31:
1617:
813:
2840:
2974:
5411:
3145:, which provides another technique for LQCD calculations to use. Good agreement with the bottomonium masses has been found, and this provides one of the best non-perturbative tests of LQCD. For charmonium masses the agreement is not as good, but the LQCD community is actively working on improving their techniques. Work is also being done on calculations of such properties as widths of quarkonia states and transition rates between the states.
3152:
potential to calculate masses of quarkonium states. In this technique, one uses the fact that the motion of the quarks that comprise the quarkonium state is non-relativistic to assume that they move in a static potential, much like non-relativistic models of the hydrogen atom. One of the most popular
3426:
are determined by fitting the results of the calculations to the masses of well-measured quarkonium states. Relativistic and other effects can be incorporated into this approach by adding extra terms to the potential, much as is done for the model hydrogen atom in non-relativistic quantum mechanics.
2961:
and the large spread in beam energy present significant experimental challenges. Despite this, searches continue through indirect methods, such as detecting specific decay products or anomalies indicating top quark pairs. Studying toponium decays offers a promising approach to search for Higgs
3032:
speeds, since the mass of the bound state is much larger than the mass of the quark. However, the speed of the charm and the bottom quarks in their respective quarkonia is sufficiently small for relativistic effects in these states to be much reduced. It is estimated that the velocity,
30:
797:
for bottomonia. This sequential dissociation process enables the use of quarkonium dissociation probabilities to estimate the medium temperature, assuming quarkonium dissociation is the primary mechanism involved.
920:
have since corroborated these observations. At first, Y(4260) was thought to be a charmonium state, but the evidence suggests more exotic explanations, such as a D "molecule", a 4-quark construct, or a hybrid
2962:
particles with masses up to around 70 GeV, while similar searches in bottomonium decays could extend this range to 160 GeV. Additionally, studying gluon decay widths in light quarkonia can help determine the
3484:
3385:
part of the potential, and parameterizes the poorly understood non-perturbative effects of QCD. Generally, when using this approach, a convenient form for the wave function of the quarks is taken, and then
1630:
In the following table, the same particle can be named with the spectroscopic notation or with its mass. Some of the states are predicted, but have not been identified; others are unconfirmed.
3486:
by Sumino (2003). It is popular because it allows for accurate predictions of quarkonium parameters without a lengthy lattice computation, and provides a separation between the short-distance
3226:
849:
particle have been measured recently by the LHCb experiment at CERN. This measurement shed some light on its identity, excluding the third option among the three envisioned, which are:
3087:
2955:
795:
763:
672:
3053:
3129:
608:
488:
450:
2897:
731:
704:
536:
568:
640:
516:
3379:
4119:
3352:
3320:
3424:
3404:
3289:
3269:
3249:
2917:
2868:
3138:
3132:
4047:
2761:
4138:
1098:
984:
3059:
for charmonia and roughly 0.1 times the speed of light for bottomonia. The computation can then be approximated by an expansion in powers of
614:
before a bound state can form. The dissociation temperature of quarkonium states depends on their binding energy, with strongly bound states like
5334:
1059:
4120:
W. Buchmuller(CERN), Andre Martin(CERN), Johann H. Kuhn(Munich, Max Planck Inst.), F. Richard(Orsay, LAL), P. Roudeau (Orsay, LAL) (1985).
3433:
824:
or with its mass. In some cases excitation series are used: ψ′ is the first excitation of ψ (which, for historical reasons, is called
5084:
5322:
154:
4099:
3661:
406:
quarks and the lighter quarks results in states that are well defined in terms of a quark–antiquark pair of a given flavor.
288:
4364:
1659:
956:
547:
3322:, corresponds to the potential induced by one-gluon exchange between the quark and its anti-quark, and is known as the
5220:
3501:: Both disappearance and enhancement of their formation depending on the yield of heavy quarks in plasma can occur.
