434:
28:
259:
446:
by the
Intercity Radio Company, on the grounds that it was causing excessive interference to earlier radiotelegraph stations operating nearby. Intercity appealed, and in 1923 the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia sided with Intercity, stating the 1912 Act did not provide for licensing decisions at "the discretion of an executive officer". The Department of Commerce planned to request a review by the Supreme Court, but the case was rendered moot when Intercity decided to shut down the New York City station. Still, it had raised significant questions about the extent of Hoover's authority.
2228:
253:
390:
350:
2574:
1946:
2221:
1956:
1935:
1966:
410:
stations making broadcasts intended for a general audience: 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment", and 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market and weather reports". The number of broadcasting stations grew tremendously in 1922, numbering over 500 in the United States by the end of the year. In 1923, only 1 percent of U.S. households owned at least one
461:'s ruling stated that, under the 1912 Act, the Commerce Department in fact could not limit the number of broadcasting licenses issued, or designate station frequencies. The government reviewed whether to try to appeal this decision, but Acting Attorney General William J. Donovan's analysis concurred with the court's decision.
457:. Due to a lack of available frequencies, the station was only authorized to transmit two hours each week. Based on the Intercity Radio Company ruling, company president E. F. McDonald decided to challenge the government by moving the station to a frequency previously reserved for use in Canada. On April 16, 1926, Judge
445:
During his tenure, Hoover was aware that some of his actions were on shaky legal ground, given the limited powers assigned to him by the 1912 Act. In particular, in 1921 the department had tried to refuse to issue a renewal license to a point-to-point radiotelegraph station in New York City, operated
424:
in March 1921, and thus assumed primary responsibility for shaping radio broadcasting during its earliest days, which was a difficult task in a fast-changing environment. To aid decision-making, he sponsored a series of four national conferences from 1922 to 1925, where invited industry leaders
409:
The broadcasting of news and entertainment to the general public, which began to be significantly developed in early 1920s, was not foreseen by this legislation. The first regulations specifically addressing broadcasting were adopted on
December 1, 1921, when two wavelengths were set aside for
381:
At this time radio was almost exclusively used for point-to-point communication, and the three major categories of stations were maritime, transoceanic, and amateur. The Act was unusual in including numerous regulations within the text of the bill, in addition to providing a general regulatory
312:
which was the country's first legislation to require licenses for radio stations. It was enacted before the introduction of broadcasting to the general public, and was eventually found to contain insufficient authority to effectively control this new service, so the Act was replaced and the
373:, and the new law would also incorporate provisions of the London Convention signed on July 5, 1912, although the United States had not yet ratified the new treaty. The resulting Radio Act of 1912 was signed by President Taft on August 13, 1912, and went into effect December 13, 1912.
405:
after March 1913), which was empowered to impose fines of not more than $ 500 and to suspend or revoke licenses of operators who violated regulations. Nine regional Radio
Inspection districts were designated, with a radio inspector based in a major port within each district.
382:
framework. A key provision was the restriction of most amateur stations to wavelengths below 200 meters (frequencies above 1500 kHz), an assignment that greatly limited their transmitting range until the discovery a decade later of the great distances achievable through
365:
scheduled to be held in London in June 1912 unless it completed ratification, so on April 3, 1912, the U.S. Senate formally accepted the 1906 Convention, and began work on legislation to implement its provisions. The issue gained importance twelve days later due to the
329:
mandated that most passenger ships exiting U.S. ports had to carry radio equipment under the supervision of qualified operators, however individual stations remained unlicensed and unregulated. This led to numerous interference issues, including conflicts between
361:, held in Berlin, called for countries to license their stations, and although United States representatives had signed this agreement, initially the U.S. Senate did not ratify the treaty. However, the U.S. was told it would not be invited to the next
564:
The
Alexander substitute for the Hitchcock bill, which recently passed the Senate, amending the Wireless act of 1910 so as to take advantage of some of the lessons of the Titanic disaster, easily passed the House to-day without
2203:
2623:
2353:
2259:
228:
2113:
139:
2603:
325:
Radio communication (originally known as "wireless telegraphy") was developed in the late 1890s, but it was initially largely unregulated in the United States. The
2198:
127:
105:
1210:
283:
2075:
2067:
100:
2363:
468:, was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge in order to strengthen the government's ability to effectively regulate radio communication.
2095:
398:
362:
358:
94:
2023:
2378:
2002:
715:
2056:
2280:
1918:
1890:
1885:
910:
393:
Amateur, government, standard commercial, and high-power commercial (for long distance) wavelength bands defined by the Radio Act of 1912.
