521:, a former FRELIMO official who had been imprisoned by the party in a re-education camp following the transfer of power; Matsangaissa had subsequently escaped to Rhodesia and was familiar with Cristina's broadcasts. Matsangaissa met with Cristina and argued that hostile radio messages alone could not change the political situation in Mozambique; armed struggle was necessary. Shortly thereafter, the CIO recruited Matsangaissa as the leader for its new anti-FRELIMO force. The militants received guerrilla training from the CIO and were infiltrated back into Mozambique, where they conducted surveillance of ZANLA movements at the Rhodesians' behest. In February 1977, the unit demonstrated its ability to carry out autonomous operations when it stormed a FRELIMO re-education camp in
820:, who led RENAMO since 1979, died in Gorongosa after suffering a heart attack. An unnamed official in RENAMO acknowledged this and also stated that Dhlakma had been ill prior to his death. Regarding the future of RENAMO following Dhlakma's death, Ed Hobey Hamsher, an analyst with Maplecroft, stated that "no potential successor has Dhlakama's stature" and that anybody who succeeds him "will struggle to unify Renamo's factions." At the time of Dhlakma's death, the RENAMO Congress was unable to fix a date to vote on a successor. The next month on 14 June 2018, Ossufo Momade, who was picked to serve as the interim leader of RENAMO until the organization's Congress could vote on a permanent successor to Dhlakma, went into hiding.
493:. The Portuguese junta was committed to divesting itself of the colonies and ending the increasingly costly African wars. The resulting confusion among the metropole's military forces in Mozambique allowed FRELIMO to wrest control of large sections of the territory from the Portuguese. In the absence of Portuguese repression, a number of new Mozambican political parties, including some formed by FRELIMO splinter factions, appeared and began campaigning for support. Portugal announced it would initiate a political transition in Mozambique simultaneously with multi-party elections prior to independence, but FRELIMO condemned the proposal. The party's leadership, headed by
358:(ZANLA). On the other hand, RENAMO was also reflective of FRELIMO's own splintering support base and dwindling popularity in the immediate post-independence era. Its political programme centered around the abandonment of FRELIMO's socialist policies, the adoption of a free market economy, and more traditionalist concerns such as the reinstatement of tribal leaders to positions of authority. RENAMO's ranks included a number of Mozambican political exiles who genuinely opposed FRELIMO on principle, including FRELIMO defectors disillusioned with its MarxistâLeninist ideology, but also large numbers of recruits conscripted by force.
419:. FRELIMO recruited from Mozambican migrant workers and intellectuals living abroad, where they had been exposed to the emerging popularity of anti-colonial and nationalist causes overseas. Its political programme was anti-colonial, but also anti-traditionalist; FRELIMO leaders planned to wrest social and political power from the Portuguese administration, as well as on the grassroots level from local tribal authorities. The party also envisioned a radical restructuring of post-colonial Mozambican society in accordance with the principles of
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services, while being officially employed as a professor at the
University of South Africa and in various managerial positions (in particular for West German corporations engaged in the apartheid economy) since 1982, when he moved to South Africa and immediately was granted citizenship by the National Party minority government. Thomashausen acted as a confidante and an advisor to the RENAMO leadership. A related network of West German RENAMO lobbyists evolved around Bavarian Prime Minister and leader of the conservative
27:
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697:, especially since it usually involved attacks against defenseless civilians. The forcible recruitment of kidnapped villagers, including underage children, formed RENAMO's main modus operandi to increase its membership. This often included the murder of close relatives of the kidnapped persons, so that they had no way of returning to their communities.The organisation also engaged in brutal publicly staged ritual killings of perceived traitors and dissidents.
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666:, then the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs in the US State Department, viewed RENAMO as "African Khmer Rouge". While RENAMO styled itself as "anti-communist", its brutal conduct and lack of political legitimacy made the organisation unsuitable as a partner, since it jeopardised the State Department attempts to gain rapport with the FRELIMO government and the Mozambican population, in order to increase the
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497:, countered that it was the sole legitimate representative of the Mozambican people, and demanded it be permitted to take power directly, without multi-party elections. In early September 1974, Portugal announced it would comply with FRELIMO's request. Portuguese officials promised that after nine months, the positions of local government would be handed to FRELIMO appointees, and no elections would be held.
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surrendered their weapons. Momade told the
Associated Press "We will no longer commit the mistakes of the past." He also stated "We are for a humanized and dignified reintegration and we want the international community to help make that a reality." During another signing which took in Maputo's peace square, Momade declared the group would focus to "maintain peace and national reconciliation."
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presidential elections, problems in the implementation of the peace deal and after continued efforts by government forces to disarm RENAMO met resistance, Dhlakama broke off the peace process in August 2015. Since then there have been renewed clashes between government and RENAMO forces. Dhlakama claims there have been two attempts by the government to assassinate him.
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513:, which broadcast anti-communist and anti-FRELIMO messages into Mozambique. Cristina's broadcasts called attention to human rights violations committed by FRELIMO, including the detention of party dissidents, and accused FRELIMO of betraying Mozambican nationalism by pandering to the Marxist ideology of the Soviet Union. The CIO hoped to use
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virtual end of the insurgency. A RENAMO splinter group known as the RENAMO Military Junta (RMJ) was quickly formed from party dissidents opposed to the peace process; the RMJ continued to carry out minor guerrilla operations until
December 2021, when the last of its members surrendered to Mozambican security forces.
