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2528:, England. It is 32.1 m (105 ft) long. Built in the late 1820s, the exact date is unknown, however probably built in 1828 or 1829. This is the first tunnel in the world constructed under a railway line. The construction of the Liverpool to Manchester Railway ran over a horse-drawn tramway that ran from the Sutton collieries to the Liverpool-Warrington turnpike road. A tunnel was bored under the railway for the tramway. As the railway was being constructed the tunnel was made operational, opening prior to the Liverpool tunnels on the Liverpool to Manchester line. The tunnel was made redundant in 1844 when the tramway was dismantled.
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under construction. The station and tunnel was opened to passengers in 1836. In the 1880s the tunnel was converted to a deep cutting, open to the atmosphere, being four tracks wide. This is the only occurrence of a major tunnel being removed. Two short sections of the original tunnel still exist at Edge Hill station and further towards Lime Street, giving the two tunnels the distinction of being the oldest rail tunnels in the world still in use, and the oldest in use under streets. Over time a 525 m (0.326 mi) section of the deep cutting has been converted back into tunnel due to sections having buildings built over.
380:
2014:
Environmental
Information estimates total damages to be 40 billion dollars. According to an article issued by Steve Hymon of TheSource – Transportation News and Views, there was no serious damage sustained by the LA subway system. Metro, the owner of the LA subway system, issued a statement through their engineering staff about the design and consideration that goes into a tunnel system. Engineers and architects perform extensive analysis as to how hard they expect earthquakes to hit that area. All of this goes into the overall design and flexibility of the tunnel.
1061:. This pressurizes the ground ahead of the TBM cutter head to balance the water pressure. The operators work in normal air pressure behind the pressurized compartment, but may occasionally have to enter that compartment to renew or repair the cutters. This requires special precautions, such as local ground treatment or halting the TBM at a position free from water. Despite these difficulties, TBMs are now preferred over the older method of tunnelling in compressed air, with an airlock/decompression chamber some way back from the TBM, which required operators to
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3463:. Elaborately engineered 300-metre (1,000 ft) tunnels built to smuggle drugs across the Mexico-US border were estimated to require up to 9 months to complete, and an expenditure of up to $ 1 million. Some of these tunnels were equipped with lighting, ventilation, telephones, drainage pumps, hydraulic elevators, and in at least one instance, an electrified rail transport system. Secret tunnels have also been used by thieves to break into bank vaults and retail stores after hours. Several tunnels have been discovered by the
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2653:. The tunnel is split into two tunnels with a short open air cutting linking the two. The cutting is where the cable hauled trains from Edge Hill were hitched and unhitched. The two tunnels are effectively one on the same centre line and are regarded as one. However, as initially the 2,375 m (1.476 mi) long Victoria section was originally cable hauled and the shorter 862 m (943 yd) Waterloo section was locomotive hauled, two separate names were given, the short section was named the
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7.2 ripped through Kobe Japan in 1995, leaving no damage to the tunnels themselves. Entry portals sustained minor damages, however these damages were attributed to inadequate earthquake design that originated from the original construction date of 1965. In 2010 a magnitude 8.8, massive by any scale, afflicted Chile. Entrance stations to subway systems suffered minor damages, and the subway system was down for the rest of the day. By the next afternoon, the subway system was operational again.
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2542:, a single track railway tunnel 266 m long (873 ft), was bored from Edge Hill to Crown Street to serve the world's first intercity passenger railway terminus station. The station was abandoned in 1836 being too far from Liverpool city centre, with the area converted for freight use. Closed down in 1972, the tunnel is disused. However it is the oldest passenger rail tunnel running under streets in the world.
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3262:, in England, opened in 2010, is notable in that it converted an existing railway cutting into a tunnel to create ground to build a supermarket over the tunnel. The railway in the cutting was first opened around 1906, stretching over 104 years to complete a railway tunnel. The tunnel was built using the cover method with craned in prefabricated forms in order to keep the busy railway operating. A branch of the
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2314:. The tunnel's existence was recorded by Herodotus (as was the mole and harbour, and the third wonder of the island, the great temple to Hera, thought by many to be the largest in the Greek world). The precise location of the tunnel was only re-established in the 19th century by German archaeologists. The tunnel proper is 1,030 m long (3,380 ft) and visitors can still enter it.
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pilot tunnel (or "drift tunnel") may be driven ahead of the main excavation. This smaller tunnel is less likely to collapse catastrophically should unexpected conditions be met, and it can be incorporated into the final tunnel or used as a backup or emergency escape passage. Alternatively, horizontal boreholes may sometimes be drilled ahead of the advancing tunnel face.
973:, where bored tunnels were used for stations and passenger access. Nevertheless, the original parts of the London Underground network, the Metropolitan and District Railways, were constructed using cut-and-cover. These lines pre-dated electric traction and the proximity to the surface was useful to ventilate the inevitable smoke and steam.
2461:, England. The tunnel was built simultaneously with the 1793 Fritchley railway tunnel. The tunnel partially collapsed in 1900 splitting the Cromford Canal, and has not been used since. The Friends of Cromford Canal, a group of volunteers, are working at fully restoring the Cromford Canal and the Butterley Tunnel.
1199:. Other support measures can include steel arches, rock bolts, and mesh. Technological developments in sprayed concrete technology have resulted in steel and polypropylene fibers being added to the concrete mix to improve lining strength. This creates a natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's
2013:
Earthquakes are one of nature's most formidable threats. A magnitude 6.7 earthquake shook the San
Fernando valley in Los Angeles in 1994. The earthquake caused extensive damage to various structures, including buildings, freeway overpasses and road systems throughout the area. The National Center for
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is sometimes necessary during the excavation of a tunnel. They are usually circular and go straight down until they reach the level at which the tunnel is going to be built. A shaft normally has concrete walls and is usually built to be permanent. Once the access shafts are complete, TBMs are lowered
938:: A trench is excavated, with ground support as necessary, and the tunnel is constructed in it. The tunnel may be of in situ concrete, precast concrete, precast arches, or corrugated steel arches; in early days brickwork was used. The trench is then carefully back-filled and the surface is reinstated.
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supermarket chain occupies the newly created ground above the railway tunnel, with an adjacent existing railway station at the end of the tunnel. During construction, a portion of the tunnel collapsed when soil cover was added. The prefabricated forms were covered with a layer of reinforced concrete
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engineered and built by the
Butterley company, however reverted to horses. Steam trains used the tunnel continuously from the 1840s when the railway was converted to a narrow gauge. The line closed in 1933. In the Second World War, the tunnel was used as an air raid shelter. Sealed up in 1977 it was
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Tunnels are more stable under a symmetric load, which improves ground-lining interaction. Improving the tunnel lining by placing thicker and stiffer sections without stabilizing surrounding poor ground may result in excess seismic forces in the lining. Backfilling with non-cyclically mobile material
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of buildings and land, with potentially lengthy planning inquiries, is eliminated. Disadvantages of TBMs arise from their usually large size – the difficulty of transporting the large TBM to the site of tunnel construction, or (alternatively) the high cost of assembling the TBM on-site, often within
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control is very important in tunnel construction. Water leaking into a tunnel or vertical shaft will greatly decrease stand-up time, causing the excavation to become unstable and risking collapse. The most common way to control groundwater is to install dewatering pipes into the ground and to simply
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tunnel, Liverpool. A two track rail tunnel, 1.811 km (1.125 mi) long was bored under the metropolis from Edge Hill in the east of the city to Lime Street in
Liverpool's city centre. The tunnel was in use from 1832 being used to transport building materials to the new Lime St station while
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This same trend of limited subway damage following an earthquake can be seen in many other places. In 1985 a magnitude 8.1 earthquake shook Mexico City; there was no damage to the subway system, and in fact the subway systems served as a lifeline for emergency personnel and evacuations. A magnitude
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was near totally removed, apart from a 50-metre (55 yd) section at Edge Hill and a section nearer to Lime Street, as four tracks were required. The tunnel was dug out into a very deep four-track cutting, with short tunnels in places along the cutting. Train services were not interrupted as the
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under a contract with the local community. Eupalinos organised the work so that the tunnel was begun from both sides of Mount Kastro. The two teams advanced simultaneously and met in the middle with excellent accuracy, something that was extremely difficult in that time. The aqueduct was of utmost
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in west Paris consists of two bored tunnel tubes, the eastern one of which has two levels for light motorized vehicles, over a length of 10 km (6.2 mi). Although each level offers a physical height of 2.54 m (8.3 ft), only traffic up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall is allowed in
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Box jacking is similar to pipe jacking, but instead of jacking tubes, a box-shaped tunnel is used. Jacked boxes can be a much larger span than a pipe jack, with the span of some box jacks in excess of 20 metres (66 ft). A cutting head is normally used at the front of the box being jacked, and
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There are three basic types of tunnel construction in common use. Cut-and-cover tunnels are constructed in a shallow trench and then covered over. Bored tunnels are constructed in situ, without removing the ground above. Finally, a tube can be sunk into a body of water, which is called an immersed
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Conventional desk and preliminary site studies may yield insufficient information to assess such factors as the blocky nature of rocks, the exact location of fault zones, or the stand-up times of softer ground. This may be a particular concern in large-diameter tunnels. To give more information, a
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and by other geophysical techniques. An informed choice can then be made of machinery and methods for excavation and ground support, which will reduce the risk of encountering unforeseen ground conditions. In planning the route, the horizontal and vertical alignments can be selected to make use of
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to transport limestone to its ironworks factory. The
Butterley company engineered and built its own railway. A victim of the depression the company closed after 219 years in 2009. The tunnel is the world's oldest railway tunnel traversed by rail wagons. Gravity and horse haulage was utilised. The
2377:. The tunnel is presently under a narrow part of a lake formed by a dam some kilometers further downstream. Estimated to have been built more than 2000 years ago, possibly by the same civilization that also built the royal tombs in a rock face nearby, it is assumed to have had a defensive purpose.
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the 4.0 km (2.5 mi) double-deck roadway tunnel. In this scenario, traffic continues normally. Only during heavy, prolonged rains when the threat of extreme flooding is high, the upper tunnel tube is closed off to vehicles and automated flood control gates are opened so that water can be
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There are a variety of TBM designs that can operate in a variety of conditions, from hard rock to soft water-bearing ground. Some TBMs, the bentonite slurry and earth-pressure balance types, have pressurized compartments at the front end, allowing them to be used in difficult conditions below the
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An open building pit consists of a horizontal and a vertical boundary that keeps groundwater and soil out of the pit. There are several potential alternatives and combinations for (horizontal and vertical) building pit boundaries. The most important difference with cut-and-cover is that the open
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in London. This construction form generally has two levels, which allows economical arrangements for ticket hall, station platforms, passenger access and emergency egress, ventilation and smoke control, staff rooms, and equipment rooms. The interior of Canary Wharf station has been likened to an
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or contiguous bored piling. Only a shallow excavation is needed to construct the tunnel roof using precast beams or in situ concrete sitting on the walls. The surface is then reinstated except for access openings. This allows early reinstatement of roadways, services, and other surface features.
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was chosen over a massively high bridge for defense reasons; it was feared that aircraft could destroy a bridge in times of war, not merely impairing road traffic but blocking the river to navigation. Maintenance costs of a massive bridge to allow the world's largest ships to navigate under were
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Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the groundwater conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel
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was constructed at
Persepolis in Iran at the same time as the construction of its foundation in 518 BC. In most places the network was dug in the sound rock of the mountain and then covered by large pieces of rock and stone followed by earth and piles of rubble to level the ground. During
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is the amount of time a newly excavated cavity can support itself without any added structures. Knowing this parameter allows the engineers to determine how far an excavation can proceed before support is needed, which in turn affects the speed, efficiency, and cost of construction. Generally,
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opened in 1842, is a 3.9-kilometre (2.4 mi) subterranean wagonway with a maximum depth of 26 metres (85 ft) that drops 222 feet (68 m) from entrance to exit. The tunnel runs under
Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and originally exited at the River Tyne. It remains largely intact.
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are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with a maximum size of around 3.2 metres
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was the world's first deep-level underground railway. By 1892 the extensions on land from
Birkenhead Park station to Liverpool Central Low level station gave a tunnel 5.02 km (3.12 mi) in length. The under river section is 1.21 km (0.75 mi) in length, and was the longest
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The three eastern portals of
Liverpool Edge Hill tunnels, built into a hand-dug deep cutting. The left tunnel with tracks is the short 1846 second Crown Street Tunnel, still used for shunting. In the center, partially hidden by undergrowth, is the disused 2.03 km (1.26 mi) 1829
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is also very important in determining stand-up time. If a tunnel excavation is wider than it is high, it will have a harder time supporting itself, decreasing its stand-up time. A square or rectangular excavation is more difficult to make self-supporting, because of a concentration of
537:, using pipes which are inserted into the ground surrounding the excavation, which are then cooled with special refrigerant fluids. This freezes the ground around each pipe until the whole space is surrounded with frozen soil, keeping water out until a permanent structure can be built.
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A major disadvantage of cut-and-cover is the widespread disruption generated at the surface level during construction. This, and the availability of electric traction, brought about London
Underground's switch to bored tunnels at a deeper level towards the end of the 19th century.
3532:, a Norwegian island with a hat-shaped silhouette, has a natural tunnel in the middle of the hat, letting light come through. The 160-metre (520 ft) long, 35-metre (115 ft) high, and 20-metre (66 ft) wide tunnel is said to be the hole made by an arrow of the angry
1048:(TBMs) and associated back-up systems are used to highly automate the entire tunnelling process, reducing tunnelling costs. In certain predominantly urban applications, tunnel boring is viewed as a quick and cost-effective alternative to laying surface rails and roads. Expensive
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to the bottom and excavation can start. Shafts are the main entrance in and out of the tunnel until the project is completed. If a tunnel is going to be long, multiple shafts at various locations may be bored so that entrance to the tunnel is closer to the unexcavated area.
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metro network, with work started and abandoned because of costs. The tunnel is in excellent condition and is still being considered for reuse by Merseyrail, maybe with an underground station cut into the tunnel for Liverpool university. The river portal is opposite the new
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both decks are for motor vehicles. In each direction, only cars and taxis travel on the 2.6 m (8.5 ft) high two-lane upper deck, and heavier vehicles, like trucks and buses, as well as cars, may use the 4.0 m (13 ft) high single-lane lower level.
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this tunnel tube, and motorcyclists are directed to the other tube. Each level was built with a three-lane roadway, but only two lanes per level are used – the third serves as a hard shoulder within the tunnel. The A86 Duplex is Europe's longest double-deck tunnel.
