Presidency of William Howard Taft

5611: 2387:, Roosevelt challenged the election of many pro-Taft Southern delegates, but the RNC overruled most objections. Roosevelt's sole remaining chance to win the Republican nomination was through the election of a friendly convention chairman, but Elihu Root, by then a Taft ally, won election as chairman. Root made a crucial ruling that allowed contested delegates to vote on the seating of other contested delegates; a motion to defeat this ruling was offered by Roosevelt forces, but it failed in a 567–507 vote. As it became clear Roosevelt would bolt the party if not nominated, some Republicans sought a compromise candidate to avert the electoral disaster to come; they were unsuccessful. Taft's name was placed in nomination by Warren Harding, whose attempts to praise Taft and unify the party were met with angry interruptions from progressives. Taft was nominated on the first ballot, though most Roosevelt delegates refused to vote. Vice President Sherman was also nominated for a second term, making him the first incumbent vice president to win re-nomination since 2307:

business community which largely supported arbitration and often talked peace. His mistake in this case was a failure to fully mobilize that base. The businessmen believed that economic rivalries were cause of war, and that extensive trade led to an interdependent world that would make war a very expensive and useless anachronism. One early success came in the Newfoundland fisheries dispute between the United States and Britain in 1910. Taft's 1911 treaties with France and Britain were killed by Roosevelt, who had broken with his protégé in 1910. War and peace became issues in their duel for control of the Republican Party. At a deeper level, Roosevelt truly believed that arbitration was a naïve solution and that great issues had to be decided by warfare. The Rooseveltian approach had a near-mystical faith in the ennobling nature of war. It endorsed jingoistic nationalism as opposed to the businessmen's calculation of profit and national interest.

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stuck in the White House bathtub," a story that is not true. Lurie argued that Taft did not receive the public credit for his policies that he should have, especially with regards to accelerating efforts to break up trusts. Taft, more quietly than his predecessor, filed many more cases than did Roosevelt, and rejected his predecessor's contention that there was such a thing as a "good" trust. This lack of flair marked Taft's presidency; according to Lurie, Taft "was boring—honest, likable, but boring". Mason called Taft's years in the White House "undistinguished". Coletta deemed Taft to have had a solid record of bills passed by Congress, but felt he could have accomplished more with political skill.

2372:. The feud continued on and off through 1911, a year in which there were few elections of significance. Backed by many progressives, La Follette announced a run for the 1912 Republican nomination. Roosevelt received many letters from supporters urging him to run, and Republican office-holders were organizing on his behalf. Roosevelt believed these manifestations of public support represented a broader movement that would sweep him to the White House with a mandate to implement progressive policies. In February 1912, Roosevelt announced he would accept the Republican nomination if it was offered to him, and many progressives abandoned La Follette's candidacy and threw their support behind Roosevelt. 2329:

tax ... workmen's compensation laws, state and national legislation to regulate the of women and children, and complete publicity of campaign expenditure". John Murphy writes that, "as Roosevelt began to move to the left, Taft veered to the right." Taft had become increasingly associated with the conservative "Old Guard" faction of the party, and progressive Republicans such as Wisconsin Senator Robert La Follette became dissatisfied with Taft's leadership. La Follette and his followers formed the National Republican Progressive League as a platform to challenge Taft in 1912 presidential election, either for the Republican nomination or in the general election as a

1651:, and allow Congress to implement an income tax. An income tax would replace the revenue lost by a lower tariff. Passage of the amendment helped appease progressive opponents of the Payne-Aldrich tariff and helped ensure that the act passed Congress. Conservative leaders in Congress largely opposed the actual ratification of the amendment, but they believed that it had little chance of being ratified, as ratification required approval by three quarters of the state legislatures. Taft himself favored proposing the amendment to the state legislatures largely because he believed that without it a new income tax would undermine the legitimacy of the Supreme Court. 373: 1658:, organized efforts to prevent its ratification. These conservative forces were initially confident that over a quarter of the state legislature would reject the income tax amendment, but the country shifted in a progressive direction after 1909. Numerous conservative state legislators lost power during the 1910 and 1912 election cycles, and the imposition of taxes in Wisconsin and other states served as evidence of the viability of a federal income tax. On February 3, 1913, Wyoming became the 36th state to approve the amendment, and later that month Secretary of State Knox declared that the United States had ratified the 1056:, as is customary. Taft stated in his inaugural address that he had been honored to have been "one of the advisers of my distinguished predecessor" and to have had a part "in the reforms he has initiated. I should be untrue to myself, to my promises, and to the declarations of the party platform on which I was elected if I did not make the maintenance and enforcement of those reforms a most important feature of my administration". He pledged to make those reforms long-lasting, ensuring that honest businessmen did not suffer uncertainty through change of policy. He spoke of the need for reduction of the 1897 9024: 2411:, commonly known as the "Bull Moose Party". Taft knew he would almost certainly be defeated, but concluded that through Roosevelt's loss at Chicago the party had been preserved as "the defender of conservative government and conservative institutions". Seeing Roosevelt as the greater electoral threat, Democratic nominee Wilson spent little time attacking Taft, arguing that Roosevelt had been lukewarm in opposing the trusts during his presidency, and that Wilson was the true reformer. Reverting to the 19th century custom that presidents seeking re-election did not campaign, Taft retreated to the 677: 2353: 367: 2269:, to impose the Senate amendments. Lodge thought that the treaties impinged on senatorial prerogatives, while Roosevelt sought to sabotage Taft's campaign promises and believed that arbitration was a naïve solution and that great issues had to be decided by warfare. Although no general arbitration treaty was entered into, Taft's administration settled several disputes with Great Britain by peaceful means, often involving arbitration. These included a settlement of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, a long-running dispute over seal hunting in the 2047: 1341: 2464: 2380:. Despite Roosevelt's popularity, Taft still held the loyalty of many Republican leaders, giving him a major advantage in the race for delegates. In an effort to shore up his support, Taft hit the campaign trail, becoming the first sitting president to do so during a primary campaign. Roosevelt dominated the primaries, winning 278 of the 362 Republican delegates selected in primaries, but Taft's control of the party machinery proved critical in helping him win the bulk of the delegates decided at district or state conventions. 2483:-like figure, with a narrow view of the presidency which made him unwilling to act for the public good. Roosevelt was not alone in his negative assessment, as every major newspaper reporter of that time who left reminiscences of Taft's presidency was critical of him. Taft was convinced he would be vindicated by history. After he left office, he was estimated to be about in the middle of U.S. presidents by greatness, and subsequent rankings by historians have by and large sustained that verdict. In a 2017 2415:. He spoke publicly only once, when making his nomination acceptance speech on August 1. He had difficulty in financing the campaign, as many industrialists had concluded he could not win and chose to support Wilson in order to block Roosevelt. Any remaining sense of optimism within the campaign evaporated when Vice President Sherman became seriously ill in October, and died six days before the election. In January (two months after the election), the Republican National Committee named 5463: 1767:

had been responsible for. On September 13, 1909, Taft dismissed Glavis from government service, relying on a report from Attorney General Wickersham dated two days previously. He also ordered government officials not to comment on the fracas. Pinchot was determined to dramatize the issue by forcing his own dismissal, which Taft tried to avoid, fearing that it might cause a break with Roosevelt. Taft asked Senator Elihu Root to look into the matter, and Root urged the firing of Pinchot.

1714:, the large manufacturer of farm equipment, in early 1912. As Roosevelt's administration had investigated International Harvester, but had taken no action (a decision Taft had supported), the suit became caught up in Roosevelt's challenge for the Republican presidential nomination. Supporters of Taft alleged that Roosevelt had acted improperly; the former president blasted Taft for waiting three and a half years, and until he was under challenge, to reverse a decision he had supported. 117: 537: 2400: 631: 5477: 9370: 6279: 595: 1971:, which was under construction throughout Taft's term (it opened in 1914), guided policy in the Caribbean and Central America. Previous administrations had made efforts to promote American business interests overseas, but Taft went a step further and used the web of American diplomats and consuls abroad to further trade. Such ties, Taft hoped, would promote world peace. Unlike his predecessor, Taft did not seek to arbitrate conflicts among the other 1706:

alleged that Roosevelt "had fostered monopoly, and had been duped by clever industrialists". Roosevelt was offended by the references to him and his administration in the pleadings, and felt that Taft could not evade command responsibility by saying he did not know of them. Historian Louis L. Gould suggests that Roosevelt was likely deceived into believing that U.S. Steel did not want to purchase the Tennessee company, but it was in fact a bargain.

9017: 1960:. The department's first in-service training program was established, and appointees spent a month in Washington before going to their posts. Taft and Secretary of State Knox had a strong relationship, and the president listened to his counsel on matters foreign and domestic. According to Coletta, however, Knox was not a good diplomat, and had poor relations with the Senate, press, and many foreign leaders, especially those from Latin America. 6289: 2004: 1750:. Taft agreed with the need for conservation, but felt it should be accomplished by legislation rather than executive order. He did not retain Garfield, an Ohioan, as secretary, choosing instead a westerner, former Seattle mayor Richard Ballinger. Roosevelt was surprised at the replacement, believing that Taft had promised to keep Garfield. Roosevelt had withdrawn much land from the public domain, including some in 2311:

invited him to stay at the White House. The former president declined, and in private letters to friends expressed dissatisfaction at Taft's performance. Nevertheless, he wrote that he expected Taft to be renominated by the Republicans in 1912, and did not speak of himself as a candidate. Taft and Roosevelt met twice in 1910; the meetings, though superficially cordial, did not display their former closeness.

