Railway track - Knowledge

1791: 1546:, built in 1603 between Wollaton and Strelley in Nottinghamshire. It used wooden rails and was the first of around 50 wooden-railed tramways built over the next 164 years. These early wooden tramways typically used rails of oak or beech, attached to wooden sleepers with iron or wooden nails. Gravel or small stones were packed around the sleepers to hold them in place and provide a walkway for the people or horses that moved wagons along the track. The rails were usually about 3 feet (0.91 m) long and were not joined - instead, adjacent rails were laid on a common sleeper. The straight rails could be angled at these joints to form primitive curved track. 2259: 2139: 3190: 3305: 2274: 2196: 1582: 2241: 2224: 1754: 3284:(which rely on 3D soil confinement mechanisms) have demonstrated efficacy in stabilizing soft subgrade soils and reinforcing substructural layers to limit progressive track degradation. Reinforcement geosynthetics increase soil bearing capacity, limit ballast movement and degradation and reduce differential settlement that affects track geometry. They also reduce construction time and cost, while reducing environmental impact and carbon footprint. The increased use of geosynthetic reinforcement solutions is supported by new high-performance geocell materials (e.g., NPA - 1717: 2700: 4015: 3296:'s NE Corridor suffering clay mud-pumping demonstrated how the hybrid solution improved track quality index (TQI) significantly reduced track geometry degradation and lowered track surface maintenance by factor of 6.7x utilizing high-performance NPA geocell. Geosynthetic reinforcement is also used to stabilize railway embankments, which must be robust enough to withstand repeated cyclical loading. Geocells can utilize recycled marginal or poorly graded granular material to create stable embankments, make railway construction more economical and sustainable. 2291: 2207: 2521: 2307: 2181: 2167: 2153: 2109: 2094: 2080: 2410: 453: 78: 2124: 1729: 2596:

ends of the sleepers, to prevent the sleepers from moving. Anchors are more common for wooden sleepers, whereas most concrete or steel sleepers are fastened to the rail by special clips that resist longitudinal movement of the rail. There is no theoretical limit to how long a welded rail can be. However, if longitudinal and lateral restraint are insufficient, the track could become distorted in hot weather and cause a derailment. Distortion due to heat expansion is known in North America as

51: 3032: 3171: 1441: 2628: 3226: 550: 2336: 3159: 2529: 3067: 2322: 1604: 3212: 1802: 1880: 2351: 2871: 3349: 2600:, and elsewhere as buckling. In extreme hot weather special inspections are required to monitor sections of track known to be problematic. In North American practice, extreme temperature conditions will trigger slow orders to allow for crews to react to buckling or "sun kinks" if encountered. The German railway company 1859:(or pre-cast) concrete base (development 2000s). The 'embedded rail structure', used in the Netherlands since 1976, initially used a conventional UIC 54 rail embedded in concrete, and later developed (late 1990s) to use a 'mushroom' shaped SA42 rail profile; a version for light rail using a rail supported in an 2592:-mile-long (400 m) segments of rail at a rail facility and load it on a special train to carry it to the job site. This train is designed to carry many segments of rail which are placed so they can slide off their racks to the rear of the train and be attached to the ties (sleepers) in a continuous operation. 1925:, railway rails are subject to very high stresses and have to be made of very high-quality steel alloy. It took many decades to improve the quality of the materials, including the change from iron to steel. The stronger the rails and the rest of the trackwork, the heavier and faster the trains the track can carry. 3291:

The hybrid use of high-performance geogrids at the subgrade and high-performance geocell in the upper subbase/subballast layer has been shown to increase the reinforcement factor greater than their separate sums, and is particularly effective in attenuating heaving of expansive subgrade clay soils. A

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Over time, ballast is crushed or moved by the weight of trains passing over it, periodically requiring relevelling ("tamping") and eventually to be cleaned or replaced. If this is not done, the tracks may become uneven, causing swaying, rough riding and possibly derailments. An alternative to tamping

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equipment. They are then fastened (clipped) to the sleepers in their expanded form. This process ensures that the rail will not expand much further in subsequent hot weather. In cold weather the rails try to contract, but because they are firmly fastened, cannot do so. In effect, stressed rails are a

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If not restrained, rails would lengthen in hot weather and shrink in cold weather. To provide this restraint, the rail is prevented from moving in relation to the sleeper by use of clips or anchors. Attention needs to be paid to compacting the ballast effectively, including under, between, and at the

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and smoothness of vehicle running. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to heavy maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track. In its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete (like a highway structure) with the rails supported directly

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track and had to be withdrawn. As locomotives became more widespread in the 1810s and 1820s, engineers built rigid track formations, with iron rails mounted on stone sleepers, and cast-iron chairs holding them in place. This proved to be a mistake, and was soon replaced with flexible track structures

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Premium steel rails will not be used, because the material has an increased potential to fracture at very low temperatures. Regular carbon steel is preferred, with a very high premium on the cleanliness of the steel. For this project, a low-alloy rail with standard strength and a Brinell hardness in

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that is auxiliary to the main track. The word is also used as a verb (without object) to refer to the movement of trains and railcars from the main track to a siding, and in common parlance to refer to giving in to distractions apart from a main subject. Sidetracks are used by railroads to order and

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CWR is laid (including fastening) at a temperature roughly midway between the extremes experienced at that location. (This is known as the "rail neutral temperature".) This installation procedure is intended to prevent tracks from buckling in summer heat or pulling apart in the winter cold. In North

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are deliberately left between the rail ends to allow for expansion of the rails in hot weather. European practice was to have the rail joints on both rails adjacent to each other, while North American practice is to stagger them. Because of these small gaps, when trains pass over jointed tracks they

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would weigh 130 lb/yd (64 kg/m). The usual range is 115 to 141 lb/yd (57 to 70 kg/m). In Europe, rail is graded in kilograms per metre and the usual range is 40 to 60 kg/m (81 to 121 lb/yd). The heaviest mass-produced rail was 155 pounds per yard (77 kg/m), rolled

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Early North American railroads used iron on top of wooden rails as an economy measure but gave up this method of construction after the iron came loose, began to curl, and intruded into the floors of the coaches. The iron strap rail coming through the floors of the coaches came to be referred to as

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However, ballastless track has a high initial cost, and in the case of existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the reduction in maintenance. Ballastless track is usually considered for new very high speed or

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Most modern railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails that are attached to the sleepers with base plates that spread the load. When concrete sleepers are used, a plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tie plate. Rail is usually attached to the sleeper with

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Palese, J.W., Zarembski, A.M., Thompson, H., Pagano, W., and Ling, H.I. (2017). Life Cycle Benefits of Subgrade Reinforcement Using Geocell on a Highspeed Railway – a Case Study. AREMA Conference Proceedings (American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association). Indianapolis, IN, USA,

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to form one continuous rail that may be several kilometres long. Because there are few joints, this form of track is very strong, gives a smooth ride, and needs less maintenance; trains can travel on it at higher speeds and with less friction. Welded rails are more expensive to lay than jointed

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Jointed rails were used at first because contemporary technology did not offer any alternative. However, the intrinsic weakness in resisting vertical loading results in the ballast becoming depressed and a heavy maintenance workload is imposed to prevent unacceptable geometrical defects at the

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Joints are used in the continuous welded rail when necessary, usually for signal circuit gaps. Instead of a joint that passes straight across the rail, the two rail ends are sometimes cut at an angle to give a smoother transition. In extreme cases, such as at the end of long bridges, a

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is used by track repair crews to walk to a work site, and as a safe place to stand when a train is passing. This helps when doing minor work, while needing to keep trains running, by not needing a Hi-railer or transport vehicle blocking the line to transport crew to get to the site.

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striking the joint, only some of the bolts will be sheared, reducing the likelihood of the rails misaligning with each other and exacerbating the derailment. This technique is not applied universally; European practice being to have all the bolt heads on the same side of the rail.

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and a layer of sand or stone dust (often sandwiched in impervious plastic), known as the blanket, which restricts the upward migration of wet clay or silt. There may also be layers of waterproof fabric to prevent water penetrating to the subgrade. The track and ballast form the

2022:, that is, its mass over a standard length. Heavier rail can support greater axle loads and higher train speeds without sustaining damage than lighter rail, but at a greater cost. In North America and the United Kingdom, rail is graded in pounds per yard (usually shown as 2367:

Newer longer rails tend to be made as simple multiples of older shorter rails, so that old rails can be replaced without cutting. Some cutting would be needed as slightly longer rails are needed on the outside of sharp curves compared to the rails on the inside.

3063:; Australia: fettlers), who used lining bars to correct irregularities in horizontal alignment (line) of the track, and tamping and jacks to correct vertical irregularities (surface). Currently, maintenance is facilitated by a variety of specialised machines. 2783:

The geometry of the tracks is three-dimensional by nature, but the standards that express the speed limits and other regulations in the areas of track gauge, alignment, elevation, curvature and track surface are usually expressed in two separate layouts for

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Zarembski, Allan M.; Palese, Joseph; Hartsough, Christopher M.; Ling, Hoe I.; Thompson, Hugh (2017). "Application of Geocell Track Substructure Support System to Correct Surface Degradation Problems Under High-Speed Passenger Railroad Operations".