3289:, 2016, is the longest, 8.58 km (5.33 mi), mountain tunnel in South America. It crosses beneath a mountain at 2,500 m (8,202.1 ft) above sea level with six traffic lanes, and it has a parallel emergency tunnel. The tunnel is subject to serious
215:
The definition of what constitutes a tunnel can vary widely from source to source. For example, in the United Kingdom, a road tunnel is defined as "a subsurface highway structure enclosed for a length of 150 metres (490 ft) or more." In the United States, the
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was opened in late 1886, at 7.008 km (4.355 mi) long, although only 3.62 km (2.25 mi) of the tunnel is actually under the River Severn. The tunnel replaced the Mersey Railway tunnel's longest under water record, which was held for less than a
2657:. In 1895 the two tunnels were converted to locomotive haulage. Used until 1972, the tunnel is still in excellent condition. A short section of the Victoria tunnel at Edge Hill is still used for shunting trains. The tunnel is being considered for reuse by the
323:("cask"). The modern meaning, referring to an underground passageway, evolved in the 16th century as a metaphor for a narrow, confined space like the inside of a cask. The modern sense of it as a passageway emerged as engineering and mining practices grew.
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The history of ancient tunnels and tunneling in the world is reviewed in various sources which include many examples of these structures that were built for different purposes. Some well known ancient and modern tunnels are briefly introduced below:
3526:. Hindus believe that crawling through the tunnel (which they believe was created by a Hindu god) from one end to the other will wash away all of one's sins and thus allow one to attain rebirth. Only men are permitted to crawl through the tunnel.
2819:, between Switzerland and Italy. It is 19.8 km (12.3 mi) long, and was the longest tunnel in the world until 1982. It was also the deepest tunnel in the world, with a maximum rock overlay of approximately 2,150 m (7,050 ft).
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in Tennessee, an 88 m long (289 ft) water diversion tunnel, 4.50 m × 2.45 m high (14.8 ft × 8.0 ft), to power a water wheel, was built by slave labour in 1819, being the first full-scale tunnel in North
855:. Also, the land needed for excavation and construction staging, and the proper machinery must be selected. Large infrastructure projects require millions or even billions of dollars, involving long-term financing, usually through issuance of
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with his hands, inserts with his feet a tool with a cup-like rounded end, then turns the tool with his hands to extract a section of soil, which is then placed on the waste extract. Clay-kicking is a specialized method developed in the
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techniques for developing a major structure. Understanding the amount of time the project requires, and the amount of labor and materials needed is a crucial part of project planning. The project duration must be identified using a
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had ordered built in 76–77 AD. A modern road, the SS 3 Flaminia, still uses this tunnel, which had a precursor dating back to the 3rd century BC, remnants of this earlier tunnel (one of the first road tunnels) are also still
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for an infrastructure such as a tunnel must be identified. Political disputes can occur, as in 2005 when the US House of Representatives approved a $ 100 million federal grant to build a tunnel under New York Harbor. However, the
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was originally to have road vehicles running on the upper deck and trams on the lower. During construction the tram usage was cancelled. The lower section is only used for cables, pipes and emergency accident refuge enclosures.
1497:, the largest-diameter bored tunnel in the world. At construction this was a combination bidirectional rail and truck pathway on the lower deck with automobiles above, now converted to one-way road vehicle traffic on each deck.
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the best ground and water conditions. It is common practice to locate a tunnel deeper than otherwise would be required, in order to excavate through solid rock or other material that is easier to support during construction.
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Lined and grouted tunnels are safer than unlined tunnels in rock. Shaking damage can be reduced by stabilizing the ground around the tunnel and by improving the contact between the lining and the surrounding ground through
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These last two shafts are now expected to be done by 2026, according to the DEP, but the tunnel still won't be complete. The original plans called for one more extension—a 14-mile conduit between Yonkers, the Bronx and
2482:'s new customs duties. Jefferson had ordered local militias to help the Custom House in each port collect these dues, but the smugglers, led by Elias Derby, hired the Salem militia to dig the tunnels and hide the spoil.
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High frequency motions may explain the local spalling of rock or concrete along planes of weakness. These frequencies, which rapidly attenuate with distance, may be expected mainly at small distances from the causative
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Government funds are often required for the creation of tunnels. When a tunnel is being planned or constructed, economics and politics play a large factor in the decision making process. Civil engineers usually use
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Niu, Jiqiang; Zhou, Dan; Liu, Feng; Yuan, Yanping (1 October 2018). "Effect of train length on fluctuating aerodynamic pressure wave in tunnels and method for determining the amplitude of pressure wave on trains".
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on national road Rv 653 in Norway is the world's deepest subsea road tunnel, measuring 7.776 km (4.832 mi) long, with deepest point at −287 m (−942 ft) below the sea level, opened in February
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wavefront and vice versa). When two wavefronts of the same sign meet the train, significant and rapid air pressure may cause ear discomfort for passengers and crew. When a high-speed train exits a tunnel, a loud
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tunnel excavators developed a specialized method called clay-kicking for digging tunnels in clay-based soils. The clay-kicker lies on a plank at a 45-degree angle away from the working face and rather than a
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of digging tunnels in strong clay-based soil structures. This method of cut and cover construction required relatively little disturbance of property during the renewal of the United Kingdom's then ancient
2267:, which after 2700 years, still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Its main well depth is more than 360 m (1,180 ft), and its length is 45 km (28 mi).
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When there is a parallel, separate tunnel available, airtight but unlocked emergency doors are usually provided which allow trapped personnel to escape from a smoke-filled tunnel to the parallel tube.
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in Liverpool, England, at 2.03 km (1.26 mi) long on a twin track railway, was the first rail tunnel bored under a metropolis. The tunnel's path is from Edge Hill in the east of the city to
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mountains was opened, permitting the establishment of the commercial mass transportation of passengers and freight over the Sierras for the first time. It remained in daily use until 1993, when the
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are water management systems used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. The deepest known qanat is in the Iranian city of
795:), aesthetic reasons (preserving the above-ground view, landscape, and scenery), and also for weight capacity reasons (it may be more feasible to build a tunnel than a sufficiently strong bridge).
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tunnel boring machine, with a 17.5-metre (57.5 ft) cutterhead diameter. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on 4 February 2019.
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1972:
A database of seismic damage to underground structures using 217 case histories shows the following general observations can be made regarding the seismic performance of underground structures:
2645:, England, was bored under a metropolis opening in 1848. The tunnel was initially used only for rail freight serving the Waterloo Freight terminal, and later freight and passengers serving the
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spoil removal is normally by excavator from within the box. Recent developments of the Jacked Arch and Jacked deck have enabled longer and larger structures to be installed to close accuracy.
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or utility tunnels carry two or more utility lines. Through co-location of different utilities in one tunnel, organizations are able to reduce the costs of building and maintaining utilities.
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Approach. The original two-track tunnel was removed to create a deep cutting. Some of the road bridges seen across the cutting are solid rock and in effect are a series of short tunnels.
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Siamak Hashemi, 2013, The Magnificence of Civilization in Depths of Ground (A Review of Underground Structures in Iran – Past to Present), Shadrang Printing and Publishing Co., Tehran.
1625: train) of the New York City Subway, was not opened for passenger service until 1989. The lower level, intended for commuter rail, saw passenger service after completion of the
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in South East Asia and second longest in Asia. The facility can be operated as a simultaneous traffic and stormwater passage, or dedicated exclusively to stormwater when necessary.
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being an ideal location for a serving station. If reused the tunnel will be the oldest used underground rail tunnel in the world and oldest section of any underground metro system.
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in 1944, killing 426 passengers. Designers try to reduce these risks by installing emergency ventilation systems or isolated emergency escape tunnels parallel to the main passage.
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Other reasons for choosing a tunnel instead of a bridge include avoiding difficulties with tides, weather, and shipping during construction (as in the 51.5-kilometre or 32.0-mile
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Schmidt, E.F., 1953, Persepolis I – Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions; The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications, Volume LXVIII, The University of Chicago Press.
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to the river, in WW2 part of the tunnel was used as a shelter. Under the management of a charitable foundation called the Ouseburn Trust it is currently used for heritage tours.
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National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972).
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investigations and surveys, long sections of similar rock tunnels extending beneath the palace area were traced by Herzfeld and later by Schmidt and their archeological teams.
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to stabilize the tunnel, by allowing a measured relaxation and stress reassignment into the surrounding rock to prevent full loads becoming imposed on the supports. Based on
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For water crossings, a tunnel is generally more costly to construct than a bridge. However, both navigational and traffic considerations may limit the use of high bridges or
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in England, which opened in 1841, was the longest railway tunnel in the world at the time of construction. It was dug by hand, and has a length of 2.9 km (1.8 mi).
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network used to transport escaped slaves was "underground" mostly in the sense of secrecy, hidden tunnels were occasionally used. Secret tunnels were also used during the
220:
definition of a tunnel is "An underground structure with a design length greater than 23 m (75 ft) and a diameter greater than 1,800 millimetres (5.9 ft)."
2788:, in constructing the City & South London Railway tunnel beneath the Thames, opened in 1890, brought together three key elements of tunnel construction under water:
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are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people and equipment.
2920:, opened in 2016, is the longest and deepest railway tunnel in the world at 57.1 km (35.5 mi) length and 2,450 m (8,040 ft) maximum depth below the
665:
project replaced elevated roadways with a tunnel system to increase traffic capacity, hide traffic, reclaim land, redecorate, and reunite the city with the waterfront.
125:
is an underground or undersea passageway. It is dug through surrounding soil, earth or rock, or laid under water, and is usually completely enclosed except for the two
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Owing to the enclosed space of a tunnel, fires can have very serious effects on users. The main dangers are gas and smoke production, with even low concentrations of
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1515:-level tunnel, also under the Bosporus. The tunnel is intended to carry both the Istanbul metro and a two-level highway, over a length of 6.5 km (4.0 mi).
3088:. The tunnel is 10.0 km (6.2 mi) long and at an elevation of 2,816 m (9,239 ft) is the highest active railroad tunnel in the U.S. (The inactive
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in England, completed in 2010. Looking west towards the station in March 2005, showing the extent of construction three months before a small section collapsed.
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1767:, and then leveling the surface with earth. In railway parlance, a surface-level track which has been built or covered over is normally called a "covered way".
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closed it and transferred all rail traffic through the 3,146-metre (10,322 ft) long Tunnel #41 (a.k.a. "The Big Hole") built a mile to the south in 1925.
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Reported damage decreases with increasing over burden depth. Deep tunnels seem to be safer and less vulnerable to earthquake shaking than are shallow tunnels.
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was completed between France and Italy, being the second-oldest Alpine tunnel, 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long. At that time it was the longest in the world.
1912:. Both types of tunnels often have provisions to increase ventilation under emergency conditions, such as a fire. Although there is a risk of increasing the
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commuter trains on the lower level. Construction started in 1969, and the two sides of the tunnel were bored through in 1972. The upper level, used by the
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is sometimes considered the longest tunnel, of any type, in the world at 154 km (96 mi), though the aqueduct's tunnel section is not continuous.
1668:, featuring a gallery containing five water mains lines with diameters between 1.2 and 1.5 m (4 and 5 ft) below the road section of the tunnel.
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5043:"Risks of Ear Complaints of Passengers and Drivers While Trains Are Passing Through Tunnels at High Speed: A Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study"
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4946:
Kim, Joon-Hyung; Rho, Joo-Hyun (1 March 2018). "Pressure wave characteristics of a high-speed train in a tunnel according to the operating conditions".
2430:. The tunnel is 2.9 kilometres (1.83 mi) long. Closed in 1962 the tunnel was reopened in 1973. The series of tunnels was extended in 1984 and 1989.
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until 2007. It was the oldest section of the network, although not the oldest purpose built rail section. From 2010 the tunnel became a part of the
1996:
Duration of strong-motion shaking during earthquakes is of utmost importance because it may cause fatigue failure and therefore, large deformations.
1176:(NATM)—also referred to as the Sequential Excavation Method (SEM)—was developed in the 1960s. The main idea of this method is to use the geological
3954:
1092:, had a diameter of about 9 metres (30 ft). A larger TBM was built to bore the Green Heart Tunnel (Dutch: Tunnel Groene Hart) as part of the
5676:
953:
Shallow tunnels are often of the cut-and-cover type (if under water, of the immersed-tube type), while deep tunnels are excavated, often using a
5965:
4782:
1969:
equipment is often used, and real-time pictures of traffic conditions for some highways may be viewable by the general public via the Internet.
6429:
5449:
4449:
871:
was not aware of this bill and had not asked for a grant for such a project. Increased taxes to finance a large project may cause opposition.
7426:
2755:, between northern and southern Switzerland, opened in 1882 and was the longest rail tunnel in the world, measuring 15 km (9.3 mi).
526:
certain configurations of rock and clay will have the greatest stand-up time, while sand and fine soils will have a much lower stand-up time.
488:, the network of tunnels was used by Jewish strategists as rock-cut shelters, in first links to Judean resistance against Roman rule in the
7240:
1947:" may occur, which can disturb residents near the mouth of the tunnel, and it is exacerbated in mountain valleys where the sound can echo.
2985:
was the longest land rail tunnel, with a length of 34.5 km (21.4 mi), from its inauguration in 2007 until the completion of the
7969:
5690:
3544:. The tunnel is thought actually to be the work of ice. The sun shines through the tunnel during two few minutes long periods every year.
1993:
Damage may be related to peak ground acceleration and velocity based on the magnitude and epicentral distance of the affected earthquake.
2306:
defensive importance, since it ran underground, and it was not easily found by an enemy who could otherwise cut off the water supply to
1886:
of 1982, the majority of fatalities were caused by toxic smoke, rather than by the initial crash. Likewise 84 people were killed in the
5257:
Klaus Grewe, 1998, Licht am Ende des Tunnels – Planung und Trassierung im antiken Tunnelbau, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.
5341:
5730:
2974:. It has a total length of 50 km (31 mi), of which 39 km (24 mi) are the world's longest undersea tunnel section.
2183:. This and a short section of the original tunnel nearer to Lime Street are the oldest rail tunnels in the world still in active use.
1982:
Underground facilities constructed in soils can be expected to suffer more damage compared to openings constructed in competent rock.
868:
4242:
285:
6101:
2446:
rediscovered in 2013 and inspected. The tunnel was resealed to preserved the construction as it was designated an ancient monument.
1105:
5784:
5545:
5317:
4877:
7285:
5361:
4796:
4344:
3378:. Excavation techniques, as well as the construction of underground bunkers and other habitable areas, are often associated with
3121:
streets. It operated between 1906 and 1956 as a freight network, connecting building basements and railway stations. Following a
5910:
4475:
3278:
is the world's highest railway tunnel, about 4.905 km (3.05 mi) above sea level and 1,338 m (0.831 mi) long.
