364:, one of the Newfoundland diplomats invited to the conference, as he outlined the importance of the fisheries to the Newfoundland economy, and that a newly formed federalized state would open up a wide field of enterprise both with internal trade in Canada and within the continent of North America as a whole. However, one concern of the Maritime colonies was that they benefited from free trade and the aforementioned commerce of fishing for their livelihood, Canada was more concerned about industrialization in all the provinces, creating significant improvements to the Canadian economy. Such a concern was raised during the Conference as the Maritime colonies wished to maintain their stable economy. In contrast, some members from Prince Edward Island was highly skeptical of a union as advocated by Macdonald, as they were concerned about the Island's autonomy if there was a confederation. The concept of particularism, with paranoia surrounding an overpowering Canada dictating Maritime policy, was a salient characteristic of political thinking among numerous people in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. That demonstrated that even within the Maritimes, there were varying degrees of skepticism, with some parts more in favour than others highlighting the complexities of the Maritimes. One key figure, Charles Tupper who was a politician from Nova Scotia who formed close alliances with John A. Macdonald, sympathized with the goal of confederation and stated that the Maritimes "could never hope to occupy a position of influence or importance except in connection with their larger sister Canada." That highlighted the varying degrees in which delegates from the Maritimes viewed the idea of confederation.
260:
accept the details of the
Canadians' proposal. On 10 September 1864, in Halifax three days later, they drew up plans to hold another conference in Quebec to finalize the negotiations made during the last few days. They drew up motions for the Quebec Conference after the conclusion of Charlottetown, where they would focus on the confederation of British North America. They also agreed to invite a delegation from Newfoundland, as they were not involved in negotiations at Charlottetown Therefore, the members of Charlottetown wanted to include all provinces of Canada in the negotiations at the Quebec Conference as the Charlottetown Conference had laid the foundations of discussions at the Quebec Conference. During the period between the two sessions, the members of Charlottetown prepared a list of resolutions that would be passed at the Quebec Conference, which proposed the constitution of a new union. These were going to become the "
386:
the building of the railway with the full financial backing of the central government was key in swaying the
Maritimes decision to back a centralized government. The arrangements proposed by Alexander Galt in terms of finance, predominantly focusing on existing debts of various debts owed by certain colonies should be divided and shared. Some of the final resolutions outline that her the Queen possess considerable power over the course of proceedings as Resolution 71 underlined that the Queen was to be solicited to determine the rank and name of the federated provinces. Resolution 60 outlined that the central government would tackle the debts of all the provinces and aid the payments of all those involved. What was eventually enacted was the policy which resulted in each province being compensated by a federal transfer resulting in 80 cents per head.
377:
opposed the resolutions but were the only group to do so. In Nova Scotia, pressure was needed to force through legislative approval of the resolutions. Additionally, the federal government was given considerable power over the provinces, as was demonstrated under the power of disallowance, which gave the federal government the ability to reject provincial laws of which they did not approve. Other regions were considered as a result of the conference, including
Newfoundland, British Columbia and the “North West Territory", to eventually enter Canada on equal terms later. Although the Quebec Conference changed the political influence in Canada considerably, the British crown would maintain its position as the head of the government and the protector and head of executive authority.
373:
Delegates consolidated their previous agreement at the
Charlottetown Conference, that the central government would have a lower house based on population and an upper house reflective of regional representation. The three separate regions of Ontario, Quebec, and the three Maritime provinces would all have 24 seats in the appointment chamber. The actual overall result meant that Canada incorporated portions of both the British Unitary system and the American federal system. The "72 Resolutions" were drawn up by the end of the conference, which maintained none of the democratic principles as demonstrated in the United States. The resolutions did not guarantee the protection for the rights of French Canadians and excluded them extensively in other parts of the legislature.
