29:
337:. He asserted that the current historical information being taught in universities and schools is a trap set by the Jews to mislead the public. He claimed that the education system has failed because of their awareness regarding Jewish conspiracy with the Holocaust. Keegstra believed he was one of the few chosen individuals who were aware of the treachery and wanted to put a stop to it. Keegstra would teach his classes concepts that were not a part of the Alberta Social Studies Curriculum.
415:
Dickson CJ then turned to the question of section 1 of the
Charter. He found that the violation of freedom of expression was justified under section 1 as the law had a rational connection to its objective, it was not overly limiting and the seriousness of the violation was not severe as the content
504:
formed a council to establish the
Alberta Teacher Standards. The council’s main focus was to devise procedures for classroom checkup of teacher proficiency. Keegstra was fined $ 5,000 and his professional teaching certificate was suspended. The guilty verdict in the trial did not necessarily prove
499:
had modified its code of ethics in order to prevent any hate crime against an ethnic group. This included the right to protect the self-respect of any individual or group regardless of any prejudgment to race, religion, age or other physical characteristics. New requests were made to qualify new
450:
In addition to being a public school teacher, Keegstra was also the mayor of
Eckville. The town of Eckville was scrutinized by the media due to this case. The residents of the town felt that the ongoing trial tarnished their image. They were called anti-Semites by the media and received negative
436:
When the matter returned to the
Alberta Court of Appeal, that Court held that based on the original submissions, it would have also allowed Keegstra's appeal on the basis that the trial judge had not allowed Keegstra to challenge jurors for cause based on pre-trial publicity. The Court therefore
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teacher, and in 1974 was acclaimed as mayor of the community, a position he held until 1983. Keegstra's anti-semitic teachings had resulted in complaints in the late-1970s but little action was taken by the school board. Keegstra was warned by the board superintendent in
December 1981 to stop
428:. She agreed with Dickson CJ that the provisions infringed section 2(b) of the Charter. However, she would have held that the infringement of freedom of expression could not be justified under section 1. She therefore would have dismissed the appeal.
313:
provision, now section 319(2), makes it a criminal offence to promote hatred: "Every one who, by communicating statements, other than in private conversation, wilfully promotes hatred against any identifiable group". During classes, he described
349:, Keegstra applied to the trial judge to have the charge quashed for violation of his freedom of expression; however, this motion was denied. A jury convicted Keegstra in a three and a half month trial, and he was ordered to pay a $ 5,000 fine.
396:. He held that the provisions clearly violated section 2(b) as it was legislation designed to suppress expression. In this, Dickson CJ wrote that freedom of expression within section 2 would not be limited by
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allowed
Keegstra's appeal and directed a new trial. Keegstra was convicted at the second trial, which resulted in another set of appeals, again ending in the Supreme Court, which affirmed the conviction.
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of the hateful expression has little value to protect. He, therefore, allowed the Crown appeal and remitted the case to the Court of Appeal to deal with issues they had not addressed in their decision.
401:
309:
that he "..did unlawfully promote hatred against an identifiable group, to wit: the Jewish people, by communicating statements while teaching to students at
Eckville High School." The
397:
302:"teaching these biased and prejudiced views" and stick to teaching the grade 12 social studies curriculum. The school board eventually fired Keegstra in December 1982.
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had demonstrated hate speech laws were constitutional. Building on expectations that there must be evidence of promotion of hatred against a group, the Court added in
361:
267:
505:
justice for the offended group. James
Keegstra never abandoned his anti-Semitic beliefs, despite the accusations and faults found in his teachings against Jews.
521:
dramatizes a very similar story of a
Holocaust-denying high school teacher in small-town Alberta who is prosecuted under section 281.2(2). It was made before
237:
408:. As Dickson CJ explained, using sections 15 and 27 in this way would contradict "the large and liberal interpretation given the freedom of expression in
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provision prohibiting the wilful promotion of hatred against an identifiable group as constitutional under the freedom of expression provision in
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360:. On June 6, 1988, the Court of Appeal of Alberta ruled that section 319(2) did indeed breach section 2(b) and could not be upheld under
219:
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and if so, whether they could be upheld under section 1. By a 4–3 decision, the Court upheld the constitutionality of the provisions.
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attention. Townsfolk of
Eckville declared that this was unfair treatment thrust upon the entire town due to the actions of one man.
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to note that freedom of expression should be interpreted generously and was infringed in that case. In another hate speech case,
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that courts should then consider the "totality of the evidence" to conclude whether a group had fallen victim to hate speech.
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on the basis that section 319(2) breached the constitutional right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the
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Weinrib, Lorraine Eisenstat (1991). "Hate Promotion in a Free and Democratic Society: R. v. Keegstra".
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to gain sympathy". He also tested his students in exams on his theories and opinions of Jews.
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teachers through constant assessments and Minister of Education
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The case provided precedent for other freedom of expression and
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Implications of the Supreme Court case for similar issues
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In 1984, he was charged under section 281.2(2) of the
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Rocket v Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario
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Canadian Anti-racism Education and Research Society
865:"Combatting Racist Speech: The Canadian Experience"
535:
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Lamer Court)
392:The majority decision was written by Chief Justice
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318:as a people of profound evil who had "created the
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293:(1934–2014) was a public high school teacher in
16:1990 Supreme Court of Canada case on hate speech
380:violated section 2(b) and section 11(d) of the
197:McLachlin J, joined by Sopinka and La Forest JJ
424:The dissenting opinion was written by Justice
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491:Action by the Alberta Teachers' Association
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333:bent on world domination and annihilating
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404:(recognition of multiculturalism) of the
1026:Canadian Association for Free Expression
1302:Canadian freedom of expression case law
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352:He then appealed his conviction to the
273:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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54:Her Majesty The Queen v James Keegstra
1235:FAST – Fighting Antisemitism Together
1066:Generation Identity Canada / IDCanada
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862:
844:A trust betrayed: the Keegstra affair
700:"Keegstra's Town Tired of Scrutiny".