1556:
was opened in 2016. Each level accommodates a full height, two by two-lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the
6268:
5136:
3866:
3575:(1925) – tunnel collapse on a work train during renovation, killing four men and trapping a steam locomotive and ten flat cars.
2762:, at 3.182 km (1.977 mi) long, was one of the first long road tunnels under a pass, running between France and Italy.
1564:
1129:
332:
5993:
5281:
5137:"A Case Study Boston Central Artery/Tunnel Integrated Project Control System, Responding to incidents Rapidly and Effectively"
6031:
4580:
3981:
2570:
2191:
1382:
1084:. The borehole has a diameter of 8.03 metres (26.3 ft). The four TBMs used for excavating the 57-kilometre (35 mi)
4725:
2672:, the first Alpine tunnel, was opened in 1848 and was 1.431 km (0.889 mi) long. It connected rail traffic between
5100:
Fridolf, K.; Ronchi, E.; Nilsson, D.; Frantzich, H. (2013). "Movement speed and exit choice in smoke-filled rail tunnels".
3117:
is the largest urban street tunnel network, comprising 97 km (60 mi) of tunnels beneath the majority of downtown
2806:
from Morden to East Finchley via Bank was the longest railway tunnel in the world at 27.8 km (17.3 mi) in length.
2797:
construction in a compressed air environment to inhibit water flowing through soft ground material into the tunnel heading.
1560:, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic.
1486:
1479:
217:
4603:
4150:
4018:
2837:
tunnel was completed, supplying water to New York City. At 137 km (85 mi) it is the longest tunnel in the world.
2497:. The locomotive made the historic journey from Penydarren to Abercynon in 1804. Part of this tunnel can still be seen at
5275:
UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List: Qanats of Gonabad, Date of Inscription 2007, Reference No. 5207, At:
3476:
3164:) were bypassed in the 1960s; the latter two tunnels are on a bypassed section of the Turnpike now commonly known as the
2646:
1916:
through increased airflow, the primary focus is on providing breathable air to persons trapped in the tunnel, as well as
1004:
5810:
4423:
1097:
7825:
5366:
5246:
3081:
5478:
2614:
opened in 1843, was the first tunnel (after Terelek) traversing under a water body, and the first to be built using a
7974:
6695:
6293:
6261:
6045:
5424:
4302:
3785:
3600:
2143:
2074:
1859:
1621:
1543:
611:
506:
A major tunnel project must start with a comprehensive investigation of ground conditions by collecting samples from
5603:
4067:
3735:"New Technologies and Challenges in the Construction of the Immersed Tube Tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Link"
1552:
In the Netherlands, a 2.3 km (1.4 mi) two-storey, eight-lane, cut-and-cover road tunnel under the city of
653:
Bridges usually require a larger footprint on each shore than tunnels. In areas with expensive real estate, such as
593:
109:
5858:
3318:, started in 1970, has an expected completion beyond 2026, and will measure more than 97 km long (60 mi).
3315:
2862:
is the longest undersea road tunnel. It is 14.3 km (8.9 mi) in length. The tunnel opened for use in 2020.
2509:. This is arguably the oldest railway tunnel in the world, dedicated only to self-propelled steam engines on rails.
1674:'s Yangtze River Highway and Railway Tunnel is a 2.59 km (1.61 mi) two-tube double-deck tunnel under the
1615:
1073:
969:
underground cathedral, owing to the sheer size of the excavation. This contrasts with many traditional stations on
818:
4394:"National Railway Museum / Science & Society image # 10445944: "Building a railway bridge in Liverpool, 1881""
4008:
United States Army Corps of Engineers. (1978). Tunnels and shafts in rock. Washington, DC: Department of the Army.
4275:
3210:
3187:. Both tunnels handle around 150,000 vehicles a day, making them two of the most trafficked tunnels in the world.
3165:
2661:
network. Stations cut into the tunnel are being considered and also reuse by a monorail system from the proposed
2554:
1809:
1537:, China, a 2.8 km (1.7 mi) two-tube double-deck tunnel was built starting in 2002. In each tube of the
39:
4401:
4371:
2006:
may be amplified upon incidence with a tunnel if wavelengths are between one and four times the tunnel diameter.
1874:
of 2001 for example, all of the victims succumbing to smoke and gas inhalation. Over 400 passengers died in the
1508:, opened in 2016, has at its core a 5.4 km (3.4 mi) two-deck road tunnel with two lanes on each deck.
7871:
7734:
7729:
7714:
5652:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: St. Clair River Tunnel / St. Clair Railroad Tunnel"
5224:
2618:. Originally used as a foot-tunnel, the tunnel was converted to a railway tunnel in 1869 and was a part of the
2125:
1572:
1173:
1121:
689:, tunnels were chosen over bridges for strategic considerations; in the event of damage, bridges might prevent
589:
17:
5884:
5245:
Hymon, Steve. "Designing A Subway to Withstand an Earthquake." The Source. N.p., 2017. Web. 11 November 2017.
1323:
During construction of a tunnel it is often convenient to install a temporary railway, particularly to remove
928:
over with an overhead support system strong enough to carry the load of what is to be built above the tunnel.
129:
common at each end, though there may be access and ventilation openings at various points along the length. A
94:
6943:
6824:
6366:
5716:
4674:
4526:
4328:
3996:
Powers, P.J. (2007). Construction dewatering and groundwater control. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
3382:, or civilian responses to threat of attack. Another use for tunnels was for the storage of chemical weapons
3218:
3012:
1695:
light rail. The middle level is used by car traffic, and the top layer is for bicycle and pedestrian access.
1144:
5408:
4218:
4188:
903:
7724:
6094:
5628:
3852:
Brodziewska, J. (2005). Wildlife tunnels and fauna bridges in Poland: past, present and future, 1997-2013.
3685:
3422:
3004:
is the world's longest road tunnel, intended for cars and similar vehicles, at 24.5 km (15.2 mi).
2531:
803:
5173:
3927:
7881:
7256:
3297:
and its urban area with the coffee-growing region, and with the main port on the Colombian Pacific coast.
3133:
2951:
by rail. It is 53.9-kilometre (33.5 mi) long, of which 23.3 km (14.5 mi) are crossing the
2634:
2591:
1335:
to allow the operation of empty and loaded trains at the same time. The temporary way is replaced by the
4541:"Istanbul's mega-project: World's first three-level tunnel to be built under the Bosporus – Daily Sabah"
3815:
201:, are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely. Tunnels can be connected together in
7964:
7876:
7805:
7800:
7775:
7398:
6856:
6301:
4779:"Black & Veatch uses trenchless technology for water main rehabilitation in Hong Kong – WaterWorld"
3708:
3145:
2909:, opened in 2009, is the third longest water tunnel in the world at 85.3 km (53.0 mi) length.
2187:
1909:
1798:
1096:
in the Netherlands, with a diameter of 14.87 metres (48.8 ft). This in turn was superseded by the
749:
501:
1390:
work progressed. There are other occurrences of tunnels being replaced by open cuts, for example, the
7907:
7159:
6554:
3734:
3554:
3509:
3375:
3309:
3301:
3141:
3137:
2738:
2714:
were built using the cut-and-cover method in the 1860s, and opened in January 1863. What are now the
2650:
2587:
near Darlington, England, is the oldest sizeable tunnel in the world still in use under a settlement.
2047:
1879:
1836:
1557:
1378:
1312:
1153:
1125:
965:
863:
639:
631:
3566:
2978:
1887:
1299:
There are also several approaches to underwater tunnels, the two most common being bored tunnels or
7701:
7235:
7225:
7097:
7087:
6917:
6655:
6453:
6284:
5836:
Author lifts lid on chemical wartime history – Local News – News – General – Blue Mountains Gazette
5453:
3624:
3590:
3560:
3106:, from 1804 and completed around 1840 by a wealthy eccentric, are probably the largest underground
2759:
2726:
2400:
2093:
1871:
1855:
1192:
848:
813:
There are particular hazards with tunnels, especially from vehicle fires when combustion gases can
777:
574:
541:
450:
around the 8th century BC. Another tunnel excavated from both ends, maybe the second known, is the
212:, although similar shorter excavations can be constructed, such as cross passages between tunnels.
4827:
3125:
the network was sealed, although some parts still carry utility and communications infrastructure.
2827:
2649:. The tunnel's path is from Edge Hill in the east of the city to the north end Liverpool docks at
2468:
is reputed to be the oldest rail tunnel in the world. The rail wagons were originally horse-drawn.
1567:, is a $ 3.3 billion 2.83-kilometre (1.76 mi), double-decker bored highway tunnel under
1315:
are a novel approach under consideration; however, no such tunnels have been constructed to date.
7661:
7450:
7075:
7050:
6990:
6670:
6611:
6087:
5937:"Day after India-Pakistan flag meet, BSF detects trans-border tunnel in Jammu's Arnia sub-sector"
5582:
5561:
4948:
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit
4393:
4363:
3338:
3099:
2872:
2677:
2611:
2471:
2384:
2121:
2114:
2056:
1678:
completed in 2018. Each tube carries three lanes of local traffic on the top deck with one track
1665:
1200:
1195:
is computed. The excavation is protected by a layer of sprayed concrete, commonly referred to as
725:
686:
585:
578:
467:
455:
31:
5499:
3282:
3229:
through the tunnels. The Big Dig replaced Boston's old badly deteriorated I-93 elevated highway.
784:
was constructed to provide a second harbour crossing and to alleviate traffic congestion on the
7886:
7338:
7149:
6963:
6799:
6774:
6625:
6604:
6496:
4045:
3618:
3578:
3464:
3114:
2902:
2513:
2442:
2380:
1875:
1786:
1576:
1062:
826:
769:
737:
267:
164:
3969:
2207:. On the right, hidden by undergrowth, is the disused original short 1829 Crown Street Tunnel.
1011:
lines, because it was almost silent and so not susceptible to listening methods of detection.
949:
Excavation then takes place under the permanent tunnel roof, and the base slab is constructed.
7770:
7709:
7025:
6834:
6342:
6227:
5651:
3948:
3660:
3584:
3472:
3275:
3259:
3222:
3206:
3129:
3056:
2921:
1958:
1935:
1883:
1606:
1443:
1402:
1374:
was replaced with a double-track tunnel, with the original tunnel used for growing mushrooms.
1362:
The vehicles or traffic using a tunnel can outgrow it, requiring replacement or enlargement:
1234:
1229:
rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate
1045:
1030:
1020:
785:
781:
773:
721:
694:
353:
243:
126:
5388:
3191:
2826:
was the first underwater tunnel designed for automobiles. The construction required a novel
2812:, also opened later in 1890, linked the elements of the Greathead tunnels on a larger scale.
2745:
944:: Side support walls and capping beams are constructed from ground level by such methods as
910:
7866:
7850:
7845:
7378:
7230:
7187:
7080:
7005:
6388:
5338:
5185:
5109:
4999:
4904:
3430:
3408:
3213:
completed around 2007, and carries approximately 200,000 vehicles/day under the city along
3161:
3149:
3068:
2986:
2913:
2752:
2734:
2607:
2563:
2475:
1905:
1682:
1602:
1222:
1085:
1034:
852:
757:
404:
396:
384:
290:
5755:"NYC's Giant Water Tunnel Begins Work On Final Shafts, Following 50 Years Of Construction"
4103:"Analysis of mechanized tunneling parameters to determine the overcutting characteristics"
3868:
Highway Structures & Bridges Design CD 352, Design of road tunnels (formerly BD 78/99)
2553:
in the south end Liverpool docks. The tunnel was used only for freight terminating at the
2391:, dug through hills, which opened in 1789, was 3.5 km (2.2 mi) long and allowed
1148:
1886 illustration showing the ventilation and drainage system of the Mersey railway tunnel
8:
7840:
7835:
7755:
7719:
7500:
7412:
7154:
7144:
6700:
6685:
6645:
6618:
6393:
6383:
6237:
3816:"Making the Subterranean Visible: Security, Tunnels, and the United States–Mexico Border"
3594:
3089:
3008:
2696:
2282:
1944:
1726:
1133:
880:
478:
451:
379:
5189:
5113:
5003:
4908:
4852:
3929:
3506:
are emptied lava conduits, formed during volcanic eruptions by flowing and cooling lava.
2769:
tunnel opened in 1886, running from Liverpool to Birkenhead under the River Mersey. The
2211:
208:
A tunnel is relatively long and narrow; the length is often much greater than twice the
7959:
7795:
7677:
7418:
7105:
6814:
6597:
6516:
6166:
6151:
5788:
5542:
5313:
5201:
5077:
5042:
5023:
4971:
4928:
4891:
Mishra, V K; Aggarwal, M L; Berghmans, P; Frijns, E; Int Panis, L; Chacko, K M (2015).
4248:
4132:
3713:
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3226:
3195:
3180:
3153:
2891:
2887:
2711:
2623:
2494:
2458:
2228:
2168:
1966:
1913:
1840:
1688:
1586:
1494:
1490:
1475:
1448:
970:
886:
excavation, the final use and the shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.
843:
546:
130:
5197:
4804:
3512:(Virginia, US) features an 260-metre (850 ft) natural tunnel, really a limestone
3370:
Some tunnels are not for transport at all but rather, are fortifications, for example
2175:
2156:
1990:
and rock-stabilizing measures may improve the safety and stability of shallow tunnels.
1304:
1206:
1072:
In February 2010, Aker Wirth delivered a TBM to Switzerland, for the expansion of the
898:
7620:
7202:
6948:
6839:
6809:
6660:
6212:
6041:
6027:
5710:
5525:
5205:
5172:
Hashash, Youssef M.A.; Hook, Jeffrey J.; Schmidt, Birger; Yao, John I-Chiang (2001).
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5027:
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4932:
4920:
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4520:
4322:
4136:
4124:
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3835:
3831:
3781:
3754:
3628:
3604:
3176:
3132:
opened in 1940 with seven tunnels, most of which were bored as part of the stillborn
2834:
2715:
2669:
2627:
2615:
2539:
2437:
2042:
1962:
1927:
1894:
1851:
1718:. When necessary, floodwater is first diverted into a separate bypass tunnel located
1610:
1519:
1406:
1161:
1066:
954:
753:
489:
408:
400:
198:
5247:
http://thesource.metro.net/2012/08/10/designing-a-subway-to-withstand-an-earthquake/
5147:
4119:
3198:
in Norway as the world's northernmost road tunnel, except for mines (which exist on
7954:
7902:
7810:
7672:
7667:
7636:
7615:
7580:
7520:
7252:
7139:
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6995:
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5277:
5228:
5193:
5117:
5072:
5054:
5007:
4955:
4912:
4114:
3930:"KARSTIC FEATURES GENERATED FROM LARGE PALAEOVERTEBRATE TUNNELS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL"
3928:
Frank, de Carvalho Buchmann, Gonçalves de Lima, Caron, Lopes & Fornari (2011).
