Queue (hairstyle) - Knowledge

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while they shaved the top of their head. Khitan wore felt hats, fur clothes and woolen cloth and the Liao emperor switched between Han and Khitan clothing. Khitan officials used gold ornamented ribbons to found their hair locks around their foreheads, covering their heads with felt hats according to the Ye Longli's (Yeh Lung-li) Qidan Guozhi (Ch'i-tan kuo-chih). Khitan wore the long side fringes and shaved pates. Tomb murals of Khitan hairstyle show only some hair remaining near the neck and forehead with the rest of the head shaved. Only at the temples were hair left while the crown was shaven. The absence of Khitan clothes and hairstyles on a painting of riders previously identified as Khitan has led to experts questioning their purported identity. Khitan men might have differentiate between classes by wearing different patterns on their small braids hanging off their shaved foreheads. They wore the braids occasionally with a forehead fringe with some shaving off all the forehead. Some Han men adopted and mixed or combined Han clothing with Khitan clothing with Khitan boots and Han clothes or wearing Khitan clothes. Han women on the other hand did not adopt Khitan dress and continued wearing Han dress.

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first half of the Qing who objected to Qing hairstyle wore the braid but defied orders to shave the front of the head. One person was executed for refusing to shave the front but he had willingly braided the back of his hair. It was only later that westernized revolutionaries began to view the braid as backwards and advocated adopting short-haired western styles. Han rebels against the Qing like the Taiping retained their queue braids on the back but rebelled by growing hair on the front of their heads. This caused the Qing government to view shaving the front of the head as the primary sign of loyalty rather than wearing the braid on the back, which did not violate Han customs and traditional Han did not object to.

620:, threatening that their throats would be cut if they did not shave within three days. The emperor was the first one to shave. Unlike the tonsure of the Tangut Western Xia, the Jurchen hairstyle of wearing the queue combined with shaving the crown was not the invention of an emperor of the dynasty but was an established Jurchen hairstyle which showed who submitted to Jin rule. This Jurchen queue and shaving hairstyle was not enforced on the Han Chinese in the Jin after an initial attempt to do so which was a rebuke to Jurchen values. The Jin at first attempted to impose Jurchen hairstyle and clothes on the Han population during the Jin but the order was taken back. They also banned intermarriage. 779: 771: 697: 911: 1602: 209: 673: 3110: 2300: 647: 1501: 2794: 4507: 742: 733: 1616: 27: 709: 129: 1344: 4495: 1630: 1470: 661: 68: 405: 2273: 2246: 1075:

shave. It was a Han official from Shandong, Sun Zhixie and Li Ruolin who voluntarily shaved their foreheads and demanded Qing Prince Dorgon impose the queue hairstyle on the entire population which led to the queue order. The Han Chinese were given 10 days to comply or face death. Though Dorgon admitted that followers of

1548:, or tarred in the case of sailors. It was said that the soldiers' hair was pulled back so tightly that they had difficulty closing their eyes afterwards. The use of white hair powder in the British Army was discontinued in 1796 and queues were ordered to be cut off four years later. They continued to be worn in the 1518:. For civilian men, the tyewig (a wig tied into a queue) and the bag wig became widespread after the death of Louis XIV; wigs that did not feature a queue such as the bob wig were favoured by those who could not afford a long wig. The type of wig became an indicator of one's rank, occupation and political leanings. 1513:

hunting with his hair tied back. By the 1730s, the queue had spread from the military and became widespread among civilians. A 1697 depiction of a royal guard during the wedding of the Duke of Burgundy shows the sporting of this hairstyle, which came to influence civilian fashions due to the frequent

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In the edict, Dorgon specifically emphasized the fact that Manchus and the Qing Emperor himself all wore the queue and shaved their foreheads, so that by following the queue order, Han Chinese would look like the Manchus and the Emperor. This invoked the Confucian notion that the people were like the

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were not required to wear the shaved Khitan hairstyle which Khitan men wore to distinguish their ethnicity, unlike the Qing dynasty which mandated wearing of the Manchu hairstyle for men. Khitan men left only two separate patches of hair on each of the forehead's sides in front of each ear in tresses

1015:

Han Chinese did not object to wearing the queue braid on the back of the head as they traditionally wore all their hair long, but fiercely objected to shaving the forehead so the Qing government exclusively focused on forcing people to shave the forehead rather than wear the braid. Han rebels in the

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In the 18th century, European soldiers styled their traditionally long hair into a queue called the "soldier's queue." The 18th century custom of tying periwigs (which normally reached down the back and chest) behind the neck began among soldiers and hunters, as seen as early as 1678 in a depiction

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may have inherited hairstyle influences from the Tuoba. It resembled a monk's hairstyle but was not exactly like their tonsure, it left the face to be framed on the sides and forehead by a fringe of hair by shaving the head top and leaving it bald. This made sure the Tibetans and Song Chinese could

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emperor passed a law on mandatory hairstyle on 24 September 1392 mandating that all males grow their hair long and making it illegal for them to shave part of their foreheads while leaving strands of hair, which was the Mongol hairstyle. The penalty for both the barber and the person who was shaved

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already shaved their entire heads as part of their culture and were bald so they were not able to wear the braids on the back unless they wore wigs with fake queues. According to Jonathan Neaman Lipman the Qing dynasty required Salars to wear the queue. During the Qing Salar men shaved their hair

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might have grounds for objection, most Han officials cited the Ming dynasty's traditional System of Rites and Music as their reason for resistance. This led Dorgon to question their motives: "If officials say that people should not respect our Rites and Music, but rather follow those of the Ming,

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and the Yangtze valley and it would have no allegiance to the Qing, and as such they in his idea would forgo the queue and be made to grow their hair long as a symbolic measure to "increasing the confidence of the Chinese in the advent of a new era". Boulger stated he could not discern from the

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issued an edict ordering all Han men to shave their foreheads and braid the rest of their hair into a queue identical to those worn by the Manchus. Qing Manchu prince Dorgon initially canceled the order for all men in Ming territories south of the Great wall (post 1644 additions to the Qing) to

1543:

British soldiers and sailors during the 18th century also wore their hair in a queue. While not always braided, the hair was pulled back very tight into a single tail, wrapped around a piece of leather and tied down with a ribbon. The hair was often greased and powdered in a fashion similar to

1521:

The French army plaited their wigs into a short queue (the French word for "tail") tied with a ribbon in the back, while the British military used the Ramillies wig, which featured a very long queue tied with two black ribbons, one at the neck and one at the tail end. The French army continued

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The imposition of this order was not uniform; it took up to 10 years of martial enforcement for all of China to be brought into compliance, and while it was the Qing who imposed the queue hairstyle on the general population, they did not always personally execute those who did not obey. It was

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within their conquered territories to adopt the Jurchen hairstyle by shaving the front of their heads and to adopt Jurchen dress, but the order was lifted. Some Han rebels impersonated Jurchen by wearing their hair in the Jurchen "pigtail" to strike fear within the Jurchen population.