1917:. Taft opposed these mechanisms, particularly the ability to recall judges, and he vetoed Arizona's statehood bill. Without any such constitutional issues, New Mexico joined the union as the 47th state on January 6, 1912. After Arizona wrote a new constitution removing the power to recall judges, Taft signed a bill admitting Arizona on February 14, 1912. Arizona then reinstated the recall clause. 1868:

the two-thirds threshold, the Senate abandoned its strategy of obstruction. An amendment to the Constitution establishing the popular election of United States senators by the people of the states was approved by Congress on May 13, 1912, and submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. By April 8, 1913, it had been ratified by the requisite number of states (36) to become the

627:, the Democratic nominee for the third time in four presidential elections. He campaigned on a progressive platform attacking "government by privilege", and portraying Republicans as beholden to powerful corporate interests and to the wealthy. Given that many of Roosevelt's reforms stemmed from his proposals, the Democrat argued that he himself was the true heir to Roosevelt's mantle. 1729: 2156:, and also represented the first time an American president visited Mexico. Diaz hoped to use the meeting as a propaganda tool to show that his government had the U.S.'s unconditional support. For his part, Taft was mainly interested in protecting American corporate investments in Mexico. The symbolically important meetings helped pave the way for the start of construction on the 2074:, who wanted to revoke commercial concessions granted to American companies. Secretary Knox was reportedly a major stockholder in one of the companies that would be hurt by such a move. The country was in debt to several foreign powers, and the U.S. was unwilling to have it (along with its alternate canal route) fall into the hands of Europeans. Zelaya and his elected successor, 5449: 1771:

to the legislative branch of the government and an unhappy president prepared to separate Pinchot from public office". Pinchot was dismissed, much to his delight, and he sailed for Europe to lay his case before Roosevelt. A congressional investigation followed, which cleared Ballinger by majority vote, but the administration was embarrassed when Glavis' attorney,

2225:, and was successful in gaining U.S. participation in the financing of the railroads. However, the Chinese decree authorizing the agreement also required the nationalization of local railroad companies in the affected provinces. Inadequate compensation was paid to the shareholders, and these grievances were among those which touched off the 2265:

then many Republicans were opposed to Taft, and the president felt that lobbying too hard for the treaties might cause their defeat. He made some speeches supporting the treaties in October 1911, but the Senate added amendments Taft could not accept, killing the agreements. Roosevelt worked with his close friend, Senator

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corporate tax was the first such tax ever implemented by the federal government in peacetime, and it would produce about four percent of the federal government's revenue between 1909 and 1913. Opponents of the tax tried to have the Supreme Court declare it unconstitutional, but the tax was upheld in the 1911 case of

518:, and ran against Taft and Wilson in the 1912 election. Roosevelt had already blocked LaFollette's ambitions, so he endorsed Wilson. The deep split among Republicans doomed Taft's re-election, giving Democrats control of the White House for the first time in sixteen years, as well as control of Congress. Historians 2244:. Taft was reluctant to recognize the new government, although American public opinion was in favor of it. The U.S. House of Representatives in February 1912 passed a resolution supporting a Chinese republic, but Taft and Knox felt recognition should come as a concerted action by Western powers. In his final 1867:

states that Congress must call a constitutional convention for proposing amendments when two-thirds of the state legislatures apply for one. By 1912, 27 states had called for a constitutional convention on the subject, with 31 states needed to reach the threshold. As the number of applications neared

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won 420,793 votes (2.8 percent). Nellie Taft said regarding the campaign, "There was nothing to criticize, except his not knowing or caring about the way the game of politics is played." Roosevelt, meanwhile, left office with regret that his tenure in the position he enjoyed so much was over. To keep

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Inevitably linked with Roosevelt, Taft generally falls in the shadow of the man who chose him to be president, and who took it away four years later. Political scientist Peri Arnold writes that most historians view Taft as a "conservative interregnum between activist reformers Roosevelt and Wilson,"

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During Roosevelt's fifteen months in Europe and Africa, from March 1909 to June 1910, neither man wrote much to the other. Taft biographer Lurie suggested that each expected the other to make the first move to re-establish their relationship on a new footing. Upon Roosevelt's triumphant return, Taft

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that would continue for another ten years. In the Arizona Territory, two citizens were killed and almost a dozen injured, some as a result of gunfire across the border. Taft would not be goaded into fighting and so instructed the territorial governor not to respond to provocations. In March 1911, he

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Partly due to the backlash over the high rates of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Taft urged the adoption of a free trade accord with Canada. Britain at that time still handled Canada's foreign relations, and Taft found the British and Canadian governments willing to engage in negotiations. Many in Canada

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During the debate over the Payne-Aldrich tariff in mid-1909, Congress passed a resolution for a constitutional amendment that would allow the federal government to levy an income tax without having to apportion that tax among the states. The amendment would overturn the Supreme Court's ruling in the

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had been wrongly decided but strongly supported judicial review. Roosevelt called for the "elimination of corporate expenditures for political purposes, physical valuation of railroad properties, regulation of industrial combinations, establishment of an export tariff commission, a graduated income

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Taft continued the policy against immigration from China and Japan as under Roosevelt. A revised treaty of friendship and navigation entered into by the U.S. and Japan in 1911 granted broad reciprocal rights to Japanese in America and Americans in Japan, but were premised on the continuation of the

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Taft was well-educated in foreign affairs, from his academic studies of international arbitration, to his administration of the Philippines, and especially his service as Secretary of War. His main innovation was to downplay the use of physical power and threats of power, and emphasize the nation's

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In January 1910, Pinchot forced the issue by sending a letter to Senator Jonathan Dolliver alleging that but for the actions of the Forestry Service, Taft would have approved a fraudulent claim on public lands. According to Pringle, this "was an utterly improper appeal from an executive subordinate

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In September 1909, Glavis made his allegations public in a magazine article, disclosing that Ballinger had acted as an attorney for Cunningham between his two periods of government service. This violated conflict of interest rules forbidding a former government official from advocacy on a matter he

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Taft did not enjoy the easy relationship with the press that Roosevelt had, choosing not to offer himself for interviews or photo opportunities as often as his predecessor had. His administration marked a change in style from the charismatic leadership of Roosevelt to Taft's quieter passion for the

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Taft favored settling international disputes via arbitration, and in 1911 Taft and Secretary of State Knox negotiated major treaties with Great Britain and France providing that differences be arbitrated. Neither Taft nor Knox consulted with members of the Senate during the negotiating process. By

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The situation in Mexico deteriorated throughout 1910, and there were a number of incidents in which Mexican rebels crossed the U.S. border to obtain horses and weapons. After Díaz jailed opposition candidate Madero prior to the 1910 presidential election, Madero's supporters responded by taking up

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Despite the inclusion of that tax, the Payne-Aldrich tariff greatly disappointed progressive Republicans, and the resulting disharmony in the Republican Party received widespread exposure in the press, providing the Democrats with a powerful campaign issue for the 1910 congressional elections. The

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for advice on his acceptance speech, saying that he needed "the president's judgment and criticism". He supported most of Roosevelt's policies. Taft argued that labor had a right to organize, but not boycott, and that corporations and the wealthy must also obey the law. He attributed blame for the

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As Roosevelt became more radical in his progressivism, Taft was hardened in his resolve to achieve re-nomination, as he was convinced that the progressives threatened the very foundation of the government. While Roosevelt attacked both parties as corrupt and overly dependent on special interests,

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as an alternative to warfare. Roosevelt—a warrior not a lawyer—rejected that line of thought as the product of a too-soft business culture. Taft was a constitutional lawyer who later became Chief Justice; he had a deep understanding of the legal issues. Taft's political base was the conservative

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were disappointing to the president, as Democrats took control of the House and many of Taft's preferred candidates were defeated. The election was a major victory for progressives in both parties, and ultimately helped encourage Roosevelt's 1912 third party run. Taft was also disappointed by the

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took a more militant stand for equality. Taft tended towards Washington's approach. According to Coletta, Taft let the African-American "be 'kept in his place' ... He thus failed to see or follow the humanitarian mission historically associated with the Republican party, with the result that

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In October 1911, Taft's Justice Department brought suit against U.S. Steel, demanding that over a hundred of its subsidiaries be granted corporate independence, and naming as defendants many prominent business executives and financiers. The pleadings in the case had not been reviewed by Taft, and

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Estimates vary on the overall average tariff rate reductions contained in the final bill; some estimates found that it would bring ad valorem tariff rates down from an average of approximately 40.2 percent to approximately 37 percent, but others asserted that it actually raised average rates. The

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survey 91 presidential historians ranked Taft 24th among the 43 former presidents, including then-president Barack Obama (unchanged from his ranking in 2009 and 2000). His rankings in the various categories of this most recent poll were as follows: public persuasion (31), crisis leadership (26),

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wrote that despite being "one of the most interesting, intellectual, and versatile presidents ... a chief justice of the United States, a wrestler at Yale, a reformer, a peace activist, and a baseball fan ... today, Taft is best remembered as the president who was so large that he got

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had been signed by the lame-duck Roosevelt administration in early 1909, and were approved by the Senate and also ratified by Panama. Colombia, however, declined to ratify the treaties, and after the 1912 elections, Knox offered $ 10 million to the Colombians (later raised to $ 25 million). The

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Taft announced in his inaugural address that he would not appoint African Americans to federal jobs, such as postmaster, where this would cause racial friction. This differed from Roosevelt, who would not remove or replace black officeholders with whom local whites would not deal. Termed Taft's

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Taft's dollar diplomacy approach remains fascinating to students of international affairs....The paternalism and cultural condescension that animated Taft and Philander Knox in Latin America continue to draw scorn from recent writers in this area....He insisted that the United States would not

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For the first 125 years of the federal government's existence, Americans did not directly vote for U.S. Senators. The Constitution, as it was adopted in 1788, stated that senators would be elected by state legislatures. During the 1890s, the House of Representatives passed several resolutions

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James S. Sherman had been added to the 1908 Republican ticket as a means to appease the conservative wing of the GOP, which viewed Taft as a progressive. As Taft moved to the right during his presidency, Sherman emerged an important ally to the president. Nominated for a second term at the

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towards Latin America, believing U.S. investment would benefit all involved and minimize European influence in the area. Although exports rose sharply during Taft's administration, his Dollar Diplomacy policy was unpopular among Latin American states that did not wish to become financial

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would have allowed Arizona and New Mexico to join the union as one state, but Arizona had voted against the combination in a referendum. In 1910, New Mexico and Arizona both wrote a constitution in anticipation of statehood, and Arizona's constitution included progressive ideas such as

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During the fall campaign Roosevelt showered Taft with advice and infused energy into his campaign. Consequently, accusations abounded that the president was in effect running Taft's campaign. His larger-than-life presence in the campaign also caught the attention of journalists and

1936:. It played a role in China and Latin America. He negotiated a reciprocity treaty for freer trade with Canada, but it became enmeshed in Canadian politics and was rejected. He became thoroughly entangled in domestic politics on the tariff issue, and the result divided his party. 1754:

thought rich in coal. In 1902, Idaho entrepreneur Clarence Cunningham had made mining claims to coal deposits in Alaska, and a government investigation into the matter lasted throughout Roosevelt's presidency. During part of that investigation, Ballinger served as head of the

1601:, took charge of drafting tariff legislation. On balance, the bill Payne introduced reduced tariffs slightly, but not nearly as much as Taft and progressive Republicans preferred. Payne's bill passed the House in April 1909; when it reached the Senate, the chairman of the 2488:

economic management (20), moral authority (25), international relations (21), administrative skills (12), relations with congress (23), vision/setting an agenda (28), pursued equal justice for all (22), performance with context of times (24). A 2018 poll of the

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Taft sent a special message to Congress on the need for a revamped antitrust statute when it convened its regular session in December 1911, but it took no action. Another antitrust case that had political repercussions for Taft was that brought against the

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Taft, seated at center, and his cabinet (September 1910), left to right: Richard Achilles Ballinger, George von Lengerke Meyer, Philander C. Knox, Charles Dyer Norton, Frank Harris Hitchcock, James Wilson, Franklin MacVeagh, George W. Wickersham, Charles

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on consumers, but favored policies that would shift the tax burden to corporations and high earners. While Roosevelt had largely avoided the tariff issue, Taft became the first Republican president to actively seek to lower tariff rates.