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signed a peace agreement bringing an end to the six-year period of armed clashes. They also shook hands and embraced each other as well. The signing of the peace took place at RENAMO's remote military base in the
Gorongosa mountains. After the agreement was signed, the last remaining RENAMO fighters
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On 21 October, FADM forces captured
Sathunjira base after several days of combat. RENAMO spokesman Fernando Mazanga claimed that the government forces had shelled the base with heavy weapons (artillery), and that Afonso Dhlakama had fled the base. A RENAMO statement said that the capture of the base
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Renewed clashes broke out between RENAMO's militant forces and the FRELIMO government in 2013. RENAMO resumed its insurgency, citing state corruption and electoral fraud perpetuated by FRELIMO officials. A second peace agreement was reached between RENAMO and FRELIMO in August 2019, resulting in the
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West German academic Andre
Thomashausen and his mentor Werner Kaltefleiter served as vital links between West German right-wing conservative, anti-socialist political circles and RENAMO. Thomashausen is alleged to have had close links to both the West German and apartheid South African intelligence
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in
October 1992, which ended FRELIMO's one-party state and introduced multi-party democratic elections. In return, RENAMO pledged to abandon its armed struggle and conduct its future activities by political means within the framework of the new electoral system. Following the end of the war, RENAMO
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The decision to effect a direct transfer of power to FRELIMO, without a local referendum or elections, was greeted with trepidation by South Africa and
Rhodesia. It also resulted in an exodus of Portuguese settlers, FRELIMO dissidents, and indigenous troops who had served with Portuguese auxiliary
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Cristovao Chume, claimed that the soldiers suffered no losses and that a RENAMO fighter was injured and captured by their forces. RENAMO leader
Dhlakama claimed that no RENAMO fighters were killed on the attack, which, according to him, was started by the Army, and that the casualties had been
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On 5 September 2014 Dhlakama and president
Guebuza signed a peace deal in an effort to end the two-year period of instability. The deal included integration of RENAMO forces into the army and a reform of the election oversight commission. However, after RENAMO's refusal to accept the 2014
509:(CIO). The most prominent anti-FRELIMO exile in Rhodesia was Orlando Cristina, a former member of the colonial security services in Mozambique who had served as a regional liaison with the Rhodesian government. Cristina set up a Portuguese-language radio broadcasting station, known as
730:. The leader of the attackers was also killed. RENAMO's security chief stated that the action was a response to previous police raids on RENAMO gatherings. Around 300 RENAMO members had remained armed since the 1992 peace deal, despite efforts to integrate them into the
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Apart from their primary supporters, initially the Rhodesian Central Intelligence Organisation until 1979 and afterwards, the South African Directorate of Special Tasks (DST), RENAMO also enjoyed some level of international recognition, support and funding.
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While the Mozambican government did shut down the local ANC offices and its operations in accordance with the Nkomati Accord, the National Party government of South Africa continued funnelling financial and military resources to RENAMO. A permanent
339:, a former senior official in FRELIMO's armed wing, and was composed of several anti-communist dissident groups which appeared immediately prior to, and shortly following, Mozambican independence. Matsangaissa, who died in 1979, was succeeded by
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providing military equipment. FRELIMO established a permanent foothold in underdeveloped northern Mozambique and began expanding its operations southwards, reaching the central provinces by 1973. Portugal responded with increasingly large scale
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on 17 June 1987, killing seven soldiers and wounding 19. RENAMO attacked the Katiyo Tea Estate, destroying valuable property, in July and killed three men in Rushinga in August. On 30 November, RENAMO militants burned down 13 houses.
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The peace accord led to the disarmament of RENAMO, the integration of some of its fighters into the Mozambican army, and its transformation into a regular political party. It is now the main opposition party in Mozambique. At the
423:. In September 1964, FRELIMO initiated an armed insurgency. Its decision to take up arms was influenced by a number of internal and external factors, namely the recent successes of indigenous anti-colonial guerrilla movements in
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Between December 1987 and 21 January 1988, RENAMO performed 101 attacks near the Mozambique-Zimbabwe border. Following the end of the Mozambican Civil War, RENAMO remained linked to a Zimbabwean militant group,
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minority government and the ANC about the termination of Apartheid policies and the transformation to a democratic dispensation in South Africa. The South African National Intelligence Service initiated the
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hegemonial ambitions in the region. In 1988, RENAMO experienced its only major split during the civil war, when former PRM commander Gimo Phiri broke off and founded an independent insurgent group known as
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686:. The provincial leader engaged in his own far right foreign policy in support of apartheid and anti-socialist paramilitary forces in Southern Africa, thereby undermining the official
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Banks, Arthur; Muller, Thomas; Phelan, Sean; Smith, Hal; Milnor, Andrew; Kimmelman, Eric; Aytar, Volkan; Twetten, Matthew; Willey, Joseph; Tallman, Elaine, eds. (1998).
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365:. The war was characterised by severe human rights violations on both sides and crippled the already debilitated Mozambican economy. RENAMO and FRELIMO acceded to the
595:, which was designed to phase out the National Party's longstanding substantial support to RENAMO and allow their proxy to accommodate to the new regional realities.