1532:. However, hair policy in the French army was not uniform; some regiments such as the Imperial Guard foot grenadiers stuck to queues long afterwards, while the 2nd Line Infantry kept their queues as late as 1812. Short hair only became mandated at the end of the 1334:

Neither Taoist priests nor Buddhist monks were required to wear the queue by the Qing; they continued to wear their traditional hairstyles, completely shaved heads for Buddhist monks, and long hair in the traditional Chinese topknot for Taoist priests.

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Chinese he spoke to on whether the queue was invented by Nurhaci to impose on the Chinese as a symbol of loyalty or whether it was an already established Manchu custom as no one seemed to know the origin of it from his or other sinologists' inquiries.

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summed up the Chinese reaction to the implementation of the mandatory Manchu hairstyle by stating, "In fact, the Chinese people in those days revolted not because the country was on the verge of ruin, but because they had to wear queues." In 1683

1453:. They adopted Qing clothing and adopt the queue hairstyle, effectively becoming naturalized subjects of the Qing dynasty affording them protection against Vietnamese demands for extradition. Some Lê loyalists were also sent to Central Asia in 850:, Li Yongfang, defected to Nurhaci after Nurhaci promised him rewards, titles, and Nurhaci's own granddaughter in marriage. Other Han Chinese generals in Liaodong proceeded to defect with their armies to Nurhaci and were given women from the 887:

who were conquered by the Qing. The Amur peoples already wore the queue on the back of their heads but did not shave the front until the Qing subjected them and ordered them to shave. The term "shaved-head people" was used to describe the

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Dorgon did not want to see anything go wrong in a province and this might be the main reason why the government ... When the Chinese were ordered to wear the queue, Sun and Li took the initiative in changing their Ming hairstyle to

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criticized the Qing hairstyle by referring to the shaven pate looking like a fly. Koxinga and his men objected to shaving when the Qing demanded they shave in exchange for recognizing Koxinga as a feudatory. The Qing demanded that

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who grew all their hair long while fighting against the Qing dynasty were among the most beautiful men in the world unlike, in his mind, the Han Chinese who wore the queue, with Lindley calling the shaved part "a disfigurement".

1394:, who were not under Beijing's influence and whom Boulger believed Britain could work with to stabilize China. He proposed that at Nanjing and Hankou a force of Chinese soldiers trained by the British be deployed and in 1272:

rebelled in 1622 and 1625 in response to the implementation of the mandatory hairstyle. The Manchus responded swiftly by killing the educated elite and instituting a stricter separation between Han Chinese and Manchus.

1321:

Many people were violating the Qing laws on hair at the end of the dynasty. Some Chinese chose to wear the queue but not to shave their crown, while those people who cut the queue off and did not shave were considered

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In 1645, the enforcement of the queue order was taken a step further by the ruling Manchus when it was decreed that any man who did not adopt the Manchu hairstyle within ten days would be executed. The intellectual

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wars France engaged in during Louis' reign. The queue, either curled or covered with a silk bag (known as a bag wig), gradually replaced the unwieldy big wigs and remained important to men's fashion until the

2224:. contributors: Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), Princeton University. Art Museum, Kuo li ku kung po wu yüan, Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan. Art Museum, Princeton University. pp. 168, 159, 179. 1214:

bald while when they went to journey in public they put on artificial queues. Uyghur men shaved their hair bald during the Qing. Uyghur males at the present still shave their heads bald in the summer.

1318:

Cantonese outlaw bandit pirates in the Guangdong maritime frontier with Vietnam in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries wore their hair long in defiance of the Qing laws which mandated cutting.

1363:, wrote in 1887 that the British ought to act in a similarly decisive way when imposing their will in India. In his view, the British administration should have outlawed practises such as 6345: 782:

A European artist's conception of a Manchu warrior in China – surprisingly, holding the severed head of an enemy by its queue. Later historians have noted the queue looking more like

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or Tabgach groups of the Xianbei wore braids, since they were called "braided" by the southern Chinese. However, their hairstyle is hidden in depictions due to a hood they wore. The

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Social Life of the Chinese: With Some Account of Their Religious, Governmental, Educational, and Business Customs and Opinions. With Special But Not Exclusive Reference to Fuhchau

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Writing with Thread: Traditional Textiles of South Minorities : a Special Exhibition from the Collection of Huang Ying Feng and the Evergrand Art Museum in Taoyuan, Taiwan

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The Manchu hairstyle signified all ethnic groups submission to Qing rule, and also aided the Manchu identification of those Han who refused to accept Qing dynasty domination.

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and his sons was castration if they cut their hair and their families were to be sent to the borders for exile. This helped eradicate the partially shaved Mongol hairstyles.

485:, was met with resistance, although opinions about the queue did change over time. Han women were never required to wear their hair in the traditional women's Manchu style, 6179: 1233:

and officials in Xinjiang eagerly fought for the "privilege" of wearing a queue to show their steadfast loyalty to the Empire. High-ranking begs were granted this right.

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also held out against about 10,000 Qing troops for 83 days. When the city wall was finally breached on 9 October 1645, the Qing army, led by the Han Chinese Ming defector

2957:. Faculty of Asian Studies monographs // The Australian National University (illustrated ed.). Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 37. 1746: 6940: 1153:(劉良佐), who had been ordered to "fill the city with corpses before you sheathe your swords," massacred the entire population, killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people. 1367:

much earlier than 1829, which James ascribed to a British unwillingness to challenge long-held Indian traditions, no matter how detrimental they were to the country.

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The purpose of the Queue Order was to demonstrate loyalty to the Qing, and refusing to shave one's hair came to symbolize revolutionary ideals, as seen during the

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Manchu Jurchen men had queues, while Mongol men swept their hair behind their ears and plaited them, Turk men wore loose hair and Xiongnu men braided their hair.

1582:. The order was highly unpopular with both officers and men, leading to several desertions and threats of resignation. One senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel 2251:. contributors: Asia Society Museum, Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst (Berlin, Germany), Museum Rietberg (illustrated ed.). Harry N. Abrams. p. 114. 6274: 3611:

Wiltshire, Trea. (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong – Volume One. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. ISBN 962-7283-59-2 (Vol. One)

3278: 6945: 6781: 2197:. The Cambridge China Library. Bang Qian Zhu (translator), Peter Ditmanson (contributor) (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 34. 1747:

University of Hawaii at Manoa Art Gallery; Chazen Museum of Art; Museum of International Folk Art (N.M.); Evergrand Art Museum (Taoyuan, Taiwan) (2009).