416:, and by 22 May, all three provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canada). Upper and Lower Canada were to be split into Ontario (Upper Canada) and Quebec (Lower Canada). All of these provinces were to be unified by 1 July 1867, three years after the agreement was made at the Quebec Conference. In the act, it was clearly stated that 'not being more than six months of passing this act, the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick shall form and be one dominion under the name of Canada.' It went onto outline that 'Canada shall be divided into four provinces, named Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.' However, although Canada was unified under the
356:
influence. However, the smaller
Maritime colonies saw the Senate as a means of strengthening their regional representation to offset their regional weakness in the so-called lower house. Cartier represented the interests of Quebec at the conference. Like the delegates from the Maritimes, he was more invested in the conference although he made it abundantly clear that the province needed a strong provincial government that would be able to protect their language, civil customs and local laws. Although he was not wholeheartedly against such political reform, he believed that Quebec should still maintain its identity.
352:
was discussed at length during the conference with one examiner outlining that the meeting on
October 24, 1864, that the topic was "debated all day with considerable warmth and ability but no agreement come to". He also outlined that "lower Canada complains that in the number proposed for her, 24, she would be unfairly represented (in the upper house), with it being proposed that upper Canada should have the same number." This discussion carried on over into the Quebec Conference in the hope that an agreement could be eventually made considering that it was not concluded at the end of the Charlottetown Conference.
42:
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a unified decision to unite the provinces under the name of Canada. The Canada West member, Macdonald, who would be highly prominent in the Quebec
Conference, began to find allies that would enable him to have a more dominant and influential role in the Quebec Conference a month later. One key alliance made in the Charlottetown Conference that would transfer over to the Quebec Conference was made between the Maritime delegates and Macdonald as they saw him as less abrasive than the other Canada West official,
2150:
312:, who were not government members. Overall Nova Scotia had five members, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island had seven each, and the total made up all the delegates, making up all of the Maritime delegates. There were 32 delegates in total, and were given sets of calling cards, with the names and photo identification so everyone was clear with names and where certain people represented. The Conference lasted 14 days, but to some people, such as
216:. It was in response to the shift in political ground when the United Kingdom and the United States had come very close to engaging in war with each other. Therefore, the overall goal of the conference was to elaborate on policies surrounding federalism and creating a single state, both of which had been discussed at the
355:
In terms of what the regions as a whole desired, it was quite overtly clear. Delegates from the
Maritimes feared that a legislative union which the aforementioned John A. Macdonald was promoting, as they believed it would result in the loss of their identity as other nations would have an overbearing
351:
Following on from the topic of the proposed division of the central government into the upper house, that would be based on regional representation and the lower house that would represent the population, this was a key topic in both the
Charlottetown Conference and the Quebec Conference. This topic
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On the fifth and final day of the conference, it was clear that a second part of the confederation deal was on the verge of being consummated and that the
Charlottetown Conference had been making a breakthrough on the policy of Confederation. The Maritime politicians, however, struggled to agree and
247:
The Charlottetown Conference of September 1864, laid the foundations for the Quebec Conference and was a significant meeting that would determine what would be discussed in the Quebec Conference. During the Conference, the Canadians found support for the confederation, as discussions pointed towards
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The Quebec resolutions received increasing support from the colonial office, with the only opposing group being the Lower Canadian Reformers who had not been drafted into the coalition. In both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, considerable pressure was needed to formulate and pass through legislative
372:
Overall, the result was a compromise, as each province would have its own legislature and the power of government was divided up between the federal and provincial governments. It was decided that the central administrative area was to be placed in Ottawa, where the central government would reside.