549:, in which the South African National Party minority regime promised to stop sponsoring RENAMO operations if the Mozambican government expelled exiled members of the
468:, then ruled by white minority governments sympathetic to the colonial regime. FRELIMO, in turn, forged an informal alliance with a Rhodesian insurgent movement, the
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472:(ZANLA). ZANLA insurgents were permitted to infiltrate Rhodesian territory from FRELIMO-held areas of Mozambique, inexorably linking the Mozambican conflict to the
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767:(FADM) and RENAMO militiamen took place in Mucodza, seven kilometres away from Gorongosa. National director of defence policy in the Ministry of Defence,
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On 4 April 2013, one woman and four police officers were killed, with ten policemen more injured in a RENAMO attack on a police station in the town of
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In October 2012, RENAMO's headquarters were relocated near Casa Banana (also named Sathunjira, RENAMO's former guerrilla base in the 1980s) in
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On 6 April 2013, two or three civilians were killed and two women were injured when alleged RENAMO militiamen attacked a truck and a bus in
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505:, fearing retribution under the new regime. Many of the new exiles fled to Rhodesia, where they were recruited as assets by the Rhodesian
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Konflikttransformation durch Vermittlung : theoretische und praktische Erkenntnisse aus dem Friedensprozess in Mosambik (1976-1995)
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541:(PRM) in 1982. As a result of this merger, the rebel group was able to expand its operations in northern Mozambique, particularly in
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1427:""Em Moçambique sĂł hĂĄ partidos de direita": uma entrevista com Michel Cahen. MACEDO, Victor Miguel Castillo de; MALOA, Joaquim â
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suffered by the FADM. However, reporters confirmed that the bodies of two RENAMO fighters were in the local morgue of Gorongosa.
525:, freeing the detainees there. During a meeting at Cristina's home in May 1977, the unit's leadership formally adopted the title
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715:, where a training camp was set up for around 800 partially armed followers. Previously, the headquarters had been moved from
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electoral alliance, which won 29.7% of the popular vote and 90 out of 250 seats. The presidential candidate of this alliance,
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1619:"Renamo, Malawi and the struggle to succeed Banda: Assessing theories of Malawian intervention in the Mozambican Civil War"
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The political aspects of institutional development in the water sector: South Africa and its International River Basions
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752:, injuring an elderly woman. The incident happened two days after RENAMO threatened to paralyse key roads and the only
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443:. FRELIMO insurgents initially received training primarily in North Africa and the Middle East in countries such as
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and RENAMO's leader in parliament from 1994 to 1999, was expelled from the party in 2000, and in 2003, founded the
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was responsible for promoting constitutional reforms as well as the promotion of a strong domestic private sector.
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in 2009. RENAMO leader Afonso Dhlakama threatened to "destroy the country" if his political demands were not met.
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With Rhodesian support, RENAMO commenced an insurgency against the FRELIMO government in 1977, sparking the
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A Compilation of all the international freshwater agreements entered into by South Africa with other States
147:
354:. It has been theorised that RENAMO was formed for the sole purpose of countering FRELIMO support for the
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Southern African Political History: a chronological of key political events from independence to Mid-1997
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Southern African Political History: a chronological of key political events from independence to Mid-1997
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On 26 October, alleged RENAMO fighters attacked civilian vehicles in the main northâsouth highway near
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366:
2687:"Terminators, Crusaders and Gladiators: Western (Private & Public) Support for Renamo & Unita"
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United States Relations with South Africa: A Critical Overview from the Colonial Period to the Present
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to recruit disaffected Mozambicans for an anti-FRELIMO paramilitary force. One such recruit was
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2456:"Conspiciouos Destruction â War, Famine and the Reform Process in Mozambique. An African Watch"
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Ashton, P.J., Earle, A., Malzbender, D., Moloi, M.B.H., Patrick, M.J. & Turton, A.R. 2005.
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regime, utilizing threats of military reprisals to force Mozambique into subjugation under the
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Mozambique and the Construction of the New African State: From Negotiations to Nation Building
1387:"An introduction to the Politics of Party Alliances and Coalitions in Socially-divided Africa"
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influence on the region. Contrary to that stance stood the active engagement of the far-right
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government plunged Lisbon into turmoil and brought to power a military junta known as the
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operations and strengthening military and intelligence ties to the neighbouring states of
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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was killed in the government raid. On 22 October, gunmen attacked a police station in
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was reached only in 1992, monitored by the United Nations Operation in Mozambique (
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411:. In Mozambique, the armed struggle against colonial rule was spearheaded by the
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RENAMO conduct has frequently been described by western authors as amounting to
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Critics of RENAMO frequently described the movement as a proxy of Rhodesia and
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1788:. Cape Town: South African Associated Press. 12 September 2016. Archived from
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582:) until its finalisation in 1994. This process went on simultaneously to the
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The Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) as described by ex-participants
2664:. Centre for Southern African Studies, University of York. pp. 41â42.
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On 17 October, suspected RENAMO guerrillas ambushed a military patrol near
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465:
448:
156:
89:
2412:"7 Mozambique: Factions, Fights, and the Rejection of the Reagan Doctrine"
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1962:. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press. pp. 81â95.
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Conspicuous destruction: war, famine and the reform process in Mozambique
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export train to force the FRELIMO government to renegotiate peace terms.
600:
152:
101:
3181:"Opposition MDC 'is Zimbabwe's Renamo', claims war vets leader â report"
2332:"Renamo's Rise and Decline: The Politics of Reintegration in Mozambique"
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2827:
2734:. Centre for Southern African Studies, University of York. p. 90.
2714:
2686:
2282:. Binghamton, New York: CSA Publications. pp. 633â634, 1045â1046.
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Shaking Hands with Billy: The Private Memoirs of Anthony Richard Turton
431:, as well as encouragement from contemporary African statesmen such as
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137:
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D.Phil. Thesis. Pretoria: Pretoria University; and Turton, A.R. 2007.