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The queue was the only aspect of Manchu culture that the Qing forced on the common Han population. The Qing required people serving as officials to wear

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The Manchus' willingness to impose the queue and their dress style on the men of China was viewed as an example to emulate by some foreign observers.

2679: 1172: 3251: 6620: 4404:(1975b), "Localism and Loyalism During the Ch'ing Conquest of Kiangnan: The Tragedy of Chiang-yin", in Frederic Wakeman Jr.; Carolyn Grant (eds.), 4021: 1571:. An artificial or "patent" queue was issued to recruits whose hair was too short to plait. The style was abolished in the Prussian Army in 1807. 6360: 2536: 1374:

in 1899 proposed that Britain form and head an alliance of "Philo-Chinese Powers" in setting up a new government for China based in Shanghai and

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and his army then defected to the Qing and allowed them through Shanhai pass. They then seized control of Beijing, overthrowing Li's short-lived

823:. The hair on the front of the head was shaved off above the temples every ten days and the remainder of the hair was braided into a long braid. 1150: 1134: 1137:, a Han Chinese general who had served the Ming but defected to the Qing, ordered troops to carry out three separate massacres in the city of 6765: 6736: 6355: 5811: 2435: 2695: 1441:

fled Vietnam for asylum in Qing China. They went to Beijing where Lê Chiêu Thống was appointed a Chinese mandarin of the fourth rank in the

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The Long White Mountain, or, A journey in Manchuria: with some account of the history, people, administration and religion of that country

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The Manchu hairstyle was forcefully introduced to Han Chinese and other ethnicities like the Nanai in the early 17th century during the

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We are given our body, skin and hair from our parents; which we ought not to damage. This idea is the quintessence of filial duty. (

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due to what he believed was the imminent collapse of the Qing dynasty. The Yangtze valley was controlled by Qing officials such as

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The Qing dynasty required all subjects of all ethnicities to shave their foreheads and wear the queue braid including Muslims like

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The Nanais at first fought against the Nurhaci and the Manchus, led by their own Nanai Hurka chief Sosoku before surrendering to

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Zibuyu, "What The Master Would Not Discuss", according to Yuan Mei (1716–1798): A Collection of Supernatural Stories (2 vols)

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family in marriage. Once firmly in power, Nurhaci commanded all men in the areas he conquered to adopt the Manchu hairstyle.

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observed that Muslim Turks in 14th–15th century Turfan and Kumul shaved their heads while non-Muslim Turks grew long hair.

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Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K. (2008) Cambridge History of China Volume 9 Part 1 The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, pp. 87–88

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in 1911 led to a complete change in hairstyle almost overnight. The queue became unpopular as it became associated with a

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within a month, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. The third massacre left few survivors. The three massacres at

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committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the Ming dynasty. The Han Chinese Ming general

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Han Chinese also made the peoples they conquered undo their queues. To show submission to the Han Chinese of the

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Muslim Uyghur Students in a Chinese Boarding School: Social Recapitalization as a Response to Ethnic Integration

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Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c. 1620–1720

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Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c. 1620–1720

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Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c. 1620–1720

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Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c. 1620–1720

2774:(27). China Heritage Project, ANU College of Asia & the Pacific (CAP), The Australian National University. 2568: 2543:(Thoroughly changing the customs officially established for 200 years: the story of queue-cutting in the early 2332:. UPCC book collections on Project MUSE (illustrated ed.). University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 53, 190. 2310: 2283: 2256: 2229: 2022: 1995: 1812: 1785: 1731: 1568: 931: 778: 465: 340: 228: 2952: 2272:

Zhou, Xun; Gao, Chunming; Shang-hai shih hsi chʿü hsüeh hsiao.; Chung-kuo fu chuang shih yen chiu tsu (1987).

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autonomous chiefdoms in Southwestern China where many minorities lived. There was one Han Chinese Tusi, the

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and is demonstrated by the fact that Chinese citizens in Hong Kong collectively changed to short haircuts.

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clan declared the establishment of the Later Jin dynasty, later becoming the Qing dynasty of China, after

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males grew hair from their temples but shaved the crown of their heads. The Han Chinese men living in the

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The Life And Times of Louisa, Queen of Prussia With an Introductory Sketch of Prussian History: Volume II

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Lynn Festa (2005). "Personal Effects: Wigs and Possessive Individualism in the Long Eighteenth Century".

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Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928

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Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928

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Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928

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are some of the most infamous, with estimated death tolls in the tens or even hundreds of thousands.

976: 865: 83: 3426:. Vol. 63 of Turcologica Series (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 187. 910: 7090: 6910: 6644: 6615: 6365: 4913: 4534: 2511:[Barber's tale: notes from the life of Chinese abroad in the late Qing era]. Archived from 2327: 770: 214: 3746: 3181: 2432: 6686: 6152: 6137: 5971: 5869: 5503: 5374: 5193: 5048: 5043: 3725: 2702: 1583: 1438: 1294: 987: 757:

men, like their Manchu descendants, wore their hair in queues. In 1126, the Jurchen ordered male

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The hairstyle was compulsory for all males and the penalty for non-compliance was execution for

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in 1631. Mandatory shaving of the front of all male heads was imposed on Amur peoples like the

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The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China

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China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia

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of their own free will. Throughout the Qing dynasty Han women continued to wear Han clothing.

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men and others under Manchu rule give up their traditional hairstyles and wear the queue, the

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Han Chinese resistance to adopting the queue was widespread and bloody. The Chinese in the

146: 3593: 2984:"6 politics of the queue: agitation and resistance in the beginning and end of qing china" 2167:

The Origins of the Chinese Nation: Song China and the Forging of an East Asian World Order

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and his men on Taiwan shave to receive recognition as a fiefdom. His men and Ming prince

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A Familiar History of the British Army, from the Restoration in 1660 to the Present Time

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Chinese circus performers soon after the Manchu conquest, wearing queues. (Drawing by

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Lipman, Jonathan N. (1997). "4 / Strategies of Resistance Integration by Violence".

2643: 1445:, while lower ranking loyalists were sent to cultivate government land and join the 1326:

and others maintained the state-mandated combination of the queue and shaved crown.

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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368

1958:

Ancient Mortuary Traditions of China: Papers on Chinese Ceramic Funerary Sculptures

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As a result of this ideology, both men and women wound their hair into a bun (a

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did not cut their hair for philosophical and cultural reasons. According to the

7052: 6925: 6691: 6654: 6102: 6092: 6032: 5778: 5618: 5498: 5448: 5287: 5163: 5128: 5058: 5003: 4938: 4888: 4833: 4818: 4693: 4644: 4234:"Lore of the Corps – The True Story of a Colonel's Pigtail and a Court-Martial" 3477:

Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864

2191:

Zhu, Ruixi; Zhang, Bangwei; Liu, Fusheng; Cai, Chongbang; Wang, Zengyu (2016).