5301:
845:
Some of the states are predicted, but have not been identified; others are unconfirmed. The quantum numbers of the
192:
4240:
Chung, Hee Sok; Lee, Jungil; Kang, Daekyoung (2008). "Cornell potential parameters for S-wave heavy quarkonia".
3173:
398:
mesons) are quantum mechanical mixtures of the light quark states. The much larger mass differences between the
2772:
in 1977, and was the first particle containing a bottom quark to be discovered. On 21 December 2011, the
5317:
217:
386:) are much less massive than the heavier quarks, and so the physical states actually seen in experiments (
3594:
Aaij, R.; et al. (LHCb collaboration) (2013). "Determination of the X(3872) meson quantum numbers".
4065:
5393:
3778:
3756:
3062:
4805:
2922:
913:
768:
736:
645:
281:
3036:
5361:
4996:
4623:
4357:
3973:
3853:
3695:
3596:
3092:
2985:
842:
particle); ψ″ is a second excitation, and so on. That is, names in the same cell are synonymous.
611:
581:
461:
423:
2873:
5296:
4633:
3498:
3014:
2963:
821:
709:
677:
543:
521:
491:
187:
4066:"Observation of a narrow mass state decaying into ϒ(1S) + γ in pp collisions at 1.96 TeV"
3354:
form is identical to the well-known
Coulombic potential induced by the electromagnetic force.
553:
5383:
3686:) (2005). "Observation of a broad structure in the ππJ/ψ mass spectrum around
2796:
617:
81:
4121:
4312:
4259:
3992:
3872:
3714:
3615:
3494:
effects that can be useful in understanding the quark / anti-quark force generated by QCD.
3142:
501:
182:
4029:
3360:
8:
5398:
4381:
3909:
3329:
3297:
495:
274:
245:
86:
4316:
4263:
3996:
3876:
3718:
3619:
5341:
4350:
4328:
4302:
4275:
4249:
4165:
3982:
3862:
3738:
3704:
3639:
3605:
3558:
3409:
3389:
3274:
3254:
3234:
3029:
3025:(LQCD) techniques. However, for heavy quarkonium, other techniques are also effective.
2902:
2853:
5410:
5378:
5291:
4770:
4515:
4442:
4279:
4222:
4218:
4183:
4132:
4095:
4010:
3890:
3730:
3631:
3576:
3154:
2809:
227:
159:
3742:
3643:
5388:
5159:
4934:
4795:
4780:
4462:
4373:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4267:
4214:
4175:
4005:
4000:
3913:
3885:
3880:
3810:
3722:
3683:
3627:
3623:
3568:
2055:
1973:
1688:
917:
905:
337:
322:
302:
144:
139:
4202:
4087:
3726:
3021:
one. As a result, the only general method available is a direct computation using
5435:
5356:
5281:
5265:
5205:
4615:
4540:
4530:
4520:
4432:
255:
4179:
3546:
2919:-quark, to complete the third quark-lepton family, attempts to observe toponium
5415:
5329:
5286:
5022:
4810:
4583:
4505:
4500:
4422:
3806:
3572:
3056:
2822:
1023:
1616:
5440:
5429:
5373:
5225:
5192:
4984:
4954:
4886:
4745:
4525:
4452:
4437:
4226:
4187:
3580:
2804:
2765:
2742:
2689:
2644:
2624:
2578:
2554:
2408:
2178:
2129:
2094:
2009:
1735:
1625:
812:
383:
177:
16:
Meson whose constituents are a quark and its own antiquark of the same flavor
3657:
222:
5351:
4901:
4891:
4881:
4642:
4593:
4535:
4457:
4412:
4014:
3894:
3734:
3635:
3497:
Quarkonia have been suggested as a diagnostic tool of the formation of the
3018:
2839:
403:
369:
357:
341:
199:
149:
134:
129:
96:
62:
40:
807:
5366:
5134:
5037:
5032:
4949:
4944:
4874:
4828:
4785:
4750:
4709:
4601:
4565:
4427:
4293:
Sumino, Y. (2003). "QCD potential as a "Coulomb-plus-linear" potential".
