2383:
142:
2856:
489:
2356:
4420:
2880:
118:
4406:
2868:
714:
346:
537:
benefit the population as an entirety, rather than many young that would exhibit less fitness. Unfortunately, with the human occupation of most islands in the past 5,000 to 35,000 years, selection has undoubtedly reversed the tolerance into a wariness of humans and predators, causing species unequipped for the change to become susceptible to extinction.
3985:
Hugueney, Marguerite; Berthet, Didier; Bodergat, Anne-Marie; Escuillié, François; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Wattinne, Aurélia (2003). "La limite OligocÚne-MiocÚne en
Limagne: changements fauniques chez les mammifÚres, oiseaux et ostracodes des différents niveaux de Billy-Créchy (Allier, France) ".
471:
demands, reduces the flightless rail's energy expenditures. For this reason, flightlessness makes it easier to survive and colonize an island where resources may be limited. This also allows for the evolution of multiple sizes of flightless rails on the same island as the birds diversify to fill
536:
exhibit lower aggression and reduced territorial defense behaviors than do their mainland
European counterparts, but this tolerance may be limited to close relatives. The resulting kin-selecting altruistic phenomena reallocate resources to produce fewer young that are more competitive and would
475:
In addition to energy conservation, certain morphological traits also affect rail evolution. Rails have relatively small flight muscles and wings to begin with. In rails, the flight muscles make up only 12â17% of their overall body mass. This, in combination with their terrestrial habits and
484:
Another factor that contributes to the occurrence of the flightless state is a climate that does not necessitate seasonal long-distance migration; this is evidenced by the tendency to evolve flightlessness at a much greater occurrence in tropical islands than in temperate or polar islands.
596:
in dense vegetation. In general, they are shy, secretive, and difficult to observe. Most species walk and run vigorously on strong legs, and have long toes that are well adapted to soft, uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings, and although they are generally weak
365:
The rails are a family of small to medium-sized, ground-living birds. They vary in length from 12 to 63 cm (5 to 25 in) and in weight from 20 to 3,000 g (0.7 oz to 6 lb 10 oz). Some species have long necks and in many cases are laterally compressed.
660:, at 13 cm (5.1 in) and 25 g. The larger species are also sometimes given other names. The black coots are more adapted to open water than their relatives, and some other large species are called gallinules and swamphens. The largest of this group is the
455:
in the animal kingdom. Of the roughly 150 historically known rail species, 31 extant or recently extinct species evolved flightlessness from volant (flying) ancestors. This process created the endemic populations of flightless rails seen on
Pacific islands today.
3393:
557:
of
Rallidae species vary and are often quite loud. Some are whistle-like or squeak-like, while others seem unbirdlike. Loud calls are useful in dense vegetation, or at night where seeing another member of the species is difficult. Some calls are
480:
to lose the power of flight and evolve the reduced, stubby wings only useful to keep balance when running quickly. Indeed, some argue that measuring the evolution of flightlessness in rails in generations rather than millennia might be possible.
529:, although the species is clearly polyphyletic (it has more than one ancestral species), it is not the ancestor of most of its flightless descendants, revealing that the flightless condition evolved in rails before speciation was complete.
704:
as small as one or as large as 15 eggs are known. Egg clutches may not always hatch at the same time. Chicks become mobile after a few days. They often depend on their parents until fledging, which happens around 1 month old.
525:, exhibit a persistently high ability to disperse long distances among tropic Pacific islands, though only the latter two gave rise to flightless endemic species throughout the Pacific Basin. In examining the phylogeny of
444:, a characteristic that has led them to colonize many isolated oceanic islands. Furthermore, these birds often prefer to run rather than fly, especially in dense habitat. Some are also flightless at some time during their
3385:
851:
below showing the phylogeny of the living and recently extinct
Rallidae is based on a study by Juan Garcia-R and collaborators published in 2020. The genera and number of species are taken from the list maintained by
667:
The rails have suffered disproportionally from human changes to the environment, and an estimated several hundred species of island rails have become extinct because of this. Several island species of rails remain
3969:
Granjon, L., and G. Cheylan (1989): The fate of black rats (rattus-rattus, l) introduced on an island, as revealed by radio-tracking. Comptes Rendus De L Académie des
Sciences, SĂ©rie III Sciences de la Vie
532:
A consequence of lowered energy expenditure in flightless island rails has also been associated with evolution of their "tolerance" and "approachability". For example, the (non-Rallidae) Corsican
507:
It is paradoxical, since rails appear loath to fly, that the evolution of flightless rails would necessitate high dispersal to isolated islands. Nonetheless, three species of small-massed rails,
4176:
4051:
Livezey, B. (2003): Evolution of
Flightlessness in Rails (Gruiformes: Rallidae): Phylogenetic, Ecomorphological, and Ontogenetic Perspectives. Ornithological Monographs No. 53. (Book)
3919:
GĂĄl, Erika; HĂr, JĂĄnos; Kessler, EugĂ©n & KĂłkay, JĂłzsef (1998â99): KözĂ©psĂ”-miocĂ©n Ă”smaradvĂĄnyok, a MĂĄtraszĂ”lĂ”s, RĂĄkĂłczi-kĂĄpolna alatti ĂștbevĂĄgĂĄsbĂłl. I. A MĂĄtraszĂ”lĂ”s 1. lelĂ”hely .
4239:; Fleischer, R.C. (2002). "Rapid, independent evolution of flightlessness in four species of Pacific Island rails (Rallidae): an analysis based on mitochondrial sequence data".
761:
Due to their tendencies towards flightlessness, many island species have been unable to cope with introduced species. The most dramatic human-caused extinctions occurred in the
3933:
GarcĂa-R, J.C.; Gibb, G.C.; Trewick, S.A. (2014). "Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: Diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family
Rallidae".
2510:
from the
Greater Antilles was formerly considered to be a rail, but based on DNA evidence is now known to be an independent lineage of gruiform more closely related to
3598:
4120:
McNab, B.K.; Ellis, H.I. (2006). "Flightless rails endemic to islands have lower energy expenditures and clutch sizes than flighted rails on islands and continents".
828:, this may or may not be correct; it certainly seems more justified than most of the Sibley-Ahlquist proposals. However, such a group would probably also include the
4148:
4391:
Taylor, Barry., van Perlo, Ber. Rails: A Guide to Rails, Crakes, Gallinules and Coots of the World. United
Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010. ISBN 9781408135372
793:, but some of the last remaining individuals were taken into captivity and are breeding well, though attempts at reintroduction have met with mixed results.