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are produced in sections of fixed length. Rail lengths are made as long as possible, as the joints between rails are a source of weakness. Throughout the history of rail production, lengths have increased as manufacturing processes have improved.

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Vega, E., van Gurp, C., Kwast, E. (2018). Geokunststoffen als Funderingswapening in Ongebonden Funderingslagen (Geosynthetics for Reinforcement of Unbound Base and Subbase Pavement Layers), CROW/SBRCURnet, Netherlands. Publication C1001

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Some railroads are using asphalt pavement below the ballast in order to keep dirt and moisture from moving into the ballast and spoiling it. The fresh asphalt also serves to stabilize the ballast so it does not move around so easily.

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to move by providing a dependable surface for their wheels to roll upon. Early tracks were constructed with wooden or cast iron rails, and wooden or stone sleepers; since the 1870s, rails have almost universally been made from steel.

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joints. The joints also needed to be lubricated, and wear at the fishplate (joint bar) mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads.

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There are a number of proprietary systems; variations include a continuous reinforced concrete slab and the use of pre-cast pre-stressed concrete units laid on a base layer. Many permutations of design have been put forward.

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Bonded main line 6-bolt rail joint on a segment of 155 lb/yd (76.9 kg/m) rail. The alternating bolt head orientation is to prevent complete separation of the joint in the event of being struck by a wheel during a

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Welding of rails into longer lengths was first introduced around 1893, making train rides quieter and safer. With the introduction of thermite welding after 1899, the process became less labour-intensive, and ubiquitous.

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Jointed track is made using lengths of rail, usually around 20 m (66 ft) long (in the UK) and 39 or 78 ft (12 or 24 m) long (in North America), bolted together using perforated steel plates known as

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can be considered a development of baulk road. Ladder track utilizes sleepers aligned along the same direction as the rails with rung-like gauge restraining cross members. Both ballasted and ballastless types exist.

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very high loading routes, in short extensions that require additional strength (e.g. railway stations), or for localised replacement where there are exceptional maintenance difficulties, for example in tunnels. Most

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are widely used in North America. For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails, and a considerable amount of this track remains on secondary and tertiary routes.

3189: 2946:) gauge won the battle, and became the standard gauge, with the term 'narrow gauge' henceforth used for gauges narrower than the new standard. As of 2017, about 60% of the world's railways use a gauge of 2388:

Rails are produced in fixed lengths and need to be joined end-to-end to make a continuous surface on which trains may run. The traditional method of joining the rails is to bolt them together using metal

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are used to reduce or replace traditional layers in trackbed construction and rehabilitation worldwide to improve track support and reduce track maintenance costs. Reinforcement geosynthetics, such as

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Traditionally, tracks are constructed using flat-bottomed steel rails laid on and spiked or screwed into timber or pre-stressed concrete sleepers (known as ties in North America), with crushed stone

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After new segments of rail are laid, or defective rails replaced (welded-in), the rails can be artificially stressed if the temperature of the rail during laying is cooler than what is desired. The

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Leshchinsky, B. (2011) Enhancing Ballast Performance using Geocell Confinement. Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, publication of Geo-Frontiers 2011 conference, Dallas, Texas, USA, March 13–16.

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During the early days of rail, there was considerable variation in the gauge used by different systems, and in the UK during the railway building boom of the 1840s Brunel's broad gauge of

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Track needs regular maintenance to remain in good order, especially when high-speed trains are involved. Inadequate maintenance may lead to a "slow order" (North American terminology, or

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This type of track still exists on some bridges on Network Rail where the timber baulks are called waybeams or longitudinal timbers. Generally the speed over such structures is low.

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America, because broken rails are typically detected by interruption of the current in the signaling system, they are seen as less of a potential hazard than undetected heat kinks.

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ISO Standard WD TR 18228-5. (2018). Design using Geosynthetics – Part 5: Stabilization. International Organization for Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland. Under development.

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Rails must be replaced before the railhead profile wears to a degree that may trigger a derailment. Worn mainline rails usually have sufficient life remaining to be used on a

1703:, or other wood preservatives. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are often used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications. 2662:

A sleeper (tie or crosstie) is a rectangular object on which the rails are supported and fixed. The sleeper has two main roles: to transfer the loads from the rails to the

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used this form of rail. It opened around 1870 and closed in 1947, with long sections still using these rails. It was one of the last uses of iron-topped wooden rails.

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Kief, O. (2016) Rail Track Pavements on Expansive Clay Restrained by Hybrid Geosynthetic Solution. Geosynthetics 2016 Conference Proceedings. Miami Beach, FL. April.

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Gauge can safely vary over a range. For example, U.S. federal safety standards allow standard gauge to vary from 4 ft 8 in (1,420 mm) to 4 ft

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Various methods exist for fixing the rail to the sleeper. Historically, spikes gave way to cast iron chairs fixed to the sleeper. More recently, springs (such as

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purposes, insulated block joints are required. These compound the weaknesses of ordinary joints. Specially-made glued joints, where all the gaps are filled with

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A major problem of jointed track is cracking around the bolt holes, which can lead to breaking of the rail head (the running surface). This was the cause of the

3039:) responsible for maintenance of a particular section of railway. One man is holding a lining bar (gandy), while others are using rail tongs to position a rail. 3840: 2575:

through the touching ends of two unjoined rails. The ends become white hot due to electrical resistance and are then pressed together forming a strong weld.

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is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage.

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is used to repair or splice together existing CWR segments. This is a manual process requiring a reaction crucible and form to contain the molten iron.

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A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the heavy demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing (tamping) and lining to restore the desired

3704:"Description of the Permanent Way, of the Lancashire and Yorkshire, the Manchester and Southport, and the Sheffield, Barnsley and Wakefield Railways" 1312: 516: 3816: 4549: 2505:

formed in approximately 20 m (66 ft) of the rail as part of the blocking circuit. Some insulated joints are unavoidable within turnouts.

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make a "clickety-clack" sound. Unless it is well-maintained, jointed track does not have the ride quality of welded rail and is less desirable for

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alloys for its rails, instead of more modern, higher performance alloys, because modern alloy rails can become brittle at very low temperatures.

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Section through railway track and foundation showing the ballast and formation layers. The layers are slightly sloped to help drainage.

4518: 3269:. For example, transverse pipes through the subgrade allow cold air to penetrate the formation and prevent that subgrade from melting. 5126:

Skok, D.M. and Russo, C. (2020) Embankment Foundation of Sant Martin Railway Viaduct, GeoAmericas 2020, October 26–29, Rio de Janeiro.

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railways often had permanent tracks for the main lines, with portable tracks serving the canefields themselves. These tracks were

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North American railroads until the mid- to late-20th century used rails 39 feet (11.9 m) long so they could be carried in

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Sometimes rail tracks are designed to be portable and moved from one place to another as required. During construction of the

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tracks, but have much lower maintenance costs. The first welded track was used in Germany in 1924. and has become common on

4619:(Issue 2 – 07/10/08 ed.). Department of Planning Transport, and Infrastructure - Government of South Australia. 2008. 2397:. For more modern usage, particularly where higher speeds are required, the lengths of rail may be welded together to form 2158: 1685: 1565: 423: 4142: 3873: 2796: 5853: 4710: 4421: 4114: 3368: 1826: 1223: 4822: 5319: 4204: 5257: 5173: 4876: 3549: 3100:

to prevent weeds growing through and redistributing the ballast is typically done with a special weed killing train.

1647: 736: 3849: 1629: 5823: 5140: 3650: 3170: 2312: 2114: 1830: 650: 419: 2712: 2099: 1458: 1139: 1112: 526: 17: 1837:, and elsewhere. Continuous-bearing designs were also promoted by other engineers. The system was tested on the 6174: 5846: 4796: 4028: 3492: 2746: 1614: 1588:

Sometimes there is a layer of rubber matting (not shown) to improve drainage, and to dampen sound and vibration

637: 610: 271: 111: 42: 4823:"Hot Mix Asphalt Railway Trackbeds: Trackbed Materials, Performance Evaluations, and Significant Implications" 3565: 3241:, which in turn is supported by prepared earthworks known as the track formation. The formation comprises the 3044: 2879: 4741: 3959: 2648:) gives a smooth path for the wheels while allowing the end of one rail to expand relative to the next rail. 2084: 1968: 879: 364: 4291: 3158: 6184: 6138: 5431: 3402: 3383: 2725:, sections of heavy portable track (along with much other improvised technology) helped in the move of the 1527: 1440: 1420: 1415: 4374:"Thermite Rail Welding: History, Process Developments, Current Practices And Outlook For The 21st Century" 1680:

were typically fastened to the sleepers with dog spikes through a flat tie plate. In Britain and Ireland,

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pioneered the conversion to flat-bottomed rail in Britain, though earlier lines had made some use of it.

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were introduced, starting in 1804, the track then in use proved too weak to carry the additional weight.

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The preferred process of flash butt welding involves an automated track-laying machine running a strong

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being repaired by using flaming rope to expand the rail back to a point where it can be joined together

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or without where they will be welded into place. There are usually two or three boltholes at each end.