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343:, who led the organization until he died in 2018. He was succeeded by
3163:"Renamo leader's death a 'game changer' for Mozambique peace process"
1582:"Chronology: Main dates in the life of Renamo leader Afonso Dhlakama"
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against independence movements in its three primary African coloniesâ
351:
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The Hydropolitics of Cooperation: South Africa during the Cold War
656:
545:. In 1984 the South African and Mozambican governments signed the
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The Battle for Mozambique: The FrelimoâRenamo Struggle, 1977â1992
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An African Volk: The Apartheid Regime and Its Search for Survival
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The Origins of War in Mozambique: A History of Unity and Division
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Special Report on Mozambique 2004 Elections by the Carter Center
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group. The party was founded with the active sponsorship of the
3355:
Final Report of the European Union Election Observation Mission
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The Diplomacy of Isolation: South African Foreign Policy Making
1960:
Ending Mozambique's War: The Role of Mediation and Good Offices
1901:
Sure Road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique
1861:"Mozambique: End of Renamo Military Junta, says UN envoy â AIM"
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In May 2017, RENAMO agreed to extend their truce indefinitely.
716:
415:(FRELIMO), which was initially formed in exile in neighbouring
404:
130:
3107:
2133:. Pretoria: Water Research Commission; and Turton, A.R. 2003.
1843:"Mozambique President, Opposition Leader Sign Peace Agreement"
3206:"Mozambique's former civil war foes sign landmark peace deal"
3115:"Mozambique Rebel Movement Renamo Extends Truce Indefinitely"
1568:"Afonso Dhlakama, Mozambique's Opposition Leader, Dies at 65"
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puts an end to the 1992 peace deal. RENAMO announced that MP
606:
on 1 and 2 December 2004, the party was the main part of the
452:
3342:
244:
3026:"Renamo leader signs peace deal with Mozambique government"
2931:"Renamo rebels kill seven Mozambique soldiers": local media
2876:
1928:. Philadelphia: Columbia University Press. pp. 52â58.
824:
Peace deal reached between RENAMO and Mozambique government
753:
3072:"Mozambique forces in deadly clashes with Renamo â police"
2522:(in German). Mainz: Matthias-GrĂŒnewald. pp. 221â227.
2085:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 122â126, 314.
1812:"Mozambique: Renamo Kills Mozambican Soldiers in Zambezia"
744:
On 21 June, suspected RENAMO guerrillas attacked a bus in
2860:
1429:
Revista do Programa de PĂłsâGraduação em Sociologia da USP
1366:
Heads of the National Resistance Government of Mozambique
2970:"Mozambique 20-year peace deal 'ends after base raided'"
2418:. Duke University Press. 30 May 1996. pp. 193â212.
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3221:
3219:
2948:"Mozambique: Two RENAMO members killed in Sofala clash"
2831:(AgĂȘncia de Informação de Moçambique), 14 November 2012
2824:"Mozambique: Dhlakama Threatens to Destroy the Country"
2770:"MOZAMBICAN REFUGEES DETAIL REIGN OF TERROR BY RENAMO"
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Derluguian, Georgi (1997). Morier-Genoud, Eric (ed.).
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in apparent retaliation, with no casualties reported.
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foreign policy of the West German federal government.
3229:"Mozambique president, Renamo leader sign peace deal"
2111:
2056:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
1729:. New York u.a.: Human Rights Watch. pp. 86â88.
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2634:
Confronting Leviathan: Mozambique Since Independence
2580:
Confronting Leviathan: Mozambique Since Independence
1504:
Confronting Leviathan: Mozambique since independence
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2020:. New York: Frank Cass Publishers. pp. 49â53.
1506:. Athens: Ohio University Press. pp. 117â120.
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553:(ANC) residing there. This was consistent with the
2906:"Suspected Renamo rebels attack bus in Mozambique"
2661:Renamo: From Terrorism to Democracy in Mozambique?
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1992:. Somerset West: African Minds. pp. 263â267.
3369:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
1837:
1835:
1833:
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2493:"CURRICULUM VITAE PROF . DR. ANDRĂ THOMASHAUSEN"
1903:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 81â95.
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1845:. Voice of America. August 2019. Archived from
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657:International dimension and Human Rights record
3281:: Helion & Company, 30° South Publishers.
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2052:A Complicated War: The Harrowing of Mozambique
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1756:. RENAMO-UNIĂO ELEITORAL. 2004. Archived from
741:. RENAMO denied being involved in the attack.
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3144:"Mozambique's opposition leader dies aged 65"
2858:"Mozambican ex-rebels Renamo in police clash"
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2209:External Mission: The ANC in Exile, 1960-1990
1924:Walters, Barbara (1999). Snyder, Jack (ed.).
1786:"Mozambique army destroys rebel base: police"
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537:RENAMO unified with another rebel group, the
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2982:"Mozambique Army Overruns Second Rebel Base"
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2143:Water: A source of conflict or cooperation?
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3249:Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy
3093:"Mozambique: Renamo Wants Zuma to Mediate"
2873:"Renamo attack civilians in Intercape bus"
2607:Apartheid Guns and Money: A Tale of Profit
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1545:
483:and the collapse of Portugal's right-wing
331:dissidents opposed to Mozambique's ruling
72:
2630:
2576:
2011:
2009:
1804:
1743:
1699:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 15â31.