4765:
3454:
777:, during which an estimated 750â1800 species of birds became extinct, half of which were rails. Some species that came close to extinction, such as the
3817:
2917:"Phylogeny based on ultra-conserved elements clarifies the evolution of rails and allies (Ralloidea) and is the basis for a revised classification"
476:
behavioral flightlessness, is a significant contributor to the rail's remarkably fast loss of flight; as few as 125,000 years were needed for the
4621:
4660:
3783:
459:
Many island rails are flightless because small island habitats without mammalian predators eliminate the need to fly or move long distances.
2438:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by 1760 to overhunting, destruction of habitat by tortoise hunters, and introduced cats)
4341:; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A.; Douglas, B.J. (2007). "Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand".
2382:
3291:
824:, which has been widely accepted in America, raises the family to ordinal level as the Ralliformes. Given uncertainty about gruiform
3878:
4755:
4595:
4634:
4394:
Australia's Amazing Wildlife. 2009, (Original Publisher: Cornell University). United Kingdom: Bay Books, 1985. ISBN 9780858358300
2756:
276:, and flooded fields or open forest. They are especially fond of dense vegetation for nesting. The rail family is found in every
3916:
Dinkins, Walter (2014): The Rail Bird Hunter's Bible. A History of Rail Bird Hunting in the USA. Virtualbookworm.com Publishing.
3712:(1974). "A new species of Nesotrochis from Hispaniola, with notes on other fossil rails from the West Indies (Aves: Rallidae)".
3552:
2349:
3485:
1996:
861:
3424:
4639:
3587:
4179:
4343:
2995:
2716:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V55013-55014; UMMP V55012/V45750/V45746 (Rexroad Late Pliocene of Saw Rock Canyon, USA)
2504:
The undescribed Fernando de Noronha rail, genus and species undetermined, survived to historic times. The extinct genus
3511:
467:
and flight muscles taking up to 40% of a bird's weight. Reducing the flight muscles, with a corresponding lowering of
4272:
4172:
3324:
2971:
4189:
Perret, P.; Blondel, J. (1993). "Experimental-evidence of the territorial defense hypothesis in insular blue tits".
4722:
4574:
2889:
4388:
Guide, Joe. Rail Bird Hunter's Bible. N.p.: Virtualbookworm.com Publishing, Incorporated, 2014. ISBN 9781621374527
2961:
4665:
4587:
440:
annually. The weakness of their flight, however, means they are easily blown off course, thus making them common
3446:
3045:"Phylogenomic reconstruction sheds light on new relationships and timescale of rails (Aves: Rallidae) evolution"
864:(IOC). The names of the subfamilies and tribes are those proposed by Jeremy Kirchman and collaborators in 2021.
436:
of those Rallidae able to fly, while not powerful, can be sustained for long periods of time, and many species
252:. The family exhibits considerable diversity in its forms, and includes such ubiquitous species as the crakes,
4647:
3475:
2428:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by 1700 to overhunting and introduced pigs, cats and rats)
816:, as well as several smaller families of usually "primitive" midsized amphibious birds, to make up the order
805:
208:
737:
was hunted to extinction by the starving Japanese garrison after the island was cut off from supply during
393:, which is a fleshy, rearward extension of the upper bill. The most complex frontal shield is found in the
4517:
4504:
4157:
4153:
684:
The breeding behaviors of many Rallidae species are poorly understood or unknown. Most are thought to be
4522:
3536:
2291:
853:
4714:
4011:"Speciation of flightless rails on islands: A DNA-based phylogeny of the typical rails of the Pacific"
373:
is the most variable feature within the family. In some species, it is longer than the head (like the
4727:
4675:
4410:
746:
242:
141:
781:, and the takahÄ, have made modest recoveries due to the efforts of conservation organisations. The
4241:
821:
3775:
2556:(Wasatch Early Eocene of Steamboat Springs, USA; Late Eocene â ?Oligocene of Isfara, Tadzhikistan)
3886:
4701:
4457:
3874:
2840:(Montmartre Late Eocene of France) is sometimes considered a rail and then placed in the genus
2359:
2167:
4280:"Flightlessness and phylogeny amongst endemic rails (Aves:Rallidae) of the New Zealand region"
3927:
2398:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by early 1800s to introduced cats and rats)
268:(such as the coot), but many more are wading birds or shorebirds. The ideal rail habitats are
4696:
4626:
3659:
2470:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by no later than 1400s to introduced rats)
4688:
3816:. Probably from a rail, but it is too damaged to determine its affiliations more precisely:
4543:
4351:
4291:
4098:
3942:
3749:
3233:
2000:
837:
693:
3283:
808:
in 1815. The family has traditionally been grouped with two families of larger birds, the
601:, they are, nevertheless, capable of covering long distances. Island species often become
8:
4057:
3635:
2537:
2452:
689:
685:
500:
4355:
4295:
4102:
4055:
McNab, B.K. (1994). "Energy conservation and the evolution of flightlessness in birds".
3946:
3753:
3237:
2408:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by 1500s to introduced cats and rats)
656:
species are normally called rails irrespective of bill length. The smallest of these is
4495:
4424:
4377:
4320:
4307:
4279:
4206:
4073:
4040:
4032:
3822:
3634:
Dozens of mostly broken isolated skull and limb bones of a rail or crake the size of a
3256:
3221:
2300:
2011:
722:
669:
559:
452:
441:
277:
136:
4253:
4122:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
4036:
3867:
2418:(recently extinct; flightless, two islands, lost between 1500 and 1700 to overhunting)
2345:
4750:
4683:
4530:
4434:
4325:
4268:
4168:
4137:
4111:
4087:"Minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands"
4086:
3958:
3909:
3805:
3544:
3320:
3261:
2967:
2415:
2405:
778:
673:
657:
401:
4381:
4210:
4077:
4044:
3891:) from the Oligo-Miocene of Riversleigh, Northwestern Queensland, Australia. (2005)"
3479:
4367:
4359:
4338:
4315:
4299:
4249:
4198:
4129:
4106:
4065:
4022:
3997:
3950:
3905:
3863:
3757:
3721:
3667:
3639:
3540:
3515:
3414:
3251:
3241:
3056:
2928:
2497:
2070:
857:
786:
734:
509:
245:
4001:
2933:
2916:
2719:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V29080 (Rexroad Late Pliocene of Fox Canyon, USA)
2496:(recently extinct; flight ability uncertain, single island, lost by no later than
4535:
4236:
4217:
4183:
3852:
Ballmann, Peter (1969). "Les Oiseaux miocĂšnes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (IsĂšre) ".