577: 474: 266: 2721:) and the rolling stock full size. Portable tracks have often been used in open pit mines. In 1880 in 6179: 5546: 5343: 4239: 4177: 3989: 3288:), published research, case studies projects and international standards (ISO, ASTM, CROW/SBRCURnet) 2865: 1700: 1392: 521: 511: 379: 374: 369: 231: 88: 4316: 4014: 2430:

Fishplates are usually 600 mm (2 ft) long, used in pairs either side of the rail ends and

5780: 3613: 3304: 3199: 2755:)) and the portable track came in straights, curves, and turnouts, rather like on a model railway. 1207: 863: 720: 549: 394: 330: 126: 5901: 5818: 5531: 5372: 5180: 4584: 3994: 3412: 2467: 1795: 1625: 1430: 1280: 895: 399: 359: 281: 4092: 1855:'s 'embedded slab track', which uses a rounded rectangular rail profile (BB14072) embedded in a 6169: 6092: 5690: 5514: 5446: 3584: 3453: 3115: 3071: 2809: 2356: 1581: 1387: 1253: 1082: 947: 693: 389: 286: 155: 93: 5293: 3788: 3703: 3673: 1937: 1817:

railtrack, in which the rail was supported along its length, with examples including Brunel's

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Geosynthetics in Railways: Applications & Benefits. International Geosynthetics Society.

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and the ground underneath, and to hold the rails to the correct width apart (to maintain the

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firmly fastened down. In extremely cold weather, rails are heated to prevent "pull aparts".

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https://igs2.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/IGS_Geosynthetics_Railways_Leaflet.pdf

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is to lift the rails and sleepers and reinsert the ballast beneath. For this, specialist "

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Part 13 — Track Safety Standards: Title 49, Transportation - Code of Federal Regulations

3747:"On the Principle and Construction of Railways of Continuous Bearing. (Including Plate)" 3118:

methods to detect internal flaws in the rails. This is done by using specially equipped

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involves either heating the rails, causing them to expand, or stretching the rails with

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is starting to paint rails white to lower the peak temperatures reached in summer days.

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was a source of many portable light rail tracks, also used for military purposes. The

1963:), often 40 feet (12.2 m) long; as gondola sizes increased, so did rail lengths. 6105: 5808: 5553: 5253: 5234: 5215: 5196: 5169: 5113: 5053: 4944: 4872: 4460: 4444: 4346: 3545: 3513: 3488: 3215: 3119: 2899: 2632: 2327: 2186: 1806: 1748: 1543: 1506: 5288: 2128:

15 feet (4.6 m) long and weighing 36 pounds per yard (17.9 kg/m), reached

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railway in the 1840s, but was found to be more expensive to maintain than rail with

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Canadian Society of Civil Engineers Annual Conference on Resilient Infrastructure

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Modern production techniques allowed the production of longer unwelded segments.

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were carried in cast-iron chairs which were spiked to the sleepers. In 1936, the

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On this Japanese high-speed line, mats have been added to stabilize the ballast.

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Traditional railway track showing ballast, part of sleeper and fixing mechanisms

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System Dynamics and Long-Term Behaviour of Railway Vehicles, Track and Subgrade

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The surface of the head of each of the two rails can be maintained by using a

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to its final location from the dock where it was unloaded from the cargo ship

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per joint). The bolts have alternating orientations so that in the event of a

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Annual report of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail Road Company

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Common maintenance jobs include changing sleepers, lubricating and adjusting

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Bruzek, Radim; Trosino, Michael; Kreisel, Leopold; Al-Nazer, Leith (2015).

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Some buses can use tracks. This concept came out of Germany and was called

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Flange oilers lubricate wheel flanges to reduce rail wear in tight curves,

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illustrated description of the construction and maintenance of the railway

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Timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with

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09-32 CSM continuous action levelling, lining and tamping machine of the

3126: 3105: 3079: 3001: in (1,460 mm) for operation up to 60 mph (97 km/h). 2973: 2857: 2627: 2341: 2143:

39 feet (11.89 m) United States to suit 40-foot-long (12.19 m)

2001: 1960: 1949: 1906: 497: 145: 5838: 3225: 5997: 5787: 5753: 5748: 5700: 5625: 5600: 5541: 5507: 5391: 3317: 3258: 3060: 3020: 2981: 2758: 2731: 2667: 2612: 2502: 2439: 2377: 2061: 1945: 1818: 1382: 320: 315: 187: 160: 5328: 4077: 1573:

that allowed a degree of elastic movement as trains passed over them.

5944: 5929: 5526: 5492: 5472: 5421: 5411: 5001: 3448: 3328: 3238: 3097: 3066: 3048: 2738: 2617: 2528: 2390: 2290: 2206: 1669: 116: 35: 4958:

Pokharel, S.K.; Norouzi, M.; Martin, I.; Breault, M. (4 June 2016).

2711:, tracks were moved around excavation works. These track gauge were 1632:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1549:

The first iron rails laid in Britain were at the Darby Ironworks in

5563: 5381: 5294:"Drawing of England Track Laying in Sections at 200 yards an hour" 4989: 4445:"Rail Temperature Approximation and Heat Slow Order Best Practices" 3842:

2.3.3 Design and Manufacture of Embedded Rail Slab Track Components

3443: 3427: 3407: 3309: 2972:

or international gauge Gauges wider than standard gauge are called

2597: 2185:

71 ft (21.6 m) – steel works weighing machine for rails (

1856: 1696: 1569: 1537: 1533: 1510: 441: 30:"Railroad track" and "Rail track" redirect here. For the song, see 4733: 3140:

The environmental conditions along railroad track create a unique

3122:, inspection cars, or in some cases, handheld inspection devices. 2769:

tracks were often used in the construction of that permanent way.

3219: 3211: 2686: 2556: 2474:

to begin converting much of its track to continuous welded rail.

2335: 2240: 2223: 1801: 4292:"Tata Steel unveils upgraded rail manufacturing plant in France" 4096: 1794:

Diagram of cross section of 1830s ladder type track used on the

5645: 4859:

Geosynthetics for Development of Transportation Infrastructures

4550:"In Case of Polar Vortex, Light Chicago's Train Tracks on Fire" 4385:

American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

3397: 3323: 3293: 2902:

with what was referred to at the time as the 'narrow' gauge of

2443: 2321: 2295:

240 ft (73.2 m) welded – (4 x 60 feet or 18.3 metres)

1914: 1879: 337: 3257:

Additional measures are required where the track is laid over

2249:

became the first railway to use thermite welding; also suited

4600:

Permanent-way Material, Platelaying, and Points and Crossings

4093:

LMS Drawings of Standard Railway Equipment Permanent Way 1928

3266: 3047:

in the United Kingdom) being imposed to avoid accidents (see

2491: 2350: 1922: 1514: 236: 199: 4957: 4913: 4442: 1785: 2870: 1918: 1851:

Later applications of continuously supported track include

303: 5046:"NPA Geocell for Railway Line Repair in Permafrost Region" 4115:

Australian Town and Country Journal (NSW : 1870–1907)

3612:

Departments of the Army and the Air Force (8 April 1991).

3348: 1972:

the planned-but-cancelled 150-kilometre rail line for the

2060:

The following are lengths of single sections produced by

5274:

Table of North American tee rail (flat bottom) sections

2132:

the first use of the flanged T-rail in the United States

5179:

Firuziaan, Mohammad; von Estorff, Otto (October 2002).

2821:) which connects between a tangent and a curved track. 4267:"Production of long-welded and continuous-welded rail" 3947: 2799:. This involves the layout of three main track types: 2670:). They are generally laid transversely to the rails. 3137:

afterwards and are "cascaded" to those applications.

2376:

Rails can be supplied pre-drilled with boltholes for

1863:–filled steel trough has also been developed (2002). 5178: 3344: 3233:

Railway tracks are generally laid on a bed of stone

41:"Permanent way" redirects here. For other uses, see 4764:"Message in the mailing list '1520mm' on Р75 rails" 3953: 4644:Track Standards Manual - Section 8: Track Geometry 4523:Grandad Sez: Grandad's Railway Engineering Section 4079:Industrial Biography: Iron Workers and Tool Makers 5080:"Use of geogrid in the construction of railroads" 3678:American Railroad Journal and Mechanic's Magazine 3055:, requiring teams of labourers, or trackmen (US: 2691:) are used to fix the rail to the sleeper chair. 1813:Early railways (c. 1840s) experimented with 6161: 5052:. Industrial Fabrics Association International. 4414:"Welded Rail Trains, CRHS Conrail Photo Archive" 4381:Proceedings of the AREMA 1999 Annual Conferences 2644:(referred to in North America and Britain as an 5043: 4086: 3510:Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopedia 2072:, but the following rail lengths are unwelded. 2007: 1887:, which can rest directly on the sleepers, and 5044:Pokharel, Sarah; Breault, Marc (1 June 2021). 4371: 1766:on its upper surface (using a resilient pad). 1593: 5854: 5344: 3272: 2795:Horizontal layout is the track layout on the 475: 4801:National Archives and Records Administration 4243:. Adelaide, SA. 2 February 1950. p. 1. 3482: 4917:Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology 4197: 3998:. Syracuse, NY. 20 March 1939. p. 77. 3977:the range of 300 would be most appropriate. 3430:, part of the track of a rubber-tyred metro 2828:including the concepts such as crosslevel, 2824:Vertical layout is the track layout on the 2673: 2087:laid the first iron rails at Coalbrookdale. 1987: 5861: 5847: 5351: 5337: 5302: 5284:ThyssenKrupp handbook, Light Vignoles rail 4255:– via National Library of Australia. 4193:– via National Library of Australia. 4130:– via National Library of Australia. 3631:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3507: 3051:). Track maintenance was at one time hard 2497:As an alternative to the insulated joint, 2434:together (usually four, but sometimes six 2267:, first to use the process in the Americas 2200:78 feet (23.77 m) – double 39 ft 482: 468: 5868: 5103: 4866: 4181:. Adelaide, SA. 17 June 1953. p. 5. 4140: 3848:, Innotrack, 12 June 2008, archived from 2515: 1786:Continuous longitudinally supported track 1648:Learn how and when to remove this message 1521: 5209: 3744: 3701: 3487:. Oxford University Press. p. 473. 3303: 3224: 3210: 3065: 3030: 2869: 2698: 2626: 2527: 2519: 2408: 2157:45 and 60 feet (13.72 and 18.29 m) 1878: 1800: 1789: 1752: 1664:placed beneath and around the sleepers. 1580: 49: 5358: 3680:, 13 (7 new series): 270–277, 298–304, 3544:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Transport. 3369:Difference between train and tram rails 2555:. In this form of track, the rails are 2501:track circuits can be employed using a 34:. For the defunct British company, see 14: 6162: 5247: 4547: 4353:from the original on 10 September 2014 4327:from the original on 10 September 2014 4153:from the original on 11 September 2014 3901: 3671: 3582: 2311:108 metres (354.3 ft) Corus (now 5842: 5332: 5228: 5187:. Springer Verlag. pp. 357–376. 4731: 4057: 3990:""Snake heads" held up early traffic" 3938:A Metallurgical History of Railmaking 3920:from the original on 20 December 2016 3884:from the original on 12 December 2012 3795:, vol. 4, pp. 17–20, 1842, 3542:The Railway: British Track Since 1804 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3206: 3164:Maintenance of way equipment in Italy 2703:Panama Canal construction track, 1907 1757:Ballastless high-speed track in China 1542:The first railway in Britain was the 1485:" in Britain), is the structure on a 5279:ThyssenKrupp handbook, Vignoles rail 5252:. The Netherlands: MRT-Productions. 4839:from the original on 21 January 2019 4596: 4566:from the original on 31 January 2019 4499:from the original on 20 January 2021 4424:from the original on 7 November 2017 4394:from the original on 10 October 2008 4039:from the original on 18 October 2016 4029:"Snakeheads on antebellum railroads" 3954:Carolyn Fitzpatrick (24 July 2008). 3621:. Washington, D.C. pp. 3-1–7-4. 3337:, was built in Adelaide, Australia. 3027:Railroad car § Non-revenue cars 2159:London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1993:"snake heads" by early railroaders. 1742: 1686:London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1597: 5084:Innovative Infrastructure Solutions 5077: 4861:. Frontiers Research Topics. 2021. 4744:from the original on 1 October 2019 4235:"Opening Of S.-E. Broad Gauge line" 3904:"Recent developments in slab track" 3539: 3035:Circa 1917, American section gang ( 2848:organise the flow of rail traffic. 2582:North American practice is to weld 2477: 2068:. Shorter rails may be welded with 1940:(Vignoles rail or flanged T-rail); 1827:Newcastle and North Shields Railway 24: 5303:Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1936), 4657:from the original on 29 March 2014 4623:from the original on 28 April 2013 4473:from the original on 20 April 2021 4247:from the original on 20 April 2021 4185:from the original on 20 April 2021 4122:from the original on 20 April 2021 4118:. NSW. 4 August 1900. p. 19. 4072: 4033:Frederick Jackson Turner Overdrive 3726:from the original on 24 April 2016 3526: 3485:The Australian National Dictionary 25: 6196: 5267: 5212:Fatigue in railway infrastructure 5143:from the original on 16 June 2016 4734:"Railway Track Gauges by Country" 4683:from the original on 4 March 2016 4548:Holder, Sarah (30 January 2018). 4372:C. P. Lonsdale (September 1999). 3684:from the original on 11 June 2016 3674:"On Cast Iron Rails for Railways" 3653:from the original on 16 June 2016 2694: 2393:(jointbars in the US), producing 4650:. Railtrack PLC. December 1998. 4603:. R. & F.N. Spon. p. 1. 4349:. Jindal Steel & Power Ltd. 4141:McGonigal, Robert (1 May 2014). 4013: 4002:from the original on 25 May 2018 3874:"Putting slab track to the test" 3799:from the original on 28 May 2016 3769:from the original on 3 June 2016 3347: 3188: 3169: 3157: 2547:(CWR), sometimes referred to as 2404: 2383: 2349: 2334: 2320: 2305: 2289: 2272: 2257: 2239: 2222: 2211:45 feet (13.72 m) Australia 2205: 2194: 2179: 2165: 2151: 2137: 2122: 2115:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 2107: 2092: 2078: 1928:Other profiles of rail include: 1831:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 1727: 1715: 1676:In North America and Australia, 1602: 1501:(sleepers, British English) and 1439: 548: 451: 138: 76: 5233:. Woodhead Publishing Limited. 5214:. Woodhead Publishing Limited. 5158: 5129: 5120: 5071: 5037: 5027: 5018: 5008: 4982: 4973: 4951: 4907: 4898: 4885: 4851: 4815: 4782: 4756: 4725: 4695: 4669: 4635: 4607: 4590: 4578: 4541: 4511: 4485: 4436: 4406: 4365: 4339: 4309: 4284: 4259: 4227: 4215:from the original on 9 May 2019 4165: 4134: 4102: 4066: 4051: 4021: 3982: 3966:from the original on 1 May 2009 3931: 3895: 3866: 3833: 3810: 3789:"Eleventh Annual Report (1848)" 3781: 3738: 3540:Dow, Andrew (30 October 2014). 2843:is a railroad track other than 2727:ancient obelisk in Central Park 2494:, increase the strength again. 2102:5.6 lb/yd (2.78 kg/m) 2100:Stockton and Darlington Railway 2042: 1782:systems use ballastless track. 1668:resilient fastenings, although 4797:Office of the Federal Register 4587:magazine, January 2010, p. 20. 4493:"Cooling paintcover for rails" 4271:www.railtechnologymagazine.com 3956:"Heavy haul in the high north" 3695: 3665: 3639: 3605: 3576: 3558: 3501: 3476: 3389:regional/national differences) 3004: 2980:. Some stretches of track are 2616:bit like a piece of stretched 43:Permanent way (disambiguation) 13: 1: 5289:Track Details in photographs 5231:Wheel/rail interface handbook 5050:Geosynthetics Magazine Online 3960:Railway Gazette International 3583:Connor, Piers (10 May 2017). 3470: 2450:Small gaps which function as 2263:George Pellissier welded the 1969:Railway Gazette International 864:Three foot six inch 267:Passenger traffic terminology 5309:Railway Wonders of the World 5193:10.1007/978-3-540-45476-2_21 4803:. 10 January 2011. p. 7 4597:Cole, William Henry (1915). 3403:Minimum railway curve radius 3384:Glossary of rail terminology 3333:. The first such track, the 2371: 2362: 2313:British Steel (2016–present) 2008:Rail classification (weight) 1917:. Unlike some other uses of 1905:Modern track typically uses 1576: 1564:'s pioneering locomotive at 1528:History of the railway track 896:Four foot six inch 7: 4060:The Slate Railways of Wales 4010:– via Newspapers.com. 3830:, Retrieved 21 January 2020 3817:"Waybeams at KEB, Newcastle 3647:"Showing part of the track" 3340: 3045:temporary speed restriction 2651: 2355:121 metres (397.0 ft) 2340:120 metres (393.7 ft) 2326:108 metres (354.3 ft) 2055: 1944:(inverted U–shaped used in 1913:of an asymmetrical rounded 1628:the claims made and adding 1594:Traditional track structure 10: 6201: 6073:Cross-platform interchange 5559:Transfer table (traverser) 4449:2015 Joint Rail Conference 4173:"Surveys Of New Rail Link" 3942:Australian Railway History 3708:Minutes of the Proceedings 3483:W. S. Ramson, ed. (1988). 