118:(ethanol) and was constructed on the principle of using 0° for the melting temperature of water, and graduating the tube into degrees, each of which was one-thousandth of the volume contained by the bulb and tube up to the zero mark. He suggested that the concentration of alcohol employed be such that it began boiling at 80 °Ré – that is, when it had expanded in volume by 8%. He chose alcohol instead of mercury because it expands more visibly, but this posed problems: his original thermometers were very bulky, and the low boiling point of alcohol made them unsuitable for many applications. Instrument-makers generally chose different liquids, and then used 80 °Ré to signify the boiling point of water, causing much confusion.
50:
301:, rather than the Réaumur measurement, but the Réaumur scale continued to be used in some parts of Europe until at least the mid-19th century, and in parts of Russia until the early 20th. While living in Paris, George Orwell mentions "translating Réaumur into Fahrenheit" even in 1929. Its main modern uses are in some Italian and Swiss factories for measuring milk temperature during cheese production, and in the Netherlands for measuring temperature when cooking sugar syrup for desserts and sweets.
34:
1040:
129:
thermometers were the best for practical use, on the grounds that among these substances its volume varies the most linearly with the method of mixtures. In detail, if two portions of water of equal masses A, B were mixed, and let the resulting water be C, and if we immerse a thermometer in A, B, C,
250:
181:
654:
645:
636:
627:
618:
609:
600:
591:
1019:
293:, the narrator says, "We had eleven degrees of frost", i.e. −11 °Ré, equivalent to −14 °C or 7 °F. By the 1790s, France had chosen the
252:, and similarly for other ratios of mixtures. He found that thermometers made using mercury allowed the closest fit to his expectation of linearity.
930:
762:
793:
1070:
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99:
738:
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The Réaumur scale was used widely in Europe, particularly in France, Germany and Russia, and was referenced in the works of
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308:'s army in San Antonio, Texas in 1836 recording the night's temperature as 34 °F and 1 °Ré.
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313.15 K = 40 °C = 104 °F = 563.67 °Ra = 28.5 °Ro = 13.2 °N = 90 °D = 32 ºRé
510:
298:
91:
87:
53:
Réaumur and
Celsius scale on thermometer. Private collection, central Europe.
125:
studied the several substances then used in thermometers and concluded that
33:
984:
979:
796:
777:
The scientific adventure: essays in the history and philosophy of science.
728:
943:
841:
Vladimir
Nabokov, The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, p. 1. Penguin Books.
280:
276:
264:
111:
83:
908:
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392:
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From the late 18th century mercury was used almost without exception.
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are defined as 0 and 80 degrees respectively. The scale is named for
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969:
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19:
This article is about the temperature scale. For other uses, see
730:
Inventing temperature : measurement and scientific progress
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853:, trans. Pevear and Volokhovsky (Vintage, 1991), p. 515.
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Uses outside of Europe include a
Mexican colonel in
887:
Reaumur thermometer for
Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese)
779:Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, London, 1952. Page 131.
244:
175:
82:), also known as the "octogesimal division", is a
245:{\displaystyle l_{C}={\frac {1}{2}}(l_{A}+l_{B})}
1052:
312:Conversion between different temperature units
102:, who first proposed a similar scale in 1730.
924:
287:. For example, at the beginning of Book X of
702:"How Reaumur fell off the temperature scale"
931:
917:
761:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
938:
869:. New York: Harper and Brothers. p.
695:
693:
575:1 °Ré = 1.25 °C = 2.25 °F
318:Réaumur temperature conversion formulae
48:
32:
672:
1053:
897:
862:
699:
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912:
832:, p. 685, Wordsworth Editions Limited
726:
579:Conversion between temperature scales
65:
667:Outline of metrology and measurement
13:
573:rather than specific temperatures,
105:
14:
1087:
548: − 491.67) ×
489: − 273.15) ×
176:{\displaystyle l_{A},l_{B},l_{C}}
100:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
37:Old thermometer in a pharmacy in
1071:Science and technology in France
1038:
700:Simons, Paul (17 October 2007).
902:. Stackpole Books. p. 364.
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1:
1061:Obsolete units of measurement
863:Draper, John William (1852).