8145: 8140: 1621:, where minor reductions were made to tariff rates and the corporate income tax rate was lowered from two percent to one percent. Despite his disappointment with the high tariff rates contained in the final bill, Taft signed the 1512:. Three of Taft's appointees left the court by 1917, while Pitney and White remained on the court until the early 1920s. The conservative Van Devanter was the lone Taft appointee to serve past 1922, and he formed part of the 1863:

proposing a constitutional amendment for the direct election of senators, but the Senate refused to even take a vote on such a measure. A number of states began calling for a constitutional convention on the subject, since

1775:, proved that the Wickersham report had been backdated, which Taft belatedly admitted. The Ballinger–Pinchot affair caused progressives and Roosevelt loyalists to feel that Taft had turned his back on Roosevelt's agenda. 1670: 1779:"Southern Policy", this stance effectively invited white protests against black appointees. Taft followed through, removing most black office holders in the South, and made few appointments from that race in the North. 2082:. The U.S. had Nicaragua accept a loan, and sent officials to ensure it was repaid from government revenues. The country remained unstable, and after another coup in 1911 and more disturbances in 1912, Taft 568:. Roosevelt used his control of the party machinery to aid his heir apparent, and Roosevelt's political appointees were required to support Taft or remain silent. A number of Republican politicians, such as 8518: 2016:

in 1866. American farm and fisheries interests were also opposed to the treaty. Nonetheless, Taft reached an agreement with Canadian officials in early 1911, and Congress approved it in late July. The

1413:, he became ill during the campaign and died on October 30, 1912, just prior to the election. As the Constitution lacked a mechanism for choosing an intra-term replacement prior to ratification of the 2299:" promoted by Roosevelt in his first term. The problem was that Roosevelt and the more radical progressives had moved on to more aggressive goals, such as curbing the judiciary, which Taft rejected. 1826:

Taft proposed that the Post Office Department act as a bank that would accept small deposits. Though the idea was opposed by conservative Republicans such as Senator Aldrich and Speaker of the House

8999: 2209:, whom McKinley and Roosevelt had sent on several foreign missions. Knox did not listen to Calhoun on policy, and there were often conflicts. Taft and Knox tried unsuccessfully to extend John Hay's 1948:, noting, "it is organized on the basis of the needs of the government in 1800 instead of 1900." The department was for the first time organized into geographical divisions, including desks for the 1613:, who strongly opposed the high rates of the Payne-Aldrich tariff bill. Facing pressure from progressive senators to add an income tax to the bill, Taft and Aldrich instead arranged for Senator 643:

who bombarded the public with jokes about Taft being nothing but a Roosevelt stand-in; one suggested that "T.A.F.T." stood for "Take Advice From Theodore. In the end, Taft defeated Bryan by 321

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in December 1912, Taft indicated that he was moving towards recognition once the republic was fully established, but by then he had been defeated for re-election and he did not follow through.

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to add another amendment to the bill containing a two percent tax on corporate incomes over $ 5,000. Following the insertion of that amendment, the bill passed the Senate and went to a

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Mulhollan, Paige Elliott. "Philander C. Knox and Dollar Diplomacy, 1909-1913" (PhD dissertation The University of Texas at Austin, 1966.); online at ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

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companies under its authority and allowing it to set price ceilings on rail fares. The Commerce Court proved to be unpopular with members of Congress, and it was abolished in 1913.

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There was broad agreement between Taft and Knox on major foreign policy goals. The U.S. would not interfere in European affairs, and would use force if necessary to uphold the

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Taft won only Utah and Vermont, for a total of eight electoral votes, which set a record for electoral vote futility by a Republican candidate that was later matched by

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at a dinner hosted by the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce on January 15, 1909. Taft would develop a somewhat famous affinity for eating the animal after this dinner.

8994: 1869: 514:, but Taft was able to use his control of the party machinery to narrowly win his party's nomination. After the convention, Roosevelt left the party, formed the 241: 219: 2442:

of not just the presidency but also both houses of Congress, giving them unified control of the executive and legislative branches for the first time since the

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protectorates of the United States. Dollar Diplomacy also faced opposition in the U.S. Senate, as many senators believed the U.S. should not interfere abroad.

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searches run from page, "select research categories" then check "court type" and "nominating president", then select the court type and also William H. Taft.

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in 1967, the vice presidency remained vacant for the final 125 days of Taft's presidency. During that time, Secretary of State Philander C. Knox was next in

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Roosevelt gave a series of speeches in the West in the late summer and early fall of 1910. Roosevelt not only attacked the Supreme Court's 1905 decision in

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adding that "there can be no doubt that Taft's hesitancy as a leader and politician produced few accomplishments during his term." Scott Bomboy for the

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Korzi, Michael J. (2003). "Our Chief Magistrate and His Powers: A Reconsideration of William Howard Taft's "Whig" Theory of Presidential Leadership".

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Collin, Richard H. "Symbiosis versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft."

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ran, but when he made a major policy speech, Roosevelt took steps to minimize coverage of Hughes's candidacy. Taft faced no serious opposition at the

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Richard H. Collin "Symbiosis versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft."

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sent 20,000 American troops up to the Mexican border to protect American citizens and financial investments in Mexico. He told his military aide,

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Rouse, Robert (March 15, 2006). "Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference – 93 years young!". American Chronicle.

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and he won the presidential nomination on the first ballot. Taft hoped his running mate would be a Midwestern progressive such as Iowa Senator

208: 8819: 4698: 2364:, much to Taft's dismay. Roosevelt attacked his successor's administration, arguing that its guiding principles were not that of the party of 1464:

Throughout his career Taft identified with the judiciary, and he made six appointments to the Supreme Court, the most of any president except

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Taft began the campaign on the wrong foot, fueling the arguments of those who said he was not his own man by traveling to Roosevelt's home at

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His administration was filled with conflict between the conservative wing of the Republican Party, with which Taft often sympathized, and the

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domestic manufacturing, it also hurt U.S. exports and raised the cost of living for the average American. Many saw the tariff as a de facto

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Taft to be his logical successor, although Taft was initially reluctant to run, and would have preferred being appointed to the position of

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Fine, Gary Alan, and, Christopher Robertson. "Reputation in Rupture: Broken Alliances and Relational Politics in the Roosevelt‐Taft Split"

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Immediately following his inauguration, Taft called a special session of Congress to convene in March 1909 for the purpose of revising the

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was elected governor. With a divided government, the second half of Taft's term saw the passage of much less legislation than the first.

1360:. Meyer was shifted from the position of Postmaster General to the position of Secretary of the Navy. Taft also asked Secretary of State 821: 9399: 9394: 9124: 8667: 6209: 6199: 6184: 1647: 827: 745: 709: 353: 2625: 651:. He also won the popular vote by a comfortable margin, receiving 7,675,320 votes (51.6 percent) to Bryan's 6,412,294 (43.1 percent); 9164: 8939: 7325: 6311: 6249: 6189: 6174: 2935: 1702:, a decision the former president defended when testifying at the hearings. Taft, as Secretary of War, had praised the acquisitions. 1636:

intra-party divisions that opened during the tariff debate would plague the Republican Party for the remainder of Taft's presidency.

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Murphy, John (1995). "'Back to the Constitution': Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Republican Party Division 1910–1912".

9205: 9195: 9103: 8760: 8592: 8587: 8329: 6282: 6234: 6219: 4938: 2435: 2431: 2347: 763: 751: 549: 531: 449: 445: 390: 324: 307: 73: 1577:, but Taft and some other Republicans had come to believe that the Dingley Act had set the rates too high. Though the high tariff 615:) was needed to allow flexibility in the government's response to poor economic times. He also spoke out in favor of revisions to 9169: 8830: 8582: 7791: 7636: 7188: 6436: 6292: 6259: 6254: 6244: 6229: 5652: 2908: 2408: 1353: 1310: 1274: 1167: 793: 787: 775: 757: 569: 515: 423: 419: 5345:

Rubin, Ruth Bloch. "Organizing for Insurgency: Intraparty Organization and the Development of the House Insurgency, 1908–1910."

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Rossum, Ralph A. (1999). "The Irony of Constitutional Democracy: Federalism, the Supreme Court, and the Seventeenth Amendment".

8874: 8720: 8700: 8475: 8224: 6224: 3717: 2489: 1350: 1305: 5528: 1991:. However, Taft did express support for the creation of an international arbitration tribunal and called for an international 8969: 8745: 8642: 8455: 5411:

Trani, Eugene P. "Dollar Diplomacy." in Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas

5248: 5217: 5159: 5140: 5101: 5082: 4874: 4749: 3686: 3090: 2661: 2083: 686: 288: 4367: 2438:. In the popular vote, Wilson won 41.8 percent, while Roosevelt won 27.4 percent, and Taft took 23.2 percent. Democrats won 9050: 8964: 6352: 6264: 3142: 2468: 2361: 2321: 2132:, who was backed by a sizeable proportion of the population, and was also confronted with serious social unrest sparked by 1524:. Taft himself would succeed White as Chief Justice in 1921, and he served with Pitney and Van Devanter on the Taft Court. 948: 882: 801: 358: 283: 8979: 5283:

Pavord, Andrew C. (Summer 1996). "The Gamble for Power: Theodore Roosevelt's Decision to Run for the Presidency in 1912".

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The arbitration issue opens a window on a bitter dispute among progressives. Taft and many progressives looked to legal

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Newton McConnell cartoon showing Canadian suspicions that Taft and others were only interested in Canada when prosperous

1609:, attached numerous amendments that raised tariff rates. Aldrich's amendments outraged progressives such as Wisconsin's 1448: 231: 8989: 8841: 8822: 8685: 8450: 8035: 8006: 7278: 6013: 4988: 3806: 2098: 1457: 591:

of New York, a conservative. Taft resigned as Secretary of War on June 30 to devote himself full-time to the campaign.

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cases filed by the Taft administration served to further separate Taft and Roosevelt. Roosevelt challenged Taft at the

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Burns, Adam D. "Retentionist in chief: William Howard Taft and the question of Philippine independence, 1912–1916."

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During the 1908 campaign, Taft and Roosevelt had discussed which Cabinet officers would stay on, but Taft kept only

188: 9040: 8597: 7612: 7248: 6334: 5933: 5067: 3040: 2253: 1893: 1570: 1236: 1148: 982: 96: 63: 9119: 2656:. Vol. 1: Slogans, Issues, Programs, Personalities and Strategies. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 263. 1742:

Roosevelt was an ardent conservationist, assisted in this by like-minded appointees, including Interior Secretary

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No foreign affairs controversy tested Taft's statesmanship and commitment to peace more than the collapse of the

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Solvick, Stanley D. "The Conservative as Progressive: William Howard Taft and the Politics of the Square Deal"

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Stanley D. Solvick, "The Conservative as Progressive: William Howard Taft and the Politics of the Square Deal"

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intervene in revolutionary Mexico without the approval of Congress, which he knew would not be forthcoming.