3904:
3827:
3746:
3650:
3569:(1904) – train fire in Couronnes underground station, 84 killed by smoke and gases.
3403:
3398:
3184:
3157:
3051:
2809:
2718:, Hammersmith & City and Circle lines were the first to prove the success of a
2662:
2619:
2479:
2450:
2433:
2354:
1661:
1653:
1633:
1626:
1568:
1398:
1287:
1177:
1081:
765:
681:
considered higher than for a tunnel. Similar conclusions were reached for the 1971
669:
447:
6477:
5121:
4690:"Governor Rockefeller and Mayor Lindsay Attend 'Holing Through' of 63d St. Tunnel"
4572:
4507:– Yapı Merkezi, SK EC Joint Venture. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016
3883:
NFPA Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations
3750:
2993:
1025:
75:
7933:
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7368:
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6804:
6675:
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5842:
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3468:
3305:
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2785:
2654:
2638:
2318:
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1931:
1867:
1782:
1367:
1294:
1210:
1077:
1000:
745:
682:
534:
44:
4752:
3019:
tunnel and the longest mountain road tunnel in Asia, at 18 km (11 mi).
2881:
The Gotthard Base Tunnel is the first flat route through a major mountain range.
1756:
Over-bridges can sometimes be built by covering a road or river or railway with
626:
7815:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7595:
7315:
7207:
7124:
6928:
6690:
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5209:
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4158:
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3612:
3519:
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3414:
3394:
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3252:
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2952:
2895:
2845:
2823:
2816:
2770:
2766:
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2546:
2502:
2454:
2204:
1965:
which monitors and reports on traffic conditions, and responds to emergencies.
1501:
1258:
1181:
1049:
991:
856:
799:
792:
709:
705:
306:
202:
178:
172:
160:
148:
83:
79:
56:
7245:
5814:
4916:
2009:
Damage at and near tunnel portals may be significant due to slope instability.
1976:
Underground structures suffer appreciably less damage than surface structures.
1065:
and go through decompression procedures at the end of their shifts, much like
907:
7948:
7760:
7646:
7600:
7575:
7560:
7555:
7530:
7343:
7182:
7060:
7055:
6779:
5677:"Nå er siste fjellrest sprengt vekk i verdens lengste undersjøiske veitunnel"
5529:
5068:
5019:
4967:
4959:
4702:
4128:
4102:
3908:
3839:
3758:
3680:
3523:
3456:
3214:
3122:
3093:
3077:
2936:
2841:
2803:
2802:
Built in sections between 1890 and 1939, the section of London Underground's
2778:
2719:
2603:
2415:
2374:
2349:
The world's oldest tunnel traversing under a water body is claimed to be the
2271:
2003:
1778:
1692:
1582:
1524:
1470:
1410:
1391:
1336:
1300:
1008:
981:
980:
Prior to the replacement of manual excavation by the use of boring machines,
961:
717:
701:
439:
168:
156:
134:
6550:
6403:
5996:[The hobby photographer has waited three years for this rare shot].
3581:(1944) – asphyxiation of about 500 "unofficial" passengers on freight train.
3063:
1160:
Once construction is complete, construction access shafts are often used as
642:, serves as an example of a water-crossing tunnel built instead of a bridge.
7750:
7610:
7363:
7358:
7348:
7328:
7015:
6958:
6789:
6506:
6449:
6362:
6253:
6217:
6202:
5086:
5059:
4924:
4064:"Encouraging U.S. Infrastructure Investment – Council on Foreign Relations"
3655:
3494:
3353:
3237:
3233:
3172:
3136:
and giving the highway the nickname "Tunnel Highway". Four of the tunnels (
2550:
2419:
2326:
2311:
2307:
2290:
2286:
1924:
1715:
1699:
1637:
1332:
1328:
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1253:
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1226:
1188:
1117:
761:
673:
459:
114:
99:
6415:
6350:
3333:
2274:
was built before 701 BC for a reliable supply of water, to withstand
1511:
Additionally, in 2015 the Turkish government announced that it will build
133:
differs significantly from a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used
7928:
7820:
7765:
7682:
7565:
7373:
7070:
6953:
6892:
6461:
6181:
5607:
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3702:
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3023:
2982:
2917:
2730:
2370:
2216:
1939:
1917:
1898:
1679:
1657:
1485:
Some tunnels are double-deck, for example, the two major segments of the
1089:
1058:
1038:
945:
822:
733:
529:
373:
262:
6512:
6437:
6338:
5966:"20-Foot Tunnel From Pakistan Found By BSF At Sambha, Jammu and Kashmir"
5041:
Xie, Pengpeng; Peng, Yong; Wang, Tiantian; Zhang, Honghao (April 2019).
3541:
1279:
341:
232:
7197:
7177:
7065:
6877:
6872:
6794:
6784:
6665:
6410:
6330:
6242:
6222:
6146:
4629:"Unique stacked tunnel under Maastricht - Division Traffic & Infra"
4243:"Engineering Projects Will Transform Seattle, All Along the Waterfront"
3557:(1861) – confusion about block signals leading to collision, 23 killed.
3529:
3452:
3371:
3342:
3312:. Started in the mid-1970s, the project is due to be completed in 2029.
2929:
2877:
2658:
2577:
2558:
2498:
2486:
2465:
2408:
2403:
was constructed which carries the "Golden Valley" railway line between
2330:
2179:
A short section remains of the 1832 Edge Hill to Lime Street tunnel in
2128: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1835:"Tunnel fire" redirects here. For the 1991 wildfire in California, see
1645:
1590:
1553:
798:
Some water crossings are a mixture of bridges and tunnels, such as the
713:
647:
485:
438:
The earliest tunnel known to have been excavated from both ends is the
424:
313:
294:
190:
137:
construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods.
87:
68:
5425:"Bourne's Tunnel at Sj5033491804 – Saint Helens – St Helens – England"
3896:
2362:
1351:
63:
7696:
7590:
7510:
7353:
7333:
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2180:
1774:
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1742:
1641:
1594:
1505:
1386:
1371:
1324:
1196:
677:
658:
654:
635:
443:
399:. The etymology of the terms "mining" (for mineral extraction or for
275:
182:
3621:(1999) – Transport truck caught on fire and combusted inside tunnel.
3294:
3236:, is a combined storm drainage and road structure opened in 2007 in
2997:
2198:
2103:
1846:
1434:
1426:
building pit is muted after tunnel construction; no roof is placed.
563:
51:
7651:
7605:
7545:
7535:
7525:
7505:
7495:
7479:
7383:
7270:
7000:
6975:
6902:
6819:
6485:
6161:
6141:
6131:
5389:"Archaeologists find 'world's oldest railway tunnel' in Derbyshire"
4107:
Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia)
3483:
3448:
3434:
3286:
3241:
3199:
3085:
2948:
2853:
2557:. Currently disused since 1972, the tunnel was to be a part of the
2521:
2223:
1824:
1703:
1534:
1308:
1109:
1093:
996:
814:
807:
741:
507:
474:
428:
209:
6538:
6526:
4364:"National Railway Museum / Science & Society image # 10445941"
3537:
458:
1,036 m (3,400 ft) long running through Mount Kastro in
7912:
7830:
7550:
7515:
7323:
7295:
6980:
6907:
6897:
6887:
6882:
6590:
6562:
6232:
6079:
6074:
5994:"Hobbyfotografen har ventet tre år på dette sjeldne blinkskuddet"
5047:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3733:
Zhou, Man; Su, Xiaolong; Chen, Yaying; An, Lin (2 October 2022).
3665:
3636:
3244:. The 9.7 km (6.0 mi) tunnel is the longest stormwater
3118:
3040:
3016:
3001:
2681:
2584:
2427:
2404:
2388:
2358:
2264:
2227:
A late 19th-century pneumatic rock-drilling machine, invented by
1954:
1808:
Underpass for cattle created in 1914 construction of what is now
1750:
1675:
1377:
The 1832 double-track 1.6-kilometre (1 mi)-long tunnel from
986:
690:
662:
533:
pump the water out. A very effective but expensive technology is
279:
271:
144:
6473:
5405:
3972:. In Bickel, John O.; Kuesel, Thomas R.; King, Elwyn H. (eds.).
3486:
tunnels is unknown but theories connect it to a rebirth ritual.
3110:
in the world. The tunnels were built with no functional purpose.
1862:. There was no proper barrier and this contributed to her death.
1773:
are a kind of artificial tunnel built to protect a railway from
30:
This article is about underground passages. For other uses, see
7692:
7641:
7474:
7469:
7305:
7300:
7290:
7280:
7212:
6985:
6933:
6743:
6586:
6502:
6425:
6176:
6121:
3632:
3475:, mainly to allow terrorists access to the Indian territory of
3460:
3407:
Door to a compartment where runaway slaves would sleep, on the
3365:
3346:
3328:
3044:
3035:
2967:
2944:
2859:
2849:
2673:
2583:
The 1.1 km (0.68 mi) 1842 Prince of Wales Tunnel, in
2485:
A tunnel was created for the first true steam locomotive, from
2423:
2366:
2317:
One of the first known drainage and sewage networks in form of
2302:
2294:
2260:
2256:
1878:
in Italy in 1944, when the locomotive halted in a long tunnel.
1598:
1356:
1340:
1225:
the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the
921:
920:
is a simple method of construction for shallow tunnels where a
729:
463:
392:
194:
186:
103:
7407:
6326:
2856:. It was the longest railway tunnel in the world at that time.
2478:, were built in 1801 to smuggle imports affected by President
1710:" in the world, created to convey both traffic and occasional
7540:
6758:
6207:
6156:
6126:
5099:
4890:
3608:
3563:(1866) – train failed in tunnel, guard did not protect train.
3533:
3426:
3383:
3263:
3107:
2940:
2906:
2704:
2700:
2665:
redevelopment of Liverpool's Central Docks has been proposed.
2506:
2392:
2334:
2275:
2252:
1761:
1757:
1711:
1671:
1113:
1101:
830:
650:
intersecting with shipping channels, necessitating a tunnel.
432:
152:
6574:
6374:
6069:
2453:
canal tunnel is 2,819 m (1.8 mi) in length on the
1934:
entering a tunnel reflect at its open ends and change sign (
1737:
1489:(completed in 1936) are linked by a 160-metre (540 ft)
700:
Water-crossing tunnels built instead of bridges include the
159:
network are usually in the tunnel. Some tunnels are used as
7585:
7464:
6753:
6748:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6713:
6171:
5970:
5697:. 2 March 2008. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012
3513:
3417:
have given entrance to or escape from an area, such as the
2925:
2396:
2232:
1764:
1409:
was enlarged using a borrowed TBM so as to be able to take
1230:
1184:
925:
420:
141:
5811:"Glenbrook Tunnel – Alcatraz Down Under – History Channel"
4604:"Maastricht's new highway tunnel: a role model for Europe"
3856:. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4wd0j27j
2441:
railway was converted to steam locomotion in 1813 using a
2160:
Southern portal of the 1791 Dudley Canal tunnel in England
481:, hand-hewn in the Middle Ages, crosses a mountain ridge.
6136:
4893:"Dynamics of ultrafine particles inside a roadway tunnel"
3976:(2nd ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 210.
2297:) was built in 520 BC by the ancient Greek engineer
1124:", a 17.5-metre (57.5 ft) diameter machine built by
960:
Large cut-and-cover boxes are often used for underground
661:, this is a strong factor in favor of a tunnel. Boston's
7448:
6053:
Progress In Technology Revives Interest In Great Tunnels
5135:
Johnson, Christine M.; Edward L. Thomas (October 1999).
3536:
Hestmannen, the hill being the hat of the troll-king of
2171:'s watercolour of the Liverpool Edge Hill tunnel portals
495:
5691:"Safety: World's Deepest Subsea Tunnel Opens in Norway"
5227:. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
5174:"Seismic design and analysis of underground structures"
5134:
2932:, at a maximum elevation of 549 m (1,801 ft).
2729:
506-metre (1,659 ft) Summit Tunnel (Tunnel #6) at
2695:
Mounts opened in 1854, linking the capital city of the
1465:
1120:. As of August 2013, the world's largest TBM was "
931:
There are two basic forms of cut-and-cover tunnelling:
829:, was caused by a train stalling in the Armi tunnel in
391:
Much of the early technology of tunneling evolved from
113:
Southern portal of the 421 m long (1,381 ft)
5911:"Where 'Criminal Underworld' Is More Than a Euphemism"
5452:. The Liverpool Wiki. 22 February 1999. Archived from
3194:(4.443 km (2.76 mi) long) opened in 1999 on
2231:
and used to drill the first large tunnels through the
1116:. All of these machines were built at least partly by
957:. For intermediate levels, both methods are possible.
836:
825:
in 2001. One of the worst railway disasters ever, the
383:
Joralemon Street Tunnel on 1913 postcard, part of the
7396:
6040:
Railway Tunnels in Queensland by Brian Webber, 1997,
5350:
5171:
4276:"Understanding the New Austrian Tunnel Method (NATM)"
3903:(3 ed.), Oxford University Press, 2 March 2023,
3516:, that has been used as a railroad tunnel since 1890.
3015:
opened in January 2007 is the world's second longest
181:
are built for military purposes, or by civilians for
5339:
Map of Dudley Canals | Discover Black Country Canals
4082:
3804:. Delhi, India : White Word Publications, 2012.
3699:– tunnel-like effect from tree canopies above a road
2219:
Summit Tunnel (#6) was in service from 1868 to 1993.
1691:
has three levels. The bottom level is to be used by
466:. It was built in the 6th century BC to serve as an
5356:
3693:– measure of maximum physical clearance in a tunnel
3587:(1982) – major motor vehicle tunnel crash and fire.
1438:
Tunnel excavated with drilling and blasting method.
1416:
Tunnels can also be enlarged by lowering the floor.
553:
5753:
5278:"Qanats of Gonabad – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
4724:
4688:
4343:
4335:
4241:
4004:
4002:
2707:. The tunnel was 3.25 km (2.02 mi) long.
2464:The 1796 Stoddart Tunnel in Chapel-en-le-Frith in
1870:being highly toxic. Fires killed 11 people in the
414:
5473:
5471:
4659:"To Break Ground For 63rd St., East River Tunnel"
3026:in France, over 7.12 km (4.42 mi) long.