1988:

Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History

1804:

Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864

1635: 1621: 1526:

period, when Napoleon and other officers promoted close cropped hair, known as

1383: 1352: 1283: 1222: 1157: 972: 754: 506: 437: 1578:, the order to remove all queues was issued on 30 April 1801 by Major General 7204: 7164: 7130: 7095: 6711: 6701: 6517: 5908: 5700: 5654: 5649: 5421: 5416: 5218: 5168: 5013: 4958: 4928: 4918: 4634: 4581: 3399:. Emerging Perspectives on Education in China. Lexington Books. p. 165. 3369:

Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China

3166: 2779: 1587: 1560: 1528: 1457:. Modern descendants of the Lê monarch can be traced to southern Vietnam and 1391: 1206: 1195: 915: 808: 632: 608: 596: 580:. Hairstyles showed affiliation to a tribal confederation or dynasty. In the 573: 510: 441: 3623:"Violence and Predation on the Sino-Vietnamese Maritime Frontier, 1450–1850" 3541:""cutting tail"reflected the jiang nan social in guang xu dynasty two years" 7184: 6881: 6823: 6512: 6494: 6350: 5820: 5736: 5664: 5548: 5518: 5508: 5443: 5426: 5406: 5359: 5178: 4998: 4923: 4908: 4853: 4703: 3522: 3325: 2733: 2443: 1726:. Bradt Travel Guide Great Wall of China. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 41. 1664: 1607: 1428: 1302: 1210: 1118: 1091:

was "Cut the hair and keep the head, (or) keep the hair and cut the head" (

1088: 1076: 1063:. They then forced Han Chinese to adopt the queue as a sign of submission. 1060: 956: 889: 884: 839: 820: 660: 636: 600: 577: 518: 449: 363: 307: 272: 2560:

A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990

2356:

Women of the Conquest Dynasties: Gender and Identity in Liao and Jin China

2329:

Women of the Conquest Dynasties: Gender and Identity in Liao and Jin China

592:, Xianbei people are depicted with small queues hanging from their necks. 7120: 6841: 6562: 6557: 5766: 5644: 5603: 5588: 5411: 5384: 5243: 5183: 4953: 4933: 4893: 4586: 4106:

Napoleon's Infantry Handbook An Essential Guide to Life in the Grand Army

3902: 3787:

Boulger, Demetrius C. (1900). "America's Share in a Partition of China".

1961:. Far Eastern Art Council, Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 59. 1537: 1360: 1110: 983: 893: 851: 835: 816: 758: 616:

be told apart from shaved Tanguts. It was imposed by the Tangut emperor,

612: 585: 581: 561: 546: 476: 4506: 4222:

reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation (13 September 2001) (pp. 214–215)

3800: 3773: 3638: 3622: 2055: 2039: 1777:

Pre-modern East Asia: To 1800: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

1482:

The queue is also a Native American hairstyle, as described in the book

1289:

The queue became a symbol of the Qing dynasty and a custom except among

868:, still did so as a tradition, most of them abandoned it after the last 652: 557:, "braided". A braid of hair was found at Zhalairuoer in a Tuoba grave. 6788: 6632: 6582: 6552: 6395: 5710: 5613: 5563: 5282: 5158: 5088: 5023: 4993: 4983: 4978: 4858: 4828: 4783: 4688: 4649: 4639: 4612: 3970: 3760:

Boulger, Demetrius C. (1899). "The Dissolution of the Chinese Empire".

1549: 1410:

wrote that the beardless, youthful long haired Han Chinese rebels from

1202: 1051:, a minor Ming dynasty official turned leader of a peasant revolt. The 1048: 1026: 1022: 486: 5789: 4270:

Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800

1545: 497:

The queue hairstyle predates the Manchus. The Chinese word for queue,

6577: 6567: 5761: 5583: 5543: 5538: 5466: 5336: 5294: 5198: 5153: 5113: 5073: 5008: 4988: 4873: 4868: 4848: 4798: 4748: 4718: 4698: 4669: 4602: 4576: 4156:

Power and Propaganda in French Second Empire Theatre Playing Napoleon

3887: 1835: 1654: 1510: 1399: 1387: 1180: 1133:

who carried out massacres against people refusing to wear the queue.

1056: 991: 880: 812: 804: 787: 445: 286: 4037:

The Versailles Effect: Objects, Lives, and Afterlives of the Domaine

741: 732: 533:

had queues. Other evidence from Chinese histories indicate that the

7062: 6807: 6754: 6696: 6572: 6547: 5623: 5578: 5568: 5133: 5083: 4943: 4903: 4863: 4843: 4838: 4813: 4808: 4793: 4778: 4733: 4728: 4713: 4654: 4607: 4382:. In Frederic W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank (eds.). 2395: 2298: 2221:

Arts of the Sung and Yüan: Ritual, Ethnicity, and Style in Painting

1659: 1450: 1164:, while Han people were initially paid silver to wear the queue in 1161: 1146: 1114: 905: 843: 783: 589: 569: 481: 293: 3837:

What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in 19th Century China

3161:(27). China Heritage Project, The Australian National University. 2796:

What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in 19th Century China

1774:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006).

1382:, to counter the interests of other powers in the region like the 1047:

In 1644, Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by

7047: 5608: 5598: 5401: 5203: 5068: 5053: 4898: 4763: 4723: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4384:

Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644

3450:

Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier

3253:

Familiar Strangers : A History of Muslims in Northwest China

2645:

The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions

1828:

Bromber, Katrin; Krawietz, Birgit; Maguire, Joseph, eds. (2013).

1684: 1553: 1379: 1375: 1343: 1290: 1226: 1138: 1017: 950: 861: 831: 530: 522: 370: 314: 2590:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 21. 1807:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 305. 1084:

sons of the emperor, and should be similar in their appearance.

5741: 5593: 5364: 5267: 4973: 4571: 4494: 4034: 3840:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 94. 2799:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 83. 1458: 1454: 1306: 1278: 1165: 1122: 1100: 1071: 939: 847: 565: 526: 514: 2302:

Tales from the Land of Dragons: 1000 Years of Chinese Painting

1469: 1032: 549:'s history said they wore their "hair hanging down the back" ( 6771: 6330: 5756: 5433: 5257: 5103: 5063: 4519: 4356:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3366:

Pamela Kyle Crossley; Helen F. Siu; Donald S. Sutton (2006).