2328:
477:
239:
2368:
2143:
2409:
2399:
2307:
276:
210:
193:
2373:
2034:
353:
Overlapping usage, and interference, between amateur, government, and commercial wireless operators before the Radio Act of 1912.
2078:
1912:
433:
2173:
1907:
1897:
1877:
1679:
627:
174:
122:
2254:
2168:
881:
866:
851:
836:
402:
244:
169:
2183:
1044:
346:
and obscene messages to naval radio stations, and to have forged naval commands, sending navy boats on spurious missions.
27:
2404:
2394:
2348:
2285:
2103:
1969:
1902:
1748:
421:
269:
205:
188:
85:
69:
117:
2193:
2045:
2026:
1674:
693:
576:
2178:
2163:
1995:
1768:
797:
654:
540:
90:
753:
74:
2244:
1553:
1101:
903:
2323:
441:
successfully challenged the government's authority to assign transmitting frequencies under the Radio Act of 1912.
59:
2541:
2188:
1664:
301:
2297:
2090:
822:
769:
2598:
2059:
2037:
1659:
464:
The adverse ruling showcased the deficiencies of the 1912 Act. Thus, on
February 23, 1927, a replacement, the
2618:
2533:
2128:
1684:
711:"How America Adopted Radio: Demographic Differences in Set Ownership Reported in the 1930â1950 U.S. Censuses"
816:
642:
2577:
2118:
1988:
1959:
1720:
1617:
1160:
955:
927:
144:
2158:
1949:
1456:
896:
252:
159:
2613:
2292:
1808:
1730:
1669:
1376:
619:
612:
2138:
2133:
1580:
1541:
1386:
1286:
1215:
1148:
975:
501:
326:
309:
223:
149:
2210:
1939:
1181:
1116:
1069:
1029:
685:
2451:
2302:
1778:
1763:
1607:
1558:
1481:
1381:
1059:
945:
940:
458:
2608:
2445:
1700:
1486:
1301:
1246:
1241:
1054:
1019:
493:
367:
339:
532:
2249:
2227:
1602:
1406:
1371:
1291:
1271:
1193:
1081:
1002:
935:
594:
524:
1516:
1476:
1446:
1203:
1138:
960:
2333:
357:
The U.S. policy of unrestricted stations differed from most of the rest of the world. The
8:
2481:
2148:
2011:
1526:
1466:
1225:
1187:
985:
970:
681:
154:
42:
2557:
2493:
2439:
1753:
1710:
1641:
1511:
1441:
1416:
1351:
1198:
919:
736:
558:
450:
2499:
2487:
2427:
2048:
1793:
1715:
1629:
1612:
1575:
1421:
1251:
1220:
1086:
980:
740:
710:
689:
623:
536:
525:
488:
465:
314:
1461:
527:
Radio and
Television Regulation: Broadcast Technology in the United States 1920â1960
2108:
1798:
1758:
1738:
1705:
1634:
1592:
1506:
1361:
1346:
1321:
1296:
1256:
1106:
965:
950:
728:
671:
483:
134:
2521:
2457:
2275:
1426:
1281:
1049:
1024:
1012:
875:
860:
845:
830:
732:
2564:
2433:
2338:
1624:
1496:
1471:
1431:
1401:
1276:
1111:
1064:
1039:
997:
454:
438:
417:
411:
110:
2592:
2526:
2469:
2358:
1773:
1546:
1536:
1451:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1311:
1133:
992:
675:
397:
Implementation and enforcement of the Act was made the responsibility of the
343:
331:
2516:
1651:
1491:
1436:
1366:
1331:
1266:
1165:
1155:
1007:
389:
349:
2475:
2419:
2343:
1851:
1501:
1411:
1396:
1356:
1316:
1175:
823:
Timeline of the key steps in the
Congressional passage of the legislation
64:
1856:
1563:
1261:
1170:
1126:
1096:
1074:
305:
300:, formally, known as "An Act to Regulate Radio Communication" (37
2220:
1980:
2463:
2123:
1841:
1306:
1121:
888:
724:
383:
335:
1836:
1826:
1743:
1568:
1391:
453:
in late 1925 established a high-powered radio station in
Chicago,
1831:
1816:
1034:
449:
A second, ultimately successful, challenge occurred in 1926. The
1861:
1821:
1143:
802:
Official
Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States
313:
government's regulatory powers increased by the passage of the
800:(July 8, 1926) by Acting Attorney General William J. Donovan,
786:
The
Beginning of Broadcast Regulation in the Twentieth Century
1846:
1783:
1091:
877:
Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the United States
862:
Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the United States
677:
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community
1788:
581:
History of Communications-electronics in the United States
2624:
United States federal admiralty and maritime legislation
425:
participated in setting standards for radio in general.