4271:
3022:
2834:
1636:
931:
399:
345:
106:
57:
2973:
674:
melting at higher temperatures compared to loosely bound states such as
5108:
5002:
4992:
4864:
4765:
4700:
4417:
4342:
4307:
4152:
Fuks, Benjamin; Hagiwara, Kaoru; Ma, Kai; Zheng, Ya-Juan (2021-08-20).
3709:
3563:
379:
250:
67:
52:
22:
5250:
5240:
5210:
5103:
5069:
5062:
4939:
4929:
4924:
4896:
4664:
4447:
3531:
2958:
2774:
2504:
2454:
2359:
2310:
2261:
1924:
1875:
1826:
571:
391:
387:
333:
5346:
5174:
5129:
5113:
5074:
5047:
4760:
4755:
4735:
4705:
4695:
4690:
4510:
4485:
4480:
4407:
4170:
4048:"Tevatron experiment confirms LHC discovery of Chi-b (P3) particle"
3867:
3510:
2769:
375:
353:
349:
47:
4254:
4153:
3987:
3610:
5255:
5245:
5215:
5169:
5164:
5139:
5057:
5042:
4969:
4964:
4869:
4854:
4800:
4775:
4740:
4669:
4651:
4390:
2899:). While the standard gauge theory predicts the existence of the
1653:
950:
909:
846:
610:) is exceedingly challenging as the top quark decays through the
101:
91:
3534:(Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI).
3479:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(\Lambda _{\text{QCD}}^{3}\,r^{2})}
820:
In the following table, the same particle can be named with the
5235:
5230:
4859:
4846:
4837:
4659:
4573:
4472:
539:
5260:
5200:
5052:
4911:
4790:
4730:
4685:
4578:
4556:
4399:
3010:
2800:
922:
329:
325:
314:
310:
74:
3148:
An early, but still effective, technique uses models of the
5027:
4959:
4919:
4495:
4490:
538:
families provide direct evidence of the quark structure of
395:
260:
4033:
356:. The particles are short-lived due to matter-antimatter
490:) pairs, are crucial probes for studying the deconfined
3436:
3412:
3392:
3363:
3332:
3300:
3277:
3257:
3237:
3176:
3095:
3065:
3039:
2925:
2905:
2876:
2856:
771:
739:
712:
680:
648:
620:
584:
556:
524:
504:
464:
426:
4154:"Signatures of toponium formation in LHC run 2 data"
2795:(3P) state was the first particle discovered in the
4151:
1601:
Interpretation as a 1 charmonium state not favored.
3800:
3798:
3796:
3544:
3478:
3418:
3398:
3373:
3346:
3314:
3283:
3263:
3243:
3220:
3123:
3081:
3047:
2949:
2911:
2891:
2862:
789:
757:
725:
698:
666:
634:
602:
562:
550:(QCO), and help determine the QCD scale parameter
530:
510:
482:
444:
4030:"LHC reports discovery of its first new particle"
3547:"Quarkonium feed-down and sequential suppression"
3545:Digal, S.; Petreczky, P.; Satz, H. (2001-10-08).
3251:is the effective radius of the quarkonium state,
5427:
3793:
3658:"A new particle discovered by BaBar experiment"
3532:J/Ψ Suppression By Quark-Gluon Plasma Formation
2957:have been unsuccessful, The rapid decay of the
3294:This potential has two parts. The first part,
2850:is a hypothetical bound state of a top quark (
4358:
4094:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 447–477,
4027:
2807:confirmed the result in a paper published in
282:
4239:
4137:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2799:; the discovery article was first posted on
4201:Kühn, J.H.; Zerwas, P.M. (September 1988).
2870:) and its antiparticle, the top antiquark (
4365:
4351:
4200:
3901:
3529:
3221:{\displaystyle V(r)=-{\frac {a}{r}}+b\,r,}
289:
275:
4306:
4253:
4169:
4004:
3986:
3884:
3866:
3708:
3609:
3562:
3462:
3367:
3211:
2735:Preliminary results. Confirmation needed.
