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380:, gaining widespread recognition for his fresh ideas, his addressal of the pressing issues of contemporary Armenian life, his refined language and his vivid style. Besides his works of fiction, Raffi also wrote travelogues and articles. It was at this time that he began using the pen name Raffi, from the
365:
woman, in 1863 and moved to Tiflis in 1868. Around this time, Raffi was forced to take control of the failing family business, but was unable to save it from bankruptcy. Raffi was frequently in a dire financial situation and wrote constantly to support his wife and two children, as well as his mother
478:, he lamented that Armenians had used their resources on monasteries and churches instead of fortresses and weapons. He was extremely critical of the clergy, whom he represents as obscurantist and parasitical in his works. He was also critical of those who stoked inter-confessional divisions between
329:
Raffi was unable to continue his education due to his family's financial difficulties and left the gymnasium without graduating. He returned to his native village in 1856 to help with the family business. In 1857–58, he traveled extensively throughout the
Armenian-populated provinces of Iran and the
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1774:
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Raffi viewed a person's behavior and character as the product of their environment and conditions of life. He saw education and enlightenment as the most important tools for progress and the reformation of society. In a dream seen by the protagonist of his novel
133:
452:
Raffi was a romantic nationalist who regarded patriotism and defense of the homeland to be the duties of every individual. His works emphasize the concept of national unity and seek to enlighten people and fill them with patriotic feeling. Like his predecessor
457:, Raffi desired the unity of the Armenians of Iran, Russia and the Ottoman Empire in a struggle against foreign domination. He never openly called for armed revolution, but he promoted armed self-defense "as the most dignified and legitimate human right."
350:. During his travels, Raffi saw firsthand the oppression of the Armenian peasants and the corruption of their leaders. The information and impressions that Raffi received during his travels later served as material for his literary works.
67:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
398:, where he criticized traditional eastern society. Raffi returned to Tiflis, where he remained for the rest of his life and wrote full-time. In 1884, he fell out with Grigor Artsruni and began writing for the weekly
310:(Tbilisi), at that time a major center of Armenian intellectual life, to continue his secondary education at a boarding school run by Armenian teacher Karapet Belakhyants. In 1852, he enrolled in the Russian state
522:, recalls in his memoirs that he joined that political party as a teenager partly because he believed that Raffi had been a member of the party (Raffi died a few years before the founding of the party).
472:
Raffi disapproved of all religions and saw
Christianity in particular as a "passive" religion that had left the Armenian nation weak and defenseless. Through one of the characters of his novella
251:. He is considered one of the most influential and popular modern Armenian authors. His works, especially his historical novels, played an important role in the development of modern
465:, he envisions a future Armenia as a united, peaceful, independent country with a representative government and socialization of key industries, where the Armenians' neighbors, the
405:
Raffi died on 25 April 1888 in Tiflis. His funeral procession was attended by thousands of people. He was buried in the cemetery of the Holy Mother of God
Armenian Church, now the
330:
Ottoman Empire, collecting information about the conditions of life in
Armenian villages, the geography of the region, and the historical memory of the population. He journeyed to
506:
writes that Raffi's works "served as a guide for organized revolutionary action." Although Raffi called for self-defense rather than armed revolution, his works, like those of
502:, Raffi became the "ideological father of the Armenian revolutionary movements" who applied "the ideas of enlightenment and political awakening" to Armenians, while
302:). His father, Melik Mirza, was a wealthy merchant. He began his education at a local school run by a priest, Father Teodik, whom he would later depict in his novel
2122:
70:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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in Tiflis. During his four years of study there, Raffi was introduced to
Russian and other European authors that would influence him, such as
1295:"Dispersion History and the Polycentric Nation: The Role of Simeon Yerevantsiʼs Girk or koči partavčar in the 18th century National Revival"
1971:
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486:. He advocated for a secular conception of Armenian nationhood on the basis of language and common descent rather than religion.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Armenian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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is said to have gone to become a partisan in
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The impact of Raffi's widely read patriotic works was powerful and immediate. The typist for Raffi's novel
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and Grigor
Artsruni are also buried. Raffi's widow Anna and two sons, Aram and Arshak, later emigrated to
376:("Tiller"), where his novels were first serialized. He soon became the most popular and active writer for
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392:(1877–79), but was unable to continue in this role due to opposition from conservatives to his novel
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567:, first part published in 1874, second part published posthumously in 1891); English translation:
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1284:] (in Armenian). Vol. IV. Yerevan: Petakan hamalsarani hratarakchʻutʻyun. pp.