2070:, American diplomats quietly favored rebel forces under Juan J. Estrada against the government of President 1535:. Taft also appointed judges to various specialized courts, including the first five appointees each to the 9424: 9373: 8914: 8784: 8525: 8414: 8304: 8269: 8219: 8204: 7333: 7308: 7272: 7206: 6103: 5983: 5953: 5843: 5823: 5743: 4694: 2456: 2443: 1842: 1800: 1536: 1019: 464: 258: 101: 5561: 5556:

Extensive essay on William Howard Taft and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and the First Lady

3104: 1669: 491:, using American banking investment to bolster influence in Latin America and China, with little success. 8954: 8637: 8552: 8506: 8334: 8229: 8209: 7536: 7296: 7284: 7192: 6073: 6043: 5783: 5713: 5645: 2330: 507: 476: 467:

of 1909 raised rates when most people expected reductions. Taft expanded Roosevelt's efforts to break up

366: 273: 4924:

Burns, Adam D. "Adapting to Empire: William H. Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Philippines, 1900–08."

2149: 1759:. When Ballinger, now Secretary of the Interior, finally approved the claims in 1909, Land Office agent 9088: 8557: 8394: 7314: 6123: 6113: 6093: 6063: 5873: 5723: 4346:

John P. Mallan, "Roosevelt, Brooks Adams, and Lea: The Warrior Critique of the Business Civilization."

2226: 1786:

felt that most blacks should be trained for industrial work, with only a few seeking higher education;

1686:, bringing 70 cases in four years (Roosevelt had brought 40 in seven years). Suits brought against the 1682:

Taft expanded Roosevelt's efforts to break up business combinations through lawsuits brought under the

652: 5793: 2197:

as most important in the Foreign Service. Knox did not agree, and declined a suggestion that he go to

2028:. No cross-border agreement was concluded, and the debate deepened divisions in the Republican Party. 1782:

At the time Taft was inaugurated, the way forward for African Americans was debated by their leaders.

8934: 8929: 8695: 8399: 8364: 8319: 8309: 8294: 8284: 8249: 8214: 7290: 6053: 2102:

Colombians felt the amount inadequate, and the matter was not settled under the Taft administration.

1368:

for the position. Others appointed to the Taft's inaugural Cabinet include Secretary of the Interior

1357: 1260: 463:—a tax on imports—then a major source of governmental income. However he was out-maneuvered. The new 337: 263: 9006: 8460: 8434: 8409: 8314: 8259: 8254: 8234: 8199: 8189: 5773: 5693: 3579: 1897: 1691: 1631: 1602: 985:. He also stated that Knox would play a role in advising him in selecting the rest of his Cabinet. 611:, to stock speculation and other abuses, and felt some reform of the currency (the U.S. was on the 2530: 2078:, were unable to put down the rebellion, and in August 1910, Estrada's forces took the capital of 1654:

After Congress passed the amendment, conservative Republican leaders, as well as businessmen like

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Marose, Gregory. "TR, Taft, and Trusts: How two old friends fought over antitrust laws in 1912."

892: 5546: 2320:, he accused the federal courts of undermining democracy, and called for them to be deprived of 2193:

affairs. Because of the potential for trade and investment, Taft ranked the post of minister to

2124:. When Taft entered office, Mexico was increasingly restless under the longtime dictatorship of 1763:

broke governmental protocol by going outside the Interior Department to seek help from Pinchot.

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The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson-The Fierce Battles over Money That Transformed the Nation

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edited by Gerald K. Haines and Samuel J. Walker, 91–114. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981).

3655: 2862:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State 2420: 1743: 1381: 1241: 624: 441: 5577: 2533:. Charlottesville, VA: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 4 October 2016 2213:

to Manchuria. In 1909, a British-led consortium began negotiations to finance a railroad from

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to remain in his position, but Root declined and instead recommended former Attorney General

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Monopoly brothers—high profits all carried by hapless little consumer 1912; by Thomas Powers

1011:, from January 29 through February 7, 1909. In Panama, he inspected the construction of the 8662: 8652: 7921: 7916: 7906: 7756: 7751: 7660: 7642: 7630: 7618: 7606: 7600: 6820: 6800: 6624: 6620: 6574: 6009: 5468: 5064:

The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism

2222: 1885: 1827: 1783: 1687: 1622: 1618: 1598: 1508:, although the court continued to strike down numerous economic regulations as part of the 1497: 1477: 1389: 1369: 1279: 1222: 1022:. During his transition, Taft also conducted some domestic traveling, including a visit to 897: 576: 9129: 2352: 8: 9277: 8944: 8807: 8615: 7826: 7564: 6596: 6583: 6479: 6362: 5939: 5859: 5550: 4088: 3726: 2416: 2316: 2273:

that also involved Japan, and a similar disagreement regarding fishing off Newfoundland.

2202: 2153: 2129: 2017: 1812: 1695: 1663: 1655: 1481: 1105: 1016: 997: 415: 268: 156: 23: 9353: 9289: 9235: 8647: 8512: 7941: 7881: 7771: 7666: 7648: 7624: 7546: 7391: 7373: 6570: 6561: 6483: 6372: 6367: 6357: 5929: 5533: 5320: 5292: 5271: 5196: 5192: 5173: 4977: 4893: 2245: 2206: 2165: 2157: 2121: 2111: 2013: 1906: 1578: 1574: 1377: 1340: 1191: 989: 955: 553: 434: 80: 6414: 2882:"AUGUSTA WELCOMES TAFTS.; President-Elect Finds Sand Greens Troublesome on Golf Links" 2295:

Stanley Solvick argues that President Taft abided by the goals and procedures of the "

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Paolo E. Coletta, “The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft.” In

3730: 3690: 3658:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 15 August 2016 3535: 2657: 2492:'s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Taft as the 25th best president. 2266: 1984: 1889: 1847: 1772: 1614: 1606: 1465: 1373: 1365: 1172: 1153: 1001: 978: 584: 278: 5333: 4997:

Coletta, Paolo E. “The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft.” In

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opposed an accord, fearing the U.S. would discard it when convenient, as it had the

8904: 8020: 8015: 7926: 7846: 7821: 7811: 7684: 7594: 7457: 7433: 7385: 7349: 6664: 6600: 6587: 6557: 6544: 6466: 6453: 5919: 5909: 5889: 5849: 5799: 5749: 5699: 5615: 5454: 5304: 5188: 2210: 2173:, that "I am going to sit on the lid and it will take a great deal to pry me off". 2059: 2037: 2024:, deadlocked over the issue, and the Canadians turned Laurier out of office in the 1988: 1933: 1562: 1473: 1397: 1393: 1291: 1203: 1124: 1049: 952: 640: 588: 572: 488: 468: 248: 5630: 5503: 5094:

Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics

2164:

arms against the government. This unrest resulted in both the ousting of Díaz and

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Burns, Adam. "Fit to be president: William Howard Taft, sports and athleticism."

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edited by Gerald K. Haines and Samuel J. Walker, 91–114. (Greenwood Press, 1981).

3810: 3529: 2653:

Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms: The Complete Encyclopedia

2388: 2365: 2303: 2133: 2021: 1964: 1914: 1799:

Taft sought greater regulation of railroads, and he proposed the creation of the

1747: 1733: 1590: 1485: 495: 8070: 5238: 4947:

The Learned Presidency: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Wilson, Woodrow

2407:

Alleging Taft had stolen the nomination, Roosevelt and his followers formed the

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Chief Executive to Chief Justice:Taft Betwixt the White House and Supreme Court

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After the 1910 elections, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive ideals, a

2241: 2170: 2145: 1957: 1851: 1815:

established the Commerce Court and increased the authority of the ICC, placing

1808: 1582: 1057: 656: 453: 224: 2630:

Presidential Campaigns & Elections Reference: An American History Resource

2075: 1052:

with ice, Taft was sworn in within the Senate Chamber rather than outside the

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E. James Hindman, "The General Arbitration Treaties of William Howard Taft."

3694: 2832: 2804: 2776: 2472: 1980: 1953: 1787: 1699: 1489: 1385: 1329: 612: 608: 603: 484: 3803: 544:, as Taft learns by telephone from Roosevelt of his nomination for president 116: 9312: 8060: 8055: 7976: 7956: 7911: 7861: 7831: 7796: 7720: 7702: 7487: 7475: 7367: 7355: 7343: 7160: 7140: 7120: 6470: 6119: 6109: 6089: 6059: 5719: 4295:

John P. Campbell, "Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911,"

3656:"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators" 2962:"Plating Possum | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives" 2201:

to view the facts on the ground. Taft replaced Roosevelt's minister there,

2190: 2137: 1992: 1968: 1760: 1662:. After Taft left office, a new federal income tax was imposed through the 1501: 1012: 556:

announced that he would not seek re-election in 1908. Roosevelt considered

5008:(Meckler, 1989) 310pp comprehensive, annotated guide to published sources. 4260:

Robert J. Fischer, "Henry Cabot Lodge and the Taft Arbitration Treaties."

3804:

Arizona State Library, Archives, and Public Record – The Road to Statehood

3172: 2909:"Politics and Possum Feasts: Presidents Who Ate Opossums | Folklife Today" 1791:

Negroes both North and South began to drift toward the Democratic party."

1569:, and were the highest in history. The Republican Party had made the high 9271: 9215: 9139: 8079: 8074: 8065: 8050: 8025: 8011: 7876: 7672: 7582: 7481: 7379: 7100: 7084: 7080: 7064: 7044: 6920: 6904: 6884: 6784: 6049: 4092: 2412: 2296: 2233: 2186: 2140:

in the north. In October 1909, Taft and Díaz exchanged visits across the

2041: 1972: 1835: 1566: 1509: 1061: 971: 648: 536: 178: 85: 5581:

a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

5476: 5383:

Solvick, Stanley D. "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff."

5296: 5275: 5200: 5016: 4897: 4884:

Anderson, Donald F. (Winter 1982). "The Legacy of William Howard Taft".

4362:

John E. Noyes, "William Howard Taft and the Taft Arbitration Treaties."

4281: 3917: 575:, tested the waters for a run, but chose to stay out. New York Governor 8001: 7971: 7931: 7816: 7505: 7499: 7469: 7144: 7124: 7004: 6984: 6724: 6720: 5769: 5689: 5620: 5406: 5388: 4351: 4300: 3531:

Booker T. Washington : Volume 2: The Wizard Of Tuskegee, 1901–1915

2427: 2399: 2369: 2270: 1910: 1505: 1361: 959: 660:

out of Taft's way, he arranged for a year-long hunting trip to Africa.

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Prologue-Quarterly Of The National Archives And Records Administration

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Roberts, Robert North; Hammond, Scott J.; Sulfaro, Valerie A. (2012).

9259: 8919: 7708: 7104: 7024: 6129: 5022: 2377: 2067: 1820: 1816: 902: 5133:

The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920

4827:"How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?" 4085:"The Taft-Diaz meeting: the first U.S. Presidential visit to Mexico" 8765: 7986: 7493: 7164: 7020: 6924: 6303: 4203: 4167: 2232:

After the Chinese Revolution broke out, the revolt's leaders chose

2094: 1949: 1881: 1850:

in the 1910 Ohio gubernatorial race, while in New Jersey, Democrat

1738:

magazine cover: Roosevelt departs, entrusting his policies to Taft.