1699: 1669: 1649: 1411: 1176: 1109:). People who resisted the order were met with deadly force. 534: 457: 453: 378: 322: 16:

Hairstyle worn by the Jurchen and Manchu peoples of Manchuria

979:, requested and were granted an exemption from the mandate. 138:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

6941:

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

6430: 5553: 5208: 4803: 4683: 4550: 4456:

Also mentioned in "Dragonwings", by Laurence Yep, Chapter 4

4386:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 641–725. 3307:

Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China

3280:

Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China

2602:

Volume 15, Issue 4 of Trends in Linguistics. Documentation

2299:

Tung, W. U.; Tung, Wu; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (1997).

2017:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 118. 1932:"The End of the Queue: Hair as a Symbol in Chinese History" 1230: 1187: 873: 627:

Khitan man in tomb painting in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia

4470:

Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws

4272:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–119. 4081:

Hats and Headwear Around the World A Cultural Encyclopedia

3814:

Boulger, Demetrius Charles (28 April 1893). "Chapter IX".

3146: 3064:

Alternate Identities: The Chinese of Contemporary Thailand

2587:

Materials for the Study of Tungusic Languages and Folklore

2305:(illustrated ed.). Museum of Fine Arts. p. 136. 404: 3661:

Modern Chinese Literature and Culture, Volume 19, Issue 1

3155:"The End of the Queue: Hair as Symbol in Chinese History" 2768:"The End of the Queue: Hair as Symbol in Chinese History" 2490:[Hair, nails, and magic of China]. Archived from 2011:

Duan, Wenjie; Kapila Vatsyayan (1994). Tan, Chung (ed.).

1205:

and Salar people but some Turkic Muslim ethnicities like

298: 3998:

Clothing and Fashion American Fashion from Head to Toe

2954:

Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644–1660

448:, and was later required to be worn by male subjects of 1567:, the soldier's queue was mandatory under the reign of 1540:

notably stood out due to his refusal to cut his queue.

959:

during the seventeenth century. It was also imposed on

791:

as an inconsistency in the picture. (From the cover of

4298:

Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China

2932: 1990:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. pp. 126, 127. 1827: 1175:, but allowed other Han civilians to continue wearing 1831:

Sport Across Asia: Politics, Cultures, and Identities

1297:

or students who studied abroad cut their braids. The

489:, although that too was a symbol of Manchu identity. 277: 3122: 3098: 2010: 1597: 1437:, high ranking Lê loyalists and the last Lê emperor 1186:

However, the shaving policy was not enforced in the

380:

mn̂g-bué-á/mn̂g-bé-á or thâu-chang-bué/thâu-chang-bé

6946:

Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory

4353:

The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1

3674: 3664:. Foreign Language Publications. 2007. p. 175. 3196: 2278:(reprint ed.). Commercial Press. p. 130. 2218:Liu, Cary Yee-Wei; Ching, Dora C. Y., eds. (1999). 1773: 4447: 3508:. State University of New York Press. p. 128. 3061: 2986:. In Hiltebeitel, Alf; Miller, Barbara D. (eds.). 2642: 2401: 1753:. University of Hawai'i Art Gallery. p. 118. 4128: 2990:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 125. 2750: 2248:Gilded Splendor: Treasures of China's Liao Empire 1723:Great Wall of China: Beijing & Northern China 1536:with the ordinance of 25 September 1815. Marshal 7202: 3971:Francis Michael Kelly, Randolph Schwabe (2002). 3860: 3681:. University of Washington Press. pp. 60–. 3338: 3203:. University of Washington Press. pp. 61–. 3179: 2640: 2613: 2244: 955:, was a series of laws violently imposed by the 3717: 3372:. University of California Press. p. 127. 3359: 3256:. University of Washington Press. p. 105. 3173: 3059: 2906:Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 2903: 2129: 1156:Han Chinese soldiers in 1645 under Han General 6346:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations 4158:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 237. 3861:Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (2014). 3473: 2607: 2190: 1552:for a while longer, where they were known as " 149:to make improvements to the overall structure. 6766:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China 6737:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 5805: 4535: 4078: 3506:Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures 3013:"2 From smuggler-pirates to loyal Confucians" 2988:Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures 2899: 2897: 2426: 2014:Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie 1563:and those of several other states within the 1255: 1249: 999: 345: 247: 233: 4103: 4020:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3930: 3711: 3480:. Stanford University Press. pp. 204–. 3467: 2245:Shen, Hsueh-man; Asia Society, eds. (2006). 1986:. In Di Cosmo, Nicola; Wyatt, Don J (eds.). 1066:A year later, after the Qing armies reached 797:Regni Sinensis a Tartari devastati enarratio 595:After overthrowing the Mongol Yuan dynasty, 4406:Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China 4153: 3918:"Con trai vua Lê Thế Tông ở đất Thanh Châu" 3517: 3515: 3500: 2908:. Harvard University Press. pp. 53–54. 2880:. Cambridge University Press. p. 187. 2649:. University of California Press. pp. 2504: 2170:. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. 1890:Fashion, Identity, and Power in Modern Asia 55:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5812: 5798: 4542: 4528: 4263: 4059: 3833: 3190: 3019:. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. 2926: 2894: 2853:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. 2826:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. 2792: 2634: 2483: 1263: 1121:official who suggested the queue order to 846:defected to his side. The Ming general of 541:'s records called them "braided caitiff", 492: 6426:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty 4039:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 98. 3945: 2755:. Columbia University Press. p. 326. 1293:. Some revolutionists, supporters of the 501:, meant plaited hair or a cord. The term 183:Learn how and when to remove this message 165:Learn how and when to remove this message 111:Learn how and when to remove this message 6275:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi 4400: 4108:. Pen & Sword Military. p. 78. 4035:Mark Ledbury, Robert Wellington (2020). 3512: 3345:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 22. 3140: 2583: 2217: 1981: 1951: 1887:Pyun, Kyunghee; Wong, Aida Yuen (2018). 1886: 1800: 1504:A Spanish soldier wearing a queue (1761) 1499: 1468: 1342: 1031: 909: 777: 769: 622: 6882:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries 5819: 4422: 4184:, Edward Stanford, London (pp. 103–104) 3973:European Costume and Fashion, 1490–1790 3915: 3813: 3786: 3759: 3620: 3039: 2938: 2918: 2556: 2442:("Keep the hair, lose the head" in the 2381:"China Review International, Volume 19" 2352: 2325: 2163: 1858: 1834:. Vol. 21 (illustrated ed.). 7203: 4377: 4321: 3446: 3303: 3276: 3249: 3152: 2922: 2765: 1929: 1859:Rubo, Han; Liu, Hatty (23 July 2019). 1347:Barbershop in the Qing Dynasty (1870s) 1240:. Because of this, the members of the 965:Koreans who settled in northeast China 529:were said to shave their heads, while 521:, tribes in the west wore braids. The 7180:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions 6421:Principles of the Constitution (1908) 5793: 4523: 4349: 4295: 4286: 4231: 3738: 3419: 3232:周锡保. 《中国古代服饰史》. 中国戏剧出版社. 2002: 449. 3153:Godley, Michael R. (September 2011). 3128: 3116: 3104: 3060:Chee Kiong Tong; et al. (2001). 2981: 2766:Godley, Michael R. (September 2011). 1719: 1590:in 1803 for failing to cut his hair. 967:in the late 19th century, though the 6401:Ministry of Posts and Communications 3745:. Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 3739:James, Henry Evan Murchison (1888). 3392: 3010: 2873: 2846: 2819: 2102: 2075: 2037: 1930:Godley, Michael R. (December 1994). 1106:liú fà bù liú tóu, liú tóu bù liú fà 1080:what can be their true intentions?" 213:Chinese-American men with queues in 122: 61: 20: 7149:History of Qing (People's Republic) 4216:Hudson, Elizabeth Harriot (1878), ( 4178:Stocqueler, Joachim Hayward (1871) 4133:. Cooper Square Press. p. 74. 3975:. Dover Publications. p. 168. 3950:. New Amsterdam Books. p. 62. 3721:John Chinaman: His Ways and Notions 2950: 1338: 1125:to death and killed his relatives. 13: 6866:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor 6235:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) 6228:1909 Provincial Assembly elections 6108:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874) 5932:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 4964:Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut 4461: 4432:. University of California Press. 4328:. University of Washington Press. 4289:Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook 3707:. The Museum. 1921. pp. 102–. 3310:. University of Washington Press. 3283:. University of Washington Press. 3084:keep your hair and lose your head. 2194:A Social History of Medieval China 1477: 1160:forced the queue on the people of 803:The queue was a specifically male 509:wore a queue like the Manchu, the 14: 7247: 7155:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty 6996:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) 6871:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty 6023:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war) 5732:Beard and haircut laws by country 4487: 4268:. In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). 2584:Majewicz, Alfred F., ed. (2011). 1780:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 370. 1645:Beard and haircut laws by country 572:) undid their queues, as did the 36:This article has multiple issues. 6966:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking 6282:Articles of Favourable Treatment 6038:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856) 4505: 4493: 4225: 4210: 4193:Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1977) 4187: 4172: 4147: 4122: 4097: 4072: 3931:Lê Tiên Long (9 December 2018). 