2840:In 1988 the 53.850 km (33.461 mi) long
1819:is a road or railway or other passageway passing
372:Some of the earliest tunnels used by humans were
7946:
6024:Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia
5731:"Costain finishes Gerrards Cross tunnel rebuild"
5362:"Fritchley Tunnel, Butterley Gangroad (1422984)"
5040:
2928:between the North and South of Europe under the
1797:"Underpass" redirects here. For other uses, see
6075:Tunnels & Tunnelling International magazine
5645:
5643:
4303:"Mushrooms and Tours | Li-Sun Exotic Mushrooms"
4294:
3999:
3152:) remain in active use, while the other three (
6070:ITA-AITES International Tunnelling Association
5468:
4988:
4270:
4268:
4266:
1167:
1053:the confines of the tunnel being constructed.
7434:
6269:
6095:
5144:Metropolitan Transportation Management Center
4345:"Mittagong mushroom business will close down"
4309:. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018
3304:is a network of 175 km (109 mi) of
3232:The Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel or
2815:In 1906 the fourth Alpine tunnel opened, the
1698:Some tunnels have more than one purpose. The
1429:
1029:A workman is dwarfed by the cutting end of a
6283:
5957:
5859:"Drug Tunnels Have Feds Digging for Answers"
5640:
4726:"The 'Subway to Nowhere' Now Goes Somewhere"
4233:
3953:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3732:
3498:View through a natural tunnel in South Korea
3441:and elsewhere, to smuggle refugees, and for
2744:In 1870, after fourteen years of works, the
5928:
5519:
5381:
5178:Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
4992:Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
4878:"Drive through these 10 tremendous tunnels"
4424:"UK's biggest TBM rebores Farnworth Tunnel"
4263:
2774:underwater tunnel in world in January 1886.
2436:, constructed in 1793 in Derbyshire by the
1664:, carries a motorway but also serves as an
1164:, and may also be used as emergency exits.
592:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
411:" reveals these deep historic connections.
7441:
7427:
6276:
6262:
6102:
6088:
5882:
5876:
4046:"$ 100 Million for a Tunnel. What Tunnel?"
3774:Water Storage, Transport, and Distribution
3705:– tunnel bored through the trunk of a tree
1953:Larger, heavily used tunnels, such as the
6059:, 24 June 1986. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
5964:Iqbal, Sheikh Zaffar (14 February 2017).
5751:
5076:
5058:
4118:
4100:
3967:
3813:
3771:
3627:(2006) – Concrete ceiling panel falls in
3451:use secret tunnels to transport or store
2493:. The Penydarren locomotive was built by
2144:Learn how and when to remove this message
2075:Learn how and when to remove this message
1571:. Construction began in July 2013 using "
1339:at completion, thus explaining the term "
1213:utility tunnel, Port Kembla. One of many
869:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
612:Learn how and when to remove this message
4450:"Report on Redeveloping Railway Tunnels"
4181:"Tunnels & Tunnelling International"
3493:
3402:
3352:The use of tunnels for mining is called
3332:
3062:
3050:
3034:
2876:
2242:Small operational brick tunnel in France
2237:
2222:
2210:
2197:
2186:
2174:
2163:
2155:
1854:tunnel, the site where the car carrying
1845:
1839:. For the 2022 wildfire in Arizona, see
1803:
1736:
1469:
1433:
1350:
1278:
1205:
1143:
1024:
897:
625:
378:
284:
261:
108:
93:
74:
62:
50:
38:
5991:
5852:
5850:
4897:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
4239:
3885:. National Fire Protection Association.
2710:The oldest underground sections of the
2595:Originally designed to carry coal from
1961:, may have a dedicated 24-hour staffed
1460:
167:to supply water for consumption or for
14:
7947:
5629:Engineering Timelines – Mersey Railway
5522:Merseyrail electrics: the inside story
4945:
4884:
4797:"新闻分析:这条隧道藏了多少科技秘密——揭秘"万里长江公铁第一隧"-新华网"
4341:
1893:Motor vehicle tunnels usually require
1830:
1732:
1565:Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel
1474:The upper-level traffic lanes through
1130:Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel
1041:), the world's longest railway tunnel.
333:History of water supply and sanitation
140:A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular
7422:
6257:
6083:
6021:
5963:
5908:
5902:
5885:"Thieves Drill Into Paris Bank Vault"
5649:
5513:
4722:
4601:
4553:from the original on 19 February 2017
4398:Science & Society Picture Library
4368:Science & Society Picture Library
4088:
3871:. The Department for Transport. 2020.
1708:Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel
1656:, built in the mid 1960s, connecting
1274:
999:systems. It was also used during the
496:Geotechnical investigation and design
67:Decorated portal to a road tunnel in
5992:Warholm, Harald (10 November 2014).
5934:
5856:
5847:
5406:Friends of the Cromford Canal – HOME
5225:"Significant Earthquake Information"
4723:Lorch, Donatella (29 October 1989).
4573:"Shanghai to Dig Double-deck Tunnel"
4043:
3739:Structural Engineering International
3067:The eastern portal of the abandoned
2126:adding citations to reliable sources
2097:
2025:
1882:was the main cause of death. In the
1789:, protects the line from rockfalls.
1466:Double-deck and multipurpose tunnels
1420:
788:, without spoiling the iconic view.
590:adding citations to reliable sources
557:
419:Predecessors of modern tunnels were
336:
227:
27:Underground passage made for traffic
5752:Kensinger, Nathan (22 April 2021).
5450:"Liverpool's Historic Rail Tunnels"
3423:smuggling tunnels in the Gaza Strip
3308:designed to reduce flooding in the
3080:, opened in 1928, passes under the
1904:Rail tunnels usually require fewer
1575:", at the time the world's largest
1005:Royal Engineer tunnelling companies
837:Project planning and cost estimates
24:
7970:Transport buildings and structures
7826:Naples underground geothermal zone
7010:
6109:
6026:(3rd Revised ed.). Lulu.com.
5367:National Heritage List for England
5320:from the original on 27 March 2016
5284:from the original on 29 March 2016
4825:
4490:
4468:"San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge"
4155:The Tunneller's Memorial, Givenchy
4101:Konyukhov, D. S. (12 April 2022).
3814:Sorrensen, Cynthia (1 July 2014).
3548:
3489:
3380:military use during armed conflict
3205:The Central Artery road tunnel in
3082:Continental Divide of the Americas
2794:permanent cast iron tunnel lining;
1823:another road or railway, under an
1014:
25:
7986:
6294:Offshore geotechnical engineering
6063:
5883:Colchester, Max (31 March 2010).
5650:Lange, Robie S. (February 1993).
4785:from the original on 5 June 2017.
4602:Kalus, Ruben (22 December 2016).
4474:. 4 November 2015. Archived from
4404:from the original on 4 March 2016
4374:from the original on 4 March 2016
4282:. Benjamin Media. 5 December 2018
4240:Johnson, Kirk (5 December 2012).
3388:
2844:in Japan was completed under the
2357:, a little south of the towns of
1897:and powered fans to remove toxic
1827:. This is not strictly a tunnel.
376:excavated by prehistoric mammals.
305:The word "tunnel" comes from the
7406:
6585:
6573:
6561:
6549:
6537:
6525:
6511:
6501:
6484:
6472:
6460:
6448:
6436:
6424:
6402:
6373:
6361:
6349:
6337:
6325:
5857:Audi, Tamara (31 January 2013).
4635:. 17 August 2015. Archived from
4583:from the original on 15 May 2006
4307:www.li-sunexoticmushrooms.com.au
3832:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2014.12029.x
3316:New York City Water Tunnel No. 3
3022:The longest canal tunnel is the
2633:The 3.34 km (2.08 mi)
2102:
2030:
1487:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
1480:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
1401:in England was enlarged using a
1318:
893:
772:, Zeeland, Netherlands; and the
562:
554:Choice of tunnels versus bridges
518:Other key geotechnical factors:
340:
312:, meaning "a net," derived from
231:
6015:
5985:
5909:Evans, Peter (3 October 2014).
5829:
5803:
5777:
5745:
5723:
5683:
5669:
5622:
5596:
5575:
5554:
5536:
5492:
5479:"Subterranea Britannica: Sites"
5442:
5417:
5399:
5332:
5314:"TERELEK KAYA TÜNELİ – terelek"
5305:
5296:
5269:
5260:
5251:
5239:
5216:
5165:
5128:
5093:
5034:
4982:
4939:
4870:
4845:
4819:
4789:
4771:
4745:
4716:
4697:. 11 October 1972. p. 47.
4681:
4651:
4621:
4595:
4565:
4533:
4460:
4442:
4416:
4386:
4356:
4300:
4203:
4173:
4143:
4120:10.17073/2500-0632-2022-1-49-56
4094:
4056:
4037:
4011:
3990:
3961:
3359:
3293:pressure. The tunnel will link
3166:Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike
2341:through a tunnel which emperor
2113:needs additional citations for
1810:Historic Columbia River Highway
1723:diverted through both tunnels.
1456:Wall-cover construction method.
1240:
874:
435:are known from before 2000 BC.
415:Antiquity and early middle ages
7872:Forestiere Underground Gardens
7735:Underground mining (soft rock)
7730:Underground mining (hard rock)
7715:Subsurface utility engineering
4828:"揭秘武汉长江公铁第一隧"尖板眼" 68个通道可供江底逃生"
4044:Chan, Sewell (3 August 2005).
3921:
3889:
3875:
3859:
3846:
3807:
3794:
3765:
3726:
3115:Chicago freight tunnel network
2399:and other goods. Above it the
1605:trains on the upper level and
1346:
1265:
1174:New Austrian Tunnelling method
902:Cut-and-cover construction at
223:
13:
1:
6944:Mechanically stabilized earth
5813:. Youtube.com. Archived from
5198:10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00051-7
5122:10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.03.007
4675:Old Fulton New York Postcards
4665:. 20 November 1969. p. 8
4428:Railway Gazette International
3854:UC Davis: Road Ecology Center
3751:10.1080/10168664.2021.1904487
3720:
3540:trying to save the beautiful
3260:Gerrards Cross railway tunnel
3071:, Pennsylvania, U.S., in 2009
2751:The third Alpine tunnel, the
2647:Liverpool ship liner terminal
2369:, just downstream from where
2087:
7725:Underground mine ventilation
6696:Hydraulic conductivity tests
4853:"武汉长江公铁隧道工程打造全球"超级工程"样板-新华网"
4577:China Facts and Figures 2002
4342:Biscoe, Emma (15 May 2014).
3802:Tunnels in Civil Engineering
3686:Sequential Excavation Method
2947:with the northern island of
2943:connects the main island of
2791:shield method of excavation;
1860:hit a Fiat and then the wall
1792:
1074:Linth–Limmern Power Stations
804:Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel
300:
155:. The central portions of a
7:
7882:Underground House Las Vegas
7257:Stress distribution in soil
3974:Tunnel Engineering Handbook
3643:
3573:Church Hill Tunnel collapse
3302:Chicago Deep Tunnel Project
3274:, completed in 2005 on the
3134:South Pennsylvania Railroad
2571:Lime Street railway station
2564:King's Dock Liverpool Arena
2050:. The specific problem is:
2021:
1706:is the first multipurpose "
1168:Sprayed concrete techniques
492:during the 2nd century AD.
423:that transported water for
197:. Special tunnels, such as
10:
7991:
7877:Underground House Colorado
7806:Underground City, Montreal
7801:Underground City (Beijing)
6407:Pore pressure measurement
5695:www.tunnelintelligence.com
5012:10.1016/j.tust.2018.07.031
4021:. Cord.edu. Archived from
3772:Takahashi, Yutaka (2009).
3709:Tunnels in popular culture
3392:
3363:
3326:
3209:, is a part of the larger
3030:
3013:People's Republic of China
2870:
2866:
2727:Central Pacific Railroad's
2538:, England, 1829. Built by
2091:
1901:during routine operation.
1834:
1799:Underpass (disambiguation)
1796:
1593:, between the boroughs of
1430:Other construction methods
1313:Submerged floating tunnels
1292:
1244:
1018:
878:
817:users, as happened at the
724:between Manhattan and the
502:Geotechnical investigation
499:
330:
326:
82:for heating pipes between
29:
7921:
7908:Hockerton Housing Project
7895:
7859:
7743:
7691:
7629:
7488:
7457:
7449:Man-made and man-related
7314:
7269:
7168:
7160:Preconsolidation pressure
7132:
7123:
7096:
6916:
6865:
6852:
6767:
6721:
6712:
6635:
6555:Standard penetration test
6313:
6300:
6291:
6195:
6117:
5935:Khajuria, Ravi Krishnan.
5785:"City Water Tunnel No. 3"
5715:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4917:10.1007/s10661-015-4948-x
4525:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4327:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4066:. Cfr.org. Archived from
3968:Sutcliffe, Harry (2004).
3901:Oxford English Dictionary
3595:Heavy Good Vehicles (HGV)
3555:Clayton Tunnel rail crash
3510:Natural Tunnel State Park
3376:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
3337:Tunnel formerly used for
3322:
2848:, linking the islands of
2739:Southern Pacific Railroad
2668:The summit tunnel of the
2592:Victoria Tunnel Newcastle
2310:, the ancient capital of
1880:Carbon monoxide poisoning
1837:Oakland firestorm of 1991
1366:The original single line
1191:measurements, an optimal
1139:
1126:Hitachi Zosen Corporation
966:Canary Wharf tube station
7975:Earthworks (engineering)
7922:Earth shelters Australia
7702:underground construction
6656:California bearing ratio
6454:Rotary-pressure sounding
6285:Geotechnical engineering
5524:. Sheffield: NBC Books.
5429:British Listed Buildings
4960:10.1177/0954409717702015
4826:汉网 (27 September 2018).
4663:New York Leader-Observer
4498:"Eurasia Tunnel Project"
4280:Tunnel Business Magazine
4211:"The Groene Hart Tunnel"
4019:"Capital Projects Funds"
3970:"Tunnel Boring Machines"
3639:to be closed for a year.
3625:Big Dig Ceiling collapse
3593:(1996) – Train carrying
3561:Welwyn Tunnel rail crash
2760:Col de Tende Road Tunnel
2555:Park Lane goods terminal
2094:History of rapid transit
1908:, but still may require
1856:Diana, Princess of Wales
1601:, was intended to carry
849:work breakdown structure
778:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
270:in the northern part of
7662:Missile launch facility
7076:Geosynthetic clay liner
7051:Expanded clay aggregate
6671:Proctor compaction test
6612:Crosshole sonic logging
6598:Nuclear densometer test
6355:Geo-electrical sounding
5915:The Wall Street Journal
5889:The Wall Street Journal
5863:The Wall Street Journal
5604:"Mersey Railway Tunnel"
5411:23 October 2016 at the
4472:Bay Area Toll Authority
3175:was opened in 1966, in
3043:road vehicle tunnel in
2873:List of longest tunnels
2678:Austro-Hungarian Empire
2612:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
2385:Thames and Severn Canal
2215:The 1,659-foot (506 m)
1785:"steel tunnel," on the
1777:of snow. Similarly the
1629:project, in late 2022.