3836:
3813:
3809:
3709:
3655:
3583:
2912:
2801:
2395:
2225:
1859:
750:
602:
545:
In general, members of the Rallidae are omnivorous generalists. Many species eat
515:
20:
4652:
4509:
4440:
3954:
2683:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)
2680:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)
260:; other rail species are extremely rare or endangered. Many are associated with
4760:
4582:
4569:
4260:
4133:
3697:
3510:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York:
3372:
3312:
2884:
2860:
2707:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of MåtraszÔlÔs, Hungary)
2493:
2478:
2435:
2344:). These have not been listed here; see the genus accounts and the articles on
2192:
2122:
829:
742:
652:, long-billed species tend to be called rails and short-billed species crakes.
586:
521:
437:
390:
358:
292:
4363:
3761:
2987:
4744:
3419:
3279:
2743:
2734:
2637:
2545:
2511:
2309:
2282:
2142:
2061:
2036:
2017:
1472:
762:
701:
697:
653:
492:
288:
125:
75:
3246:
676:
organisations and governments continue to work to prevent their extinction.
4480:
4303:
4141:
4027:
4010:
3962:
3265:
2872:
2855:
2448:
2156:
2113:
2096:
1290:
1197:
958:
809:
738:
546:
417:
378:
374:
323:
42:
4329:
2481:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by no later than early
2332:
Additionally, many prehistoric rails of extant genera are known only from
4608:
4489:
2710:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
2533:
2506:
2239:
2218:â swamphens and purple gallinules (10 living species, 2 recently extinct)
2128:
2025:
1825:
1678:
1396:
1272:
1247:
924:
645:
598:
488:
477:
464:
460:
433:
394:
50:
24:
3222:"Magnitude and variation of prehistoric bird extinctions in the Pacific"
2697:(Middle Miocene of Sansan, France -? Late Miocene of RudabĂĄnya, Hungary)
1999:(IOC) contains 152 species divided into 43 genera. For more detail, see
1590:â swamphens, gallinules and takahes (12 species of which 2 are extinct)
4202:
2656:
2648:(Late Oligocene/?Early Miocene -? Middle Miocene of France) â includes
2467:
2355:
2337:
2324:
2247:
2231:
2087:
2076:
1902:
1696:
1644:
1626:
1222:
1111:
817:
774:
606:
566:
468:
316:
300:
273:
193:
95:
60:
4372:
4284:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3726:
3061:
3044:
4556:
4311:
2774:
2367:
2318:
2271:
2214:
1884:
1586:
1497:
1070:
1052:
848:
782:
770:
766:
718:
649:
610:
593:
554:
550:
409:
386:
296:
265:
257:
153:
100:
4600:
4451:
3519:
3481:
Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés
2625:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene of Billy-Créchy, France)
661:
350:
4613:
4561:
4474:
4433:
4419:
4069:
2910:
2879:
2822:
Neornithes incerta sedis (Late Oligocene of Riversleigh, Australia)
2748:
2667:(Late Oligocene? â Late Miocene of C Europe) â possibly belongs in
2515:
2482:
2425:
2363:
2255:
2181:
2042:
1807:
1747:
1447:
976:
802:
721:
is an example of an island species that has been badly affected by
641:
626:
582:
533:
173:
117:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
2548:, as well from the less comprehensively studied strata elsewhere:
3988:
3854:
3284:"Memorializing the Wake Island Rail: An Extinction Caused by War"
2713:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Lemoyne Quarry, USA)
2530:
2443:
2263:
2198:
2173:
2148:
2102:
1765:
1422:
1154:
906:
833:
813:
730:
405:
280:
261:
105:
80:
3984:
3740:
Worthy, T.H. (1997). "A mid-Pleistocene rail from New Zealand".
3386:"Guam: Brown Tree Snake Responsible for Extinction of 5 Species"
3220:
Duncan, Richard P.; Boyer, Alison G.; Blackburn, Tim M. (2013).
4405:
3043:
Garcia-R, J.C.; Lemmon, E.M.; Lemmon, A.R.; French, N. (2020).
2541:
2526:
2333:
2050:
1020:
622:
284:
163:
4439:
3666:(MNZ S.42658, S.42785) of a rail or crake the size of a large
2963:
Lapwings, Loons and Lousy Jacks: The How and Why of Bird Names
2726:(Blanco Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Crosby County, USA)
4709:
4548:
3663:
2834:
2660:(Late Oligocene â Middle Miocene of NW Queensland, Australia)
841:
825:
801:
The family Rallidae was introduced (as Rallia) by the French
713:
578:
574:
549:, as well as fruit or seedlings. A few species are primarily
445:
331:
269:
253:
248:
of small- to medium-sized terrestrial and/or semi-amphibious
3447:"Is this Guam bird coming back from extinction in the wild?"
2160:â Austropacific rails (8 living species, 4 recently extinct)
664:, at 65 cm (26 in) and 2.7 kg (6.0 lb).
4337:
2805:(Bridger middle Eocene of Forbidden City, USA) â phasianid?
2206:
2133:
1515:
1136:
790:
570:
382:
370:
249:
183:
4224:
Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.):
3973:
Horsfall, Joseph A. & Robinson, Robert (2003): Rails.
3545:"Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin"
3042:
2690:(Anversian Black Sand Middle Miocene of Antwerp, Belgium)
634:
630:
618:
614:
345:
2577:(Bridger Middle Eocene of Uinta County, USA) â includes
1294:â rails and woodhen (12 species of which 4 are extinct)
3129:
3127:
3125:
2632:(Late Oligocene/Early Miocene â Late Miocene of France)
1751:â rails and crakes (15 species of which 5 are extinct)
451:
Flightlessness in rails is one of the best examples of
299:). Members of Rallidae occur on every continent except
2641:(Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Mainz Basin, Germany)
4265:
Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds
3338:
3336:
3317:
Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds
2536:
rails are richly documented from the well-researched
4234:
3742:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
3535:
3508:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
3219:
3122:
2911:
Kirchman, J.J.; Rotzel McInerney, N.; Giarla, T.C.;
2729:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Bermuda, West Atlantic)
2622:(Corbula Middle/Late Oligocene of KolzsvĂĄr, Romania)
696:
have been reported. Most often, they lay five to 10
3932:
3714:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
3595:
Smithsonian Libraries - Smithsonian Research Online
2946:
2944:
357:) from behind, showing the short, soft, and fluffy
3484:(in French). Palermo: Self-published. p. 70.