319:
The major source of conflict at the conference was between those who favoured a "legislative union" a unitary state, such as John A. Macdonald, and those who favoured stronger provincial rights. The Conference tied in very closely with the discussions of the aforementioned Charlottetown Conference,
385:
The Resolutions were highly comprehensive. The first few resolutions outlined that the general government would ensure that the intercolonial railway would be completed from Riviere-du-Loup, through New Brunswick and end up at Truro in Nova Scotia. The delegates from Nova Scotia also admitted that
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However, the Christian faith was well protected as both Catholics and Protestant minorities were granted Canada’s equality of rights and special privileges in anything involving education. Such resolutions received wide recognition and support from the colonial office. In Lower Canada, Reformers
336:, which was still being fought in the United States as the delegates met in Charlottetown and Quebec. The delegates eventually compromised, dividing powers between a "general" parliament and "local" provincial legislatures. They also decided to have an elected lower house, the
359:
In terms of priorities at the Conference, there were many differing agendas, especially the Maritime regions that, as mentioned earlier, saw a federalized state as beneficial to their economy and commerce. An example of this was the role of
1824:
256:, Macdonald was an anglophone, and although Cartier was prominent at the discussions at Charlottetown, the Maritime politicians were yet to get used to the influence and power of the francophone politicians.
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188:
332:) tended to argue for provincial rights, fearing they would lose their cultural identity under a centralized unitary state. John A. Macdonald thought the failure of a weak central power was evident in the
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as the topics being discussed in Quebec centred around whether the country should have a strong and single central government, or a more encompassing federal system. Representatives from the
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to meet with the candidates who formed the United Canada to Quebec in October 1864. Although Newfoundland sent two observers, it did not participate directly in the proceedings.
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proposal of the 1990s. Eventually, a proposed structure for the government was written out in the form of the seventy-two resolutions at the end of the conference.
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252:. Macdonald appealed to the Maritime populace as he seemed a more friendly and diplomatic alliance than George Brown, and in terms of Canada East politician,
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1840:
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approval. Prince Edward Island did not join the newly formed unified Canada until around 1873. The 72 Resolutions significantly influenced the
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The conference involved 33 delegates from various regions of Canada. The meeting included members from Canada East- George-Étienne Cartier,
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420:, the act contained no general declaration or recognition of the fact that Canada was a bilingual and bicultural nation. Overall, the
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316:, editor of the Montreal Herald, and an eventual senator, complained that this was too little time to conclude proceedings.
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394:, as will be discussed in the next section, and little was altered or changed to the resolutions when enacted in London.
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280:. Those from Canada West included George Brown and John A. Macdonald. Members in New Brunswick who also featured were
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296:. Newfoundland sent two delegates whose mere purpose was to observe proceedings and Prince Edward Island sent
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33:
615:
549:
458:
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765:
The Constitutions that Shaped Us: A Historical Anthology of Pre-1867 Canadian Constitutions
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2054:
1994:
586:
448:
1590:
8:
1999:
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534:
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236:
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1947:
1321:
171:
763:
LaForest, Guy, Eugénie Brouillet, Alain-G. Gagnon, and Yves Tanguay (eds.),
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652:
505:
309:
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1063:
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consolidated the 72 Resolutions as passed by the Quebec Conference.
235:
to invite all representatives from the three Maritime provinces and
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767:(Montreal–Kingston: McGill–Queen's University Press, 2015).
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was held from October 10 to 24, 1864, to discuss a proposed
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Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
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1802:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
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1078:
793:. Toronto, ON: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada.
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1012:
943:
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889:
757:Roads to Confederation. The Making of Canada, 1867
242:
2212:Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
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1818:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
1610:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2187:Constitutional conventions (political meeting)
1322:Report on the Affairs of British North America
1223:
189:
995:"The Québec Conference: October 10-27, 1864"
1316:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
837:Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site
759:. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
730:The Consolidation of the North America Acts
714:. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
641:
1275:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
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1230:
1216:
412:received royal assent on 28 March 1867 by
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182:
1972:
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870:Buckner, Phillip A. (February 7, 2006).
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1591:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
1484:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
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1048:"Notes on the Quebec Conference, 1864"
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304:. The two Newfoundland delegates were
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1921:Individual ministerial responsibility
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833:"The Quebec Conference, October 1864"
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784:. New York City: Russel & Russel.