1215:bunkers south of Sydney
687:Hampton Roads, Virginia
32:Tunnel (disambiguation)
7887:Underground World Home
7339:Earthquake engineering
7150:Lateral earth pressure
6775:Hydraulic conductivity
6626:Wave equation analysis
6605:Exploration geophysics
6497:Deformation monitoring
6466:Rotary weight sounding
6022:Ellis, Iain W (2015).
5841:9 January 2009 at the
5060:10.3390/ijerph16071283
4454:www.tunnel-online.info
4157:. 2009. Archived from
3909:10.1093/oed/1137765320
3619:Mont Blanc Tunnel fire
3603:(1997) – Car crash in
3601:Princess Diana's death
3579:Balvano train disaster
3567:Paris Métro train fire
3499:
3465:Border Security Forces
3411:
3349:
3072:
3060:
3048:
2979:Lötschberg Base Tunnel
2903:Dahuofang Water Tunnel
2882:
2514:Montgomery Bell Tunnel
2451:Butterley canal tunnel
2443:Steam Horse locomotive
2381:Sapperton Canal Tunnel
2243:
2235:
2220:
2208:
2195:
2184:
2172:
2161:
1910:forced-air ventilation
1888:Paris Métro train fire
1876:Balvano train disaster
1863:
1812:
1787:Illawarra railway line
1753:
1577:earth pressure balance
1482:
1439:
1359:
1290:
1218:
1149:
1046:Tunnel boring machines
1042:
1007:placing mines beneath
914:
827:Balvano train disaster
800:Denmark to Sweden link
770:Western Scheldt Tunnel
738:Detroit-Windsor Tunnel
643:
388:
297:
282:
240:This section is empty.
118:
106:
91:
72:
60:
48:
7776:Kőbánya cellar system
7771:Houston tunnel system
7710:Rock-cut architecture
6517:Settlement recordings
6442:Rock control drilling
6343:Cone penetration test
5656:National Park Service
5634:22 March 2012 at the
3661:Counter-beam lighting
3585:Caldecott Tunnel fire
3497:
3473:India-Pakistan border
3406:
3336:
3276:Qinghai-Tibet railway
3223:Massachusetts Route 3
3207:Boston, Massachusetts
3173:Fredhälls road tunnel
3130:Pennsylvania Turnpike
3066:
3057:Gerrards Cross tunnel
3054:
3038:
2880:
2725:On 18 June 1868, the
2401:Sapperton Long Tunnel
2241:
2226:
2214:
2201:
2192:Liverpool Lime Street
2190:
2178:
2167:
2159:
1959:Boston, Massachusetts
1938:wavefront changes to
1884:Caldecott Tunnel fire
1849:
1807:
1740:
1607:Long Island Rail Road
1473:
1453:Slurry-shield machine
1444:Drilling and blasting
1437:
1403:tunnel boring machine
1354:
1282:
1209:
1147:
1063:work in high pressure
1033:used to excavate the
1031:tunnel boring machine
1028:
1021:Tunnel boring machine
901:
786:Sydney Harbour Bridge
782:Sydney Harbour Tunnel
774:North Shore Connector
722:Queens-Midtown Tunnel
695:Naval Station Norfolk
693:vessels from leaving
685:under the Mersey. In
638:, USA, which carries
629:
542:cross-sectional shape
382:
288:
265:
112:
97:
78:
66:
54:
42:
7851:Subterranean fiction
7846:Subterranean warfare
7379:Agricultural science
7081:Cellular confinement
5548:4 March 2016 at the
5520:Maund, T.B. (2001).
5344:9 April 2015 at the
5146:: 12. Archived from
4549:. 27 February 2015.
4221:on 25 September 2009
3780:. pp. 318–319.
3482:The actual usage of
3431:Underground Railroad
3425:which connect it to
3409:Underground Railroad
3181:New Elbe road tunnel
3100:Williamson's tunnels
3069:Sideling Hill Tunnel
2987:Gotthard Base Tunnel
2914:Gotthard Base Tunnel
2753:Gotthard Rail Tunnel
2608:Marc Isambard Brunel
2532:Crown Street station
2476:Salem, Massachusetts
2373:joins its tributary
2122:improve this article
2057:improve this section
2046:to meet Knowledge's
1906:air changes per hour
1872:Gotthard tunnel fire
1850:The entrance to the
1727:Common utility ducts
1632:In the UK, the 1934
1611:IND 63rd Street Line
1461:Variant tunnel types
1355:A utility tunnel in
1086:Gotthard Base Tunnel
1035:Gotthard Base Tunnel
853:critical path method
819:Gotthard Road Tunnel
758:Portsmouth, Virginia
586:improve this section
454:, which is a tunnel
405:military engineering
397:military engineering
385:New York City Subway
291:Moulvibazar District
86:and Amagerværket in
7841:Subterranean Toledo
7836:Subterranean London
7756:Caves of Maastricht
7720:Tunnel construction
7501:Burial vault (tomb)
7271:Numerical analysis
7155:Overburden pressure
7145:Pore water pressure
6925:Shoring structures
6800:Reynolds' dilatancy
6701:Water content tests
6686:Triaxial shear test
6646:Soil classification
6619:Pile integrity test
5190:2001TUSTI..16..247H
5114:2013FirSJ..59....8F
5102:Fire Safety Journal
5004:2018TUSTI..80..277N
4909:2015EMnAs.187..756M
4579:. 1 November 2002.
4025:on 17 December 2011
3820:Geographical Review
3635:, which causes the
3591:Channel Tunnel fire
3267:after the collapse.
3146:Kittatinny Mountain
3090:Tennessee Pass Line
3009:Zhongnanshan Tunnel
2697:Kingdom of Sardinia
2416:Dudley canal tunnel
2351:Terelek kaya tüneli
2283:Eupalinian aqueduct
2052:just a random list.
1831:Safety and security
1733:Covered passageways
1685:on the lower deck.
1405:(TBM) in 2015. The
1180:of the surrounding
1152:A temporary access
1134:Seattle, Washington
1098:Madrid M30 ringroad
1050:compulsory purchase
881:Tunnel construction
479:Siqurto foot tunnel
452:Tunnel of Eupalinos
289:A fabric tunnel in
266:An entrance of the
7796:Underground living
7678:Underground hangar
7246:Slab stabilisation
7226:Stability analysis
6051:Sullivan, Walter.
5679:. 26 October 2017.
4753:"East Side Access"
4731:The New York Times
4695:The New York Times
4478:on 7 November 2016
4249:The New York Times
4185:Tunnelsonline.info
4050:The New York Times
3778:EOLSS Publications
3714:Underground living
3500:
3412:
3350:
3272:Fenghuoshan tunnel
3196:European route E69
3192:Honningsvåg Tunnel
3183:opened in 1975 in
3142:Tuscarora Mountain
3138:Allegheny Mountain
3073:
3061:
3049:
2926:flat transit route
2892:North West England
2888:Thirlmere Aqueduct
2883:
2828:ventilation system
2746:Fréjus Rail Tunnel
2733:in the California
2712:London Underground
2624:London Underground
2495:Richard Trevithick
2459:Ripley, Derbyshire
2244:
2236:
2229:Germain Sommeiller
2221:
2209:
2196:
2185:
2173:
2169:Thomas Talbot Bury
2162:
1967:Video surveillance
1914:rate of combustion
1895:ventilation shafts
1864:
1841:Tunnel Fire (2022)
1813:
1754:
1689:Mount Baker Tunnel
1587:63rd Street Tunnel
1539:Fuxing Road Tunnel
1495:Yerba Buena Island
1491:double-deck tunnel
1483:
1476:Yerba Buena Island
1449:Hydraulic splitter
1440:
1360:
1331:so that it can be
1291:
1275:Underwater tunnels
1219:
1162:ventilation shafts
1150:
1043:
971:London Underground
964:stations, such as
915:
864:costs and benefits
844:project management
644:
389:
352:. You can help by
319:, a diminutive of
298:
283:
199:wildlife crossings
151:traffic, or for a
119:
115:Chirk canal tunnel
107:
92:
73:
61:
49:
7965:Civil engineering
7942:
7941:
7896:Earth shelters UK
7867:Bill Gates' house
7860:Earth shelters US
7630:Military features
7621:Ventilation shaft
7489:Civilian features
7394:
7393:
7265:
7264:
7241:Sliding criterion
7203:Response spectrum
7119:
7118:
6949:Pressure grouting
6848:
6847:
6708:
6707:
6661:Direct shear test
6367:Permeability test
6251:
6250:
6213:Civil engineering
6033:978-1-326-01063-8
5583:"Waterloo Tunnel"
5562:"Victoria Tunnel"
5543:Liverpool Lime St
4801:www.xinhuanet.com
4639:on 17 August 2015
4350:Illawarra Mercury
4161:on 23 August 2010
3983:978-1-4613-8053-5
3800:Salazar, Waneta.
3477:Jammu and Kashmir
3177:Stockholm, Sweden
3092:and the historic
2835:Delaware Aqueduct
2722:or subway system.
2689:Giovi Rail Tunnel
2676:, the capital of
2670:Semmering railway
2628:London Overground
2616:tunnelling shield
2540:George Stephenson
2520:Bourne's Tunnel,
2438:Butterley Company
2333:, penetrated the
2285:on the island of
2154:
2153:
2146:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2048:quality standards
2039:This section may
1963:operations center
1932:high speed trains
1741:The 19th century
1520:A86 Duplex Tunnel
1421:Open building pit
1407:Rhyndaston Tunnel
1076:located south of
955:tunnelling shield
924:is excavated and
716:and Manhattan in
622:
621:
614:
490:Bar Kokhba revolt
409:civil engineering
370:
369:
268:Rantaväylä Tunnel
260:
259:
16:(Redirected from
7982:
7903:Underhill, Holme
7811:Mine exploration
7673:Underground base
7668:Scallywag bunker
7637:Air raid shelter
7616:Smuggling tunnel
7581:Underground city
7521:Dugout (shelter)
7458:Natural features
7443:
7436:
7429:
7420:
7419:
7411:
7410:
7402:
7253:Bearing capacity
7140:Effective stress
7130:
7129:
7031:Land reclamation
6971:Land development
6866:Natural features
6863:
6862:
6830:Specific storage
6719:
6718:
6651:Atterberg limits
6589:
6577:
6565:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6515:
6505:
6490:Screw plate test
6488:
6476:
6464:
6452:
6440:
6428:
6406:
6377:
6365:
6353:
6341:
6329:
6311:
6310:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6255:
6254:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6081:
6080:
6037:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5945:. 1 October 2017
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5854:
5845:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5787:. Archived from
5781:
5775:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5757:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5714:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5647:
5638:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5606:. Archived from
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5558:
5552:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5500:"Wapping Tunnel"
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5475:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5421:
5415:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5358:Historic England
5354:
5348:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5233:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
5220:
5214:
5213:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5152:
5141:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5080:
5062:
5038:
5032:
5031:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4832:news.sina.com.cn
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4803:. Archived from
4793:
4787:
4786:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4759:. 5 October 2023
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4728:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4692:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4502:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4430:. 12 August 2015
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4272:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4217:. Archived from
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4191:on 16 March 2012
4187:. Archived from
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4122:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4015:
4009:
4006:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3944:
3934:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3863:
3857:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3811:
3805:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3730:
3651:Euphrates Tunnel
3399:Smuggling tunnel
3306:drainage tunnels
3225:, which share a
3185:Hamburg, Germany
2924:. It provides a
2810:St. Clair Tunnel
2663:Liverpool Waters
2620:East London Line
2480:Thomas Jefferson
2434:Fritchley Tunnel
2149:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2106:
2098:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2034:
2033:
2026:
1654:Lion Rock Tunnel
1634:Queensway Tunnel
1627:East Side Access
1624:
1618:
1569:Downtown Seattle
1547:
1528:
1493:section through
1399:Farnworth Tunnel
1288:Georgia Aquarium
1128:, which dug the
1082:canton of Glarus
936:Bottom-up method
766:Queensway Tunnel
752:tunnels between
670:Queensway Tunnel
617:
610:
606:
603:
597:
566:
558:
446:by the kings of
365:
362:
344:
337:
255:
252:
242:You can help by
235:
228:
21:
7990:
7989:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7934:Lightning Ridge
7917:
7891:
7855:
7739:
7700:
7687:
7657:Fallout shelter
7625:
7484:
7453:
7447:
7417:
7405:
7397:
7395:
7390:
7369:Earth materials
7310:
7272:
7261:
7170:
7164:
7115:
7092:
7046:Earth structure
7041:Erosion control
6939:Ground freezing
6929:Retaining walls
6912:
6854:
6844:
6805:Angle of repose
6763:
6704:
6638:
6631:
6630:
6591:Visible bedrock
6543:Simple sounding
6531:Shear vane test
6307:instrumentation
6306:
6304:
6296:
6287:
6282:
6252:
6247:
6191:
6113:
6108:
6066:
6034:
6018:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5990:
5986:
5976:
5974:
5962:
5958:
5948:
5946:
5942:Hindustan Times
5933:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5881:
5877:
5867:
5865:
5855:
5848:
5843:Wayback Machine
5834:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5792:
5791:on 21 June 2007
5783:
5782:
5778:
5764:
5762:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5708:
5707:
5700:
5698:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5658:
5648:
5641:
5636:Wayback Machine
5627:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5550:Wayback Machine
5541:
5537:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5469:
5459:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5413:Wayback Machine
5404:
5400:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5370:
5355:
5351:
5346:Wayback Machine
5337:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5221:
5217:
5170:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5153:on 9 March 2013
5150:
5139:
5133:
5129:
5098:
5094:
5039:
5035:
4987:
4983:
4944:
4940:
4889:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4857:m.xinhuanet.com
4851:
4850:
4846:
4836:
4834:
4824:
4820:
4810:
4808:
4807:on 16 July 2019
4795:
4794:
4790:
4781:. 5 June 2017.
4777:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4760:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4668:
4666:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4481:
4479:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4340:
4336:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4310:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3966:
3962:
3946:
3945:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3913:
3911:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3851:
3847:
3812:
3808:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3770:
3766:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3691:Structure gauge
3671:Hobby tunneling
3646:
3637:Big Dig project
3611:, which killed
3597:caught on fire.