1655:"Key Actors in the War and Peace Process"
1501:
1402:
845:
631:
470:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
356:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
3360:Main RENAMO Policy Guidelines 2004 (pdf)
2610:. Oxford University Press. p. 383.
2491:Thomashausen, Andre (23 November 2021).
2047:
2034:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1926:Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention
1690:
1688:
1686:
1468:
381:
3365:Mozambique-US Relations during Cold War
3302:
3266:
3245:
3023:
2684:
2167:
2117:
2105:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1923:
1917:
1554:
828:On 1 August 2019, Mozambique President
636:RENAMO forces attacked an army base in
395:From the early 1960s to the mid-1970s,
3550:
3004:"Mozambican rebel group denies attack"
2767:
2603:
2505:from the original on 15 February 2020.
2080:
2015:
2006:
1987:
1818:from the original on 30 September 2014
1718:
1716:
1502:Hall, Margaret; Young, Thomas (1997).
1384:
1328:
413:Front for the Liberation of Mozambique
3377:
2727:
2657:
2472:from the original on 13 November 2021
2376:
2329:
2302:
2280:Political Handbook of the World: 1998
2205:
1976:
1722:
1694:
1683:
1041:
794:
3307:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3024:England, Andrew (5 September 2014).
2074:
1957:
1942:
1647:
840:
20:
3051:"Mozambique rivals sign peace deal"
2890:"Mozambique bus attack controversy"
2841:"Five killed in Mozambique clashes"
2691:Review of African Political Economy
2631:Hall, Margaret; Young, Tom (1997).
2577:Hall, Margaret; Young, Tom (1997).
1853:
1713:
1605:"Mozambique rivals sign peace deal"
401:bitter counter-insurgency conflicts
352:South Africa's apartheid government
335:party. RENAMO was initially led by
13:
3510:Mozambique Social Broadening Party
3458:Independent Alliance of Mozambique
3296:
2552:"Motshekga's mentor was Dr Renamo"
2377:Uhlig, Mark A. (31 January 1993).
2236:. Durban: Just Done Publications.
1628:. 11 November 2009. Archived from
1611:
700:
129:Avenida Ahmed Sekou TourĂ© NÂș 657,
14:
3594:
3322:
2206:Ellis, Stephen (1 October 2013).
1867:. 3 December 2021. Archived from
614:, won 31.7% of the popular vote.
539:Revolutionary Party of Mozambique
532:
507:Central Intelligence Organisation
325:Central Intelligence Organisation
3405:
3328:
2768:Murphy, Caryle (20 April 1988).
2018:The Cuban intervention in Angola
1347:
1335:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1028:
997:
971:
945:
919:
893:
812:Death of Dhlakama and its impact
527:ResistĂȘncia Nacional Moçambicana
292:ResistĂȘncia Nacional Moçambicana
229:
65:ResistĂȘncia Nacional Moçambicana
25:
3578:Political parties in Mozambique
3506:Independent Party of Mozambique
3498:Party of Freedom and Solidarity
3463:Mozambican Nationalist Movement
3412:Political parties in Mozambique
3305:Former Guerrillas in Mozambique
3173:
3085:
3064:
3043:
3017:
2996:
2975:
2963:
2941:
2924:
2898:
2883:
2866:
2851:
2834:
2817:
2795:
2761:
2748:
2731:Renamo: Terrorism in Mozambique
2721:
2678:
2651:
2624:
2597:
2570:
2544:
2509:
2484:
2448:
2404:
2370:
2323:
2296:
2226:
2199:
2173:
2148:
2123:
1988:Sayaka, Funada-Classen (2013).
1751:"Main Renamo Policy Guidelines"
203:Centrist Democrat International
3573:Military history of Mozambique
3252:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
3239:
2758:. Georgetown University, 1989.
1664:. January 1998. Archived from
1574:
1560:
1520:
1447:
1419:
1378:
1315:
1271:
1232:
1193:
1154:
307:Mozambican National Resistance
62:Mozambican National Resistance
1:
3514:Party of Greens of Mozambique
3502:National Reconciliation Party
1385:Kadima, Denis (1 June 2014).
1371:
803:
707:RENAMO insurgency (2013â2019)
3563:Anti-communist organizations
3483:People's Party of Mozambique
3267:Emerson, Stephen A. (2014).
2348:10.1080/13533312.2013.840087
2145:Enfield: Science Publishers.
1723:Watch, Human Rights (1992).
1570:. Bloomberg L.P. 3 May 2018.
1455:"Partidos Archivo â idc-cdi"
1391:Journal of African Elections
7:
3568:Law enforcement in Rhodesia
2802:"Dhlakama back in the bush"
2637:. Hurst. pp. 134â136.
2604:Vuuren, Hennie Van (2018).
2516:Paffenholz, Thania (1998).
2330:Vines, Alex (1 June 2013).
2309:. Peter Lang. p. 272.
2264:Audrey Kalley, Jacqueline.
2248:Audrey Kalley, Jacqueline.
2212:. Oxford University Press.
1695:Alden, Christopher (2001).
1359:
501:units, including the elite
10:
3599:
3488:United Front of Mozambique
2336:International Peacekeeping
2158:. Johannesburg: MacMillan.
2048:Finnegan, William (1992).
704:
622:Rome General Peace Accords
391:Independence and formation
377:
367:Rome General Peace Accords
16:Mozambican political party
3532:List of political parties
3522:
3478:Front of Patriotic Action
3468:National Convention Party
3450:
3418:
3246:Cabrita, JoĂŁo M. (2000).