1521: 1000:

would serve as his secretary of the treasury. However, by March 4,

483:

on China and Japan, and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove

479:, more than all but two other presidents. In foreign affairs, Taft 5579:"Growing into Public Service: William Howard Taft's Boyhood Home", 4865:

William Howard Taft: A Conservative's Conception of the Presidency

2086:; though most were soon withdrawn, some remained as late as 1933. 1884:'s admission in 1907, there had been 46 states in the union, with 475:

and other very large companies. Taft made six appointments to the

4756: 4143: 2218: 2198: 2079: 2003: 1027: 1023: 967: 3594: 1573:

the central plank of their economic policy since the end of the

5606: 5565: 4933:

William Howard Taft and the Philippines: A Blueprint for Empire

4131: 3626: 3624: 2484: 2214: 2117: 2090: 1807:(ICC), which provided federal oversight to railroads and other 1751: 1008: 616: 460: 3896: 3894: 3364: 3362: 5052:

German, James C. "Taft, Roosevelt, and United States Steel."

4619: 4472: 4155: 3879: 3434: 2194: 2097:, and the United States to resolve disputes arising from the 1060:, for antitrust reform, and for continued advancement of the 1048:

was held on March 4, 1909. Due to a winter storm that coated

963: 647:

to 162, carrying all but three states outside the Democratic

4825:

Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (19 February 2018).

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Roosevelt engraved in public memory the image of Taft as a

1728: 5490: 4256: 4254: 3929:

Sprout, Harold Hance; Sprout, Margaret (8 December 2015).

2152:. Their meetings were the first ever between a U.S. and a 4595: 4484: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4239: 3446: 3410: 3287: 3239: 3200: 3122: 3016: 2670: 2506: 2504: 1998: 433:

from Ohio. The protégé and chosen successor of President

5401:

Solvick, Stanley D. "William Howard Taft and Cannonism"

4780: 4643: 4191: 4045: 4021: 3985: 3636: 3461: 3188: 3078: 2992: 2605: 2324:. This attack horrified Taft, who privately agreed that 2058:

Taft and Secretary of State Knox instituted a policy of

1460:. Taft himself succeeded White as Chief Justice in 1921. 1007:

During his presidential transition period, Taft visited

977:

On December 19, 1908, Taft announced that he had chosen

448:. His presidency ended with his landslide defeat in the 4999:

American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review,

4251: 3997: 3867: 3855: 3824:

American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review,

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to replace Sherman and to receive his electoral votes.

1870:

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1500:

proved to be less conservative than both the preceding

1492:

in 1912. Additionally, Taft elevated Associate Justice

5322:

The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography

5310:

The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography

5170:

Insurgency; personalities and politics of the Taft era

4926:

Comparative American Studies: An International Journal

4607: 4448: 4424: 4385: 4119: 4107: 3548: 3497: 3323: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3227: 3215: 3105:"U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations: 1789–Present" 2756:. Los Angeles Herald. The Associated Press. 1908-11-18 2730: 2501: 4725: 4559: 4520: 4373: 4060: 3710:"Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution" 2649: 2581: 951:

Taft spoke in agreement with the stance expressed by

5444: 4549: 4547: 3386: 1834:. Taft also oversaw the establishment of a domestic 5660: 5612:

Works by or about Presidency of William Howard Taft

3041:"James S. Sherman, 27th Vice President (1909–1912)" 540:One of a series of candid photographs known as the 5058:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1972.tb00430.x 4976: 4862: 4847: 4691:"Clearing Up the William Howard Taft Bathtub Myth" 4583: 4571: 4532: 4508: 3937: 3311: 3173:"Biographical Dictionary of the Federal Judiciary" 3055: 2831: 2803: 2775: 1004:was instead chosen for secretary of the treasury. 16:U.S. presidential administration from 1909 to 1913 5131:Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). 4824: 4713: 4544: 3617:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 84–87. 2221:. Taft appealed personally to the Prince Regent, 1597:and an ally of conservative Speaker of the House 682:This article or section is part of a series about 9386: 4737: 3473: 3374: 3035: 3033: 3031: 2694: 2593: 908:Pre-Election Presidential Transition Act of 2010 5375:The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration 5359:The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration 5356: 4209: 4173: 4149: 4137: 3933:. Princeton University Press. pp. 286–288. 3885: 3780:"New Mexico's path to statehood often faltered" 1875: 587:, but instead the convention named Congressman 3773: 3771: 3747: 3745: 3743: 2356:Taft and Roosevelt – political enemies in 1912 2322:the power to rule legislation unconstitutional 2290: 2128:. Díaz faced strong political opposition from 1939: 1932:rapidly growing economic power. He called it " 1857: 1496:to the position of chief justice in 1910. The 623:. Taft's opponent in the general election was 8792: 6319: 5646: 5373:[* Scholes, Walter V., and Marie V. Scholes. 5357:Scholes, Walter V; Scholes, Marie V. (1970). 5210:William Howard Taft: Progressive Conservative 5152:Theodore Roosevelt: Preacher of Righteousness 3534:. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 341. 3028: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 1830:, Taft won passage of a law establishing the 928: 391: 9077:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands 4806:. National Cable Satellite Corporation. 2017 4800:"Historians Survey Results: William H. Taft" 4291: 4289: 3928: 3141:Galloway Jr., Russell Wl (January 1, 1985). 3140: 3089:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnderson_2000 ( 2750:"TAFT SUPPORTS WRIGHT IN FREE TRADE OPINION" 2236:as provisional president of what became the 8578:National Republican Congressional Committee 3768: 3751: 3740: 2936:"Politicians and possums? It's complicated" 2205:, as uninterested in the China trade, with 1944:Taft made it a priority to restructure the 1717: 988:On February 17, 1909, it was reported that 8799: 8785: 8668:High School Republican National Federation 6326: 6312: 6288: 5653: 5639: 4272: 4270: 4095:: Roosevelt Institute for American Studies 3754:"How Arizona almost didn't become a state" 2516: 2475:to commemorate William Howard Taft's life. 2376:Taft feared that Roosevelt was becoming a 935: 921: 398: 384: 22: 8940:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 5347:Studies in American Political Development 5318: 5303: 4958:William Howard Taft, Confident Peacemaker 4883: 4860: 4774: 4625: 4601: 4478: 4286: 4161: 4054: 3967: 3873: 3861: 3777: 3708:Huckabee, David C. (September 30, 1997). 3630: 3515: 3491: 3467: 3428: 3084: 3072: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2724: 2712: 2688: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2510: 1927:History of U.S. foreign policy, 1897–1913 1444:William Howard Taft judicial appointments 888:Vice President-elect of the United States 429:, and ended on March 4, 1913. Taft was a 9420:1913 establishments in the United States 9415:1909 establishments in the United States 8761:Timeline of modern American conservatism 8593:Republican Attorneys General Association 8588:National Republican Senatorial Committee 5596:) is being considered for deletion. See 4974: 4786: 4762: 4664:"William Howard Taft: Impact and Legacy" 4649: 4637: 4502: 4466: 4442: 4418: 4312: 4233: 4221: 4197: 4185: 4039: 4015: 4003: 3979: 3955: 3900: 3707: 3600: 3566: 3554: 3521: 3503: 3455: 3440: 3416: 3404: 3368: 3353: 3293: 3245: 3209: 3022: 2968:. United States House of Representatives 2777:"KNOX TO BE PREMIER OF THE TAFT CABINET" 2736: 2676: 2611: 2587: 2462: 2449: 2398: 2351: 2348:1912 United States presidential election 2341: 2045: 2002: 1727: 1668: 1648:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 1447: 1437: 1339: 629: 593: 535: 532:1908 United States presidential election 522:Taft to have been an average president. 437:, he took office after easily defeating 8806: 8583:National Republican Redistricting Trust 4952: 4935:(University of Tennessee Press, 2020). 4267: 4245: 4125: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4066: 4027: 3991: 3752:Bommersbach, Jana (February 13, 2012). 2624:Goodman, Bonnie K., ed. (5 July 2011). 2623: 2531:"William Taft: Campaigns and Elections" 1556: 1551: 1498:Supreme Court under Chief Justice White 333:10th Chief Justice of the United States 9387: 9051:Creation of the Supreme Court Building 8875:Solicitor General of the United States 8701:Republican National Coalition for Life 5562:"Life Portrait of William Howard Taft" 5255:; biography of Roosevelt as president 5130: 5091: 5072: 5031:(Kindle ed.). Henry Holt and Co. 4688: 4661: 4565: 4113: 3778:Linthicum, Leslie (October 23, 2013). 3718:Congressional Research Service reports 3676: 3527: 3097: 2959: 2933: 2906: 2490:American Political Science Association 1999:Proposed free trade accord with Canada 1639: 1541:United States Court of Customs Appeals 487:governments. It followed a policy of 43:March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 9082:Philippines Civil Governor, 1901–1904 8780: 8643:Republican National Hispanic Assembly 6307: 5634: 5547:William Howard Taft: A Resource Guide 5178: 4979:The Presidency of William Howard Taft 4490: 4406: 3687:University of San Diego School of Law 3642: 3612: 3194: 3061: 2784:. Lancaster New Era. 19 December 1908 2120:regime and subsequent turmoil of the 1527:Taft also appointed 13 judges to the 8965:Commission on Economy and Efficiency 6333: 5385:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5342:(Times Books, 2018) short biography. 4906:European Journal of American Culture 4748:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMason ( 4682: 4072: 3134: 2960:Winick, Stephen (9 September 2015). 2626:"Overviews & Chronologies: 1908" 2281:According to Lewis L. Gould in 2009: 1967:in the Americas. The defense of the 1811:engaged in interstate commerce. The 1794: 883:President-elect of the United States 619:rates and favored strengthening the 498:wing, led by Theodore Roosevelt and 284:Commission on Economy and Efficiency 9201:1912 Republican National Convention 9191:1908 Republican National Convention 9125:Birthplace, home, and historic site 8864:Governor-General of the Philippines 5571:American Presidents: Life Portraits 5517:Michigan State University Libraries 5491:William Taft National Historic Site 5417: 5122:The Presidents: A Reference History 5006:William Howard Taft: A Bibliography 4960:. Saint Joseph's University Press. 4854:Bibliography of William Howard Taft 4804:Presidential Historians Survey 2017 3943: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3233: 3221: 2934:Fuller, Jaime (24 September 2014). 2840:. The Argos Reflector. 4 March 1909 2394: 2385:1912 Republican National Convention 2336: 1832:United States Postal Savings System 1546: 1423:Presidential Succession Act of 1886 1411:1912 Republican National Convention 1040:Inauguration of William Howard Taft 581:1908 Republican National Convention 525: 512:1912 Republican National Convention 195:27th President of the United States 52: 13: 8823:Chief Justice of the United States 8686:Republican Main Street Partnership 5330:Republican campaign text-book 1912 5282: 5261: 5233: 5193:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2003.tb00031.x 5149: 5135:. University of New Mexico Press. 5112:The William Howard Taft Presidency 4689:Bomboy, Scott (February 6, 2013). 4662:Arnold, Peri E. (4 October 2016). 4613: 4589: 4538: 4514: 4454: 4430: 4394: 2599: 2031: 1920: 1458:Chief Justice of the United States 1403: 1384:, Secretary of Commerce and Labor 14: 9436: 9400:Presidencies of the United States 9395:Presidency of William Howard Taft 8975:United States Chamber of Commerce 8628:Congressional Hispanic Conference 5603:Presidency of William Howard Taft 5600:to help reach a consensus. › 5558:– Miller Center of Public Affairs 5531:collected news and commentary at 5529:Presidency of William Howard Taft 5504:Text of a number of Taft speeches 5440: 5264:Irish Journal of American Studies 5207: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4553: 4526: 4379: 3837:Presidency of William Howard Taft 3479: 3392: 3380: 3128: 2700: 1757:United States General Land Office 1565:. Rates had been set by the 1897 1067: 412:presidency of William Howard Taft 38:Presidency of William Howard Taft 9369: 9368: 9022: 9015: 8598:Republican Governors Association 7137:2020 (Charlotte/other locations) 6287: 6278: 6277: 5475: 5461: 5447: 5361:. University of Missouri Press. 5021: 4818: 4792: 4655: 4577: 4356: 4340: 4327: 4318: 2812:. Waukegan News-Sun. 17 Feb 1900 2189:, Taft was keenly interested in 675: 471:, launching legal cases against 371: 365: 140: 115: 9206:1912 U.S. presidential election 9196:1908 U.S. presidential election 8985:State of the Union Address 1912 5662:Presidents of the United States 5508:Miller Center of Public Affairs 4848:Works cited and further reading 3922: 3906: 3842: 3829: 3816: 3797: 3701: 3670: 3648: 3606: 3572: 3165: 3043:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Senate 2953: 2927: 2900: 2874: 2852: 2824: 2796: 2768: 2742: 2643: 1712:International Harvester Company 1325:Secretary of Commerce and Labor 1033: 8856:United States Secretary of War 8834:President of the United States 8691:Republican Majority for Choice 8519:Steering and Policy Committees 5513:Audio clips of Taft's speeches 5285:Presidential Studies Quarterly 5212:. Cambridge University Press. 5181:Presidential Studies Quarterly 5096:. University Press of Kansas. 5077:. University Press of Kansas. 4983:. University Press of Kansas. 4975:Coletta, Paolo Enrico (1973). 4886:Presidential Studies Quarterly 3723:Congressional Research Service 2907:Winick, Stephen (2019-09-09). 2754:www.chroniclingamerica.loc.gov 2617: 2259: 1975:. Taft avoided involvement in 1805:Interstate Commerce Commission 1595:House Ways and Means Committee 1428: 427:president of the United States 1: 9330:Backstairs at the White House 8960:Pinchot–Ballinger controversy 8925:Federal Corrupt Practices Act 8756:International Democracy Union 5585: 5403:Wisconsin Magazine of History 5150:Hawley, Joshua David (2008). 2495: 2276: 2254:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 2099:Panamanian Revolution of 1903 2054:, Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, 1909 1865:Article V of the Constitution 1724:Pinchot–Ballinger controversy 1533:United States district courts 1064:toward full self-government. 663: 414:began on March 4, 1909, when 9094:1906–1909 Occupation of Cuba 8970:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua 8845:Provisional Governor of Cuba 4869:. Cornell University Press. 4861:Anderson, Donald F. (1973). 4695:National Constitution Center 3931:Rise of American Naval Power 2457:National Constitution Center 2403:1912 Electoral vote by state 2020:, led by Prime Minister Sir 1876:States admitted to the Union 1801:United States Commerce Court 1677: 1537:United States Commerce Court 1372:, Secretary of the Treasury 456:, after one term in office. 289:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua 236: 7: 8955:Defense Secrets Act of 1911 8638:Republican Jewish Coalition 8553:Republican Governance Group 5418:Weisman, Steven R. (2002). 4297:Journal of American History 3580:"Commerce Court, 1910–1913" 2291:Moving apart from Roosevelt 2176: 2142:Mexico–United States border 1940:Organization and principles 1858:Direct election of senators 634:1908 electoral vote results 477:United States Supreme Court 10: 9441: 9410:1910s in the United States 9405:1900s in the United States 9160:High school (New York City 8558:Republican Study Committee 5319:Pringle, Henry F. (1939). 4851: 3813:Accessed November 6, 2006. 3143:"The Taft Court (1921–29)" 2345: 2246:annual message to Congress 2227:Chinese Revolution of 1911 2109: 2035: 1924: 1721: 1441: 1072: 1037: 550:1904 presidential election 529: 446:1908 presidential election 9348: 9305: 9214: 9183: 9112: 9064: 9031: 9013: 8935:Apportionment Act of 1911 8930:Wireless Ship Act of 1910 8885: 8814: 8733: 8696:Republican Liberty Caucus 8676: 8606: 8568: 8499: 8488: 8443: 8182: 8168: 8108: 7739: 7730: 7521: 7324: 7187: 6383: 6343: 6273: 6145: 5668: 5154:. Yale University Press. 5049:(2020) 35:1, pages 73–94. 4264:78 (Spring 1979): 244–58. 3582:. Federal Judicial Center 3528:Harlan, Louis R. (1983). 