:: 2499:: 2476:. 2444:. 2438:: 2428:: 2392:. 2380:: 2372:: 2322:. 2308:: 2278:. 2253:. 2229:: 2221:: 2215:9 2194:. 2182:: 2174:: 2148:. 2124:. 2112:8 2088:. 2064:: 2056:: 2050:4 1708:. 856:( 660:( 599:. 581:( 569:( 524:. 42:. 20:)

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