3387:(including US/UK and other 3315: 3273:Geosynthetic reinforcement 3024: 3014: 3008: 2855: 2776: 2677: 2655: 2631:An expansion joint on the 2508:Another alternative is an 2011: 1898: 1746: 1531: 1525: 40: 29: 6119: 6091: 6021: 6003:Switch / turnout / points 5993:Grand circle / roundabout 5958: 5915: 5877: 5796: 5714: 5609: 5547:ground-level power supply 5455: 5367: 5248:Esveld, Coenraad (2001). 5105:10.1007/s41062-016-0017-8 4937:10.1007/s40515-017-0042-x 4868:10.3389/978-2-88966-741-3 4418:conrailphotos.thecrhs.org 3902:Esveld, Coenraad (2003), 3828:Network Rail Media Centre 3592:Railway Technical Website 3512:. lulu.com. p. 291. 3308:Buses driving on tracks, 2866:List of tram track gauges 2772: 2543:Most modern railways use 1701:chromated copper arsenate 1249: 1151: 1108: 991: 982: 974: 937: 732: 662: 606: 597: 589: 564: 556: 547: 380:List of high-speed trains 4616:PART 1025 Track Geometry 4519:"Continuous Welded Rail" 4451:. pp. V001T04A002. 4211:. Evonik Industries AG. 3944:, February, 2004 pp43-56 3822:3 September 2020 at the 3763:10.1680/itrcs.1838.24387 3720:10.1680/imotp.1849.24189 3672:Morris, Ellwood (1841), 3615:Railroad Track Standards 3508:Iain Ellis, ed. (2010). 3299: 2851: 2674:Fixing rails to sleepers 1988:Iron-topped wooden rails 1980:, would have used older 1825:, as well as use on the 5532:Railway electrification 5210:Robinson, A.M. (2009). 4895:. Accessed 28 JUN 2022. 4585:Narrow Gauge Down Under 4110:"Big Weighing Machines" 3995:Syracuse Herald-Journal 3911:European Railway Review 3413:Permanent way (history) 2468:Hither Green rail crash 2171:60 feet (18.29 m) 1874: 1796:Leeds and Selby Railway 1509:), plus the underlying 282:Railway nationalization 5078:Das, Braja M. (2016). 4707:www.inventingeurope.eu 4062:. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. 3878:www.railwaygazette.com 3454:TGV track construction 3313: 3292:field test project on 3230: 3222: 3116:nondestructive testing 3096:Spraying ballast with 3075: 3072:Middelburg, Mpumalanga 3040: 2875: 2810:track transition curve 2704: 2636: 2559:together by utilising 2545:continuous welded rail 2540: 2525: 2516:Continuous welded rail 2415: 2399:continuous welded rail 2281:developed non-ferrous 2265:Holyoke Street Railway 2113:15 feet (4.57 m) 2098:15 feet (4.57 m) 2018:Rail is graded by its 1896: 1810: 1798: 1758: 1590: 1522:Historical development 390:Longest train services 272:Named passenger trains 58: 6175:Railway track layouts 5671:Platform screen doors 5168:, Sutton Publishing, 3745:Reynolds, J. (1838). 3702:Hawkshaw, J. (1849). 3566:"Railways in Britain" 3307: 3286:Novel Polymeric Alloy 3228: 3214: 3196:Plasser & Theurer 3069: 3034: 3015:Further information: 2873: 2765:is so called because 2702: 2680:Rail fastening system 2630: 2534:Long Island Rail Road 2531: 2523: 2412: 2037:Pennsylvania Railroad 1882: 1823:Great Western Railway 1804: 1793: 1756: 1584: 1532:Further information: 405:Platform screen doors 53: 32:Railroad Track (song) 6139:Minimum curve radius 6106:Zig Zag / Switchback 5621:Anti-trespass panels 5250:Modern Railway Track 4457:10.1115/JRC2015-5720 4296:Tata Steel in Europe 4147:ABC's of Railroading 4058:Jones, Alun (2001). 3570:Quakers in the World 3459:Tramway (industrial) 2874:Measuring rail gauge 2862:List of track gauges 2532:A pull-apart on the 1974:Baffinland Iron Mine 1208:Five foot three inch 458:Transport portal 410:Railway speed record 6185:Rail infrastructure 6078:Interchange station 5983:Facing and trailing 5950:Classification yard 5468:Classification yard 5305:"The permanent way" 5137:"runway (roll way)" 5096:2016InnIS...1...15D 4929:2017TrIG....4..106Z 4529:on 18 February 2006 4035:. 6 February 2012. 3364:Degree of curvature 3178:track renewal train 3108:" trains are used. 3091:track renewal train 1678:flat-bottomed rails 1487:railway or railroad 1481:" in Australia or " 1469:), also known as a 996:Italian broad gauge 651:Two foot three inch 385:List of train songs 262:High-speed railways 215:Couplers by country 64:Part of a series on 27:Rail infrastructure 6008:Swingnose crossing 5727:Motive power depot 5681:Signalling control 5322:3 May 2017 at the 5311:, pp. 331–338 5164:Pike, J., (2001), 4996:. 12 August 2021. 4969:. London, Ontario. 4420:. 3 October 2009. 4323:. voestalpine AG. 4317:"Ultra-long rails" 3880:, 1 October 2002, 3434:Rubber-tyred metro 3374:Exothermic welding 3314: 3231: 3223: 3207:Bed and foundation 3076: 3041: 3011:Maintenance of way 2924:). Eventually the 2876: 2705: 2637: 2561:flash butt welding 2541: 2526: 2416: 2283:exothermic welding 2233:exothermic welding 2047:The rails used in 1938:flat-bottomed rail 1897: 1885:flat-bottomed rail 1883:Cross-sections of 1839:Baltimore and Ohio 1815:continuous bearing 1811: 1799: 1780:rubber-tyred metro 1759: 1613:possibly contains 1591: 1562:Richard Trevithick 1489:consisting of the 1281:Five foot six inch 1182:Pennsylvania gauge 1156:Pennsylvania gauge 737:Swedish three foot 220:Coupler conversion 59: 6157: 6156: 5836: 5835: 5554:Railway turntable 5375: 5317:Railway technical 5296:Popular Mechanics 5240:978-1-84569-412-8 5229:Lewis, R (2009). 5221:978-1-85573-740-2 5202:978-3-540-43892-2 4466:978-0-7918-5645-1 4209:Evonik Industries 3714:(1849): 261–262. 3519:978-1-4461-8190-4 3261:, such as on the 3216:Intercity-Express 3200:Romanian Railways 3142:railway ecosystem 2815:transition spiral 2803:(straight line), 2633:Cornish Main Line 2609:stressing process 2568:since the 1950s. 2524:Welded rail joint 2457:high speed trains 2427:(North America). 2328:Tata Steel Europe 2187:steelyard balance 2070:flashbutt welding 1966:According to the 1807:Shinagawa Station 1749:Ballastless track 1743:Ballastless track 1658: 1657: 1650: 1615:original research 1589: 1558:steam locomotives 1544:Wollaton Wagonway 1447: 1446: 1360: 1359: 721:Two foot six inch 504:By transport mode 492: 491: 210:Railway couplings 193:Steam locomotives 16:(Redirected from 6192: 6180:Structural steel 6068:Spanish solution 6058:Terminal station 6031:Railway platform 5863: 5856: 5849: 5840: 5839: 5731:Railway workshop 5447:Transition curve 5417:Fastening system 5371: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5312: 5263: 5244: 5225: 5206: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5107: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5002:10.1520/D8269-21 4986: 4980: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4870: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4838: 4830:web.engr.uky.edu 4827: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4766:. 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3523: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3480: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3332: 3263:Qingzang Railway 3192: 3173: 3161: 3112:Rail inspections 3000: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2905: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2797:horizontal plane 2754: 2749: 2720: 2715: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2577:Thermite welding 2573:electric current 2478:Insulated joints 2472:British Railways 2452:expansion joints 2354: 2353: 2339: 2338: 2325: 2324: 2310: 2309: 2294: 2293: 2277: 2276: 2262: 2261: 2244: 2243: 2229:Hans Goldschmidt 2227: 2226: 2210: 2209: 2199: 2198: 2184: 2183: 2170: 2169: 2156: 2155: 2142: 2141: 2127: 2126: 2112: 2111: 2097: 2096: 2085:Richard Reynolds 2083: 2082: 2066:thermite welding 1891:which sits in a 1861:asphalt concrete 1805:Ladder track at 1731: 1719: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1630:inline citations 1606: 1605: 1598: 1585: 1467:American English 1443: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1008: 969: 968: 964: 961: 932: 931: 927: 924: 854: 853: 849: 846: 824: 823: 819: 816: 784: 783: 779: 776: 757: 756: 752: 749: 714: 713: 709: 706: 687: 686: 682: 679: 631: 630: 626: 623: 552: 545: 544: 494: 493: 484: 477: 470: 456: 455: 156:Gauge conversion 80: 61: 60: 56:concrete sleeper 21: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6149:Cant deficiency 6134:Ruling gradient 6115: 6101:Horseshoe curve 6087: 6017: 5978:Double junction 5968:Flying junction 5954: 5911: 5902:Quadruple track 5873: 5867: 5837: 5832: 5792: 5710: 5686:Structure gauge 5641:Defect detector 5613: 5605: 5451: 5407:Clip and scotch 5397:Breather switch 5363: 5357: 5324:Wayback Machine 5298:, December 1930 5270: 5260: 5241: 5222: 5203: 