3175:. Federal Judicial Center 2105: 1803:to hear appeals from the 1358:George von Lengerke Meyer 1319: 1300: 1275:Secretary of the Interior 1273: 1269: 1261:George von Lengerke Meyer 1250: 1231: 1212: 1185: 1181: 1168:Secretary of the Treasury 1162: 1143: 1118: 1114: 1095: 1079: 1046:presidential inauguration 548:After his victory in the 264:Wireless Ship Act of 1910 111: 91: 79: 69: 59: 47: 34: 30: 21: 9254:Robert Alphonso Taft Jr. 9104:National War Labor Board 8915:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act 8466:Northern Mariana Islands 5598:templates for discussion 5424:. Simon & Schuster. 5396:Northwest Ohio Quarterly 5208:Lurie, Jonathan (2011). 5092:Gould, Lewis L. (2008). 5073:Gould, Lewis L. (2014). 4765:, pp. 259, 264–265. 4670:. University of Virginia 4335:Northwest Ohio Quarterly 4299:(1966) 53#2 pp: 279–298 4262:South Atlantic Quarterly 3852:pp 51–64, 79–92, 139–54. 3603:, pp. 125–126, 255. 3344:, pp. 254, 264–265. 3308:, pp. 228, 233–234. 2833:"TAFT CABINET IS FILLED" 2150:Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 1993:arms reduction agreement 1898:Contiguous United States 1718:Ballinger–Pinchot affair 1692:American Tobacco Company 1632:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. 1603:Senate Finance Committee 1529:federal courts of appeal 1396:replaced Dickinson, and 1306:Secretary of Agriculture 689:presidential transitions 598:1908 Taft/Sherman poster 465:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act 259:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act 149:This article is part of 9248:William Howard Taft III 9099:League to Enforce Peace 5405:(1964) 48#1 pp: 48–58 5315:, covers the presidency 5062:Goodwin, Doris Kearns. 4939:2010 PhD version online 3131:, p. 121, 123–128. 2805:"TAFT CABINET COMPLETE" 2026:September 1911 election 1388:, and Attorney General 1020:José Domingo de Obaldía 893:End of Term Web Archive 9298:(paternal grandfather) 9242:Charles Phelps Taft II 9089:Taft–Katsura agreement 8980:Ceremonial first pitch 8548:Problem Solvers Caucus 5760:William Henry Harrison 5056:34.4 (1972): 598–613. 5015:19.3 (1995): 473–497. 4918:61.2 (2013): 163–192. 4908:40.2 (2021): 121–134. 4337:(1967_ 39#3 pp. 38–48. 3916:19.3 (1995): 473–497. 3613:Busch, Andrew (1999). 3147:Santa Clara Law Review 2476: 2421:Nicholas Murray Butler 2404: 2357: 2288: 2055: 2008: 1843:1910 midterm elections 1739: 1674: 1461: 1419:line to the presidency 1415:Twenty-fifth Amendment 1382:Frank Harris Hitchcock 1346: 1242:Frank Harris Hitchcock 992:would serve as Taft's 947:On November 17, 1908, 635: 625:William Jennings Bryan 607:recent recession, the 599: 545: 442:William Jennings Bryan 354:National Historic Site 295:Presidential campaigns 9046:Judiciary Act of 1925 8995:Judicial appointments 8633:Log Cabin Republicans 5990:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5413:(1978): 1:268. online 5398:(1967) 39#3 pp 38–48. 5387:50.3 (1963): 424–442 5379:online free to borrow 5120:Graff, Henry F., ed. 4928:11.4 (2013): 418–433. 4852:Further information: 4350:8.3 (1956): 216–230. 3443:, pp. 85–86, 89. 2915:. Library of Congress 2860:"William Howard Taft" 2467:On June 4, 1930, the 2466: 2450:Historical reputation 2402: 2355: 2342:Republican nomination 2283: 2181:Having served as the 2110:Further information: 2049: 2006: 1925:Further information: 1841:The results from the 1731: 1684:Sherman Antitrust Act 1672: 1611:Robert M. La Follette 1531:and 38 judges to the 1518:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1494:Edward Douglass White 1470:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1454:Edward Douglass White 1451: 1438:Judicial appointments 1380:, Postmaster General 1351:Agriculture Secretary 1343: 1256:Secretary of the Navy 633: 621:Sherman Antitrust Act 597: 539: 500:Robert M. La Follette 459:Taft sought to lower 123:Seal of the president 9354:← Theodore Roosevelt 9230:Robert Alphonso Taft 9041:Supreme Court career 8910:Income Tax amendment 8663:Republicans Overseas 8653:Teen Age Republicans 8456:District of Columbia 6857:1964 (San Francisco) 6817:1956 (San Francisco) 6353:National Union Party 6010:Dwight D. Eisenhower 5469:United States portal 5349:27.2 (2013): 86–110 5114:(UP of Kansas 2009) 4364:Villanova Law Review 4280:36.1 (1973): 52–65. 3982:, pp. 185, 190. 3679:San Diego Law Review 2383:At the start of the 2223:Zaifeng, Prince Chun 2136:in the south and by 1977:international events 1902:Enabling Act of 1906 1886:New Mexico Territory 1784:Booker T. Washington 1688:Standard Oil Company 1623:Payne-Aldrich tariff 1619:conference committee 1599:Joseph Gurney Cannon 1557:Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1552:Tariffs and taxation 1478:Charles Evans Hughes 1400:replaced Ballinger. 1390:George W. Wickersham 1370:Richard A. Ballinger 1280:Richard A. Ballinger 1223:George W. Wickersham 898:Midnight regulations 577:Charles Evans Hughes 542:Evolution of a Smile 254:Income Tax amendment 9425:William Howard Taft 9278:Charles Phelps Taft 9150:U.S. Postage stamps 8808:William Howard Taft 8616:College Republicans 7037:2000 (Philadelphia) 6777:1948 (Philadelphia) 6737:1940 (Philadelphia) 6554:1900 (Philadelphia) 6463:1872 (Philadelphia) 6411:1856 (Philadelphia) 6363:Fourth Party System 5940:William Howard Taft 5860:Rutherford B. Hayes 5621:William Howard Taft 5574:, September 6, 1999 5551:Library of Congress 5340:William Howard Taft 5230:44.3 (2012): 46–53. 4734:, pp. 196–197. 4640:, pp. 245–246. 4628:, pp. 832–835. 4616:, pp. 213–218. 4529:, pp. 163–166. 4505:, pp. 227–228. 4493:, pp. 313–315. 4481:, pp. 183–185. 4469:, pp. 225–226. 4457:, pp. 635–640. 4445:, pp. 222–225. 4433:, pp. 117–119. 4421:, pp. 219–221. 4409:, pp. 309–310. 4397:, pp. 110–113. 4382:, pp. 129–130. 4315:, pp. 168–169. 4236:, pp. 199–200. 4224:, pp. 198–199. 4212:, pp. 217–221. 4210:Scholes and Scholes 4188:, pp. 194–195. 4176:, pp. 126–129. 4174:Scholes and Scholes 4164:, pp. 250–255. 4150:Scholes and Scholes 4138:Scholes and Scholes 4042:, pp. 186–187. 4018:, pp. 187–190. 3970:, pp. 593–595. 3958:, pp. 141–152. 3903:, pp. 183–185. 3886:Scholes and Scholes 3839:pp 141–52, 167–200. 3784:Albuquerque Journal 3727:Library of Congress 3721:. Washington D.C.: 3645:, pp. 310–311. 3633:, pp. 569–579. 3615:Horses in Midstream 3569:, pp. 126–129. 3518:, pp. 509–513. 3494:, pp. 507–509. 3431:, pp. 483–485. 3407:, pp. 160–163. 3395:, pp. 145–147. 3371:, pp. 157–159. 3356:, pp. 154–157. 3332:, pp. 251–254. 3284:, pp. 233–234. 3272:, pp. 231–233. 3260:, pp. 228–230. 3236:, pp. 218–219. 3224:, pp. 211–212. 3197:, pp. 307–308. 3013:, pp. 383–387. 2989:, pp. 393–395. 2691:, pp. 358–360. 2578:, pp. 348–353. 2566:, pp. 337–338. 2554:, pp. 321–322. 2417:Columbia University 2368:, but those of the 2317:Lochner v. New York 2240:, overthrowing the 2203:William W. Rockhill 2130:Francisco I. Madero 2018:Canadian Parliament 1892:the only remaining 1746:and Chief Forester 1664:Revenue Act of 1913 1660:Sixteenth Amendment 1656:John D. Rockefeller 1640:Sixteenth Amendment 1504:and the succeeding 1482:Willis Van Devanter 1376:, Secretary of War 1106:William Howard Taft 1017:President of Panama 998:Willis Van Devanter 810:Planned transitions 416:William Howard Taft 343:Supreme Court cases 274:Defense Secrets Act 158:William Howard Taft 9338:Theodore Roosevelt 9290:Horace Dutton Taft 9236:Helen Taft Manning 8648:Republicans Abroad 8513:Legislative Digest 6977:1988 (New Orleans) 6917:1976 (Kansas City) 6897:1972 (Miami Beach) 6877:1968 (Miami Beach) 6677:1928 (Kansas City) 6541:1896 (Saint Louis) 6528:1892 (Minneapolis) 6373:Sixth Party System 6368:Fifth Party System 6358:Third Party System 5930:Theodore Roosevelt 5534:The New York Times 5047:Sociological Forum 5013:Diplomatic History 5004:Coletta, Paolo E. 4916:Philippine Studies 4348:American Quarterly 4324:Gould, 2009 p 214. 3914:Diplomatic History 3809:2006-12-09 at the 2886:The New York Times 2477: 2405: 2358: 2207:William J. Calhoun 2158:Elephant Butte Dam 2122:Mexican Revolution 2112:Mexican Revolution 2072:José Santos Zelaya 2056: 2014:Elgin-Marcy Treaty 2009: 1740: 1675: 1593:, chairman of the 1516:bloc that opposed 1462: 1378:Jacob M. Dickinson 1347: 1237:Postmaster General 1192:Jacob M. Dickinson 1149:Secretary of State 990:Jacob M. Dickinson 983:secretary of state 956:Luke Edward Wright 636: 600: 570:Treasury Secretary 554:Theodore Roosevelt 546: 520:generally consider 435:Theodore Roosevelt 97:Theodore Roosevelt 9382: 9381: 9341:(2022 miniseries) 9333:(1979 miniseries) 9296:Peter Rawson Taft 9284:Henry Waters Taft 9224:Helen Herron Taft 9130:Malacañang Palace 9007:First Oval Office 8950:Radio Act of 1912 8900:1909 inauguration 8774: 8773: 8729: 8728: 8658:Young Republicans 8526:Senate Conference 8484: 8483: 8164: 8163: 6476:1876 (Cincinnati) 6301: 6300: 6080:George H. W. Bush 6030:Lyndon B. Johnson 5960:Warren G. Harding 5900:Benjamin Harrison 5880:Chester A. Arthur 5870:James A. Garfield 5730:John Quincy Adams 5680:George Washington 5305:Pringle, Henry F. 5250:978-0-394-55509-6 5219:978-0-521-51421-7 5161:978-0-300-14514-4 5142:978-0-8263-4652-0 5103:978-0-7006-1564-3 5084:978-0-7006-2001-2 4945:Burton, David H. 4876:978-0-8014-0786-4 4777:, pp. 30–32. 4580:, pp. 29–30. 4248:, pp. 82–83. 4152:, pp. 21–23. 4030:, pp. 67–69. 3994:, pp. 66–67. 3756:. Arizona Central 3736:on June 27, 2004. 3458:, pp. 89–92. 3419:, pp. 77–82. 3296:, pp. 65–71. 3248:, pp. 60–65. 3212:, pp. 56–57. 3025:, pp. 49–50. 2966:history.house.gov 2679:, pp. 15–16. 2663:978-0-313-38093-8 2614:, pp. 16–18. 2409:Progressive Party 2267:Henry Cabot Lodge 2238:Republic of China 2160:project in 1911. 2154:Mexican president 1985:Italo-Turkish War 1890:Arizona Territory 1848:Warren G. Harding 1838:delivery system. 1795:Other initiatives 1773:Louis D. Brandeis 1744:James R. Garfield 1615:Henry Cabot Lodge 1607:Nelson W. Aldrich 1466:George Washington 1374:Franklin MacVeagh 1366:Philander C. Knox 1338: 1337: 1173:Franklin MacVeagh 1154:Philander C. Knox 1026:where he was fed 1002:Franklin MacVeagh 979:Philander C. Knox 945: 944: 804: (2020–2021) 790: (2008–2009) 784: (2000–2001) 778: (1992–1993) 772: (1988–1989) 766: (1980–1981) 760: (1976–1977) 754: (1968–1969) 748: (1960–1961) 742: (1952–1953) 736: (1932–1933) 730: (1928–1929) 724: (1920–1921) 718: (1912–1913) 712: (1860–1861) 696: 695: 585:Jonathan Dolliver 516:Progressive Party 504:over conservation 408: 407: 279:Radio Act of 1912 215:Executive actions 166: 165: 131: 130: 9432: 9372: 9371: 9361:Woodrow Wilson → 9056:Taft Court cases 9026: 9019: 8905:Dollar diplomacy 8878: 8867: 8859: 8848: 8837: 8826: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8778: 8777: 8531:Policy Committee 8507:House Conference 8497: 8496: 8180: 8179: 7737: 7736: 7157:2024 (Milwaukee) 7117:2016 (Cleveland) 7017:1996 (San Diego) 6717:1936 (Cleveland) 6657:1924 (Cleveland) 6437:1864 (Baltimore) 6337: 6336:Republican Party 6328: 6321: 6314: 6305: 6304: 6291: 6290: 6281: 6280: 5920:William McKinley 5910:Grover Cleveland 5890:Grover Cleveland 5850:Ulysses S. Grant 5800:Millard Fillmore 5750:Martin Van Buren 5700:Thomas Jefferson 5655: 5648: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5616:Internet Archive 5485: 5480: 5479: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5457: 5455:Biography portal 5452: 5451: 5450: 5435: 5372: 5338:Rosen, Jeffrey. 5326: 5314: 5300: 5279: 5254: 5243:. Random House. 5223: 5204: 5165: 5146: 5124:(3rd ed. 2002) 5110:Gould, Lewis L. 5107: 5088: 5042: 4994: 4982: 4971: 4954:Burton, David H. 4901: 4880: 4868: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4697:. 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Lurton 1398:Walter L. Fisher 1394:Henry L. Stimson 1292:Walter L. Fisher 1218:Attorney General 1204:Henry L. Stimson 1187:Secretary of War 1125:James S. Sherman 1080:The Taft cabinet 1077: 1076: 994:secretary of war 981:to serve as his 953:Secretary of War 937: 930: 923: 798: 692: 691: 679: 672: 671: 668: 667: 589:James S. Sherman 573:George Cortelyou 558:Secretary of War 526:Election of 1908 502:. Controversies 489:Dollar Diplomacy 400: 393: 386: 375: 374: 369: 249:Dollar diplomacy 162: 161: 159: 152: 144: 137: 136: 133: 132: 119: 41: 39: 26: 19: 18: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9378: 9344: 9318:Progressive Era 9301: 9210: 9179: 9113:Life and legacy 9108: 9072:Taft Commission 9060: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9020: 9011: 8945:Mann–Elkins Act 8889: 8881: 8870: 8862: 8851: 8840: 8829: 8818: 8810: 8805: 8775: 8770: 8725: 8678: 8672: 8608: 8602: 8570: 8564: 8491: 8480: 8439: 8175: 8173: 8160: 8109:Chair elections 8104: 7726: 7625:D. B. Henderson 7613:T. J. Henderson 7538: 7535: 7533: 7528: 7524: 7517: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7320: 7193:administrations 7191: 7183: 7077:2008 (St. Paul) 7057:2004 (New York) 6402: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6302: 6297: 6269: 6195:F. D. Roosevelt 6147: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6020:John F. Kennedy 6000:Harry S. Truman 5970:Calvin Coolidge 5830:Abraham Lincoln 5810:Franklin Pierce 5670: 5664: 5659: 5629: 5601: 5483:Politics portal 5481: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5453: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5438: 5432: 5369: 5251: 5220: 5162: 5143: 5104: 5085: 5039: 4991: 4968: 4931:Burns, Adam D. 4877: 4856: 4850: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4701:on May 29, 2016 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4361: 4357: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4294: 4287: 4275: 4268: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4116:, pp. 1–2. 