2699:10.1080/03056248808703796
2424:10.1515/9780822379423-008
1404:10.20940/jae/2014/v13i1a1
1087:
878:
674:for the cause of RENAMO.
568:Mozambican National Union
551:African National Congress
451:and People's Republic of
386:RENAMO-held areas in 1994
257:
242:
237:
228:
223:
209:
199:International affiliation
198:
188:
170:
146:
136:
125:
110:
100:
88:
80:
71:
59:
34:This article needs to be
3303:Wiegink, Nikkie (2020).
2880:(SAPA-AFP), 7 April 2013
2807:15 February 2015 at the
2379:"Reagan's Man in Africa"
2303:Lulat, Y. G.-M. (2008).
2234:Shaking Hands with Billy
2141:. In Grover, V.E. (ed).
211:Assembly of the Republic
193:Democrat Union of Africa
64:
2912:(Reuters). 21 June 2013
2812:Southerntimesafrica.com
2685:Nesbitt, Prexy (1988).
2556:The Mail & Guardian
2016:George, Edward (2005).
765:Mozambican Armed Forces
555:Total National Strategy
327:(CIO) in May 1977 from
189:Continental affiliation
172:Political position
3583:Anti-communist parties
3537:Politics of Mozambique
3103:– via AllAfrica.
2583:. Hurst. p. 134.
2081:Miller, Jamie (2016).
1958:Hume, Cameron (1994).
1662:Conciliation Resources
846:Presidential elections
632:Activities in Zimbabwe
563:Afrikaner nationalists
387:
291:
262:Politics of Mozambique
153:Mozambican nationalism
2465:. 1992. p. 187.
2416:Deciding to Intervene
2154:Geldenhuys, D. 1984.
1354:Second flag of RENAMO
491:Armed Forces Movement
385:
3473:National Unity Party
3337:at Wikimedia Commons
2972:BBC, 21 October 2013
2728:Vines, Alex (1991).
2658:Vines, Alex (1996).
1849:on 28 February 2021.
1792:on 24 September 2016
1443:on 11 December 2013.
1342:First flag of RENAMO
620:, negotiator at the
481:Carnation Revolution
421:scientific socialism
363:Mozambican Civil War
316:political party and
2953:21 October 2013 at
2774:The Washington Post
2232:Turton. A.R. 2010.
2185:. Routledge. 2006.
1329:Former RENAMO flags
684:Franz Josef Strauss
672:Heritage Foundation
593:Operation Bush Talk
515:Voz da Africa Livre
511:Voz da Africa Livre
399:fought a series of
161:Economic liberalism
142:RENAMO Youth League
3095:. 23 December 2015
2993:), 30 October 2013
2463:Human Rights Watch
2383:The New York Times
1865:Club of Mozambique
1626:arts.monash.edu.au
1586:Club of Mozambique
1042:Assembly elections
832:and RENAMO leader
795:2014 peace process
739:Chibabava District
519:André Matsangaissa
474:Rhodesian Bush War
458:search and destroy
437:Gamal Abdel Nasser
407:, Mozambique, and
388:
337:André Matsangaissa
3545:
3544:
3333:Media related to
3314:978-0-8122-5205-7
3288:978-1-909384-92-7
3259:978-1-349-42432-0
2960:, 19 October 2013
2938:, 17 October 2013
2814:, 29 October 2012
2754:Minter, William.
2741:978-0-253-36253-7
2671:978-0-85255-355-8
2644:978-1-85065-115-4
2617:978-1-78738-097-4
2590:978-1-85065-115-4
2558:. 23 January 1998
2433:978-0-8223-7942-3
2316:978-0-8204-7906-4
2289:978-1-349-14953-7
2268:, 1999. Page 742.
2252:, 1999. Page 739.
2219:978-0-19-936529-6
2192:978-0-415-39822-0
1736:978-1-56432-079-7
1557:, pp. 74â110
1326:
1325:
1039:
1038:
841:Electoral history
782:Maringué District
543:Zambezia Province
280:
279:
267:Political parties
55:
54:
3590:
3410:
3409:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3346:
3345:
3343:Official website
3332:
3318:
3292:
3263:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3214:
3213:
3212:. 1 August 2019.
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3119:Voice of America
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3000:
2994:
2990:Cameroon Tribune
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2958:Thezimbabwean.co
2945:
2939:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2870:
2864:
2855:
2849:
2838:
2832:
2821:
2815:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2497:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2275:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2055:
2045:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1955:
1940:
1939:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1635:on 28 March 2012
1634:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1607:. 8 August 2019.
1601:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1530:Binding Memories
1524:
1518:
1517:
1499:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1436:. Archived from
1435:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1382:
1351:
1339:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1004:
1001:
1000:
978:
975:
974:
952:
949:
948:
926:
923:
922:
900:
897:
896:
856:Party candidate
850:
849:
425:French Indochina
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
294:
253:
250:
248:
246:
233:
218:
184:
121:
119:
76:
57:
56:
50:
47:
41:
29:
28:
21:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3527:Portal:Politics
3518:
3446:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3341:
3340:
3325:
3315:
3299:
3297:Further reading
3289:
3260:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3217:
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3203:
3199:
3189:
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3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3030:Financial Times
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2946:
2942:
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2899:
2888:
2884:
2871:
2867:
2856:
2852:
2839:
2835:
2822:
2818:
2809:Wayback Machine
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2726:
2722:
2693:(43): 111â124.