586:
614:
The Radio Station: Broadcast, Satellite & Internet
522:
428:
611:
2604:United States federal communications legislation
2590:
609:
16:Former United States radio law from 1912 to 1927
873:
858:
843:
828:
716:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
592:
1996:
904:
577:"The Achievement of Federal Radio Regulation"
277:
2281:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
664:
359:1906 International Radiotelegraph Convention
1919:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2003:
1989:
1955:
911:
897:
798:"Federal Regulation of Radio Broadcasting"
788:by Marvin R. Bensman, 2000, pages 159-160.
478:Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
399:U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor
284:
270:
2144:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
518:
516:
817:"An Act to regulate radio communication"
754:WJAZ "wave pirates" publicity photograph
643:"An Act to regulate radio communication"
432:
388:
348:
2010:
832:Radio Service Bulletin 1-68 (1915-1922)
363:International Radiotelegraph Convention
219:10th Chief Justice of the United States
2591:
2255:Creation of the Supreme Court Building
2079:Solicitor General of the United States
918:
670:
556:"House Strengthens New Wireless Law".
513:
2286:Philippines Civil Governor, 1901â1904
1984:
892:
708:
338:and commercial companies, with a few
2169:Commission on Economy and Efficiency
1965:
882:United States Department of Commerce
867:United States Department of Commerce
852:United States Department of Commerce
837:United States Department of Commerce
583:by Linwood S. Howeth, pages 162-164.
170:Commission on Economy and Efficiency
2405:1912 Republican National Convention
2395:1908 Republican National Convention
2329:Birthplace, home, and historic site
2068:Governor-General of the Philippines
847:Radio Stations of the United States
81:27th President of the United States
13:
2027:Chief Justice of the United States
414:, while a majority would by 1931.
14:
2635:
2179:United States Chamber of Commerce
810:
804:, Volume 35, 1929, pages 126-132.
376:
2573:
2572:
2226:
2219:
1964:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1554:Free-space optical communication
776:by Stephen Davis, 1927, page 37.
429:Legal challenges and replacement
257:
251:
26:
2410:1912 U.S. presidential election
2400:1908 U.S. presidential election
2189:State of the Union Address 1912
791:
779:
763:
747:
599:United States Dept of Commerce.
2060:United States Secretary of War
2038:President of the United States
774:The Law of Radio Communication
702:
648:
636:
603:
570:
549:
1:
2534:Backstairs at the White House
2164:PinchotâBallinger controversy
2129:Federal Corrupt Practices Act
523:Hugh Richard Slotten (2000).
507:
320:
2298:1906â1909 Occupation of Cuba
2174:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
2049:Provisional Governor of Cuba
1940:Telecommunication portal
1721:Telecommunications equipment
770:Intercity Radio Company case
733:10.1207/s15506878jobem4802_2
175:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
7:
2159:Defense Secrets Act of 1911
1457:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
819:, approved August 13, 1912.
661:, January 3, 1922, page 10.
655:"Amendments to Regulations"
645:, approved August 13, 1912.
471:
10:
2640:
2364:High school (New York City
1161:Telecommunications history
596:Radio Stations of the U.S.
342:alleged to have sent fake
2552:
2509:
2418:
2387:
2316:
2268:
2235:
2217:
2139:Apportionment Act of 1911
2134:Wireless Ship Act of 1910
2089:
2018:
1928:
1870:
1807:
1769:Public Switched Telephone
1729:
1693:
1650:
1591:
1581:telecommunication circuit
1542:Fiber-optic communication
1525:
1287:Francis Blake (telephone)
1234:
1082:Optical telecommunication
926:
610:Michael C. Keith (2007).
502:Wireless Ship Act of 1910
340:amateur radio enthusiasts
327:Wireless Ship Act of 1910
310:United States federal law
150:Wireless Ship Act of 1910
2458:Robert Alphonso Taft Jr.
2308:National War Labor Board
2119:PayneâAldrich Tariff Act
1680:Orbital angular-momentum
1117:Satellite communications
956:Communications satellite
451:Zenith Radio Corporation
145:PayneâAldrich Tariff Act
35:This article is part of
2452:William Howard Taft III
2303:League to Enforce Peace
1559:Molecular communication
1382:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1211:Undersea telegraph line
946:Cable protection system
874:Radio Division (1924).
859:Radio Division (1920).
844:Radio Division (1913).
829:Radio Division (1922).
618:. Focal Press. p.
593:Radio Division (1913).