3551:
3549:Major accidents
3492:
3490:Natural tunnels
3469:Line of Control
3429:. Although the
3401:
3393:Main articles:
3391:
3368:
3362:
3331:
3325:
3246:drainage tunnel
3033:
2996:in Norway from
2964:English Channel
2922:Gotthard Massif
2875:
2869:
2786:James Greathead
2703:, to its port,
2655:Waterloo Tunnel
2639:Waterloo Tunnel
2635:Victoria Tunnel
2329:, an important
2150:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2119:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2054:
2035:
2031:
2024:
1868:carbon monoxide
1844:
1833:
1802:
1795:
1783:New South Wales
1735:
1620:
1614:
1541:
1522:
1500:In Turkey, the
1468:
1463:
1432:
1423:
1349:
1325:excavated spoil
1321:
1305:Bjørvika Tunnel
1303:, examples are
1297:
1295:Undersea tunnel
1277:
1268:
1259:hydraulic jacks
1249:
1243:
1211:Illowra Battery
1170:
1142:
1067:deep-sea divers
1023:
1017:
1015:Boring machines
1001:First World War
942:Top-down method
896:
883:
877:
839:
750:Elizabeth River
683:Kingsway Tunnel
618:
607:
601:
598:
583:
567:
556:
549:at the corners.
535:ground freezing
504:
498:
427:, drinking, or
417:
366:
360:
357:
350:needs expansion
335:
329:
303:
256:
250:
247:
226:
203:tunnel networks
173:Utility tunnels
45:Col du Galibier
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7988:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7899:
7897:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7816:Mines of Paris
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7791:Trench warfare
7788:
7786:Tunnel network
7783:
7781:Tunnel warfare
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7747:
7745:
7744:Related topics
7741:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7706:
7704:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7596:Secret passage
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7492:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7461:
7459:
7455:
7454:
7446:
7445:
7438:
7431:
7423:
7416:
7415:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7320:
7318:
7316:Related fields
7312:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7277:
7275:
7267:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7236:Classification
7233:
7228:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7208:Seismic hazard
7205:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7174:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7136:
7134:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6922:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6869:
6867:
6860:
6850:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6835:Shear strength
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6810:Friction angle
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6691:Oedometer test
6688:
6683:
6681:Sieve analysis
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6641:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6582:
6581:
6570:
6569:
6567:Total sounding
6558:
6557:
6546:
6545:
6534:
6533:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6509:
6493:
6492:
6481:
6480:
6469:
6468:
6457:
6456:
6445:
6444:
6433:
6432:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6370:
6369:
6358:
6357:
6346:
6345:
6334:
6333:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6308:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6281:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6258:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6111:Infrastructure
6107:
6106:
6099:
6092:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6065:
6064:External links
6062:
6061:
6060:
6057:New York Times
6049:
6038:
6032:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6000:(in Norwegian)
5984:
5956:
5927:
5901:
5875:
5846:
5828:
5817:on 17 May 2011
5802:
5776:
5744:
5722:
5682:
5668:
5639:
5621:
5610:on 29 May 2013
5595:
5574:
5553:
5535:
5512:
5491:
5467:
5456:on 17 May 2009
5441:
5416:
5398:
5380:
5349:
5331:
5304:
5295:
5268:
5259:
5250:
5238:
5215:
5210:Science Direct
5184:(4): 247–293.
5164:
5127:
5092:
5033:
4981:
4954:(3): 928–935.
4938:
4883:
4869:
4844:
4818:
4788:
4770:
4744:
4733:. p. 1.37
4715:
4680:
4650:
4620:
4594:
4564:
4532:
4489:
4459:
4441:
4415:
4385:
4355:
4334:
4293:
4262:
4232:
4202:
4172:
4142:
4093:
4091:, p. 118.
4081:
4070:on 23 May 2013
4055:
4036:
4010:
3998:
3989:
3982:
3960:
3920:
3888:
3874:
3858:
3845:
3826:(3): 328–345.
3806:
3793:
3786:
3764:
3745:(4): 455–464.
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3622:
3616:
3613:Princess Diana
3605:Pont de l'Alma
3598:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3527:
3520:Punarjani Guha
3517:
3507:
3491:
3488:
3419:Cu Chi Tunnels
3415:Secret tunnels
3395:Secret passage
3390:
3389:Secret tunnels
3387:
3361:
3358:
3327:Main article:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3298:
3279:
3268:
3257:
3253:Eiksund Tunnel
3249:
3230:
3203:
3188:
3169:
3126:
3111:
3097:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3005:
2990:
2975:
2972:United Kingdom
2960:Channel Tunnel
2956:
2953:Tsugaru Strait
2933:
2910:
2899:
2896:United Kingdom
2871:Main article:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2846:Tsugaru Strait
2838:
2831:
2824:Holland Tunnel
2820:
2817:Simplon Tunnel
2813:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2783:
2775:
2771:Mersey Railway
2767:Mersey Railway
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2723:
2708:
2685:
2666:
2631:
2600:
2597:Spital Tongues
2588:
2581:
2575:
2567:
2547:Wapping Tunnel
2543:
2529:
2518:
2510:
2503:Merthyr Tydfil
2483:
2469:
2462:
2455:Cromford Canal
2447:
2431:
2412:
2378:
2347:
2323:
2315:
2279:
2268:
2205:Wapping Tunnel
2152:
2151:
2110:
2108:
2101:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1852:Pont de l'Alma
1832:
1829:
1794:
1791:
1734:
1731:
1502:Eurasia Tunnel
1478:, part of the
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:ISO containers
1395:
1375:
1348:
1345:
1320:
1317:
1301:immersed tubes
1293:Main article:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1262:(10 ft).
1245:Main article:
1242:
1239:
1169:
1166:
1141:
1138:
1019:Main article:
1016:
1013:
992:United Kingdom
951:
950:
946:slurry walling
939:
895:
892:
879:Main article:
876:
873:
838:
835:
793:Channel Tunnel
710:Lincoln Tunnel
706:Holland Tunnel
704:in Japan; the
620:
619:
570:
568:
561:
555:
552:
551:
550:
538:
527:
500:Main article:
497:
494:
416:
413:
368:
367:
347:
345:
328:
325:
307:Middle English
302:
299:
258:
257:
251:September 2024
238:
236:
225:
222:
179:Secret tunnels
98:Tunnel on the
84:Rigshospitalet
80:Utility tunnel
57:Fort de Mutzig
26:
18:Railway tunnel
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7987:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7894:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7858:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7761:Civil defense
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7647:Blast shelter
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7601:Semi-basement
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7576:Utility vault
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7561:Rock-cut tomb
7559:
7557:
7556:Rapid transit
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7531:Earth shelter
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7444:
7439:
7437:
7432:
7430:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7344:Geomorphology
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7268:
7258:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7188:Consolidation
7186:
7184:
7183:Frost heaving
7181:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7061:Geosynthetics
7059:
7057:
7056:Crushed stone
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7011:Cut-and-cover
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6851:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6780:Water content
6778:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6634:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6478:Sample series
6475:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6312:
6309:
6303:
6302:Investigation
6299:
6295:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6274:
6272:
6267:
6265:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6100:
6098:
6093:
6091:
6086:
6085:
6082:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6046:0-909937-33-8
6043:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6019:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5960:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5931:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5851:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5832:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5773:
5761:
5756:
5748:
5733:. 19 May 2010
5732:
5726:
5718:
5712:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5678:
5672:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5644:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5625:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5584:
5578:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5539:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5501:
5495:
5480:
5474:
5472:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5402:
5395:. 1 May 2013.
5394:
5390:
5384:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5299:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5263:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4879:
4873:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4732:
4727:
4719:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4684:
4676:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4528:
4522:
4506:
4499:
4493:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4351:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4324:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4236:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4085:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4005:
4003:
3993:
3985:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3787:9781848261761
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Rapid transit
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:Kerala, India
3521:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:illegal drugs
3454:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:Interstate 93
3212:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:Sideling Hill
3159:
3155:
3151:
3150:Blue Mountain
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:Alpine Tunnel
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:Moffat Tunnel
3075:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:Lærdal Tunnel
2991:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:Seikan Tunnel
2934:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:Seikan Tunnel
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:Northern line
2801:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:Severn Tunnel
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2735:Sierra Nevada
2732:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:Waterloo Dock
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:Thames Tunnel
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:Derby Tunnels
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:transport of
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2272:Siloam Tunnel
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2148:
2145:
2137:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2111:This section
2109:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2079:
2076:
2068:
2065:December 2017
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2004:Ground motion
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:pressure wave
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1899:exhaust gases
1896:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:Stanwell Park
1776:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1693:Sound Transit
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:Yangtze River
1673:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1619: and
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:New York City
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1427:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:Auburn Tunnel
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:permanent way
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:Temporary way
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1235:strengthening
1232:
1228:
1227:geomechanical
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:cross section
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
974:
972:
967:
963:
958:
956:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
927:
923:
919:
918:Cut-and-cover
912:
909:
905:
900:
894:Cut-and-cover
891:
887:
882:
872:
870:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
845:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:New York City
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:Seikan Tunnel
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
641:
637:
633:
632:Harbor Tunnel
628:
624:
616:
613:
605:
602:February 2021
595:
591:
587:
581:
580:
576:
571:This section
569:
565:
560:
559:
548:
543:
539:
536:
531:
528:
524:
523:Stand-up time
521:
520:
519:
516:
512:
509:
503:
493:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:Siloam Tunnel
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
412:
410:
406:
402:
401:siege attacks
398:
394:
386:
381:
377:
375:
364:
355:
351:
348:This section
346:
343:
339:
338:
334:
324:
322:
318:
315:
311:
308:
296:
292:
287:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
254:
245:
241:
237:
234:
230:
229:
221:
219:
213:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
169:hydroelectric
166:
162:
158:
157:rapid transit
154:
150:
146:
143:
138:
136:
135:immersed tube
132:
128:
124:
116:
111:
105:
101:
96:
89:
85:
81:
77:
70:
65:
58:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7751:Cave dweller
7611:Storm cellar
7570:
7413:Architecture
7364:Biogeography
7359:Hydrogeology
7349:Soil science
7329:Geochemistry
7088:Infiltration
7016:Cut and fill
6959:Soil nailing
6825:Permeability
6790:Bulk density
6507:Inclinometer
6430:Ram sounding
6315:
6218:Construction
6203:Architecture
6199:
6186:
6023:
6016:Bibliography
6002:. Retrieved
5997:
5987:
5975:. Retrieved
5969:
5959:
5947:. Retrieved
5940:
5930:
5918:. Retrieved
5914:
5904:
5892:. Retrieved
5888:
5878:
5866:. Retrieved
5862:
5831:
5819:. Retrieved
5815:the original
5805:
5793:. Retrieved
5789:the original
5779:
5770:
5765:15 September
5763:. Retrieved
5759:
5747:
5737:30 September
5735:. Retrieved
5725:
5699:. Retrieved
5694:
5685:
5671:
5659:. Retrieved
5655:
5624:
5614:30 September
5612:. Retrieved
5608:the original
5598:
5588:30 September
5586:. Retrieved
5577:
5567:30 September
5565:. Retrieved
5556:
5538:
5521:
5515:
5505:30 September
5503:. Retrieved
5494:
5484:30 September
5482:. Retrieved
5458:. Retrieved
5454:the original
5444:
5434:30 September
5432:. Retrieved
5428:
5419:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5371:. Retrieved
5365:
5352:
5334:
5322:. Retrieved
5307:
5298:
5286:. Retrieved
5271:
5262:
5253:
5241:
5218:
5208:– via
5181:
5177:
5167:
5155:. Retrieved
5148:the original
5143:
5130:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5050:
5046:
5036:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4872:
4860:. Retrieved
4856:
4847:
4835:. Retrieved
4831:
4821:
4809:. Retrieved
4805:the original
4800:
4791:
4773:
4761:. Retrieved
4756:
4747:
4735:. Retrieved
4730:
4718:
4706:. Retrieved
4694:
4683:
4673:– via
4667:. Retrieved
4662:
4653:
4641:. Retrieved
4637:the original
4632:
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4607:
4597:
4585:. Retrieved
4576:
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4544:
4535:
4509:. Retrieved
4492:
4480:. Retrieved
4476:the original
4471:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4432:. Retrieved
4427:
4418:
4406:. Retrieved
4397:
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4367:
4358:
4349:
4337:
4311:. Retrieved
4306:
4296:
4284:. Retrieved
4279:
4253:. Retrieved
4247:
4235:
4223:. Retrieved
4219:the original
4214:
4205:
4193:. Retrieved
4189:the original
4184:
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4159:the original
4154:
4151:"Tunnelling"
4145:
4113:(1): 49–56.
4110:
4106:
4096:
4084:
4072:. Retrieved
4068:the original
4058:
4049:
4039:
4027:. Retrieved
4023:the original
4013:
3992:
3973:
3963:
3949:cite journal
3940:
3937:Espeleo-Tema
3936:
3923:
3912:, retrieved
3900:
3897:"tunnel, n."
3891:
3882:
3877:
3867:
3861:
3853:
3848:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3773:
3767:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3656:Cattle creep
3481:
3447:
3437:, under the
3413:
3369:
3360:Military use
3354:drift mining
3351:
3310:Chicago area
3238:Kuala Lumpur
3234:SMART Tunnel
3096:are higher.)
2962:crosses the
2833:In 1945 the
2716:Metropolitan
2691:through the
2610:and his son
2551:Wapping Dock
2420:Dudley Canal
2350:
2337:pass in the
2327:Via Flaminia
2308:Pythagoreion
2291:North Aegean
2245:
2140:
2131:
2120:Please help
2115:verification
2112:
2071:
2062:
2055:Please help
2051:
2040:
2016:
2012:
1971:
1952:
1949:
1930:produced by
1922:
1918:firefighters
1903:
1892:
1865:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1769:
1755:
1725:
1719:
1716:Kuala Lumpur
1707:
1700:SMART Tunnel
1697:
1687:
1670:
1652:Hong Kong's
1651:
1638:River Mersey
1631:
1581:
1562:
1551:
1532:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1499:
1484:
1424:
1361:
1333:double track
1329:narrow gauge
1322:
1298:
1284:Shark tunnel
1269:
1254:pipe jacking
1252:
1250:
1247:Pipe jacking
1241:Pipe jacking
1220:
1189:geotechnical
1171:
1159:
1151:
1118:Herrenknecht
1071:
1055:
1044:
979:
975:
959:
952:
941:
935:
930:
917:
916:
904:Saint-Michel
888:
884:
875:Construction
861:
840:
812:
797:
790:
762:River Mersey
699:
674:River Mersey
667:
652:
645:
623:
608:
599:
584:Please help
572:
522:
517:
513:
505:
483:
472:
437:
431:. The first
418:
390:
374:paleoburrows
371:
358:
354:adding to it
349:
320:
316:
309:
304:
248:
244:adding to it
239:
214:
207:
177:
139:
122:
120:
100:Taipei Metro
36:
7929:Coober Pedy
7821:Mole people
7766:Coober Pedy
7683:Spider hole
7566:Root cellar
7451:subterranea
7374:Archaeology
7098:Foundations
7071:Geomembrane
6954:Slurry wall
6893:Water table
6857:Interaction
6853:Structures
6840:Sensitivity
6637:Laboratory
6182:Storm drain
6152:Interchange
6004:13 November
5977:10 December
5949:10 December
5288:14 December
5053:(7): 1283.