3350:
3348:
3333:
2152:â (1 possibly extinct species, 1 recently extinct)
844:, and usually united with the rails in the Ralli.
432:The wings of all rails are short and rounded. The
381:); in others, it may be short and wide (as in the
311:"Rail" is the anglicized respelling of the French
3026:
3024:
3014:
3012:
2796:(Irdin Manha Late Eocene of Chimney Butte, China)
2210:â coots (10 living species, one recently extinct)
2202:â moorhens (5 living species, 2 recently extinct)
4742:
3342:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): pp. 209â210
3179:
3177:
2950:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): pp. 206â207
2941:
585:are a particularly favoured habitat. Those that
3345:
644:species are secretive (apart from loud calls),
3069:
3021:
3009:
2906:
2904:
1501:â moorhens (7 species of which 2 are extinct)
648:, and have laterally flattened bodies. In the
224:
4188:
3887:"A New Flightless Gallinule (Aves: Rallidae:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3106:
3104:
565:The most typical family members occupy dense
19:"Crake" redirects here. For the surname, see
3319:. University of Chicago Press. p. 296.
3204:
3038:
3036:
2587:(Bridger Middle Eocene of Henry's Fork, USA)
796:
427:
303:. Numerous unique island species are known.
4766:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
4164:Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe
3879:Wake Island Rail BirdLife Species Factsheet
3782:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
3683:Several limb bones of a smallish rail: GĂĄl
3210:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): p. 207
2901:
2768:These taxa may or may not have been rails:
1519:â coots (11 species of which 1 is extinct)
756:
4119:
3921:Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis
3474:
3158:
3101:
2812:(Early Oligocene of Trigonias Quarry, USA)
2377:
1115:â rails (2 species of which 1 is extinct)
609:following the introduction of terrestrial
116:
4371:
4319:
4110:
4026:
3255:
3245:
3060:
3033:
2932:
2763:
2704:(Shanwang Middle Miocene of Linqu, China)
2608:(Late Eocene -? Late Oligocene of France)
2594:(Middle Eocene of Lee-on-Solent, England)
2259:â (10 living species, 5 recently extinct)
832:(finfoots and sungrebes), an exclusively
785:came perilously close to extinction when
4008:
3851:
3311:
2381:
2354:
2080:â (1 living species, 1 recently extinct)
712:
540:
487:
344:
4277:
4220:(1985): Section X.D.2.b. Scolopacidae.
3551:. International Ornithologists' Union.
2959:
2757:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
733:and their eggs collected for food. The
264:habitats, some being semi-aquatic like
4743:
3739:
3531:
3529:
3354:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): p. 211
3075:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): p. 209
3030:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): p. 210
3018:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): p. 208
2966:. Exeter, UK: Pelagic Publishing Ltd.
2915:; Slikas, E.; Fleischer, R.C. (2021).
2732:Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (formerly
2601:(Hordwell Late Eocene of Hordwell, UK)
2563:(Wasatch Early Eocene of Wyoming, USA)
1997:International Ornithological Committee
862:International Ornithological Committee
708:
322:. It is named from its harsh cry, in
4456:
4455:
4084:
4054:
3935:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3884:
3582:
3278:
1995:The list maintained on behalf of the
1906:â waterhen and bush-hens (5 species)
729:Some larger, more abundant rails are
389:). A few coots and gallinules have a
4715:90521459-8557-FFAA-FE8C-2D741630F9E1
4676:817745b3-ec2c-4890-974d-57b73dab7122
4588:99ffda06-d1f0-4dda-bebb-00a3f6b9e5c8
4231:: 174â175. Academic Press, New York.
3786:from the original on 24 October 2012
3505:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3588:"A Synopsis of the Fossil Rallidae"
3526:
3444:
2747:(mid-Pleistocene New Zealand). The
860:and David Donsker on behalf of the
765:as people colonised the islands of
13:
3845:
3812:piece of a bird about the size of
3776:"Pleistorallus flemingi; holotype"
3621:A small species of rail: Hugueney
3555:from the original on 14 March 2023
3512:American Museum of Natural History
2570:(Early â Middle Eocene of England)
2336:or subfossil remains, such as the
14:
4777:
4398:
4254:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.330103.x
3415:"Guam Rail (Gallirallus owstoni)"
3078:
2350:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
4442:The New Student's Reference Work
4418:
4404:
4112:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00365.x
3910:10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1441
3898:Records of the Australian Museum
3549:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
2890:List of Gruiformes by population
2878:
2866:
2854:
2738:) (Late Pleistocene of Barbados)
2521:
1990:
1700:â crakes and rails (13 species)
1682:â rails and a crake (3 species)
463:makes intense demands, with the
408:or size. Two exceptions are the
140:
48:
4756:Extant Eocene first appearances
4267:. University of Chicago Press.
3830:
3798:
3768:
3733:
3703:
3690:
3677:
3649:
3628:
3615:
3604:from the original on 2018-07-29
3576:
3567:
3499:
3488:from the original on 2018-08-19
3468:
3457:from the original on 2018-07-29
3438:
3427:from the original on 2018-07-29
3407:
3396:from the original on 2018-07-29
3378:
3366:
3357:
3305:
3294:from the original on 2019-06-02
3272:
3213:
3195:
3186:
3145:
3136:
3113:
3092:
2998:from the original on 2021-06-10
2386:1888 color lithograph of a rail
679:
3476:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel
2980:
2953:
2677:(Early Miocene of New Zealand)
2615:(Early Oligocene of WC Europe)
1426:â crakes and sora (3 species)
1:
4002:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.01.002
3979:Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds
3868:10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7
2895:
1811:â New Guinea flightless rail
806:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
499:) skeleton on display at the
340:
23:. For the English river, see
3977:Perrins, Christopher (ed.):
3700:-sized rail: Ballmann (1969)
2819:(Early Oligocene of Germany)
2755:is in the collection of the
2054:â typical rails (14 species)
741:. At least two species, the
7:
3955:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.008
2934:10.1093/ornithology/ukab042
2847:
605:, and many of them are now
361:typical of flightless rails
10:
4782:
4134:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.025
3451:BirdLife International.org
2829:(Pleistocene of Argentina)
2292:New Guinea flightless rail
569:in damp environments near
400:Rails exhibit very little
283:with the exception of dry
18:
4464:
4364:10.1017/S1477201906001957
3762:10.1080/03115519708619186
2976:– via Google Books.