2502:(paternal grandfather)
2446:Charles Phelps Taft II
2293:TaftâKatsura agreement
2184:Ceremonial first pitch
1701:Communication protocol
1487:Charles Sumner Tainter
1302:Walter Houser Brattain
1247:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1055:Information revolution
659:Radio Service Bulletin
531:. JHU Press. pp.
442:
403:Department of Commerce
394:
354:
240:National Historic Site
181:Presidential campaigns
2599:Amateur radio history
2250:Judiciary Act of 1925
2199:Judicial appointments
1675:Polarization-division
1407:Narinder Singh Kapany
1372:Erna Schneider Hoover
1292:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1272:Alexander Graham Bell
1003:online video platform
709:Craig, Steve (2004).
436:
422:Secretary of Commerce
392:
352:
2619:1912 in American law
2558:â Theodore Roosevelt
2434:Robert Alphonso Taft
2245:Supreme Court career
2114:Income Tax amendment
1517:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1477:Almon Brown Strowger
1447:Charles Grafton Page
1102:Prepaid mobile phone
1030:Electrical telegraph
760:, May 1926, page 90.
682:Simon & Schuster
140:Income Tax amendment
2482:Charles Phelps Taft
2354:U.S. Postage stamps
2012:William Howard Taft
1467:Johann Philipp Reis
1226:Wireless revolution
1188:The Telephone Cases
1045:Hydraulic telegraph
229:Supreme Court cases
160:Defense Secrets Act
44:William Howard Taft
2542:Theodore Roosevelt
2494:Horace Dutton Taft
2440:Helen Taft Manning
1665:Frequency-division
1642:Telephone exchange
1512:Charles Wheatstone
1442:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1417:Innocenzo Manzetti
1352:Reginald Fessenden
1087:Optical telegraphy
920:Telecommunications
559:The New York Times
459:James H. Wilkerson
443:
395:
355:
334:operators and the
2614:1912 in transport
2586:
2585:
2545:(2022 miniseries)
2537:(1979 miniseries)
2500:Peter Rawson Taft
2488:Henry Waters Taft
2428:Helen Herron Taft
2334:Malacañang Palace
2211:First Oval Office
2154:Radio Act of 1912
2104:1909 inauguration
1978:
1977:
1716:Store and forward
1711:Data transmission
1625:Network switching
1576:Transmission line
1422:Guglielmo Marconi
1387:Internet pioneers
1252:Mohamed M. Atalla
1221:Whistled language
672:Putnam, Robert D.
629:978-0-240-80850-5
489:Radio Act of 1927
466:Radio Act of 1927
437:In 1926, station
315:Radio Act of 1927
298:Radio Act of 1912
294:
293:
165:Radio Act of 1912
101:Executive actions
52:
51:
2631:
2576:
2575:
2565:Woodrow Wilson â
2260:Taft Court cases
2230:
2223:
2109:Dollar diplomacy
2082:
2071:
2063:
2052:
2041:
2030:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1809:Notable networks
1799:Wireless network
1739:Cellular network
1731:Types of network
1706:Computer network
1593:Network topology
1507:Thomas A. Watson
1362:Oliver Heaviside
1347:Philo Farnsworth
1322:Daniel Davis Jr.
1297:Charles Bourseul
1257:John Logie Baird
966:Data compression
961:Computer network
913:
906:
899:
890:
889:
885:
870:
855:
840:
805:
795:
789:
783:
777:
767:
761:
751:
745:
744:
706:
700:
699:
668:
662:
652:
646:
640:
634:
633:
617:
607:
601:
600:
590:
584:
574:
568:
567:
562:. June 4, 1912.
553:
547:
546:
530:
520:
484:History of radio
286:
279:
272:
261:
260:
255:
135:Dollar diplomacy
48:
47:
45:
38:
30:
23:
22:
19:
18:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2548:
2522:Progressive Era
2505:
2414:
2383:
2317:Life and legacy
2312:
2276:Taft Commission
2264:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2149:MannâElkins Act
2093:
2085:
2074:
2066:
2055:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2014:
2009:
1979:
1974:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1866:
1803:
1725:
1689:
1646:
1595:
1587:
1528:
1521:
1427:Robert Metcalfe
1282:Tim Berners-Lee
1230:
1050:Information Age
922:
917:
813:
808:
796:
792:
784:
780:
768:
764:
752:
748:
707:
703:
696:
669:
665:
653:
649:
641:
637:
630:
608:
604:
591:
587:
575:
571:
555:
554:
550:
543:
521:
514:
510:
494:Sinking of the
474:
431:
386:transmissions.