5161: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5009: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4467: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4097:The LMS Society 4091: 4087: 4071: 4067: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3969: 3967: 3952: 3948: 3940:Slee, David E. 3936: 3932: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3858: 3856: 3855:on 5 March 2016 3852: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824:Wayback Machine 3815: 3811: 3802: 3800: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3700: 3696: 3687: 3685: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3538: 3527: 3520: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3388: 3386: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3326: 3320: 3302: 3275: 3209: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3174: 3165: 3162: 3147:In the UK, the 3029: 3023: 3017:Rail inspection 3013: 3007: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2952:4 ft 2951: 2947: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2930:4 ft 2929: 2925: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2908:4 ft 2907: 2903: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2881:7 ft 2880: 2868: 2856:Main articles: 2854: 2781: 2775: 2752: 2747: 2718: 2713: 2697: 2682: 2676: 2660: 2654: 2646:expansion joint 2642:breather switch 2588: 2584: 2583: 2518: 2499:audio frequency 2480: 2407: 2386: 2374: 2365: 2348: 2333: 2319: 2304: 2288: 2279:Charles Cadwell 2271: 2256: 2238: 2221: 2204: 2193: 2178: 2164: 2150: 2145:gondola waggons 2136: 2121: 2106: 2091: 2077: 2058: 2045: 2016: 2010: 1998:Deeside Tramway 1990: 1903: 1877: 1833:to a design by 1788: 1751: 1745: 1738: 1732: 1723: 1720: 1654: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1619: 1607: 1603: 1596: 1587: 1579: 1540: 1530: 1524: 1459:UIC terminology 1455:British English 1365:Change of gauge 1352: 1348: 1347: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1224:Baltimore gauge 1198: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1004: 975: 966: 962: 959: 957: 938: 929: 925: 922: 920: 851: 847: 844: 842: 821: 817: 814: 812: 781: 777: 774: 772: 754: 750: 747: 745: 711: 707: 704: 702: 684: 680: 677: 675: 628: 624: 621: 619: 590: 557: 488: 450: 347: 296:Special systems 291: 257:Inter-city rail 242:Passenger train 167: 122:Railway station 99: 98: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Railroad tracks 15: 12: 11: 5: 6198: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6121:Track geometry 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6083:Infill station 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6027: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6013:Level crossing 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5973:Level junction 5970: 5964: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5866: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5676:Railway signal 5673: 5668: 5663: 5661:Level crossing 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5586:Track geometry 5583: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5537:overhead lines 5529: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5488:Gauntlet track 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5432:Minimum radius 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5365: 5364: 5361:infrastructure 5356: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5314: 5300: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5268:External links 5266: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5245: 5239: 5226: 5220: 5207: 5201: 5176: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5128: 5119: 5070: 5036: 5026: 5017: 5007: 4981: 4972: 4950: 4923:(4): 106–125. 4906: 4897: 4884: 4877: 4850: 4814: 4781: 4770:on 5 July 2009 4755: 4724: 4713:on 5 June 2020 4694: 4668: 4634: 4606: 4589: 4577: 4560:Atlantic Media 4540: 4510: 4484: 4465: 4435: 4405: 4364: 4338: 4308: 4283: 4258: 4240:The Advertiser 4226: 4196: 4178:The Advertiser 4164: 4133: 4101: 4085: 4074:Smiles, Samuel 4065: 4050: 4020: 3981: 3946: 3930: 3894: 3865: 3832: 3809: 3780: 3737: 3694: 3664: 3638: 3604: 3585:"Track Basics" 3575: 3557: 3550: 3525: 3518: 3500: 3493: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3439:Street running 3436: 3431: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3381: 3379:Gauntlet track 3376: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3342: 3339: 3316:Main article: 3301: 3298: 3274: 3271: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3175: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3156: 3074:, South Africa 3009:Main article: 3006: 3003: 2853: 2850: 2826:vertical plane 2779:Track geometry 2777:Main article: 2774: 2771: 2745:(for example, 2696: 2695:Portable track 2693: 2678:Main article: 2675: 2672: 2656:Main article: 2653: 2650: 2553:seamless rails 2537:Babylon Branch 2517: 2514: 2484:track circuits 2479: 2476: 2406: 2403: 2385: 2382: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2345: 2330: 2316: 2297: 2296: 2285: 2268: 2253: 2251:track circuits 2235: 2213: 2212: 2201: 2190: 2175: 2161: 2147: 2133: 2118: 2103: 2088: 2064:, without any 2057: 2054: 2049:rail transport 2044: 2041: 2032:130-pound rail 2020:linear density 2012:Main article: 2009: 2006: 1989: 1986: 1952:(inverted V). 1899:Main article: 1876: 1873: 1853:Balfour Beatty 1843:cross sleepers 1809:, Tokyo, Japan 1787: 1784: 1763:track geometry 1747:Main article: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1714: 1682:bullhead rails 1656: 1655: 1610: 1608: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1578: 1575: 1526:Main article: 1523: 1520: 1463:railroad track 1445: 1444: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1400:Variable gauge 1397: 1396: 1395: 1385: 1380: 1378:Break of gauge 1375: 1373:Bogie exchange 1367: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1318: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1259: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1118: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1001: 998: 993: 989: 988: 981: 977: 976: 972: 971: 954: 951: 944: 940: 939: 935: 934: 917: 914: 909: 905: 904: 901: 898: 893: 889: 888: 885: 882: 880:Four foot 877: 873: 872: 869: 866: 861: 857: 856: 839: 836: 831: 827: 826: 809: 806: 800: 799: 796: 793: 787: 786: 769: 766: 760: 759: 742: 739: 734: 730: 729: 726: 723: 717: 716: 699: 696: 690: 689: 672: 669: 664: 660: 659: 656: 653: 647: 646: 643: 640: 634: 633: 616: 613: 608: 604: 603: 596: 592: 591: 587: 586: 583: 580: 575: 571: 570: 563: 559: 558: 554: 553: 541: 540: 532: 531: 530: 529: 524: 519: 514: 506: 505: 501: 500: 490: 489: 487: 486: 479: 472: 464: 461: 460: 447: 446: 445: 444: 439: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 354: 353: 349: 348: 346: 345: 340: 335: 334: 333: 323: 318: 313: 312: 311: 298: 297: 293: 292: 290: 289: 284: 279: 277:Rail subsidies 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 228: 227: 222: 217: 207: 202: 197: 196: 195: 185: 177: 176: 169: 168: 166: 165: 164: 163: 158: 153: 151:Variable gauge 143: 142: 141: 131: 130: 129: 119: 114: 106: 105: 104:Infrastructure 101: 100: 97: 96: 91: 85: 82: 81: 73: 72: 70:Rail transport 66: 65: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6197: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6170:Permanent way 6168: 6167: 6165: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940:Refuge siding 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5879:Railway track 5876: 5872:track layouts 5871: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5722:Coaling tower 5720: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691:Signal bridge 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5666:Loading gauge 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5574:refuge siding 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5520:tramway track 5518: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5261: 5259:90-800324-3-3 5255: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5174:0-7509-2692-9 5171: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5030: 5021: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4976: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4901: 4894: 4888: 4880: 4878:9782889667413 4874: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4653: 4646: 4645: 4638: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4544: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4390: 4387:. p. 2. 