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508:
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345:At the beginning of his trial in the
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559:SCC Case Information - Docket 21118
13:
1255:Provisional Anti-Fascist Committee
1224:Canadian Race Relations Foundation
14:
1338:
1046:Canadian Nationalist Party (2017)
1041:Canadian Nationalist Party (1933)
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341:Proceedings in the Alberta courts
1156:Laws combatting hateful rhetoric
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937:IMDB: Evil in Clear River, 1988
812:
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1086:National Unity Party of Canada
840:; Wertheimer, Douglas (1985).
729:Bercuson & Wertheimer 1985
717:Bercuson & Wertheimer 1985
645:Bercuson & Wertheimer 1985
624:
619:Bercuson & Wertheimer 1985
607:Bercuson & Wertheimer 1985
595:Bercuson & Wertheimer 1985
583:Bercuson & Wertheimer 1985
571:Bercuson & Wertheimer 1985
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446:Effect on the town of Eckville
347:Alberta Court of Queen's Bench
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1297:Supreme Court of Canada cases
848:. Toronto: Doubleday Canada.
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497:Alberta Teachers' Association
479:(2005), the Court noted that
372:Decision of the Supreme Court
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43:Hearing: December 5, 6, 1989
1322:Education case law in Canada
1292:Section Two Charter case law
1142:École Polytechnique massacre
634:, RSC 1985, c. C-46, s. 319.
440:
276:. It is a companion case to
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1208:Battle at Old Market Square
1147:Quebec City mosque shooting
1091:Nationalist Party of Canada
1009:Organizations and movements
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260:where the court upheld the
214:Irwin Toy Ltd v Quebec (AG)
45:Judgment: December 13, 1990
10:
1343:
1312:Holocaust denial in Canada
1168:Hate speech laws in Canada
1081:National Citizens Alliance
1056:Canadian Union of Fascists
1031:Canadian Heritage Alliance
354:Court of Appeal of Alberta
1307:1990 in Canadian case law
1250:Ottawa Rape Crisis Centre
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1163:Hate crime laws in Canada
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1036:Canadian League of Rights
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329:views and believed in a
561:Supreme Court of Canada
258:Supreme Court of Canada
35:Supreme Court of Canada
1071:Ku Klux Klan in Canada
432:Subsequent proceedings
400:(equality rights) and
254:freedom of expression
159:Claire L'Heureux-Dubé
1317:Education in Alberta
1266:Roots of Resistance
1126:Western Guard Party
1051:Canadian Nazi Party
973:Far-right extremism
895:1994 CanLIIDocs 188
838:Bercuson, David Jay
519:Evil in Clear River
118:s.319(3)(a) of the
1229:Christie Pits riot
1203:Anti-Racist Action
1106:Québec Identitaire
988:Far-right politics
922:1991 CanLIIDocs 52
905:McGill Law Journal
869:Alberta Law Review
703:The Globe and Mail
513:The 1988 American
509:In popular culture
426:Beverley McLachlin
420:Dissenting opinion
252:, 3 SCR 697 is a
175:Beverley McLachlin
1279:
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855:978-0-385-25003-0
502:David Thomas King
388:Majority decision
331:Jewish conspiracy
295:Eckville, Alberta
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998:Racism in Quebec
993:Racism in Canada
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912:(4): 1416–1449.
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1181:R v Andrews
1135:Hate crimes
1016:Aryan Guard
830:Works cited
515:made-for-TV
461:hate speech
279:R v Andrews
1286:Categories
1245:NOWAR-PAIX
1196:Opposition
1187:Motion 103
1111:Rebel News
1101:Proud Boys
664:Elman 1994
541:References
466:R v Butler
463:cases. In
402:section 27
398:section 15
286:Background
171:Peter Cory
70:Docket No.
975:in Canada
918:0024-9041
891:1925-8356
820:1 SCR 458
809:(CanLII).
791:3 SCR 697
761:(CanLII).
546:Citations
485:Krymowski
441:Aftermath
410:Irwin Toy
362:section 1
320:Holocaust
226:R v Oakes
220:R v Whyte
65:3 SCR 697
61:Citations
1076:La Meute
1021:Atalante
529:See also
481:Keegstra
471:Keegstra
235:(1988);
229:(1986);
223:(1988);
217:(1989);
186:Majority
96:(AB KB).
777:(AB QB)
406:Charter
382:Charter
366:Charter
364:of the
358:Charter
270:of the
194:Dissent
124:Charter
113:Holding
108:upheld.
1257:(1938)
1231:(1933)
1210:(1934)
916:
889:
852:
241:(1990)
101:Ruling
73:21118
1271:SHARP
739:Cases
517:film
1261:RASH
914:ISSN
887:ISSN
850:ISBN
495:The
316:Jews
877:doi
1288::
920:.
910:36
908:.
893:.
885:.
873:32
871:.
867:.
805:,
789:,
773:,
757:,
747:^
652:^
282:.
173:,
169:,
165:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
92:,
88:;
84:,
965:e
958:t
951:v
924:.
897:.
879::
858:.
822:.
793:.
126:.
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