2683:
2679:
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2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2046:
2035:
2028:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1986:
1977:
1970:
1956:
1943:
1936:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1897:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1871:on 19 June 2022
1859:
1858:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
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1783:
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1764:
1763:on 10 June 2015
1760:
1753:
1749:
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1744:
1737:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1693:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1671:on 9 March 2016
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1103:
1100:
1089:Afonso Dhlakama
1044:
1033:
1029:
1002:
998:
976:
972:
950:
946:
924:
920:
898:
894:
880:Afonso Dhlakama
848:
843:
826:
818:Afonso Dhlakama
816:On 3 May 2018,
814:
806:
797:
750:Sofala Province
709:
703:
701:Renewed clashes
664:Chester Crocker
659:
634:
612:Afonso Dhlakama
557:pursued by the
535:
523:Sofala Province
433:Ahmed Ben Bella
393:
380:
341:Afonso Dhlakama
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3324:
3323:External links
3321:
3320:
3319:
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3294:
3293:
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3241:
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3016:
2995:
2974:
2962:
2940:
2923:
2897:
2895:, 7 April 2013
2882:
2865:
2863:, 4 April 2013
2850:
2848:, 4 April 2013
2833:
2816:
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2596:
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2528:
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2483:
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2432:
2403:
2369:
2342:(3): 375â393.
2322:
2315:
2295:
2288:
2270:
2254:
2241:
2225:
2218:
2198:
2191:
2172:
2170:, p. 163.
2168:Emerson (2014)
2160:
2147:
2122:
2118:Emerson (2014)
2110:
2108:, p. 202.
2106:Cabrita (2000)
2098:
2092:978-0190274832
2091:
2073:
2067:978-0520082663
2066:
2033:
2027:978-0415647106
2026:
2005:
1999:978-1920489977
1998:
1975:
1968:
1941:
1935:978-0231116275
1934:
1916:
1910:978-9004222618
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778:Armindo Milaco
705:Main article:
702:
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668:Western Bloc's
658:
655:
633:
630:
588:National Party
559:National Party
547:Nkomati Accord
534:
533:Later activity
531:
441:Julius Nyerere
429:French Algeria
392:
389:
379:
376:
329:anti-communist
278:
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165:Anti-communism
150:
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127:
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112:
108:
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106:André Magibire
104:
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3231:. Al Jazeera.
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3201:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3169:. 9 May 2018.
3168:
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3146:. Al Jazeera.
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2120:, p. 90.
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2029:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
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1995:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1969:1-878379-38-0
1965:
1961:
1954:
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1950:
1948:
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1814:. allAfrica.
1813:
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1706:0-312-23594-1
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1533:
1532:: Chronology"
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1513:0-8214-1191-8
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1290:
1289:Ossufo Momade
1287:
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1269:
1261:
1254:
1251:
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1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:Ossufo Momade
1013:
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1008:
1007:
996:
993:
990:
987:
985:
982:
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967:
964:
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876:
873:
872:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
855:
852:
851:
838:
835:
834:Ossufo Momade
831:
821:
819:
809:
801:
792:
790:
785:
783:
779:
773:
770:
766:
762:
757:
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747:
742:
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669:
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629:
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623:
619:
618:Raul Domingos
615:
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508:
504:
498:
496:
495:Samora Machel
492:
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477:
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467:
463:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
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418:
414:
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409:Guinea-Bissau
406:
402:
398:
384:
375:
371:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
348:
346:
345:Ossufo Momade
342:
338:
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326:
323:
319:
315:
295:
293:
288:
284:
273:
270:
268:
265:
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151:
149:
145:
141:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
96:
95:Ossufo Momade
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
58:
49:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
3434:
3304:
3269:
3248:
3209:
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3184:
3175:
3166:
3123:. Retrieved
3121:. 4 May 2017
3118:
3109:
3097:. Retrieved
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3066:
3054:. Retrieved
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3029:
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
2998:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2965:
2957:
2943:
2933:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2900:
2892:
2885:
2875:
2868:
2853:
2844:
2836:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2773:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2730:
2723:
2690:
2680:
2660:
2653:
2633:
2626:
2606:
2599:
2579:
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2555:
2546:
2518:
2511:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2462:
2450:
2415:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2382:
2372:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2305:
2298:
2279:
2273:
2265:
2249:
2244:
2233:
2228:
2208:
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2181:
2175:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2082:
2076:
2051:
2017:
1989:
1959:
1925:
1919:
1900:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:the original
1864:
1855:
1847:the original
1820:. Retrieved
1806:
1796:29 September
1794:. Retrieved
1790:the original
1765:. Retrieved
1758:the original
1745:
1725:
1696:
1673:. Retrieved
1666:the original
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1630:the original
1625:
1613:
1585:
1576:
1562:
1555:Emerson 2014
1535:. Retrieved
1529:
1522:
1503:
1458:. Retrieved
1449:
1438:the original
1428:
1421:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1073:
1062:
1057:
1053:Party leader
1052:
1025:
994:
968:
942:
916:
890:
864:
859:
830:Filipe Nyusi
827:
815:
807:
798:
786:
774:
758:
743:
736:
725:
710:
692:
676:
660:
647:
635:
616:
597:
586:between the
584:negotiations
576:peace accord
572:
536:
526:
514:
510:
499:
484:
478:
466:South Africa
449:Soviet Union
394:
372:
360:
349:
289:
282:
281:
178:Centre-right
157:Conservatism
126:Headquarters
81:Abbreviation
43:
35:
18:
3240:Works cited
3009:28 December
2787:23 November
2562:23 November
2476:24 November
2396:23 November
1875:17 February
1537:28 December
1397:(1): 1â24.