4386: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4061: 4054: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4016: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3851: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3634: 3628: 3617: 3616: 3608: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3553: 3551:9781473822573 3547: 3543: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3464:Tramway track 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3355:Trains portal 3350: 3345: 3338: 3336: 3335:O-Bahn Busway 3330: 3325: 3319: 3311: 3306: 3297: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278:Geosynthetics 3270: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3248:permanent way 3244: 3240: 3236: 3235:track ballast 3227: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3120:HiRail trucks 3117: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3101: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3057:gandy dancers 3054: 3053:manual labour 3050: 3046: 3038: 3037:gandy dancers 3033: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3002: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2948:1,435 mm 2926:1,435 mm 2904:1,435 mm 2901: 2896:2,140 mm 2893: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2813:(also called 2812: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2801:tangent track 2798: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2767:temporary way 2764: 2763:permanent way 2760: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2723:New York City 2719:1,524 mm 2716: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2664:track ballast 2659: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2602:Deutsche Bahn 2599: 2593: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2470:which caused 2469: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2411: 2405:Jointed track 2402: 2400: 2396: 2395:jointed track 2392: 2384:Joining rails 2381: 2379: 2369: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2247:Essen Tramway 2242: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2208: 2202: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1978:Baffin Island 1975: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1930:bullhead rail 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909:steel with a 1908: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1889:bullhead rail 1886: 1881: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:John Hawkshaw 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1792: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1776:rapid transit 1771: 1767: 1764: 1755: 1750: 1737: 1736:Singapore LRT 1730: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1708:track ballast 1704: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1652: 1649: 1641: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1611:This section 1609: 1600: 1599: 1583: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1551:Coalbrookdale 1547: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1519: 1516: 1513:. It enables 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499:railroad ties 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475:permanent way 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451:railway track 1442: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1421:South America 1419: 1417: 1416:North America 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1339:Breitspurbahn 1337: 1334: 1333: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1254:Iberian gauge 1252: 1248: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1083:Toronto gauge 1081: 1078: 1077: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1053:Leipzig gauge 1051: 1048: 1047: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1023:Dresden gauge 1021: 1020: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 990: 987: 986: 979: 978: 973: 955: 952: 950: 949: 945: 942: 941: 936: 918: 915: 913: 910: 907: 906: 902: 899: 897: 894: 891: 890: 886: 883: 881: 878: 875: 874: 870: 867: 865: 862: 859: 858: 840: 837: 835: 832: 829: 828: 810: 807: 805: 804:Italian metre 802: 801: 797: 794: 792: 789: 788: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 743: 740: 738: 735: 731: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 700: 697: 695: 694:Bosnian gauge 692: 691: 673: 670: 668: 665: 661: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 617: 614: 612: 609: 605: 602: 601: 594: 593: 588: 584: 581: 579: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 561: 560: 555: 551: 546: 543: 542: 538: 534: 533: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 512:Rapid transit 510: 509: 508: 507: 503: 502: 499: 496: 495: 485: 480: 478: 473: 471: 466: 465: 463: 462: 459: 454: 449: 448: 443: 440: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 356: 355: 351: 350: 344: 341: 339: 336: 332: 329: 328: 327: 326:Rapid transit 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 310: 307: 306: 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 295: 294: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 252:Regional rail 250: 248: 247:Commuter rail 245: 243: 240: 238: 237:Bogie (truck) 235: 233: 230: 226: 225:Dual coupling 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 211: 208: 206: 205:Railroad cars 203: 201: 198: 194: 191: 190: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 179: 178: 175: 174:rolling stock 171: 170: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 147: 144: 140: 137: 136: 135: 134:Railway track 132: 128: 125: 124: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 108: 107: 103: 102: 95: 94:Company types 92: 90: 87: 86: 84: 83: 79: 75: 74: 71: 68: 67: 63: 62: 57: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 6093:Hillclimbing 6063:Balloon loop 5935:Pocket track 5925:Balloon loop 5917:Rail sidings 5897:Double track 5892:Passing loop 5887:Single track 5878: 5706:Wayside horn 5656:Interlocking 5636:Catch points 5596:Water trough 5498:Passing loop 5478:Pocket track 5463:Balloon loop 5427:Ladder track 5368: 5308: 5295: 5249: 5230: 5211: 5184: 5165: 5159:Bibliography 5145:. Retrieved 5131: 5122: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5061:. Retrieved 5049: 5039: 5029: 5020: 5010: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4953: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4900: 4887: 4858: 4853: 4841:. Retrieved 4829: 4817: 4805:. Retrieved 4784: 4772:. Retrieved 4768:the original 4758: 4746:. Retrieved 4737: 4727: 4715:. Retrieved 4711:the original 4706: 4697: 4685:. Retrieved 4671: 4659:. Retrieved 4643: 4637: 4625:. Retrieved 4615: 4609: 4599: 4592: 4580: 4568:. Retrieved 4553: 4543: 4531:. Retrieved 4527:the original 4522: 4513: 4501:. Retrieved 4487: 4475:. Retrieved 4448: 4438: 4426:. Retrieved 4417: 4408: 4396:. Retrieved 4380: 4367: 4357:10 September 4355:. Retrieved 4341: 4331:10 September 4329:. Retrieved 4320: 4311: 4299:. Retrieved 4295: 4286: 4274:. Retrieved 4270: 4261: 4249:. Retrieved 4238: 4229: 4217:. Retrieved 4208: 4199: 4187:. Retrieved 4176: 4167: 4157:10 September 4155:. Retrieved 4146: 4136: 4124:. Retrieved 4113: 4104: 4099:- Resources) 4088: 4078: 4068: 4059: 4053: 4041:. 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Retrieved 3591: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3541: 3509: 3503: 3484: 3478: 3423:Rail profile 3418:Rack railway 3321: 3290: 3276: 3256: 3252: 3232: 3182:Pennsylvania 3146: 3139: 3124: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3084: 3077: 3042: 2986: 2978:narrow gauge 2976:; narrower, 2968:), known as 2877: 2840: 2838: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2805:curved track 2804: 2800: 2794: 2782: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2743:narrow gauge 2737: 2730: 2709:Panama Canal 2706: 2685: 2683: 2661: 2658:Railroad tie 2645: 2638: 2622: 2606: 2594: 2581: 2570: 2552: 2549:ribbon rails 2548: 2544: 2542: 2510:axle counter 2507: 2496: 2481: 2465: 2449: 2442:and a wheel 2429: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2375: 2366: 2298: 2214: 2173:British Rail 2130:Philadelphia 2059: 2046: 2043:Rail lengths 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014:Rail profile 1995: 1991: 1982:carbon steel 1967: 1965: 1957:gondola cars 1954: 1934:grooved rail 1927: 1904: 1901:Rail profile 1868:ladder track 1865: 1850: 1847: 1814: 1812: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1705: 1694: 1690: 1675: 1666: 1659: 1644: 1635: 1612: 1566:Pen-y-darren 1555: 1548: 1541: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1450: 1448: 1288:(5 ft 6 in) 1215:(5 ft 3 in) 983: 946: 903:(4 ft 6 in) 871:(3 ft 6 in) 728:(2 ft 6 in) 658:(2 ft 3 in) 598: 578:Fifteen inch 565: 172:Service and 133: 54:New railway 47: 6129:Track gauge 5988:Grand union 5631:Buffer stop 5591:Water crane 5503:Track gauge 5442:Tie/Sleeper 4732:ChartsBin. 4661:13 November 4627:19 November 4321:voestalpine 3913:(2): 84–5, 3803:20 November 3773:20 November 3730:20 November 3688:20 November 3597:2 September 3393:Green track 3327: [ 3312:, Australia 3127:branch line 3106:stoneblower 3080:railgrinder 3061:platelayers 3005:Maintenance 2974:broad gauge 2900:competition 2858:Track gauge 2753:610 mm 2492:epoxy resin 2414:derailment. 