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380:
1489:Matters of a local or private nature
432:
340:, and an appointed upper house, the
16:Conference on Canadian confederation
2118:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
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982:
13:
2222:19th-century political conferences
2098:Provincial constitutions of Canada
2024:Interpretation of the Constitution
1140:"Quebec Conference [1864]"
850:
817:
402:and the Quebec Conference's legacy
288:. Nova Scotian delegates featured
14:
2233:
1889:Cabinet collective responsibility
1431:Peace, order, and good government
1345:
800:The Idea of the Continental Union
780:Trotter, Reginald George (1971).
741:. Scarborough, ON: Prentice-Hall.
721:Canada's First Century, 1867-1967
2149:
2148:
2136:
1250:List of constitutional documents
750:. Toronto, ON: Nelson Education.
732:. Ottawa: Department of Justice.
712:The Fathers of the Confederation
513:
165:
40:
1871:
1039:
694:
400:British North America Act, 1867
243:The beginnings at Charlottetown
142:Territorial evolution of Canada
1568:
1358:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
1255:Amendments to the Constitution
755:Krikorian, Jacqueline (2017).
555:
474:
437:
155:1867 Canadian federal election
1:
2005:Other unsuccessful amendments
705:. Toronto, ON: Ryerson Press.
689:
267:
2070:Interjurisdictional immunity
1894:Disallowance and reservation
1546:Statute of Westminster, 1931
1046:Doughty, A.G. (March 1920).
804:University of Kentucky Press
775:. New York City: Allen Lane.
427:
7:
2182:19th century in Quebec City
1446:Matters excepted from s. 92
999:Library and Archives Canada
771:Moore, Christopher (2015).
666:
10:
2238:
2035:Indigenous self-government
1525:British North America Acts
1311:Constitutional Act of 1791
1301:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1296:Constitution of New France
1052:Canadian Historical Review
773:Three Weeks in Quebec City
728:Driedger, Elma A. (1976).
719:Creighton, Donald (2012).
621:Andrew Archibald Macdonald
338:House of Commons of Canada
114:British North America Acts
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2103:
2092:
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2017:
1980:
1967:
1943:Parliamentary sovereignty
1884:At His Majesty's pleasure
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1479:Administration of justice
1474:Property and civil rights
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422:British North America Act
418:British North America Act
409:British North America Act
392:British North America Act
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1380:Fathers of Confederation
1260:Quasi-constitutional law
811:
791:Confederation, 1854-1867
739:Pre-Confederation Canada
737:Finlay, John L. (1991).
710:Colquhoun, A.H. (1964).
684:Anti-Confederation Party
673:Charlottetown Conference
642:Newfoundland (observers)
220:around a month earlier.
218:Charlottetown Conference
109:Anti-Confederation Party
86:Fathers of Confederation
24:This article is part of
2108:Constitution of Alberta
2050:Equal authenticity rule
1938:Parliamentary privilege
1375:London Conference, 1866
1363:Quebec Conference, 1864
798:Warner, Donald (1960).
701:Bruchesi, Jean (1956).
679:London Conference, 1866
572:William Alexander Henry
2217:1860s political events
2177:Canadian Confederation
2113:Constitution of Quebec
2065:Implied Bill of Rights
1899:Responsible government
1601:Constitution Act, 1982
1581:Fulton–Favreau formula
1551:Newfoundland Act, 1949
1541:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
1469:Works and undertakings
1390:Constitution Act, 1867
1239:Constitution of Canada
746:Francis, R.D. (2013).
723:. Toronto, ON: Oxford.
562:Adams George Archibald
520:Edward Barron Chandler
454:Alexander Tilloch Galt
444:George-Étienne Cartier
290:Adams George Archibald
254:George-Étienne Cartier
214:Canadian confederation
127:Constitutional history
34:Canadian Confederation
1974:Constitutional debate
1286:Iroquois constitution
831:Hiller, J.K. (1997).