379:
368:sinking of the
323:
290:
258:
256:
249:
236:
235:Post-presidency
233:
220:
217:
182:
179:
155:MannâElkins Act
118:Domestic policy
82:
79:
43:
41:
40:
39:
36:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Woodbury Point
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2236:Chief Justice,
2233:
2232:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2072:
2064:
2053:
2042:
2031:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Space-division
1656:
1654:
1648:
1647:
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1327:Donald Davies
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1156:Smoke signals
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758:Popular Radio
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332:amateur radio
328:
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2532:
2517:Billy Possum
2379:San Antonio)
2349:Bibliography
2153:
1652:Multiplexing
1527:Transmission
1492:Nikola Tesla
1482:Henry Sutton
1437:Samuel Morse
1367:Robert Hooke
1332:Amos Dolbear
1267:John Bardeen
1186:
1166:Telautograph
1070:Mobile phone
1025:Edholm's law
1008:social media
941:Broadcasting
876:
861:
846:
831:
801:
793:
785:
781:
773:
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720:
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680:. New York:
676:
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324:
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295:
164:
86:Inauguration
70:Bibliography
2476:Louise Taft
2374:Los Angeles
2344:Taft Bridge
2081:(1890â1892)
2070:(1901â1904)
2062:(1904â1908)
2040:(1909â1913)
2029:(1921â1930)
1852:NPL network
1564:Radio waves
1502:Alfred Vail
1412:Hedy Lamarr
1397:Dawon Kahng
1357:Elisha Gray
1317:Yogen Dalal
1242:Nasir Ahmed
1176:Teleprinter
1040:Heliographs
727:: 179â195.
420:became the
224:Appointment
2593:Categories
2466:(grandson)
2460:(grandson)
2454:(grandson)
2442:(daughter)
2324:Early life
2091:Presidency
1898:Antarctica
1857:Toasternet
1779:Television
1262:Paul Baran
1194:Television
1178:(teletype)
1171:Telegraphy
1149:transistor
1127:Phryctoria
1097:Photophone
1075:Smartphone
1065:Mass media
684:. p.
565:amendment.
508:References
321:Background
206:convention
189:convention
91:Presidency
60:Early life
2496:(brother)
2490:(brother)
2484:(brother)
2464:Seth Taft
2388:Elections
2124:Weeks Act
2096:timeline)
1882:Americas
1871:Locations
1842:Internet2
1603:Bandwidth
1307:Vint Cerf
1204:streaming
1182:Telephone
1122:Semaphore
1013:streaming
825:(FCC.gov)
741:145186571
725:Routledge
384:shortwave
128:Judiciary
2578:Category
2478:(mother)
2472:(father)
1950:Category
1837:Internet
1827:CYCLADES
1744:Ethernet
1694:Concepts
1618:terminal
1569:wireless
1392:Bob Kahn
1235:Pioneers
1060:Internet
951:Cable TV
674:(2000).
472:See also
308:), is a
211:election
194:election
95:timeline
2510:Related
2369:Chicago
2194:Cabinet
1970:Commons
1960:Outline
1913:Oceania
1832:FidoNet
1817:ARPANET
1630:circuit
1199:digital
928:History
496:Titanic
480:(GMDSS)
370:Titanic
123:Cabinet
2430:(wife)
2420:Family
2051:(1904)
1908:Europe
1878:Africa
1862:Usenet
1822:BITNET
1759:Mobile
1635:packet
1144:MOSFET
1139:device
936:Beacon
739:
692:
626:
539:
304:
75:Legacy
65:Family
2529:(cow)
2448:(son)
2436:(son)
1891:South
1886:North
1847:JANET
1784:Telex
1774:Radio
1613:Nodes
1608:Links
1529:media
1107:Radio
1092:Pager
1020:Drums
986:video
981:image
971:audio
737:S2CID
723:(2).
302:Stat.
245:Death
202:1912
185:1908
2057:42nd
2035:27th
2024:10th
1903:Asia
1789:UUCP
1749:ISDN
690:ISBN
624:ISBN
537:ISBN
535:â8.
455:WJAZ
439:WJAZ
296:The
2076:6th
2046:3rd
1794:WAN
1764:NGN
1754:LAN
1035:Fax
976:DCT
729:doi
686:217
306:302
2595::
880:.
865:.
850:.
835:.
772:,
756:,
735:.
721:48
719:.
713:.
688:.
657:,
622:.
620:35
579:,
515:^
317:.
2094:(
2004:e
1997:t
1990:v
1921:)
1917:(
912:e
905:t
898:v
884:.
869:.
854:.
839:.
743:.
731::
698:.
632:.
545:.
533:6
401:(
285:e
278:t
271:v
97:)
93:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