2342:Voestalpine 2062:steel mills 2002:North Wales 1961:open wagons 1950:Barlow rail 1942:bridge rail 1895:(not shown) 1638:August 2022 1471:train track 1408:By location 667:750 mm 527:Scale model 498:Track gauge 420:Terminology 365:Attractions 352:Miscellanea 188:Locomotives 146:Track gauge 139:Maintenance 6164:Categories 5804:Industrial 5788:Water stop 5749:for trains 5741:Roundhouse 5715:Structures 5701:Train stop 5651:Guard rail 5626:Block post 5614:and safety 5611:Signalling 5542:third rail 5515:Rail track 5508:dual gauge 5392:Baulk road 5147:7 December 5034:September. 4843:21 January 4807:14 January 4795:(Report). 4570:30 January 4251:8 December 4205:"Thermit®" 4149:. Trains. 3657:7 December 3494:0195547365 3471:References 3318:Guided bus 3259:permafrost 3025:See also: 3021:Work train 2982:dual gauge 2786:horizontal 2759:Decauville 2732:SS Dessoug 2668:rail gauge 2566:main lines 2503:tuned loop 2488:signalling 2486:exist for 2440:derailment 2425:joint bars 2421:fishplates 2391:fishplates 2378:fishplates 2231:developed 1946:baulk road 1907:hot-rolled 1857:slipformed 1819:baulk road 1778:lines and 1670:cut spikes 1622:improve it 1568:broke the 1507:slab track 1388:Conversion 1383:Dual gauge 791:Three foot 370:By country 321:Interurban 316:Light rail 161:Dual gauge 112:Management 5960:Junctions 5945:Rail yard 5930:Headshunt 5907:Crossover 5754:for goods 5696:Tell-tale 5527:Rail yard 5493:Guide bar 5473:Headshunt 5456:Trackwork 5422:Fishplate 5412:Date nail 5373:(history) 5114:114993446 5090:(1): 15. 5058:0882-4983 4945:256401992 4748:1 October 4738:ChartsBin 4717:1 October 4301:4 January 4276:4 January 4189:3 October 4126:8 October 3970:10 August 3924:14 August 3888:14 August 3859:14 August 3757:: 73–86. 3627:cite book 3449:Tie plate 3239:track bed 3098:herbicide 3049:Slow zone 2898:) was in 2841:sidetrack 2748:2 ft 2714:5 ft 2635:, England 2613:hydraulic 2372:Boltholes 2363:Multiples 1829:, on the 1734:Track of 1626:verifying 1577:Structure 1553:in 1767. 1495:fasteners 1431:Australia 1140:Five foot 535:By size ( 522:Miniature 395:Modelling 375:Companies 360:Accidents 183:Operating 117:Rail yard 36:Railtrack 6023:Stations 5809:Military 5766:building 5736:Platform 5646:Derailer 5564:Roll way 5483:Junction 5382:Axe ties 5320:Archived 5141:Archived 5015:(Dutch). 4834:Archived 4774:16 March 4742:Archived 4681:Archived 4652:Archived 4621:Archived 4564:Archived 4503:31 March 4497:Archived 4471:Archived 4422:Archived 4389:Archived 4351:Archived 4325:Archived 4245:Archived 4213:Archived 4183:Archived 4151:Archived 4120:Archived 4037:Archived 4000:Archived 3964:Archived 3915:archived 3882:archived 3820:Archived 3797:archived 3767:Archived 3724:Archived 3682:archived 3651:Archived 3444:Subgrade 3428:Roll way 3408:Monorail 3341:See also 3310:Adelaide 3282:geocells 3243:subgrade 3114:utilize 3087:switches 2970:standard 2966: in 2944: in 2922: in 2891: in 2834:gradient 2790:vertical 2652:Sleepers 2598:sun kink 2423:(UK) or 2192:(1940s) 2056:Timeline 2035:for the 1697:creosote 1570:plateway 1538:Plateway 1534:Wagonway 1511:subgrade 1477:(often " 1346:(9 ft 10 1343:3,000 mm 1317:2,140 mm 1301:1,829 mm 1297:Six foot 1285:1,676 mm 1258:1,668 mm 1228:1,638 mm 1212:1,600 mm 1185:1,588 mm 1160:1,581 mm 1144:1,524 mm 1117:1,520 mm 1087:1,495 mm 1057:1,458 mm 1027:1,450 mm 1000:1,445 mm 953:1,435 mm 948:Standard 916:1,432 mm 900:1,372 mm 884:1,219 mm 868:1,067 mm 838:1,000 mm 638:Two foot 585:(15 in) 442:Vactrain 232:Wheelset 5870:Railway 5819:station 5814:Private 5761:Station 5437:Profile 5387:Ballast 5092:Bibcode 5063:29 June 4925:Bibcode 4687:17 July 4555:CityLab 4533:12 June 4477:27 June 4428:27 June 4347:"Rails" 4043:29 June 3220:Germany 3218:Track, 2996:⁄ 2961:⁄ 2939:⁄ 2917:⁄ 2886:⁄ 2687:Pandrol 2618:elastic 2587:⁄ 2461:sidings 2401:(CWR). 2347:(2011) 2332:(2011) 2318:(2011) 2303:(2007) 2287:(1950) 2270:(1935) 2255:(1904) 2237:(1899) 2220:(1895) 2203:(1953) 2177:(1900) 2163:(1950) 2149:(1928) 2135:(1880) 2120:(1831) 2105:(1830) 2090:(1825) 2076:(1767) 1948:); and 1911:profile 1866:Modern 1821:on the 1662:ballast 1620:Please 1503:ballast 1351:⁄ 1325:⁄ 1304:(6 ft) 1270:⁄ 1240:⁄ 1197:⁄ 1172:⁄ 1147:(5 ft) 1129:⁄ 1113:1520 mm 1099:⁄ 1069:⁄ 1039:⁄ 1012:⁄ 965:⁄ 928:⁄ 912:1432 mm 887:(4 ft) 850:⁄ 820:⁄ 798:(3 ft) 780:⁄ 753:⁄ 710:⁄ 683:⁄ 645:(2 ft) 627:⁄ 567:Minimum 415:Suicide 400:Museums 331:History 309:History 287:Freight 89:History 6111:Spiral 6041:Island 5581:Switch 5569:Siding 5369:Tracks 5256: 5237: 5218: 5199: 5172: 5112: 5056: 4943: 4875: 4463: 4398:6 July 4383:. The 4143:"Rail" 4006:25 May 3548: 3516: 3491: 3398:Maglev 3324:O-Bahn 3294:Amtrak 3131:siding 3059:; UK: 2864:, and 2845:siding 2819:spiral 2807:, and 2773:Layout 2557:welded 2482:Where 2444:flange 2432:bolted 2357:Jindal 2030:), so 1915:I-beam 1515:trains 1479:perway 1426:Europe 1335: 1320:(7 ft 1313:Brunel 1309: 1293: 1261:(5 ft 1250: 1231:(5 ft 1220: 1188:(5 ft 1163:(5 ft 1152: 1120:(4 ft 1109: 1090:(4 ft 1079: 1060:(4 ft 1049: 1030:(4 ft 1003:(4 ft 992: 980: 956:(4 ft 943: 919:(4 ft 908: 892: 876: 860: 841:(3 ft 830: 808:950 mm 795:914 mm 771:(2 ft 768:900 mm 764:900 mm 744:(2 ft 741:891 mm 733: 725:762 mm 701:(2 ft 698:760 mm 674:(2 ft 671:750 mm 663: 655:686 mm 642:610 mm 618:(1 ft 615:600 mm 611:600 mm 607: 600:Narrow 595: 582:381 mm 574: 562: 338:Maglev 200:Trains 6051:Split 5797:Types 5776:ghost 5771:clock 5745:Shed 5359:Rail 5166:Track 5110:S2CID 4963:(PDF) 4941:S2CID 4837:(PDF) 4826:(PDF) 4793:(PDF) 4655:(PDF) 4648:(PDF) 4392:(PDF) 4377:(PDF) 4219:9 May 3918:(PDF) 3907:(PDF) 3853:(PDF) 3846:(PDF) 3619:(PDF) 3588:(PDF) 3331:] 3300:Buses 3267:Tibet 2852:Gauge 2689:clips 2436:bolts 2024:pound 1976:, on 1923:steel 1893:chair 1556:When 1491:rails 1483:P Way 1461:) or 985:Broad 834:Metre 811:(3 ft 343:Urban 6144:Cant 6046:Side 5824:list 5781:list 5402:Cant 5254:ISBN 5235:ISBN 5216:ISBN 5197:ISBN 5170:ISBN 5149:2016 5065:2022 5054:ISSN 4994:ASTM 4873:ISBN 4845:2019 4809:2024 4776:2007 4750:2019 4719:2019 4689:2017 4663:2012 4629:2012 4572:2019 4535:2006 4505:2021 4479:2017 4461:ISBN 4430:2017 4400:2008 4359:2014 4333:2014 4303:2024 4278:2024 4253:2011 4221:2019 4191:2012 4159:2014 4128:2011 4045:2017 4008:2018 3972:2008 3926:2012 3890:2012 3861:2012 3805:2015 3775:2015 3732:2015 3690:2015 3659:2016 3633:link 3599:2022 3546:ISBN 3514:ISBN 3489:ISBN 3149:cess 3135:stub 3019:and 2832:and 2830:cant 2788:and 2739:Cane 2245:the 1996:The 1921:and 1919:iron 1875:Rail 1706:The 1536:and 1505:(or 1457:and 1393:list 1356:in) 1330:in) 1275:in) 1245:in) 1202:in) 1177:in) 1134:in) 1104:in) 1074:in) 1044:in) 1017:in) 970:in) 933:in) 855:in) 825:in) 785:in) 758:in) 715:in) 688:in) 632:in) 537:list 517:Tram 304:Tram 127:list 6036:Bay 5998:Wye 5601:Wye 5189:doi 5100:doi 4998:doi 4933:doi 4863:doi 4453:doi 3759:doi 3716:doi 3265:in 3237:or 3180:in 3133:or 2817:or 2551:or 2026:or 2000:in 1624:by 1473:or 6166:: 5307:, 5195:. 5183:. 5139:. 5108:. 5098:. 5086:. 5082:. 5048:. 4992:. 4965:. 4939:. 4931:. 4919:. 4871:. 4832:. 4828:. 4799:, 4740:. 4736:. 4705:. 4679:. 4562:. 4558:. 4552:. 4521:. 4495:. 4469:. 4459:. 4447:. 4416:. 4379:. 4319:. 4294:. 4269:. 4237:. 4207:. 4175:. 4145:. 4112:. 4076:. 4031:. 3992:. 3974:. 3962:. 3958:. 3909:, 3876:, 3826:, 3791:, 3765:. 3753:. 3749:. 3722:. 3710:. 3706:. 3676:, 3649:. 3629:}} 3625:{{ 3590:. 3568:. 3528:^ 3329:de 3176:A 3129:, 3093:. 3082:. 2860:, 2839:A 2836:. 2792:. 2735:. 2039:. 2028:lb 1936:; 1932:; 1845:. 1699:, 1497:, 1493:, 1449:A 1272:32 1268:21 1131:32 1127:27 1122:11 1092:10 1071:32 1067:13 1041:32 822:32 818:13 782:16 773:11 755:32 746:11 712:16 708:15 620:11 436:UK 434:, 432:NZ 430:, 428:NA 426:, 424:AU 5862:e 5855:t 5848:v 5729:/ 5352:e 5345:t 5338:v 5262:. 5243:. 5224:. 5205:. 5191:: 5151:. 5116:. 5102:: 5094:: 5088:1 5067:. 5004:. 5000:: 4947:. 4935:: 4927:: 4921:4 4881:. 4865:: 4847:. 4811:. 4778:. 4752:. 4721:. 4691:. 4665:. 4631:. 4574:. 4537:. 4507:. 4481:. 4455:: 4432:. 4402:. 4361:. 4335:. 4305:. 4280:. 4223:. 4161:. 4095:( 4082:. 4047:. 3777:. 3761:: 3755:2 3734:. 3718:: 3712:8 3661:. 3635:) 3601:. 3572:. 3554:. 3522:. 3497:. 2998:2 2994:1 2991:+ 2989:9 2963:2 2959:1 2956:+ 2954:8 2950:( 2941:2 2937:1 2934:+ 2932:8 2928:( 2919:2 2915:1 2912:+ 2910:8 2906:( 2894:( 2888:4 2884:1 2751:( 2717:( 2589:4 2585:1 2344:, 2315:) 2189:) 1959:( 1651:) 1645:( 1640:) 1636:( 1618:. 1465:( 1453:( 1353:8 1349:1 1327:4 1323:1 1265:+ 1263:5 1242:2 1238:1 1235:+ 1233:4 1199:2 1195:1 1192:+ 1190:2 1174:4 1170:1 1167:+ 1165:2 1124:+ 1101:8 1097:7 1094:+ 1064:+ 1062:9 1037:3 1034:+ 1032:9 1014:8 1010:7 1007:+ 1005:8 967:2 963:1 960:+ 958:8 930:8 926:3 923:+ 921:8 852:8 848:3 845:+ 843:3 815:+ 813:1 778:7 775:+ 751:3 748:+ 705:+ 703:5 685:2 681:1 678:+ 676:5 629:8 625:5 622:+ 539:) 483:e 476:t 469:v 438:) 422:( 45:. 38:. 20:)

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