1322:Opposition
1278:Opposition
1239:Opposition
1200:Opposition
1161:Opposition
1122:Opposition
734:or police.
601:legislative
486:Estado Novo
447:, with the
3552:Categories
3190:10 January
2916:21 October
2828:All Africa
1372:References
1293:1,351,659
1249:1,495,137
1132:1,603,811
1093:1,803,506
1019:1,356,786
988:1,783,382
910:2,133,655
884:1,666,965
804:2017 truce
529:(RENAMO).
314:Mozambican
287:Portuguese
285:(from the
224:Party flag
205:(observer)
182:right-wing
138:Youth wing
3367:from the
3210:France 24
3167:France 24
2910:The Times
2782:0190-8286
2707:0305-6244
2442:242511510
2391:0362-4331
2364:143992994
2356:1353-3312
1822:15 August
1413:1609-4700
1140:117 / 250
1101:112 / 250
1049:Election
853:Election
761:Gorongosa
713:Gorongosa
695:terrorism
651:Chimwenje
608:Renamo-UE
604:elections
570:(UNAMO).
479:The 1974
322:Rhodesian
272:Elections
46:July 2018
3420:Assembly
3279:Pinetown
3275:Solihull
3099:24 April
3077:24 April
3056:24 April
3035:24 April
2951:Archived
2805:Archived
2538:47254115
2500:Archived
2467:Archived
1816:Archived
1460:24 April
1360:See also
1301:60 / 250
1257:89 / 250
1218:51 / 250
1210:688,782
1179:90 / 250
1171:905,289
1074:Position
962:650,679
936:998,059
746:Machanga
728:Muxengue
638:Zimbabwe
462:Rhodesia
417:Tanzania
397:Portugal
318:militant
217:60 / 250
148:Ideology
102:Chairman
3429:FRELIMO
2935:Reuters
2893:News 24
2845:News 24
2715:4005762
2058:112â118
1767:8 March
1675:8 March
1639:8 March
1296:22.28%
1252:32.46%
1213:17.69%
1174:29.73%
1135:38.81%
1096:37.78%
1078:Result
1022:21.84%
991:36.61%
965:16.41%
939:31.74%
913:47.71%
887:33.73%
869:Result
769:Colonel
721:Nampula
688:DĂ©tente
503:Flechas
445:Algeria
378:History
333:FRELIMO
312:) is a
301:
247:.renamo
238:Website
116: (
111:Founded
36:updated
3558:RENAMO
3451:Others
3435:RENAMO
3335:RENAMO
3311:
3285:
3256:
3185:News24
2780:
2738:
2713:
2705:
2668:
2641:
2614:
2587:
2536:
2526:
2440:
2430:
2389:
2362:
2354:
2313:
2286:
2216:
2189:
2182:Africa
2089:
2064:
2024:
1996:
1966:
1932:
1907:
1733:
1703:
1510:
1411:
1067:Seats
717:Maputo
682:party
642:Mukosa
580:UNOMOZ
439:, and
405:Angola
283:RENAMO
131:Maputo
90:Leader
84:RENAMO
3431:(144)
3422:(250)
3125:5 May
2711:JSTOR
2503:(PDF)
2496:(PDF)
2470:(PDF)
2459:(PDF)
2438:S2CID
2360:S2CID
1761:(PDF)
1754:(PDF)
1669:(PDF)
1658:(PDF)
1633:(PDF)
1622:(PDF)
1441:(PDF)
1434:(PDF)
1058:Votes
860:Votes
789:Beira
640:near
453:China
3443:(17)
3437:(89)
3309:ISBN
3283:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3192:2019
3127:2017
3101:2017
3079:2017
3058:2017
3037:2017
3011:2014
2918:2013
2877:SABC
2789:2021
2778:ISSN
2736:ISBN
2703:ISSN
2666:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2564:2021
2534:OCLC
2524:ISBN
2478:2021
2428:ISBN
2398:2021
2387:ISSN
2352:ISSN
2311:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1877:2022
1824:2014
1798:2016
1769:2016
1731:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1677:2016
1641:2016
1539:2014
1508:ISBN
1462:2017
1409:ISSN
1319:2nd
1284:2019
1275:2nd
1245:2014
1236:2nd
1206:2009
1197:2nd
1167:2004
1158:2nd
1128:1999
1119:2nd
1111:112
1084:1994
1070:+/â
1026:Lost
1010:2019
995:Lost
984:2014
969:Lost
958:2009
943:Lost
932:2004
917:Lost
906:1999
891:Lost
875:1994
754:coal
732:army
464:and
427:and
298:lit.
249:.org
118:1975
114:1975
3441:MDM
2861:BBC
2695:doi
2420:doi
2344:doi
1399:doi
1311:29
1267:38
1228:39
1189:27
719:to
680:CSU
251:.mz
245:www
180:to
3554::
3277:,
3273:.
3218:^
3208:.
3183:.
3165:.
3152:^
3135:^
3117:.
3028:.
2908:.
2776:.
2772:.
2709:.
2701:.
2689:.
2554:.
2532:.
2498:.
2461:.
2436:.
2426:.
2414:.
2385:.
2381:.
2358:.
2350:.
2340:20
2338:.
2334:.
2257:^
2060:.
2036:^
2008:^
1978:^
1944:^
1885:^
1863:.
1832:^
1777:^
1715:^
1685:^
1660:.
1624:.
1594:^
1584:.
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