2778:(Late Eocene) â includes
1899:
1881:
1874:
1856:
1849:
1822:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1762:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1693:
1675:
1668:
1641:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1583:
1575:
1512:
1494:
1487:
1469:
1462:
1451:â nativehens (2 species)
1444:
1437:
1419:
1412:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1287:
1269:
1262:
1244:
1237:
1219:
1212:
1194:
1187:
1151:
1133:
1126:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1067:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1017:
1010:
973:
955:
948:
921:
903:
896:
889:
881:
873:
797:Systematics and evolution
747:American purple gallinule
428:Flight and flightlessness
385:), or massive (as in the
291:or freezing regions, and
221:
216:
137:Scientific classification
135:
124:
115:
34:
4009:Kirchman, J. J. (2012).
3885:Boles, Walter E (2005).
3839:(1985), MlĂkovskĂœ (2002)
3506:Bock, Walter J. (1994).
3201:Granjon and Cheylan 1989
3098:McNab & Ellis (2006)
2833:The presumed scolopacid
2185:â nativehens (2 species)
2046:â wood rails (8 species)
822:Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy
757:Threats and conservation
510:Gallirallus philippensis
223:Some 40 living, and see
4278:Trewick, S. A. (1997).
4261:Steadman, David William
4166:. Ninox Press, Prague.
3881:. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
3247:10.1073/pnas.1216511110
3192:Perret and Blondel 1993
2992:Encyclopedia Britannica
2784:"Palaeortyx" blanchardi
2455:(sometimes included in
2378:Recently extinct genera
2362:'s 1617 drawing of the
2328:â bush-hens (5 species)
836:group that is somewhat
749:, have been considered
306:
4304:10.1098/rstb.1997.0031
4037:10.1525/auk.2011.11096
4028:10.1525/auk.2011.11096
3875:BirdLife International
3543:, eds. (August 2022).
2764:Doubtfully placed here
2753:Pleistorallus flemingi
2459:; extinct around 1900)
2387:
2374:
2360:Pieter van den Broecke
2168:spot-flanked gallinule
726:
504:
362:
355:Porphyrio hochstetteri
4697:Paleobiology Database
3514:. pp. 136, 252.
2960:Reedman, Ray (2016).
2385:
2358:
1829:â white-browed crake
1769:â crakes (4 species)
1648:â crakes (2 species)
1024:â rails (14 species)
910:â crakes (2 species)
716:
541:Behaviour and ecology
491:
348:
4583:Fauna Europaea (new)
4415:at Wikimedia Commons
4344:J. Syst. Palaeontol.
4085:McNab, B.K. (2002).
3133:McNab and Ellis 2006
2372:Aphanapteryx bonasia
2001:List of rail species
1158:â rails (4 species)
980:â rails (8 species)
928:â rails (3 species)
4356:2007JSPal...5....1W
4296:1997RSPTB.352..429T
4103:2002EcolL...5..693M
3947:2014MolPE..81...96G
3754:1997Alch...21...71W
3238:2013PNAS..110.6436D
2453:New Caledonian rail
2352:for these species.
789:were introduced to
709:Rallidae and humans
516:Porphyrio porphyrio
501:Museum of Osteology
130:Gallinula tenebrosa
4203:10.1007/bf01928800
4182:2011-05-20 at the
3780:Collections Online
3696:Partial hand of a
3539:; Donsker, David;
3313:Steadman, David W.
2885:Biology portal
2861:Animals portal
2780:"Tringa" hoffmanni
2388:
2375:
2342:Rallus eivissensis
2301:white-browed crake
2012:grey-throated rail
1630:â ocellated crake
820:. The alternative
727:
723:introduced species
505:
453:parallel evolution
363:
4738:
4737:
4684:Open Tree of Life
4458:Taxon identifiers
4409:Media related to
4339:Worthy, Trevor H.
4290:(1352): 429â446.
4175:
3541:Rasmussen, Pamela
3392:. February 1996.
3232:(16): 6436â6441.
3062:10.3390/d12020070
2406:Saint Helena rail
1987:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1838:
1837:
1778:
1777:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1657:
1656:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1476:â lesser moorhen
1376:Himantornithinae
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1226:â invisible rail
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1083:
1082:
998:
997:
989:
988:
937:
936:
787:brown tree snakes
779:Lord Howe woodhen
522:Porzana tabuensis
414:Gallicrex cinerea
402:sexual dimorphism
387:purple gallinules
295:areas (above the
272:areas, including
232:
231:
212:
46:
4773:
4731:
4730:
4718:
4717:
4705:
4704:
4692:
4691:
4679:
4678:
4669:
4668:
4656:
4655:
4653:NBNSYS0000160870
4643:
4642:
4630:
4629:
4617:
4616:
4604:
4603:
4591:
4590:
4578:
4577:
4565:
4564:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4437:
4423:Data related to
4422:
4408:
4385:
4375:
4333:
4323:
4257:
4237:Olson, Storrs L.
4218:Olson, Storrs L.
4214:
4167:
4161:
4145:
4116:
4114:
4081:
4048:
4030:
4005:
3981:. Firefly Books.
3966:
3913:
3895:
3871:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3710:Olson, Storrs L.
3707:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3675:
3668:buff-banded rail
3653:
3647:
3640:buff-banded rail
3632:
3626:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3592:
3584:Olson, Storrs L.
3580:
3574:
3573:MlĂkovskĂœ (2002)
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3445:Hurrell, Shaun.