3903:"新疆曾有大批越南皇室后裔，乾隆时期投靠中国并前往乌鲁木齐开荒" 1628: 1614: 1600: 749: 740: 731: 719: 707: 695: 683: 671: 659: 645: 403: 207: 127: 66: 25: 6013:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 5899:Revolt of the Three Feudatories 5727:Andre Walker Hair Typing System 4949:Historical Christian hairstyles 4053: 4028: 3989: 3964: 3939: 3924: 3909: 3895: 3881: 3854: 3827: 3807: 3780: 3753: 3732: 3695: 3668: 3652: 3614: 3605: 3587: 3579:. 24 April 2013. Archived from 3565: 3533: 3494: 3440: 3413: 3386: 3332: 3297: 3270: 3243: 3226: 3217: 3134: 3089: 3053: 3004: 2975: 2944: 2912: 2867: 2840: 2813: 2786: 2759: 2744: 2726: 2712: 2688: 2670: 2577: 2550: 2519: 2498: 2477: 2453: 2419: 2407: 2373: 2346: 2319: 2292: 2265: 2238: 2211: 2184: 2157: 2123: 2096: 2069: 2031: 2004: 1975: 1945: 1464: 1168:when it was first implemented. 1012:) or other various hairstyles. 765: 379: 323: 299: 44:or discuss these issues on the 7236:Frederick William I of Prussia 6667:Guest House of Imperial Envoys 5957:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas 4549: 2275:5000 years of Chinese costumes 2143:. Cambridge University Press. 1982:Abramson, Marc Samuel (2005). 1923: 1907: 1880: 1852: 1821: 1794: 1767: 1740: 1713: 1569:Frederick William I of Prussia 1433:After Nguyễn Huệ defeated the 1286:surrendered and wore a queue. 1105: 1070:, on 21 July 1645, the regent 1029:fiercely objected to shaving. 1000: 944: 935: 927: 899: 346: 278: 248: 234: 1: 7101:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank 6876:Islam during the Qing dynasty 6732:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty) 6416:Provincial military commander 6406:Nine Gates Infantry Commander 6391:Imperial Household Department 6218:Preparative Constitutionalism 5922:Sino-Russian border conflicts 4510:The dictionary definition of 4322:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2011). 4300:. Stanford University Press. 4232:Borch, Fred L. (March 2012). 3948:Fashion in Costume, 1200–2000 3573:"清代妖术恐慌及政府的对策：以两次剪辫谣言为例_历史千年" 2951:Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1989). 2353:Johnson, Linda Cooke (2011). 2326:Johnson, Linda Cooke (2011). 1706: 1329: 6860:Researches on Manchu Origins 6265:Mongolian Revolution of 1911 5875:Transition from Ming to Qing 5865:Later Jin invasion of Joseon 3889:Annam and its Minor Currency 3724:. J. Gardner Hitt. pp. 3675:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2000). 3453:. Harvard University Press. 3423:The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur 3304:Lipman, Jonathan N. (1997). 3277:Lipman, Jonathan N. (2011). 3197:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2000). 3068:. Brill Publishers. p. 2753:Sources of Chinese Tradition 2751:De Bary; William T. (1999). 2109:. Basic Books. p. 335. 2082:. Basic Books. p. 312. 1473:Curley Bear with queued hair 961:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 828:transition from Ming to Qing 7: 7221:Culture of the Qing dynasty 6760:Changzhou School of Thought 6270:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang 6245:Railway Protection Movement 6223:1909 Parliamentary election 6208:British expedition to Tibet 6118:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang 6078:Self-Strengthening Movement 6053:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856) 4448:张博泉 (Zhang Boquan) (1984). 3621:Anthony, Robert J. (2014). 1593: 456:is grown long and is often 436:is a hairstyle worn by the 86:. The specific problem is: 10: 7252: 7160:Legacy of the Qing dynasty 6048:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873) 5987:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) 5977:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa 5947:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736) 4350:Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). 4314:Nguyễn Khắc Thuần (2005), 4264:Dennerline, Jerry (2002). 4129:R. F. Delderfield (2002). 3905:(in Chinese). 27 May 2018. 3834:Meyer-Fong, Tobie (2013). 3420:Yakup, Abdurishid (2005). 2793:Meyer-Fong, Tobie (2013). 2385:China Review International 1495: 1443:Han Yellow Bordered Banner 1426: 1422: 1408:Augustus Frederick Lindley 1378:as two capitals along the 1244:were sometimes called the 1087:The slogan adopted by the 903: 401: 7170:Names of the Qing dynasty 7113: 7081: 7038: 7031: 6900: 6818:Manchu Han Imperial Feast 6745: 6677: 6598: 6503: 6299: 6190: 6148:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896) 6143:Gongche Shangshu movement 6088:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) 6000: 5937:Chinese Rites controversy 5907: 5837: 5828: 5719: 5688: 5637: 5531: 5459: 5352: 5345: 5242: 4667: 4595: 4564: 4557: 4472:, Yale University Press, 4196:The Royal Navy, 1790–1970 4083:. ABC-CLIO. p. 484. 4000:. ABC-CLIO. p. 135. 3916:Thái Mỹ (24 April 2019). 3789:The North American Review 3762:The North American Review 3339:Arienne M. Dwyer (2007). 3186:. Harpers. pp. 242–. 3180:Justus Doolittle (1876). 2641:Evelyn S. Rawski (1998). 2614:Paolo Santangelo (2013). 2532: 2526: 2427: 2402:张博泉 (Zhang Boquan) (1984) 2164:Tackett, Nicolas (2017). 1522:keeping queues until the 1372:Demetrius Charles Boulger 1256: 1250: 1096: 876:, cut his queue in 1922. 815:and later imposed on the 576:upon surrendering to the 422: 412: 395: 390: 369: 362: 357: 353: 339: 334: 313: 306: 292: 285: 271: 264: 259: 255: 241: 227: 222: 206: 202: 197: 7091:Great Qing Treasure Note 6911:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) 6621:Administrative divisions 6438:Administrative divisions 6366:Flag of the Qing dynasty 4318:, Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục. 4287:Ebrey, Patricia (1993). 3718:George Cockburn (1896). 3159:China Heritage Quarterly 2904:Kuhn, Philip A. (1990). 2772:China Heritage Quarterly 2734:"论清朝对图们江以北朝鲜垦民的"薙发易服"政策" 2620:. Brill. pp. 829–. 2507: 2486: 2438:16 November 2010 at the 1801:Millward, James (1998). 1429:Ohaguro § Elsewhere 341:Traditional Chinese 335:Alternative Chinese name 229:Traditional Chinese 215:Chinatown, San Francisco 6687:Chengde Mountain Resort 6488:Three Eastern Provinces 6138:First Sino-Japanese War 6113:Northern Chinese Famine 5972:Lin Shuangwen rebellion 5870:Qing invasion of Joseon 4468:Struve, Lynn A (1998), 4062:Eighteenth-Century Life 3474:James Millward (1998). 2557:Forsyth, James (1994). 1264:Resistance to the queue 988:Classic of Filial Piety 493:Predecessors and origin 243:Simplified Chinese 7068:Great Qing Copper Coin 6956:Convention of Tientsin 6889:Annotated Bibliography 6837:Qing official headwear 5880:Battle of Shanhai Pass 4749:Brush, butch, burr cut 4240:(Special Edition): 1–2 4079:Beverly Chico (2013). 3599:3 October 2011 at the 3447:Brophy, David (2016). 3393:Chen, Yangbin (2008). 2982:Cheng, Weikun (1998). 2038:Chan, Hok-Lam (2009). 1720:Evans, Thammy (2006). 1505: 1474: 1348: 1305:; this is depicted in 1044: 1006: 919: 800: 775: 628: 7142:Draft History of Qing 7001:Treaty of Shimonoseki 6782:performance criticism 6386:Imperial Commissioner 6376:Great Qing Legal Code 6175:Eight-Nation Alliance 6158:Third plague pandemic 6068:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars 5992:White Lotus Rebellion 4500:Queues (hair fashion) 4378:Struve, Lynn (1988). 4296:Faure, David (2007). 4291:. Simon and Schuster. 4266:"The Shun-chih Reign" 4104:Terry Crowdy (2015). 2525:Lao Lu (Chinese: 1503: 1472: 1357:British civil servant 1346: 1238:White Lotus Rebellion 1131:Han Chinese defectors 1036:A soldier during the 1035: 996: 982:Traditionally, adult 913: 781: 773: 626: 517:style and during the 452:. Hair on top of the 88:excessive repetition. 