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and many sisters. Raffi's situation somewhat improved after 1872, when he was invited by
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1339:
A Reference Guide to Modern
Armenian Literature, 1500–1920: With an Introductory History
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Raffi began his writing career in 1860, publishing his first work in the newspaper
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1884:(Publication of first portions 1874–75, of last portion posthumously by his wife)
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The
Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Eighteenth Century to Modern Times
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and others, served as inspiration for the Armenian revolutionary parties.
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Raffi: A Biographical Sketch, by David Arakelian, Asbarez, April 24, 2023
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Jane S. Wingate's full English translation of Raffi's most famous book,
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384:. Raffi also worked for a few years as a teacher at Armenian schools in
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712:, serialized 1886–87, separate publication 1888); English translation:
343:
291:. He was the eldest son of thirteen children in a family of hereditary
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1651:. Translated by Abcarian, Donald. Princeton, N.J.: Gomidas Institute.
1377:; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2005).
1670:. Translated by McFarlane, Kimberley; Miloyan, Beyon. Sophene Books.
1613:. Translated by McFarlane, Kimberley; Miloyan, Beyon. Sophene Books.
1594:. Translated by McFarlane, Kimberley; Miloyan, Beyon. Sophene Books.
662:, serialized 1879, separate publication 1882); English translations:
611:, serialized 1880, separate publication 1881); English translations:
585:, serialized 1878, separate publication 1884); English translations:
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described him as Armenia's "greatest novelist of the 19th century."
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1443:(3rd reprint ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
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The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars
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Chonkadze Str. 3 in Tbilisi, where Raffi lived from 1880 to 1888
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1632:. Translated by Melkonian, Ara Stepan. London: Taderon Press.
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Sarinian, S. (1986). "Raffi". In Arzumanian, Makich (ed.).
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1689:. Translated by Abcarian, Donald. London: Taderon Press.
1575:. Translated by Abcarian, Donald. London: Taderon Press.
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235:); 1835 – 25 April 1888), better known by his pen name
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694:, (Sparks), 2 vols., 1883–1887); English translation:
346:, where he met the future Catholicos of All Armenians
1714:] (in Armenian). Vol. 12. Yerevan. pp.
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645:(2010) – a non-fiction work about the history of the
306:("Sparks"). At the age of 12, his father sent him to
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641:(The Khamsa Melikdoms), 1882); English translation:
60:
1405:(1969). "Simon Vratzian and Armenian Nationalism".
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629:, serialized 1880–81, separate publication in 1882)
2123:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
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553:, written 1855–1874, published posthumously 1911)
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85:accompanying your translation by providing an
51:Click for important translation instructions.
38:expand this article with text translated from
1987:
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2138:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
1994:
1980:
1849:
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1728:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1666:——— (17 November 2020).
1630:The Five Melikdoms of Karabagh (1600–1827)
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1318:The Armenians: Their History & Culture
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247:author and leading figure in 19th-century
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279:Raffi was born in 1835 in the village of
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1592:Jalaleddin: A Portrayal of His Incursion
1551:]. Vol. 6. Yerevan: Haypethrat.
1536:]. Vol. 3. Yerevan: Haypethrat.
1521:]. Vol. 1. Yerevan: Haypethrat.
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680:(The Diary of a Cross-Stealer), 1883–84)
595:Jalaleddin: A Portrayal of His Incursion
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2460:Burials at Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi
2440:Armenian people from the Russian Empire
2435:Iranian emigrants to the Russian Empire
1467:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1361:[About Raffi's wife and sons].
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1753:. Monterey, CA: Mayreni Publishing.
1498:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Haypethrat.
20:
1440:The Armenian Revolutionary Movement
1357:Grigoryan, Vardan (8 August 2015).
370:to join the staff of the newspaper
357:("Aurora Borealis"). Raffi married
13:
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1281:Dictionary of Armenian given names
14:
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2348:Turkish consulate attack in Paris
2066:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2060:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party
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1485:Raffi: kyankʻě ev gortsuneutʻyuně
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520:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2092:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
2003:
1960:
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1342:. Wayne State University Press.
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25:
2384:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
1750:Raffi: The Prophet from Payajuk
1707:Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran
1526:——— (1962b).