616:Thomas Heath Haviland
550:Samuel Leonard Tilley
469:Étienne-Paschal Taché
459:Hector-Louis Langevin
286:Samuel Leonard Tilley
274:Étienne-Paschal Taché
1995:Charlottetown Accord
1291:Mi'kmaq constitution
1064:10.3138/CHR-01-01-02
789:Waite, P.B. (1972).
600:Prince Edward Island
587:John William Ritchie
449:Jean-Charles Chapais
2207:October 1864 events
2197:1864 in Canada East
2000:Calgary Declaration
1398:Canadian federalism
940:, pp. 124–125.
872:"Québec Conference"
782:Canadian Federation
535:John Mercer Johnson
464:Thomas D'Arcy McGee
278:Thomas D'Arcy McGee
58:Charlottetown, 1864
2080:Dialogue principle
2040:Pith and substance
1909:King-in-Parliament
1834:Part VII – General
1531:Manitoba Act, 1870
1436:Trade and commerce
1368:Quebec Resolutions
1306:Quebec Act of 1774
631:William Henry Pope
611:John Hamilton Gray
545:William H. Steeves
530:John Hamilton Gray
486:Alexander Campbell
381:The 72 Resolutions
334:American Civil War
302:William Henry Pope
282:John Hamilton Gray
137:Quebec Resolutions
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2143:Canada portal
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1990:Meech Lake Accord
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1953:Royal prerogative
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1328:Act of Union 1840
802:. Lexington, KY:
663:
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501:William McDougall
496:John A. Macdonald
314:Edward Goff Penny
226:John A. Macdonald
210:Quebec Conference
206:
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2202:1864 conferences
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2075:Purposive theory
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2018:
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1968:
1904:Fusion of powers
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648:Frederick Carter
577:Jonathan McCully
567:Robert B. Dickey
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342:Senate of Canada
306:Frederick Carter
230:Governor-General
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91:Laurentian elite
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2009:
1985:Triple-E Senate
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1959:
1931:Question Period
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132:Great Coalition
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2146:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1926:Interpellation
1923:
1918:
1916:Implied repeal
1913:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1200:Creighton 2012
1192:
1180:
1178:, p. 135.
1168:
1166:, p. 319.
1156:
1144:Quebec History
1128:
1126:, p. 151.
1113:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1038:
1036:, p. 425.
1023:
1011:
981:
977:Colquhoun 1964
969:
967:, p. 125.
965:Krikorian 2017
954:
942:
938:Krikorian 2017
930:
928:, p. 124.
926:Krikorian 2017
918:
903:
888:
849:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
795:
786:
777:
768:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
707:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
681:
676:
668:
665:
661:
660:
656:
655:
650:
643:
640:
639:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
601:
598:
596:
595:
594:
589:
584:
582:Charles Tupper
579:
574:
569:
564:
557:
554:
553:
552:
547:
542:
540:Peter Mitchell
537:
532:
527:
525:Charles Fisher
522:
515:
512:
510:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
491:James Cockburn
488:
483:
476:
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
439:
436:
431:
429:
426:
414:Queen Victoria
403:
396:
382:
379:
369:
366:
362:John A. Carter
294:Charles Tupper
269:
266:
262:72 Resolutions
244:
241:
204:
203:
201:
200:
193:
186:
178:
175:
174:
161:
160:
158:
157:
152:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
116:
111:
105:
102:
101:
97:
96:
94:
93:
88:
82:
79:
78:
74:
73:
71:
70:
65:
60:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2234:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:Double aspect
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:Reserve power
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:Powers under
1453:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1347:Confederation
1343:
1339:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1202:, p. 12.
1201:
1196:
1189:
1188:Driedger 1976
1184:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1124:Bruchesi 1956
1120:
1118:
1111:, p. 52.
1110:
1105:
1099:, p. 41.
1098:
1093:
1087:, p. 53.
1086:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1021:, p. 84.
1020:
1015:
1000:
996:
990:
988:
986:
979:, p. 57.