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3343:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3288:TheRevelator.org
3276:
3270:
3269:
3259:
3249:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3172:
3169:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3040:
3031:
3028:
3019:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2908:
2883:
2882:
2873:Birds portal
2871:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2735:Fulica podagrica
2529:species of long-
2498:Late Pleistocene
1877:
1876:
1863:â striped crake
1852:
1851:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1671:
1670:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1603:
1578:
1577:
1490:
1489:
1465:
1464:
1440:
1439:
1415:
1414:
1400:â Nkulengu rail
1391:Himantornithini
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1276:â chestnut rail
1265:
1264:
1240:
1239:
1215:
1214:
1190:
1189:
1129:
1128:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1074:â Rouget's rail
1056:â African crake
1045:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1013:
1012:
962:â uniform crake
951:
950:
899:
898:
892:
891:
884:
883:
876:
875:
868:
867:
858:Pamela Rasmussen
735:Wake Island rail
589:do so at night.
497:Fulica americana
207:
145:
144:
120:
110:
47:
41:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4726:
4721:
4713:
4708:
4700:
4695:
4687:
4682:
4674:
4672:
4664:
4659:
4651:
4646:
4638:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4599:
4594:
4586:
4581:
4573:
4568:
4560:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4460:
4432:
4401:
4184:Wayback Machine
4151:
4149:MlĂkovskĂœ, JirĂ
4091:Ecology Letters
3893:
3848:
3846:Further reading
3843:
3835:
3831:
3820:
3810:carpometacarpus
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3720:(38): 439â450.
3708:
3704:
3695:
3691:
3682:
3678:
3662:S.40957) and 2
3654:
3650:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3590:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3534:
3527:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3473:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3399:
3397:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3310:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3277:
3273:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3159:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:Kirchman (2012)
3088:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2853:
2850:
2838:Limosa gypsorum
2766:
2646:Paraortygometra
2524:
2396:Ascension crake
2380:
2306:Aenigmatolimnas
2226:ocellated crake
1993:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1860:Aenigmatolimnas
1839:
1788:Amaurornithini
1779:
1719:
1710:
1658:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1201:â Calayan rail
1177:
1168:
1084:
999:
990:
938:
871:Rallidae
799:
759:
711:
682:
543:
527:G. philippensis
430:
343:
337:("to scrape").
309:
241:) are a large,
206:
139:
111:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
40:
39:
36:
28:
21:Crake (surname)
17:
16:Family of birds
12:
11:
5:
4779:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4719:
4706:
4693:
4680:
4670:
4657:
4644:
4631:
4618:
4605:
4592:
4579:
4570:Fauna Europaea
4566:
4553:
4540:
4527:
4514:
4501:
4486:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4450:
4449:
4430:
4429:at Wikispecies
4416:
4400:
4399:External links
4397:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4335:
4275:
4258:
4242:J. Avian Biol.
4232:
4215:
4186:
4146:
4128:(3): 295â311.
4117:
4097:(5): 693â704.
4082:
4070:10.1086/285697
4064:(4): 628â642.
4052:
4049:
4006:
3996:(6): 719â731.
3982:
3971:
3967:
3930:
3917:
3914:
3904:(2): 179â190.
3882:
3877:(BLI) (2007):
3872:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3829:
3797:
3767:
3732:
3702:
3698:common moorhen
3689:
3676:
3648:
3636:slaty-breasted
3627:
3614:
3575:
3566:
3525:
3498:
3467:
3437:
3406:
3377:
3365:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3325:
3304:
3280:Platt, John R.
3271:
3212:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3173:
3157:
3144:
3135:
3121:
3119:Trewick (1997)
3112:
3100:
3091:
3077:
3068:
3032:
3020:
3008:
2979:
2972:
2952:
2940:
2927:(4): ukab042.
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2849:
2846:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2797:
2790:
2788:"P." hoffmanni
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2739:
2730:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2671:
2669:Palaeoaramides
2661:
2652:
2642:
2633:
2630:Palaeoaramides
2626:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2585:Fulicaletornis
2581:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2523:
2520:
2502:
2501:
2494:Hova gallinule
2486:
2479:Viti Levu rail
2471:
2460:
2439:
2436:Rodrigues rail
2429:
2419:
2416:Hawkins's rail
2412:Diaphorapteryx
2409:
2399:
2379:
2376:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2251:â (13 species)
2244:
2236:
2228:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2193:lesser moorhen
2186:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2136:
2125:
2123:invisible rail
2116:
2107:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2030:
2022:
2014:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1581:Porphyrionini
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
991:
987:
986:
983:
982:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
954:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
902:
897:
895:
890:
888:
882:
880:
874:
872:
866:
830:Heliornithidae
798:
795:
758:
755:
743:common moorhen
710:
707:
681:
678:
658:Swinhoe's rail
654:North American
542:
539:
429:
426:
422:Zapornia parva
391:frontal shield
342:
339:
308:
305:
237:(avian family
230:
229:
219:
218:
214:
213:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
133:
132:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4778:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4445:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4273:0-226-77142-3
4270:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4226:Avian Biology
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4173:80-901105-3-3
4170:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3890:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3838:
3833:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3570:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3420:San Diego Zoo
3416:
3410:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3369:
3360:
3351:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3326:9780226771427
3322:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3207:
3198:
3189:
3183:Kirchman 2012
3180:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3072:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3015:
3013:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:"Rail (bird)"
2983:
2975:
2973:9781784270933
2969:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2744:Pleistorallus
2740:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:Rhenanorallus
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:North America
2543:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2522:Fossil record
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:Sarothruridae
2509:
2508:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2464:Capellirallus
2461:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:Erythromachus
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:striped crake
2307:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Nkulengu rail
2280:
2277:
2275:â (3 species)
2274:
2273:
2269:
2267:â (4 species)
2266:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2243:â (3 species)
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:â (2 species)
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:Paragallinula
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:â (3 species)
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2143:chestnut rail
2140:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:â (4 species)
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:Rouget's rail
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:African crake
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:uniform crake
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:â (4 species)
2020:
2019:
2018:Mustelirallus
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1991:Extant genera
1983:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1473:Paragallinula
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:â corn crake
1139:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
994:
993:
985:
984:
981:
979:
978:
971:
970:
967:
966:
963:
961:
960:
953:
952:
946:
945:
942:
941:
933:
932:
929:
927:
926:
919:
918:
915:
914:
911:
909:
908:
901:
900:
894:
893:
887:Pardirallini
886:
885:
878:
877:
870:
869:
865:
863:
859:
855:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:Pacific Ocean
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
724:
720:
715:
706:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
677:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
556:
552:
548:
547:invertebrates
538:
535:
530:
528:
524:
523:
518:
517:
512:
511:
502:
498:
494:
493:American coot
490:
486:
482:
479:
473:
470:
466:
462:
457:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
360:
356:
352:
349:South Island
347:
338:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
314:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
240:
236:
228:
226:
220:
215:
210:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
134:
131:
127:
126:Dusky moorhen
123:
119:
114:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
44:
33:
30:
26:
22:
4465:
4441:
4435:"Rail"
4425:
4411:
4347:
4342:
4287:
4283:
4264:
4245:
4240:
4235:Slikas, B.;
4228:
4225:
4221:
4194:
4190:
4177:PDF fulltext
4163:
4125:
4121:
4094:
4090:
4061:
4056:
4021:(1): 56â69.