1359:"Raffii knoj ev ordineri masin"
1321:. New York: AGBU Ararat Press.
1264:
2353:Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack
2313:Occupation of the Ottoman Bank
2114:Defunct militant organizations
2087:Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party
1946:The Five Melikdoms of Karabagh
1685:——— (2008).
1647:——— (2000).
1628:——— (2010).
1590:——— (2019).
1571:——— (2006).
1556:——— (1964).
1541:——— (1963).
1336:Bardakjian, Kevork B. (2000).
643:The Five Melikdoms of Karabagh
95:You may also add the template
1:
2430:Poets from the Russian Empire
2133:New Armenian Resistance Group
1934:(Vol.1, 1883) (Vol.2, 1884)
1923:The Memoir of A Cross-Stealer
1365:(in Armenian). Archived from
1276:Hayotsʻ andznanunneri baṛaran
746:
741:
407:Khojivank Pantheon of Tbilisi
275:at the school named after him
2318:Yıldız assassination attempt
1712:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
1385:Wayne State University Press
518:, a prominent leader of the
434:Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi
262:
16:19th-century Armenian author
7:
2425:19th-century Armenian poets
2374:Provisional Republic of Van
2303:Armenian national awakening
2143:Armenian Revolutionary Army
2082:National Revival of Artsakh
1876:(1855-1874, published 1911)
1818:(public domain audiobooks)
1802:Raffi's biography and works
1482:Petrosyan, Eghishe (1959).
720:
10:
2486:
2450:19th-century Iranian poets
2338:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2308:Armenian national movement
671:Khach’agoghi hishatakaranë
432:Tombstone of Raffi at the
59:Machine translation, like
2465:19th-century male writers
2379:First Republic of Armenia
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2016:
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1864:
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1419:10.1080/00263206908700129
1293:Aslanian, Sebouh (2002).
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40:the corresponding article
2358:1983 Orly Airport attack
2228:Militants and commanders
2051:Active political parties
447:
1775:Works by or about Raffi
1403:Hovannisian, Richard G.
633:Khamsayi melikut’yunner
533:are named after Raffi.
159:25 April 1888 (aged 53)
106:For more guidance, see
97:{{Translated|hy|Րաֆֆի}}
1407:Middle Eastern Studies
638:Խամսայի մելիքութիւններ
444:
436:
276:
2108:National United Party
2077:National Agenda Party
1784:Raffi at Armeniapedia
1383:. Detroit, Michigan:
677:Խաչագողի յիշատակարանը
647:Melikdoms of Karabakh
442:
431:
271:Monument to Raffi in
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108:Knowledge:Translation
79:copyright attribution
2323:Battle of Sardarabad
2128:Army of Independence
2010:Armenian nationalism
1491:Raffi: life and work
1369:on 25 February 2023.
1002:Hacikyan et al. 2005
847:Hacikyan et al. 2005
490:Influence and legacy
253:Armenian nationalism
229:Յակոբ Մելիք Յակոբեան
221:Hakob Melik Hakobian
2470:Armenian male poets
2394:Republic of Artsakh
2389:Republic of Armenia
1745:Meneshian, Murad A.
1375:Hacikyan, Agop Jack
1067:, pp. 578–580.
1055:, pp. 571–578.
1016:, pp. 144–145.
849:, pp. 345–346.
283:in the district of
249:Armenian literature
2455:People from Salmas
2367:Political entities
2217:Rafayel Ishkhanian
2167:Mikayel Nalbandian
1915:The Golden Rooster
1687:The Golden Rooster
1558:Erkeri zhoghovatsu
1543:Erkeri zhoghovatsu
1528:Erkeri zhoghovatsu
1513:Erkeri zhoghovatsu
1435:Nalbandian, Louise
664:The Golden Rooster
615:(1950, 2000, 2020)
508:Mikayel Nalbandian
484:Catholic Armenians
445:
437:
411:Hovhannes Tumanyan
402:("Echo") instead.
277:
87:interlanguage link
2445:Persian Armenians
2402:
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2333:Karabakh movement
2328:February Uprising
2162:Khachatur Abovian
1969:
1968:
1807:Raffi's biography
1696:978-1-903656-77-8
1677:978-1-925937-40-4
1658:978-0-953519-18-7
1639:978-1-903656-57-0
1620:978-1-925937-29-9
1601:978-1-925937-00-8
1582:978-1-903656-62-4
1459:Panossian, Razmik
1274:(1948). "Ṛaffi".