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4083: 4082: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3927: 3923: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3850:Taft Presidency 3847: 3843: 3834: 3830: 3821: 3817: 3811:Wayback Machine 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3776: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3750: 3741: 3733: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3622: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3178: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2940:Washington Post 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2517: 2509: 2502: 2498: 2452: 2397: 2389:John C. Calhoun 2362:New Nationalism 2350: 2344: 2339: 2293: 2279: 2262: 2179: 2134:Emiliano Zapata 2114: 2108: 2089:Treaties among 2044: 2034: 2032:Central America 2022:Wilfrid Laurier 2001: 1965:Monroe Doctrine 1942: 1929: 1923: 1921:Foreign affairs 1878: 1860: 1813:Mann–Elkins Act 1809:common carriers 1797: 1748:Gifford Pinchot 1726: 1720: 1680: 1642: 1591:Sereno E. Payne 1589:Representative 1559: 1554: 1549: 1486:Joseph R. Lamar 1472:. 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Vol. 1. 5301: 5291:(3): 633–647. 5280: 5259: 5256: 5249: 5235:Morris, Edmund 5231: 5224: 5218: 5205: 5187:(2): 305–324. 5176: 5168:Hechler, Ken. 5166: 5160: 5147: 5141: 5128: 5118: 5108: 5102: 5089: 5083: 5070: 5060: 5050: 5043: 5037: 5028:Warren Harding 5019: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4990:978-0700600960 4989: 4972: 4966: 4950: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4929: 4922: 4912: 4902: 4881: 4875: 4857: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4831:New York Times 4817: 4791: 4789:, p. 290. 4779: 4767: 4755: 4736: 4724: 4722:, p. 198. 4712: 4681: 4654: 4652:, p. 260. 4642: 4630: 4618: 4606: 4604:, p. 193. 4594: 4592:, p. 643. 4582: 4570: 4558: 4556:, p. 166. 4543: 4541:, p. 209. 4531: 4519: 4517:, p. 208. 4507: 4495: 4483: 4471: 4459: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4384: 4372: 4355: 4339: 4326: 4317: 4305: 4285: 4266: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4202: 4200:, p. 196. 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4140:, p. 109. 4130: 4118: 4106: 4071: 4059: 4057:, p. 271. 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 4006:, p. 188. 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3946:, p. 239. 3936: 3921: 3905: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3841: 3828: 3815: 3796: 3767: 3739: 3700: 3669: 3647: 3635: 3620: 3605: 3593: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3540: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3482:, p. 113. 3472: 3470:, p. 510. 3460: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3383:, p. 149. 3373: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3320:, p. 228. 3310: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3199: 3187: 3164: 3133: 3121: 3109:www.senate.gov 3096: 3087:, p. 332. 3077: 3065: 3054: 3027: 3015: 3003: 3001:, p. 395. 2991: 2979: 2952: 2926: 2899: 2873: 2851: 2838:Newspapers.com 2823: 2810:Newspapers.com 2795: 2782:Newspapers.com 2767: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2703:, p. 136. 2693: 2681: 2669: 2662: 2642: 2616: 2604: 2602:, p. 529. 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2515: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2451: 2448: 2444:1894 elections 2396: 2393: 2346:Main article: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2292: 2289: 2278: 2275: 2261: 2258: 2242:Manchu Dynasty 2178: 2175: 2171:Archibald Butt 2146:El Paso, Texas 2107: 2104: 2033: 2030: 2000: 1997: 1958:Western Europe 1941: 1938: 1922: 1919: 1877: 1874: 1859: 1856: 1852:Woodrow Wilson 1796: 1793: 1722:Main article: 1719: 1716: 1679: 1676: 1641: 1638: 1583:regressive tax 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1442:Main article: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1405: 1402: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1122: 1120:Vice President 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1068:Administration 1066: 1058:Dingley Tariff 1038:Main article: 1035: 1032: 943: 942: 940: 939: 932: 925: 917: 914: 913: 911: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 879: 876: 875: 871: 870: 868: 867: 861: 855: 849: 843: 837: 831: 825: 819: 812: 809: 806: 805: 799: 791: 785: 779: 773: 767: 761: 755: 749: 743: 737: 731: 725: 719: 713: 706: 703: 702: 698: 697: 694: 693: 680: 665: 662: 657:Eugene V. Debs 530:Main article: 527: 524: 485:Latin American 454:Woodrow Wilson 406: 405: 403: 402: 395: 388: 380: 377: 376: 364: 362: 361: 356: 348: 346: 345: 340: 332: 330: 329: 328: 327: 322: 313: 312: 311: 310: 305: 294: 292: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 245: 244: 239: 234: 229: 228: 227: 225:Taftian theory 220:Foreign policy 217: 212: 202: 194: 192: 191: 186: 181: 176: 168: 167: 164: 163: 151:a series about 147: 145: 129: 128: 122: 114: 113: 112: 109: 108: 102:Woodrow Wilson 100: 94: 93: 92: 89: 88: 83: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 49: 45: 44: 32: 31: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9437: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9375: 9367: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9340: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9324: 9323:Pauline Wayne 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9304: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9288: 9285: 9282: 9279: 9276: 9273: 9270: 9267: 9266:Alphonso Taft 9264: 9261: 9258: 9255: 9252: 9249: 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H. W. Bush 7301: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7002: 7001:G. H. W. Bush 6998: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6981:G. H. W. Bush 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6965:G. H. W. Bush 6962: 6958: 6957:1984 (Dallas) 6955: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6945:G. H. W. Bush 6942: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6395: 6388: 6382: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6294: 6286: 6284: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6240:G. H. W. Bush 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6215:L. B. Johnson 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6144: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6070:Ronald Reagan 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6040:Richard Nixon 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5780:James K. Polk 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5710:James Madison 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5651: 5649: 5644: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5473: 5470: 5459: 5456: 5445: 5433: 5431:0-684-85068-0 5427: 5423: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5368:0-8262-0094-X 5364: 5360: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054:The Historian 5051: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5038:0-8050-6956-9 5034: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5023:Dean, John W. 5020: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4969: 4967:0-916101-51-7 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4776: 4775:Anderson 1982 4771: 4764: 4759: 4751: 4746:, p. 36. 4745: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4669: 4668:Miller Center 4665: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4639: 4634: 4627: 4626:Pringle vol 2 4622: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4602:Anderson 1973 4598: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4568:, p. 72. 4567: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4540: 4535: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4479:Anderson 1973 4475: 4468: 4463: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4330: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4247: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4223: 4218: 4211: 4206: 4199: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4175: 4170: 4163: 4162:Anderson 1973 4158: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4128:, p. 72. 4127: 4122: 4115: 4110: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4069:, p. 70. 4068: 4063: 4056: 4055:Anderson 1973 4051: 4049: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3968:Pringle vol 2 3964: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3932: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3888:, p. 25. 3887: 3882: 3876:, p. 71. 3875: 3874:Anderson 1973 3870: 3864:, p. 68. 3863: 3862:Anderson 1973 3858: 3851: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3825: 3819: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3755: 3748: 3746: 3744: 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DuBois 1785: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1700:Panic of 1907 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1645:1895 case of 1637: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514:Four Horsemen 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:Mahlon Pitney 1488:in 1910, and 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1435: 1434:rule of law. 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386:Charles Nagel 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1342: 1333: 1331: 1330:Charles Nagel 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 954: 950: 938: 933: 931: 926: 924: 919: 918: 916: 915: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 880: 878: 877: 873: 872: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 813: 803: 800: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 770:G. 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Bush 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 707: 705: 704: 700: 699: 690: 687:United States 681: 678: 674: 673: 670: 669: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 632: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613:gold standard 610: 609:Panic of 1907 605: 604:Sagamore Hill 596: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 571: 567: 566:Supreme Court 563: 562:chief justice 559: 555: 551: 543: 538: 533: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 450:1912 election 447: 443: 440: 436: 432: 428: 425: 421: 417: 413: 401: 396: 394: 389: 387: 382: 381: 379: 378: 368: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 344: 341: 339: 336: 335: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 315: 314: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 298: 297: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 226: 223: 222: 221: 218: 216: 213: 210: 206: 203: 201: 198: 197: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 170: 169: 160: 146: 143: 139: 138: 135: 134: 118: 110: 104: → 103: 98: 95:← 90: 87: 84: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 65: 62: 58: 55: 54: 50: 46: 40: 33: 29: 25: 20: 9359: 9352: 9336: 9328: 9313:Billy Possum 9175:San Antonio) 9145:Bibliography 8751:Bibliography 8511: 8390:South Dakota 8380:Rhode Island 8375:Pennsylvania 8355:North Dakota 7254: 7189:Presidential 7176: 7097:2012 (Tampa) 6401:presidential 6385:Presidential 6165:T. Roosevelt 6134:2021–present 6120:Donald Trump 6110:Barack Obama 6090:Bill Clinton 6060:Jimmy Carter 5943: 5720:James Monroe 5671:presidencies 5591: 5578: 5569: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5522: 5521: 5497: 5496: 5420: 5412: 5402: 5395: 5384: 5374: 5358: 5346: 5339: 5329: 5321: 5309: 5288: 5284: 5267: 5263: 5240:Theodore Rex 5239: 5227: 5209: 5184: 5180: 5169: 5151: 5132: 5121: 5111: 5093: 5074: 5063: 5053: 5046: 5027: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4978: 4957: 4946: 4932: 4925: 4915: 4905: 4892:(1): 26–33. 4889: 4885: 4864: 4834:. Retrieved 4830: 4820: 4808:. Retrieved 4803: 4794: 4787:Coletta 1973 4782: 4770: 4763:Coletta 1973 4758: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4703:. Retrieved 4699:the original 4684: 4672:. 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Bush 6205:Eisenhower 6155:Washington 6146:Presidency 5770:John Tyler 5690:John Adams 4566:Gould 2008 4491:Korzi 2003 4407:Korzi 2003 4089:Middelburg 3643:Korzi 2003 3195:Korzi 2003 2496:References 2428:Alf Landon 2419:president 2413:golf links 2370:Gilded Age 2277:Evaluation 2271:Bering Sea 2036:See also: 1987:, and the 1911:referendum 1907:initiative 1846:defeat of 1696:U.S. Steel 1625:into law. 1506:Taft Court 1421:, per the 1362:Elihu Root 1050:Washington 960:free trade 852:H. Clinton 782:G. W. Bush 776:B. Clinton 740:Eisenhower 664:Transition 655:candidate 473:U.S. Steel 431:Republican 320:convention 303:convention 205:Presidency 174:Early life 64:Republican 9292:(brother) 9286:(brother) 9280:(brother) 9260:Seth Taft 9184:Elections 8920:Weeks Act 8892:timeline) 8741:Primaries 8677:Factional 8607:Sectional 8444:Territory 8430:Wisconsin 8395:Tennessee 8300:Minnesota 8275:Louisiana 8176:territory 8174:state and 8061:Gillespie 8046:Nicholson 7982:R. Morton 7962:T. 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Presidency of William Howard Taft

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