4018:
4014:
3993:
3987:
3978:
3974:
3970:309:571â575.
3938:
3934:
3928:PDF fulltext
3923:
3920:
3901:
3897:
3888:
3859:
3853:
3832:
3814:Lewin's rail
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3779:
3770:
3748:(1): 71â78.
3745:
3741:
3735:
3717:
3713:
3705:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3671:
3651:
3643:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3606:. Retrieved
3594:
3578:
3569:
3557:. Retrieved
3548:
3507:
3501:
3490:. Retrieved
3480:
3470:
3459:. Retrieved
3450:
3440:
3429:. Retrieved
3418:
3409:
3398:. Retrieved
3389:
3380:
3368:
3359:
3316:
3307:
3296:. Retrieved
3287:
3282:(May 2018).
3274:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3152:
3147:
3142:Livezey 2003
3138:
3115:
3110:McNab (1994)
3094:
3071:
3052:
3048:
3000:. Retrieved
2991:
2982:
2962:
2955:
2924:
2920:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2816:
2809:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2752:
2742:
2733:
2723:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2629:
2619:
2612:
2606:Quercyrallus
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2561:Palaeorallus
2560:
2553:
2525:
2505:
2503:
2489:
2474:
2463:
2456:
2449:Chatham rail
2442:
2431:
2422:Aphanapteryx
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2371:
2341:
2331:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2163:
2157:Hypotaenidia
2155:
2147:
2138:
2127:
2118:
2114:Calayan rail
2110:Aptenorallus
2109:
2101:
2097:snoring rail
2092:
2083:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:Amaurolimnas
2032:
2024:
2016:
2007:
1994:
1901:
1900:
1888:â watercock
1883:
1882:
1858:
1857:
1824:
1823:
1806:
1805:
1764:
1763:
1746:
1745:
1695:
1694:
1677:
1676:
1643:
1642:
1625:
1624:
1607:Laterallini
1585:
1584:
1514:
1513:
1496:
1495:
1471:
1470:
1446:
1445:
1421:
1420:
1395:
1394:
1291:Hypotaenidia
1289:
1288:
1271:
1270:
1246:
1245:
1221:
1220:
1198:Aptenorallus
1196:
1195:
1153:
1152:
1135:
1134:
1110:
1109:
1069:
1068:
1051:
1050:
1019:
1018:
975:
974:
959:Amaurolimnas
957:
956:
923:
922:
905:
904:
846:
800:
760:
739:World War II
728:
683:
680:Reproduction
674:conservation
666:
639:
591:
564:
544:
531:
526:
520:
514:
508:
506:
496:
483:
474:
458:
450:
431:
421:
418:little crake
413:
399:
379:the Americas
375:clapper rail
368:
364:
354:
334:
327:
324:Vulgar Latin
319:
312:
310:
274:rice paddies
243:cosmopolitan
238:
234:
233:
222:
203:
129:
43:Early Eocene
29:
4609:iNaturalist
4490:Wikispecies
4350:(1): 1â39.
4334:(Full text)
4248:(1): 5â14.
4191:Experientia
4152: [
3862:: 157â204.
3821: [
3559:14 November
3537:Gill, Frank
2921:Ornithology
2913:Olson, S.L.
2842:Montirallus
2817:Rupelrallus
2650:Microrallus
2613:Belgirallus
2568:Parvirallus
2534:prehistoric
2507:Nesotrochis
2457:Gallirallus
2297:Poliolimnas
2279:Himantornis
2240:Coturnicops
2164:Porphyriops
2139:Eulabeornis
2129:Gallirallus
2093:Aramidopsis
2029:(3 species)
2026:Pardirallus
1826:Poliolimnas
1679:Coturnicops
1397:Himantornis
1273:Eulabeornis
1248:Gallirallus
925:Pardirallus
688:, although
646:crepuscular
560:territorial
551:herbivorous
478:Laysan rail
395:horned coot
278:terrestrial
25:River Crake
4745:Categories
4373:2440/43360
3941:: 96â108.
3926:: 33â78.
3727:10088/8374
3608:2018-07-29
3492:2018-02-21
3461:2018-07-29
3431:2018-07-29
3400:2018-07-29
3390:AP Archive
3363:BLI (2007)
3298:2018-07-29
3171:McNab 2002
3002:2021-06-03
2896:References
2827:Euryonotus
2810:Palaeocrex
2724:Creccoides
2702:Youngornis
2675:Litorallus
2665:Pararallus
2657:Australlus
2538:formations
2475:Vitirallus
2468:Snipe-rail
2402:Aphanocrex
2338:Ibiza rail
2325:Amaurornis
2248:Laterallus
2232:Rufirallus
2222:Micropygia
2119:Habroptila
2088:corn crake
2077:Dryolimnas
2008:Canirallus
1903:Amaurornis
1735:Zapornini
1697:Laterallus
1645:Rufirallus
1627:Micropygia
1223:Habroptila
1112:Dryolimnas
854:Frank Gill
838:convergent
818:Gruiformes
775:Micronesia
686:monogamous
670:endangered
603:flightless
567:vegetation
416:) and the
404:in either
341:Morphology
317:Old French
301:Antarctica
209:Rafinesque
194:Gruiformes
4197:: 94â98.
3889:Gallinula
3808:. A left
3806:QM F40203
3804:Specimen
3687:(1998â99)
3670:: Worthy
3642:: Worthy
3638:or small
3055:(2): 70.