1272:Acharian, Hrachia
1257:, pp. 81–84.
512:Raphael Patkanian
504:Louise Nalbandian
455:Khachatur Abovian
415:Gabriel Sundukian
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2177:Mkrtich Khrimian
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1511:Raffi (1962a).
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991:
990:Aslanian 2002
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36:You can help
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1367:the original
1362:
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1307:(1–4): 5–81.
1304:
1298:
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1265:Bibliography
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1202:
1190:
1178:
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359:Anna Hormouz
355:Hyusisap’ayl
354:
352:
328:
324:Mekhitarists
303:
297:
278:
236:
220:
219:
213:Anna Hormouz
83:edit summary
74:
45:
37:
18:
2420:1888 deaths
2415:1835 births
1889:Jallaleddin
1231:Raffi 1962b
1183:Raffi 2020b
1142:Raffi 1962b
1089:Raffi 1962b
1077:Raffi 2020a
1065:Raffi 1962a
1053:Raffi 1962a
716:(1948–1951)
696:Fire-Sparks
659:Ոսկի աքաղաղ
382:Arabic name
320:Victor Hugo
239:(Armenian:
199:Nationality
42:in Armenian
2409:Categories
2257:Armen Garo
2062:(Ramgavar)
1573:Jalaleddin
1243:Raffi 2008
1219:Raffi 2010
1207:Raffi 1964
1195:Raffi 1963
1171:Raffi 2000
1130:Raffi 2019
1118:Raffi 2006
747:Citiations
742:References
591:Jalaleddin
587:Jelaleddin
582:Ջալալէդդին
576:Jalaleddin
475:Jalaleddin
400:Ardzagank’
344:Varagavank
243:), was an
177:Occupation
172:, Georgia)
150:Qajar Iran
2094:(Hunchak)
2068:(Dashnak)
1926:(1882–83)
1910:(1880–82)
1907:Davit Bek
1724:cite book
1504:573656871
698:(1893–94)
626:Դաւիթ Բէկ
620:Davit Bek
480:Apostolic
312:gymnasium
263:Biography
233:classical
101:talk page
2247:Andranik
2192:Siamanto
2158:Thinkers
2017:Ideology
1898:The Fool
1816:LibriVox
1747:(2010).
1668:The Fool
1649:The Fool
1461:(2006).
1437:(1975).
1315:(1980).
1300:Bazmavēp
721:See also
613:The Fool
593:(2006),
589:(1906),
496:The Fool
463:The Fool
409:, where
363:Assyrian
340:Aghtamar
316:Schiller
295:gentry (
293:Armenian
245:Armenian
225:Armenian
203:Armenian
193:essayist
189:novelist
77:provide
2296:History
2035:Miatsum
1952:Memoirs
1777:at the
1427:4282291
709:Սամուէլ
685:Kaytser
602:Khent’ë
531:Armenia
527:Yerevan
304:Kaytser
281:Payajuk
273:Yerevan
170:Tbilisi
146:Payajuk
99:to the
81:in the
44:.
2152:People
2072:Hosank
1948:(1888)
1942:(1886)
1939:Samuel
1931:Sparks
1918:(1882)
1902:(1880)
1892:(1878)
1757:
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714:Samuel
703:Samvel
691:Կայծեր
597:(2019)
571:(2020)
423:London
390:Agulis
386:Tabriz
342:, and
308:Tiflis
285:Salmas
209:Spouse
181:writer
162:Tiflis
2232:Arabo
2172:Raffi
1881:Harem
1873:Salbi
1865:Works
1858:Raffi
1796:Khent
1718:–136.
1710:[
1611:Harem
1560:[
1545:[
1530:[
1515:[
1496:(PDF)
1488:[
1423:JSTOR
1278:[
608:Խենթը
569:Harem
564:Հարեմ
558:Harem
550:Սալբի
544:Salbi
467:Kurds
448:Views
395:Harem
378:Mshak
373:Mshak
361:, an
332:Taron
298:melik
241:Րաֆֆի
237:Raffi
125:Raffi
61:DeepL
1755:ISBN
1730:link
1691:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1500:OCLC
1469:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1323:ISBN
482:and
318:and
289:Iran
185:poet
156:Died
143:1835
140:Born
75:must
73:You
1814:at
1716:135
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