538: + 491.67) °R
430: − 32) ×
479: + 273.15) K
7:
660:
509:
450:
391:
332:
10:
1092:
25:
18:
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950:
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420: + 32) °F
898:Hansen, Todd E. (2003).
812:, p. 268 Vintage Books.
26:Not to be confused with
21:Réaumur (disambiguation)
792:, p. 93, Random House,
518: °Ré ≘ (
459: °Ré ≘ (
400: °Ré ≘ (
851:The Brothers Karamazov
733:. Oxford. p. 64.
544: °R ≘ (
426: °F ≘ (
341: °Ré ≘
290:The Brothers Karamazov
258:
246:
183:. Deluc expected that
177:
54:
46:
1076:Scales in meteorology
1066:Scales of temperature
875:draper, john william.
866:Textbook on chemistry
814:Part 3, Chapter VI on
727:Chang, Hasok (2007).
685:Division octogesimale
485: K ≘ (
367: °C ≘
297:scale as part of the
247:
178:
63:French pronunciation:
52:
36:
810:Crime and Punishment
808:Fyodor Dostoyevsky,
673:Notes and references
187:
134:
86:scale for which the
1016:Conversion formulas
319:
67:[ʁeomy(ː)ʁ]
16:A Thermometry Scale
790:The Magic Mountain
317:
242:
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130:we obtain lengths
114:contained diluted
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47:
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817:Project Gutenberg
740:978-0-19-533738-9
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45:by Reaumur scale.
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569:For temperature
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123:Jean-André Deluc
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106:Change in scale
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828:Leo Tolstoy,
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92:boiling points
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868:
867:
859:
852:
847:
838:
831:
830:Anna Karenina
825:
818:
815:
811:
805:
798:
795:
794:Chapter IV on
791:
788:Thomas Mann,
785:
778:
772:
764:
758:
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732:
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522: ×
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463: ×
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404: ×
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396:
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390:
371: ×
370:
366:
363:
345: ×
344:
340:
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325:from Réaumur
324:
322:
321:
309:
307:
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299:metric system
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68:
60:
59:Réaumur scale
51:
44:
40:
35:
29:
22:
994:
899:
893:
882:
874:
865:
858:
846:
837:
824:
804:
797:Google Books
784:
776:
771:
729:
722:
711:. Retrieved
705:
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427:
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401:
397:
368:
364:
342:
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303:
288:
262:
254:
121:During 1772
120:
109:
79:
75:
71:
58:
56:
944:temperature
328:to Réaumur
269:Dostoyevsky
265:Thomas Mann
112:thermometer
84:temperature
28:Rømer scale
1055:Categories
1020:comparison
965:Fahrenheit
713:2022-12-14
687:in French.
564: °Ré
505: °Ré
446: °Ré
393:Fahrenheit
387: °Ré
306:Santa Anna
110:Réaumur's
41:, showing
757:cite book
749:457147642
707:The Times
571:intervals
361: °C
1005:Wedgwood
970:Gas mark
661:See also
273:Flaubert
995:Réaumur
990:Rankine
960:Delisle
955:Celsius
562:
550:
536:
524:
511:Rankine
503:
491:
477:
465:
444:
432:
418:
406:
385:
373:
359:
347:
334:Celsius
295:Celsius
285:Nabokov
281:Tolstoy
127:mercury
116:alcohol
88:melting
1045:Energy
1031:Portal
985:Newton
980:Leiden
975:Kelvin
940:Scales
747:
737:
452:Kelvin
283:, and
39:Vienna
1000:Rømer
277:Joyce
96:water
1018:and
763:link
745:OCLC
735:ISBN
90:and
57:The
942:of
259:Use
94:of
76:°Re
72:°Ré
1057::
873:.
871:20
759:}}
755:{{
743:.
704:.
692:^
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275:,
271:,
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799:.
765:)
751:.
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516:x
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494:4
487:x
483:x
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343:x
339:x
240:)
235:B
231:l
227:+
222:A
218:l
214:(
209:2
206:1
201:=
196:C
192:l
169:C
165:l
161:,
156:B
152:l
148:,
143:A
139:l
61:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