7073:Great Qing Gold Coin 7006:Treaty of Tarbagatai 6951:Convention of Peking 6831:Pentaglot Dictionary 6813:Literary inquisition 6523:Ever Victorious Army 6356:Deliberative Council 6260:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil 6213:1905 Batang uprising 6153:Hundred Days' Reform 6043:Small Swords Society 5574:Hairstyling products 5149:Short back and sides 4502:at Wikimedia Commons 4154:Janice Best (2023). 3594:頭可斷辮子不可剪清朝留學生剪辮=偷了情 2533:彻底改变两百年官定习俗民国初年剪辫轶话 1866:The World of Chinese 1295:Hundred Days' Reform 1229:, Turkistani Muslim 1001:身體髮膚，受之父母，不敢毀傷，孝之始也。 93:improve this article 82:to meet Knowledge's 7126:Anti-Qing sentiment 6976:Treaty of the Bogue 6916:Treaty of Nerchinsk 6848:Complete Tang Poems 6528:Green Standard Army 6411:Provincial governor 6381:Imperial Clan Court 6361:Diplomatic missions 6336:Consultative Bureau 6083:Tongzhi Restoration 5962:Afaqi Khoja revolts 5942:Ten Great Campaigns 5850:Jurchen unification 5752:Eponymous hairstyle 5638:Haircare techniques 5629:Hair texture powder 5487:Frictional alopecia 4380:"The Southern Ming" 4316:Danh tướng Việt Nam 4199:Osprey Publishing, 4131:Napoleon's Marshals 3011:Hang, Xing (2016). 2874:Hang, Xing (2016). 2847:Hang, Xing (2016). 2820:Hang, Xing (2016). 2682:9 July 2009 at the 2539:1 June 2009 at the 2135:Twitchett, Denis C. 2103:Keay, John (2011). 2076:Keay, John (2011). 1919:. 1994. p. 54. 1447:Green Standard Army 1406:English adventurer 932:traditional Chinese 553:), and called them 147:editing the article 7011:Treaty of Tientsin 6722:Western Qing tombs 6717:Eastern Qing tombs 6543:Peking Field Force 6287:Manchu Restoration 6180:Declaration of war 6133:Jindandao incident 5952:Lhasa riot of 1750 5689:Health and medical 3946:Joan Nunn (2000). 3704:The Museum Journal 2677:清朝乾隆23年清政府令平埔族人學清俗 1939:East Asian History 1916:East Asian History 1675:List of hairstyles 1576:United States Army 1506: 1485:House Made of Dawn 1475: 1349: 1291:Buddhist monastics 1270:Liaodong Peninsula 1254:) or Hair rebels ( 1192:Chiefdom of Kokang 1045: 977:tributary of China 924:simplified Chinese 920: 801: 776: 629: 462:anti-Chinese riots 7198: 7197: 7109: 7108: 7021:Treaty of Whampoa 7016:Treaty of Wanghia 6991:Treaty of Nanking 6961:Li–Lobanov Treaty 6936:Chefoo Convention 6931:Burlingame Treaty 6802:Kangxi Dictionary 6707:Old Summer Palace 6538:Firearm Battalion 6341:Cup of Solid Gold 6295: 6294: 6240:Manchurian plague 6203:Late Qing reforms 6194:(1901–1912) 6128:Sikkim expedition 6058:Panthay Rebellion 6028:Taiping Rebellion 6004:(1801–1900) 5982:Sino-Nepalese War 5927:Dzungar–Qing Wars 5913:(1683–1799) 5841:(1616–1683) 5787: 5786: 5660:Curly Girl Method 5532:Haircare products 5527: 5526: 5494:Pattern hair loss 4774:Butterfly haircut 4663: 4662: 4513:queue (hairstyle) 4498:Media related to 4479:978-0-300-07553-3 4424:Wakeman, Frederic 4402:Wakeman, Frederic 4335:978-0-295-80412-5 4307:978-0-8047-5318-0 3688:978-0-295-98040-9 3583:on 24 April 2013. 3553:on 14 August 2011 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6326:Advisory Council 6255:Wuchang Uprising 6195: 6098:Tianjin Massacre 6063:Second Opium War 6005: 5967:Sino-Burmese War 5914: 5892:Battle of Penghu 5860:Seven Grievances 5842: 5835: 5834: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5791: 5790: 5514:Trichotillomania 5350: 5349: 5346:Hair subtraction 5332:Designer stubble 5174:Standard haircut 5094:Professional cut 4824:Croydon facelift 4744:Broccoli haircut 4562: 4561: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4521: 4520: 4509: 4497: 4482: 4453: 4444:In two volumes. 4443: 4418: 4397: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4311: 4292: 4283: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4229: 4223: 4214: 4208: 4191: 4185: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4011: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3935:(in Vietnamese). 3928: 3922: 3921: 3920:(in Vietnamese). 3913: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3795:(525): 171–181. 3784: 3778: 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(1998). 3493: 3486: 3466: 3460:978-0674970465 3459: 3439: 3432: 3412: 3406:978-1461633846 3405: 3385: 3378: 3358: 3351: 3331: 3316: 3296: 3290:978-0295800554 3289: 3269: 3262: 3242: 3238:978-7104003595 3225: 3216: 3209: 3189: 3172: 3145: 3133: 3131:, p. 271. 3121: 3109: 3107:, p. 164. 3097: 3088: 3078: 3052: 3040:Wakeman (1985) 3032: 3026:978-1316453841 3025: 3003: 2996: 2974: 2963: 2943: 2941:, p. 868. 2931: 2919:Wakeman (1985) 2911: 2893: 2887:978-1316453841 2886: 2866: 2860:978-1316453841 2859: 2839: 2833:978-1316453841 2832: 2812: 2806:978-0804785594 2805: 2785: 2758: 2743: 2725: 2711: 2687: 2669: 2659: 2633: 2626: 2606: 2597:978-3110221053 2596: 2576: 2569: 2549: 2518: 2497: 2476: 2452: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2372: 2366:978-0824834043 2365: 2345: 2339:978-0824834043 2338: 2318: 2311: 2291: 2284: 2264: 2257: 2237: 2230: 2210: 2204:978-1107167865 2203: 2183: 2177:978-1108186926 2176: 2156: 2149: 2122: 2115: 2095: 2088: 2068: 2030: 2023: 2003: 1996: 1974: 1967: 1944: 1922: 1906: 1900:978-3319971995 1899: 1879: 1851: 1845:978-0415884389 1844: 1838:. p. 53. 1820: 1813: 1793: 1786: 1766: 1760:978-0982033210 1759: 1739: 1732: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1636:History portal 1625: 1622:Fashion portal 1611: 1595: 1592: 1497: 1494: 1479: 1476: 1466: 1463: 1439:Lê Chiêu Thống 1427:Main article: 1424: 1421: 1416:Taiping armies 1353:H. 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James 1340: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1284:Zheng Keshuang 1265: 1262: 1223:Jahangir Khoja 1158:Hong Chengchou 973:Ryukyu Kingdom 901: 898: 767: 764: 751: 748: 747: 746: 739: 737: 730: 728: 725: 718: 716: 714:Boys and girls 713: 706: 704: 701: 694: 692: 689: 682: 680: 677: 670: 668: 665: 658: 656: 651: 644: 507:Jurchen people 494: 491: 424: 423: 420: 419: 416: 410: 409: 399: 393: 392: 388: 387: 384: 383: 376: 367: 366: 360: 359: 358:Transcriptions 351: 350: 343: 337: 336: 332: 331: 328: 327: 320: 311: 310: 304: 303: 296: 290: 289: 287:Yue: Cantonese 283: 282: 275: 269: 268: 262: 261: 260:Transcriptions 253: 252: 245: 239: 238: 231: 225: 224: 220: 219: 212: 204: 203: 200: 199: 191: 190: 173: 172: 135: 133: 126: 119: 118: 74: 72: 65: 60: 34: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7248: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7231:Prussian Army 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7165:Manchu people 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 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858: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 811:from central 810: 806: 798: 794: 790: 789: 785: 780: 774:Manchu queues 772: 763: 760: 756: 750:Jurchen queue 743: 738: 734: 729: 722: 717: 710: 705: 698: 693: 686: 681: 674: 669: 662: 657: 654: 648: 643: 642: 641: 638: 634: 625: 621: 619: 614: 610: 609:Tangut people 605: 602: 598: 597:Zhu Yuanzhang 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 511:Khitan people 508: 504: 500: 490: 488: 484: 483: 478: 473: 471: 470:United States 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 421: 417: 415: 411: 406: 400: 398: 397:Manchu script 394: 389: 377: 375: 372: 368: 365: 361: 356: 352: 344: 342: 338: 333: 321: 319: 316: 312: 309: 305: 297: 295: 291: 288: 284: 276: 274: 270: 267: 263: 258: 254: 246: 244: 240: 232: 230: 226: 221: 216: 210: 205: 201: 196: 187: 184: 169: 166: 158: 148: 142: 141: 136:This article 134: 125: 124: 115: 112: 104: 101:December 2014 94: 89: 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