4998:: 277–289.
4903:(12): 756.
4546:Daily Sabah
4286:27 December
3914:1 September
3703:Tunnel tree
3697:Tree tunnel
3676:Megaproject
3467:across the
3439:Berlin Wall
3339:coal mining
3291:groundwater
3227:concurrency
3154:Laurel Hill
3024:Rove Tunnel
2983:Switzerland
2918:Switzerland
2731:Donner Pass
2684:, its port.
2606:, built by
2371:Kizil River
2355:Kızıl River
2217:Donner Pass
2059:if you can.
1945:Tunnel boom
1940:rarefaction
1936:compression
1925:aerodynamic
1680:Wuhan Metro
1658:New Kowloon
1558:A2 motorway
1542: [
1523: [
1518:The French
1383:Lime Street
1347:Enlargement
1266:Box jacking
1233:for tunnel
1221:By special
1201:deformation
1108:tunnels in
1090:Switzerland
1059:water table
1039:Switzerland
908:Paris Métro
823:Switzerland
760:; the 1934
734:Long Island
648:drawbridges
530:Groundwater
442:, built in
224:Terminology
7949:Categories
7231:Mitigation
7213:Shear wave
7198:Earthquake
7193:Compaction
7178:Permafrost
7169:Phenomena/
7066:Geotextile
6991:Embankment
6981:Excavation
6918:Earthworks
6878:Vegetation
6873:Topography
6795:Thixotropy
6785:Void ratio
6768:Properties
6666:Hydrometer
6411:Piezometer
6331:Core drill
6243:Urban park
6223:Playground
6147:Footbridge
5701:23 January
5661:23 January
4763:23 January
4737:20 October
4708:3 February
4643:23 January
4613:23 January
4587:23 January
4557:23 January
4482:23 January
4434:23 January
4408:24 January
4378:23 January
4313:23 January
4255:23 January
4215:Hslzuid.nl
4089:Ellis 2015
3721:References
3629:Fort Point
3530:Torghatten
3504:Lava tubes
3471:along the
3455:, such as
3453:contraband
3372:Mittelwerk
3364:See also:
3343:New Taipei
3285:Tunnel in
3219:US Route 1
3179:, and the
3123:1992 flood
2930:Swiss Alps
2659:Merseyrail
2578:Box Tunnel
2559:Merseyrail
2499:Pentrebach
2487:Penydarren
2466:Derbyshire
2418:is on the
2409:Gloucester
2331:Roman road
2134:March 2013
2092:See also:
2088:In history
1957:tunnel in
1775:avalanches
1771:Snow sheds
1720:underneath
1714:waters in
1646:Birkenhead
1636:under the
1591:East River
1589:under the
1554:Maastricht
1504:under the
1368:Gib Tunnel
1223:monitoring
1122:Big Bertha
1106:Chong Ming
1104:, and the
815:asphyxiate
776:tunnel in
748:; and the
714:New Jersey
672:under the
657:and urban
486:Gaza Strip
425:irrigation
361:March 2013
331:See also:
314:Old French
295:Bangladesh
191:contraband
171:stations.
88:Copenhagen
69:Guanajuato
55:Tunnel in
43:Tunnel in
7960:Crossings
7697:quarrying
7591:Wine cave
7511:Catacombs
7354:Hydrology
7334:Petrology
7222:analysis
7220:Landslide
7125:Mechanics
7036:Track bed
7021:Fill dirt
7006:Terracing
6579:Trial pit
6394:Statnamic
6379:Load test
6200:See also:
5920:4 October
5894:4 October
5868:4 October
5760:Gothamist
5530:655126526
5206:108456041
5069:1661-7827
5028:116606435
5020:0886-7798
4976:125620030
4968:0954-4097
4933:207140116
4703:0362-4331
4505:Unicredit
4301:Sun, Li.
4137:248136002
4129:2500-0632
3840:0016-7428
3759:1016-8664
3449:Smugglers
3443:espionage
3158:Rays Hill
3104:Liverpool
2955:undersea.
2822:The 1927
2777:The rail
2758:The 1882
2693:Appennini
2643:Liverpool
2545:The 1829
2536:Liverpool
2526:Liverpool
2491:Abercynon
2449:The 1794
2414:The 1791
2343:Vespasian
2339:Apennines
2299:Eupalinos
2181:Liverpool
1986:grouting.
1890:of 1904.
1817:underpass
1793:Underpass
1747:Esztergom
1743:Dark Gate
1642:Liverpool
1622:<F>
1595:Manhattan
1506:Bosphorus
1387:Liverpool
1379:Edge Hill
1372:Mittagong
1197:shotcrete
982:Victorian
913:(c. 1910)
678:Liverpool
668:The 1934
659:Hong Kong
655:Manhattan
636:Baltimore
573:does not
508:boreholes
444:Jerusalem
301:Etymology
276:Pirkanmaa
183:smuggling
165:aqueducts
90:, Denmark
7652:Casemate
7606:Stepwell
7546:Hypogeum
7536:Erdstall
7526:Dry well
7506:Borehole
7496:Basement
7480:Sinkhole
7384:Agrology
7273:software
7171:problems
7001:Causeway
6976:Landfill
6903:Subgrade
6820:Porosity
6815:Cohesion
6167:Pipeline
6162:Overpass
6142:Drainage
6132:Causeway
5839:Archived
5821:19 April
5795:19 April
5711:cite web
5632:Archived
5546:Archived
5460:19 April
5409:Archived
5393:BBC News
5373:19 March
5342:Archived
5318:Archived
5282:Archived
5108:: 8–21.
5087:30974822
4925:26577216
4783:Archived
4581:Archived
4551:Archived
4521:cite web
4511:13 April
4402:Archived
4400:. 1881.
4372:Archived
4370:. 1881.
4323:cite web
4225:19 April
4195:19 April
4074:19 April
4029:19 April
3644:See also
3631:tunnel,
3607:tunnel,
3542:Lekamøya
3484:erdstall
3435:Cold War
3287:Colombia
3283:La Linea
3242:Malaysia
3200:Svalbard
3086:Colorado
2989:in 2016.
2970:and the
2966:between
2949:Hokkaido
2854:Hokkaido
2630:network.
2522:Rainhill
2517:America.
2375:Gökırmak
2346:visible.
2278:attacks.
2041:require
2022:Examples
1825:overpass
1704:Malaysia
1666:aqueduct
1640:between
1535:Shanghai
1327:, often
1309:Marmaray
1110:Shanghai
1094:HSL-Zuid
997:sewerage
890:tunnel.
808:Virginia
802:and the
742:Michigan
740:between
712:between
475:Ethiopia
468:aqueduct
456:aqueduct
429:sewerage
407:", and "
310:tonnelle
210:diameter
131:pipeline
71:, Mexico
59:, France
47:, France
7955:Tunnels
7913:Malator
7831:Sapping
7551:Manhole
7516:Dungeon
7324:Geology
7296:SVSlope
7106:Shallow
7026:Grading
6964:Tieback
6908:Subsoil
6898:Bedrock
6888:Topsoil
6883:Terrain
6676:R-value
6639:testing
6389:Dynamic
6316:in situ
6314:Field (
6238:Theatre
6233:Stadium
5772:Queens.
5324:17 July
5311:Blogcu
5186:Bibcode
5157:4 April
5110:Bibcode
5078:6480231
5000:Bibcode
4905:Bibcode
4669:29 July
4165:20 June
3666:Culvert
3461:weapons
3421:or the
3211:Big Dig
3119:Chicago
3041:Big Dig
3031:Notable
3017:highway
3002:Aurland
2867:Longest
2682:Trieste
2622:of the
2585:Shildon
2524:, near
2428:England
2405:Swindon
2389:England
2383:on the
2363:Durağan
2359:Boyabat
2319:tunnels
2265:Gonabad
2043:cleanup
1955:Big Dig
1751:Hungary
1662:Sha Tin
1286:at the
1080:in the
1078:Linthal
987:mattock
754:Norfolk
746:Ontario
726:borough
691:US Navy
663:Big Dig
594:removed
579:sources
540:Tunnel
484:In the
327:History
280:Finland
272:Tampere
187:weapons
145:traffic
127:portals
117:, Wales
7693:Mining
7664:(silo)
7642:Bunker
7571:Tunnel
7475:Grotto
7470:Cenote
7399:Portal
7306:Plaxis
7301:UTEXAS
7291:SVFlux
7281:SEEP2D
7133:Forces
6986:Trench
6934:Gabion
6744:Gravel
6384:Static
6228:Public
6187:Tunnel
6177:Skyway
6122:Bridge
6044:
6030:
5998:nrk.no
5528:
5204:
5085:
5075:
5067:
5026:
5018:
4974:
4966:
4931:
4923:
4862:7 June
4837:7 June
4811:7 June
4701:
4633:Imtech
4608:DW.COM
4135:
4127:
3980:
3838:
3784:
3757:
3633:Boston
3366:Sapper
3347:Taiwan
3329:Mining
3323:Mining
3295:Bogotá
3221:, and
3160:, and
3148:, and
3047:, U.S.
3045:Boston
2998:Lærdal
2968:France
2945:Honshu
2860:Ryfast
2850:Honshu
2680:, and
2674:Vienna
2569:1832,
2424:Dudley
2367:Turkey
2353:under
2303:Megara
2295:Greece
2261:Persia
2257:kareez
2000:fault.
1765:arches
1683:Line 7
1603:subway
1599:Queens
1573:Bertha
1357:Prague
1341:Perway
1178:stress
1140:Shafts
1136:(US).
1009:German
926:roofed
922:trench
911:Line 4
780:. The
768:; the
736:; the
730:Queens
720:; the
547:stress
477:, the
464:Greece
433:qanats
393:mining
387:system
317:tonnel
195:people
161:sewers
147:, for
123:tunnel
104:Taiwan
7699:, and
7541:Fogou
7286:STABL
6759:Loess
6722:Types
6208:Arena
6157:Levee
6127:Canal
5202:S2CID
5151:(PDF)
5140:(PDF)
5024:S2CID
4972:S2CID
4929:S2CID
4501:(PDF)
4133:S2CID
3933:(PDF)
3609:Paris
3538:Sømna
3534:troll
3427:Egypt
3264:Tesco
3256:2008.
3108:folly
2941:Japan
2907:China
2782:year.
2720:metro
2705:Genoa
2701:Turin
2507:Wales
2422:, in
2335:Furlo
2312:Samos
2287:Samos
2276:siege
2253:qanat
1821:under
1762:steel
1758:brick
1712:flood
1672:Wuhan
1546:]
1527:]
1513:three
1370:near
1231:tools
1154:shaft
1114:China
1102:Spain
1088:, in
962:metro
857:bonds
831:Italy
764:road
640:I-895
460:Samos
448:Judah
421:adits
321:tonne
193:, or
153:canal
7586:Well
7465:Cave
7111:Deep
6754:Loam
6749:Peat
6739:Sand
6734:Silt
6729:Clay
6714:Soil
6416:Well
6172:Road
6042:ISBN
6028:ISBN
6006:2014
5979:2017
5971:NDTV
5951:2017
5922:2014
5896:2014
5870:2014
5823:2013
5797:2013
5767:2022
5739:2014
5717:link
5703:2024
5663:2024
5616:2014
5590:2014
5569:2014
5526:OCLC
5507:2014
5486:2014
5462:2013
5436:2014
5375:2015
5326:2014
5290:2013
5159:2014
5083:PMID
5065:ISSN
5016:ISSN
4964:ISSN
4921:PMID
4864:2020
4839:2020
4813:2020
4765:2024
4739:2011
4710:2018
4699:ISSN
4671:2016
4645:2024
4615:2024
4589:2024
4559:2024
4527:link
4513:2014
4484:2024
4436:2024
4410:2023
4380:2024
4329:link
4315:2024
4288:2018
4257:2024
4227:2013
4197:2013
4167:2010
4125:ISSN
4076:2013
4031:2013
3978:ISBN
3955:link
3943:(1).
3916:2024
3836:ISSN
3782:ISBN
3755:ISSN
3514:cave
3459:and
3397:and
3374:and
3300:The
3281:The
3270:The
3251:The
3190:The
3171:The
3128:The
3113:The
3076:The
3055:The
3039:The
3007:The
2992:The
2977:The
2958:The
2935:The
2912:The
2901:The
2886:The
2852:and
2765:The
2687:The
2602:The
2590:The
2512:The
2407:and
2397:coal
2393:boat
2361:and
2325:The
2281:The
2270:The
2251:The
2233:Alps
1923:The
1660:and
1644:and
1597:and
1563:The
1397:The
1307:and
1185:mass
1182:rock
1172:The
862:The
851:and
756:and
744:and
708:and
630:The
577:any
575:cite
403:), "
395:and
218:NFPA
149:rail
142:road
6996:Cut
6305:and
6137:Dam
5229:doi
5194:doi
5118:doi
5073:PMC
5055:doi
5008:doi
4956:doi
4952:232
4913:doi
4901:187
4757:MTA
4115:doi
3905:doi
3828:doi
3824:104
3747:doi
3522:in
3341:in
3102:in
3084:in
3011:in
3000:to
2981:in
2939:in
2916:in
2905:in
2890:in
2641:in
2489:to
2474:in
2457:in
2387:in
2365:in
2301:of
2259:of
2255:or
2124:by
1815:An
1760:or
1745:in
1702:in
1585:'s
1533:In
1385:in
1381:to
1343:".
1251:In
1132:in
1003:by
906:on
821:in
806:in
732:on
728:of
676:at
634:in
588:by
473:In
470:.
356:.
246:.
185:of
163:or
102:in
7951::
7695:,
7255:*
6055:,
5968:.
5939:.
5913:.
5887:.
5861:.
5849:^
5769:.
5758:.
5713:}}
5709:{{
5693:.
5654:.
5642:^
5470:^
5427:.
5391:.
5364:.
5360:.
5316:.
5280:.
5200:.
5192:.
5182:16
5180:.
5176:.
5142:.
5116:.
5106:59
5104:.
5081:.
5071:.
5063:.
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