3049:Diversity
2775:Ludiortyx
2695:Miorallus
2688:Miofulica
2620:Rallicrex
2599:Ibidopsis
2579:Protogrus
2575:Aletornis
2516:adzebills
2368:Mauritius
2319:watercock
2315:Gallicrex
2272:Gymnocrex
2215:Porphyrio
2199:Gallinula
2067:Rougetius
2058:Crecopsis
1885:Gallicrex
1587:Porphyrio
1498:Gallinula
1410:Fulicini
1071:Rougetius
1053:Crecopsis
879:Rallinae
849:cladogram
826:monophyly
783:Guam rail
771:Polynesia
767:Melanesia
719:Guam rail
694:polyandry
650:Old World
627:mongooses
611:predators
583:Reed beds
534:blue tits
469:metabolic
448:periods.
410:watercock
297:snow line
266:waterfowl
258:gallinule
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
4751:Rallidae
4510:Rallidae
4496:Rallidae
4475:Wikidata
4466:Rallidae
4426:Rallidae
4412:Rallidae
4382:85230857
4263:(2006):
4211:23665106
4180:Archived
4162:(2002):
4142:16632395
4078:86511951
4058:Am. Nat.
4045:85940913
3963:25255711
3784:Archived
3656:Quadrate
3599:Archived
3586:(1977).
3553:Archived
3520:2246/830
3486:Archived
3478:(1815).
3455:Archived
3425:Archived
3394:Archived
3373:Steadman
3315:(2006).
3292:Archived
3266:23530197
2996:Archived
2848:See also
2802:Amitabha
2794:Telecrex
2749:holotype
2592:Latipons
2490:Hovacrex
2483:Holocene
2426:Red rail
2364:red rail
2288:Megacrex
2256:Zapornia
2182:Tribonyx
2043:Aramides
1808:Megacrex
1748:Zapornia
1448:Tribonyx
1008:Rallini
977:Aramides
834:tropical
814:bustards
803:polymath
745:and the
702:Clutches
690:polygyny
613:such as
472:niches.
442:vagrants
239:Rallidae
204:Rallidae
200:Family:
174:Chordata
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
45:â Recent
4447:. 1914.
4352:Bibcode
4330:9163823
4321:1691940
4292:Bibcode
4099:Bibcode
4015:The Auk
3989:Geobios
3943:Bibcode
3855:Geobios
3790:18 July
3750:Bibcode
3257:3631643
3234:Bibcode
3151:Slikas
2531:extinct
2444:Cabalus
2264:Rallina
2174:Porzana
2149:Cabalus
2103:Lewinia
1766:Rallina
1423:Porzana
1251:â weka
1155:Lewinia
907:Neocrex
642:reedbed
623:weasels
607:extinct
587:migrate
438:migrate
406:plumage
359:remiges
330:, from
328:rascula
315:, from
281:habitat
262:wetland
217:Genera
190:Order:
180:Class:
4728:159003
4689:414340
4673:NZOR:
4640:176205
4627:105005
4562:1RALLF
4481:Q26623
4444:
4380:
4328:
4318:
4310:
4271:
4209:
4171:
4140:
4076:
4043:
4035:
3961:
3827:(2005)
3685:et al.
3674:(2007)
3672:et al.
3664:femora
3646:(2007)
3644:et al.
3625:(2003)
3623:et al.
3375:(2006)
3323:
3264:
3254:
3155:(2002)
3153:et al.
2970:
2825:Genus
2815:Genus
2808:Genus
2799:Genus
2792:Genus
2772:Genus
2741:Genus
2722:Genus
2700:Genus
2693:Genus
2686:Genus
2673:Genus
2663:Genus
2654:Genus
2644:Genus
2635:Genus
2628:Genus
2618:Genus
2611:Genus
2604:Genus
2597:Genus
2590:Genus
2583:Genus
2573:Genus
2566:Genus
2559:Genus
2554:Eocrex
2552:Genus
2542:Europe
2527:Fossil
2488:Genus
2473:Genus
2462:Genus
2441:Genus
2392:Mundia
2346:fossil
2334:fossil
2207:Fulica
2051:Rallus
1516:Fulica
1021:Rallus
842:grebes
810:cranes
773:, and
731:hunted
672:, and
662:takahÄ
633:, and
599:fliers
579:rivers
575:swamps
553:. The
519:, and
461:Flight
434:flight
351:takahÄ
335:rÄdere
293:alpine
285:desert
256:, and
246:family
211:, 1815
4761:Rails
4723:WoRMS
4710:Plazi
4702:39513
4622:IRMNG
4575:10767
4378:S2CID
4312:56680
4308:JSTOR
4207:S2CID
4160:]
4074:S2CID
4041:S2CID
4033:JSTOR
3894:(PDF)
3837:Olson
3825:]
3818:Boles
3602:(PDF)
3591:(PDF)
2835:wader
840:with
751:pests
640:Many
619:foxes
592:Most
577:, or
571:lakes
555:calls
446:moult
383:coots
332:Latin
320:rasle
289:polar
270:marsh
254:coots
250:birds
235:Rails
225:below
35:Rails
4666:9119
4661:NCBI
4635:ITIS
4601:9342
4596:GBIF
4557:EPPO
4549:7581
4523:1450
4518:BOLD
4326:PMID
4269:ISBN
4169:ISBN
4138:PMID
3959:PMID
3792:2010
3561:2022
3321:ISBN
3262:PMID
3226:PNAS
2968:ISBN
2544:and
2514:and
2451:and
2348:and
2134:weka
2084:Crex
1137:Crex
847:The
812:and
791:Guam
717:The
698:eggs
692:and
635:pigs
631:rats
615:cats
594:nest
465:keel
371:bill
369:The
313:rĂąle
307:Name
184:Aves
51:Preê
4648:NBN
4614:154
4544:EoL
4536:FJ9
4531:CoL
4505:AFD
4368:hdl
4360:doi
4316:PMC
4300:doi
4288:352
4250:doi
4222:In:
4199:doi
4130:doi
4126:145
4107:doi
4066:doi
4062:144
4023:doi
4019:129
3998:doi
3975:In:
3951:doi
3906:doi
3864:doi
3758:doi
3722:hdl
3660:MNZ
3516:hdl
3252:PMC
3242:doi
3230:110
3057:doi
2929:doi
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377:of
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