978:
973:
966:
961:
959:
952:, p. 51.
951:
946:
939:
934:
927:
922:
916:, p. 40.
915:
910:
908:
901:, p. 39.
900:
895:
893:
877:
873:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
838:
834:
827:
825:
823:
821:
816:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
783:
778:
774:
769:
766:
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
740:
735:
731:
726:
722:
717:
713:
708:
704:
699:
698:
685:
682:
680:
677:
674:
671:
670:
659:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
637:
636:Edward Whelan
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:Edward Palmer
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
514:New Brunswick
511:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
435:
434:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:
401:
395:
393:
387:
378:
374:
365:
363:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
265:
263:
257:
255:
251:
240:
238:
234:
233:Charles Monck
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
199:
194:
192:
187:
185:
180:
179:
177:
176:
173:
172:Canada Portal
168:
163:
162:
156:
153:
151:
149:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
121:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
99:
98:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
81:
80:
76:
75:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
55:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
2153:
2134:
1441:Criminal law
1422:Powers under
1362:
1195:
1190:, p. 2.
1183:
1176:Trotter 1971
1171:
1159:
1149:February 20,
1147:. Retrieved
1143:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1034:Francis 2013
1014:
1004:February 10,
1002:. Retrieved
998:
972:
945:
933:
921:
881:February 20,
879:. Retrieved
875:
842:February 20,
840:. Retrieved
836:
799:
790:
781:
772:
764:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
695:Bibliography
657:
653:Ambrose Shea
606:George Coles
506:Oliver Mowat
481:George Brown
421:
417:
407:
405:
399:
391:
388:
384:
375:
371:
358:
354:
350:
318:
310:Ambrose Shea
298:George Coles
271:
258:
250:George Brown
246:
237:Newfoundland
209:
207:
147:
119:
68:London, 1866
63:Quebec, 1864
62:
18:
2060:Living tree
2055:Paramountcy
1873:Conventions
1527:, 1867–1982
1413:Section 125
1408:Section 121
1164:Finlay 1991
1109:Warner 1960
1085:Warner 1960
950:Warner 1960
592:Joseph Howe
556:Nova Scotia
475:Canada West
438:Canada East
326:Canada East
276:as well as
222:Canada West
49:Conferences
2171:Categories
1570:Patriation
1457:Section 92
1424:Section 91
1097:Moore 2015
1019:Waite 1972
914:Moore 2015
899:Moore 2015
690:References
268:Conference
228:requested
120:Chesapeake
1464:Licensing
1072:161522809
428:Delegates
322:Maritimes
2155:Category
1618:Preamble
1403:Preamble
667:See also
26:a series
748:Origins
224:leader
100:Related
1324:(1839)
1318:(1838)
1070:
1058:: 28.
703:Canada
675:, 1864
658:
368:Result
330:Quebec
150:Affair
122:Affair
77:People
1068:S2CID
812:Notes
328:(now
148:Trent
1703:16.1
1151:2018
1006:2018
883:2018
844:2018
406:The
398:The
324:and
308:and
300:and
292:and
284:and
208:The
1060:doi
264:."
2173::
1846:59
1841:52
1825:36
1809:35
1793:34
1788:33
1783:32
1778:31
1773:30
1768:29
1763:28
1758:27
1753:26
1748:25
1743:24
1738:23
1733:22
1728:21
1723:20
1718:19
1713:18
1708:17
1698:16
1693:15
1688:14
1683:13
1678:12
1673:11
1668:10
1142:.
1131:^
1116:^
1066:.
1054:.
1050:.
1026:^
997:.
984:^
957:^
906:^
891:^
874:.
852:^
835:.
819:^
28:on
1663:9
1658:8
1653:7
1648:6
1643:5
1638:4
1633:3
1628:2
1623:1
1231:e
1224:t
1217:v
1153:.
1074:.
1062::
1056:1
1008:.
885:.
846:.
806:.
197:e
190:t
183:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