4372:
3804:
2838:
1615:
908:announced the discovery of a new state:
811:
344:. The name "quarkonium" is analogous to
4092:Quarks, Leptons, and Their Constituents
5428:
4836:
4292:
4242:Journal of the Korean Physical Society
4085:
3681:
2821:= 2 states were first resolved by the
4346:
3849:(3P) and measurement of their masses"
3662:Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
3430:This form was derived from QCD up to
3009:The computation of the properties of
3004:
3593:
3028:The light quarks in a meson move at
2968:
3907:
3530:Matsui, T.; Satz, H. (1986-06-01).
548:perturbative quantum chromodynamics
13:
4028:Jonathan Amos (22 December 2011).
3933:state in radiative transitions to
3448:
3439:
3153:potential models is the so-called
1606:Predicted, but not yet identified.
772:
740:
649:
557:
525:
14:
5452:
3326:part of the potential, since its
2760:(1S) state was discovered by the
5409:
5302:Timeline of particle discoveries
3783:mesons (including possibly non-q
3761:mesons (including possibly non-q
3067:
3055:, is roughly 0.3 times the
3041:
2972:
29:
4286:
4233:
4194:
4145:
4113:
4079:
4058:
4040:
4021:
733:for the charmonium family, and
409:
363:
328:whose constituents are a heavy
193:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
4325:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.05.010
4006:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.152001
3886:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.092002
3805:Sirunyan, A. M.; et al. (
3771:
3749:
3675:
3650:
3628:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.222001
3587:
3538:
3523:
3490:effects and the long-distance
3473:
3444:
3186:
3180:
3082:{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} /c}
2944:
2938:
2926:
2883:
1611:
784:
775:
752:
743:
693:
684:
661:
652:
594:
570:. Due to the high mass of the
474:
436:
1:
3727:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.142001
3516:
3141:has also been quantized as a
2950:{\displaystyle (t{\bar {t}})}
801:
790:{\displaystyle \Upsilon (3S)}
758:{\displaystyle \Upsilon (2S)}
667:{\displaystyle \Upsilon (1S)}
5318:History of subatomic physics
4219:10.1016/0370-1573(88)90075-0
3048:{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }
1521:
1492:
1463:
1434:
1408:
1382:
1326:
496:ultra-relativistic heavy-ion
218:Positron emission tomography
7:
4180:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.034023
3504:
3131:. This technique is called
3124:{\displaystyle v^{2}/c^{2}}
2828:
603:{\displaystyle t{\bar {t}}}
483:{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}
445:{\displaystyle c{\bar {c}}}
10:
5457:
3573:10.1103/physrevd.64.094015
2892:{\displaystyle {\bar {t}}}
2832:
1635:
1623:
1533:
930:
805:
414:Quarkonia, bound state of
367:
5407:
5310:
5274:
5191:
5152:
5122:
5096:
5092:
5083:
5015:
4983:
4910:
4845:
4827:
4723:
4678:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4614:
4592:
4564:
4555:
4471:
4398:
4389:
4380:
4122:"TOPONIUM PHYSICS AT LEP"
3682:Aubert, B.; et al. (
853:a charmonium hybrid state
726:{\displaystyle \chi _{c}}
699:{\displaystyle \psi (2S)}
531:{\displaystyle \Upsilon }
155:Gravitational interaction
5335:mathematical formulation
4930:Eta and eta prime mesons
2805:Tevatron's DØ experiment
574:, direct observation of
563:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
4997:Double-charm tetraquark
4203:"The toponium scenario"
3974:Physical Review Letters
3854:Physical Review Letters
3696:Physical Review Letters
3597:Physical Review Letters
2966:(QCD) scale parameter.
2539:(stat.) ± 0.53 (syst.)
2489:(stat.) ± 0.53 (syst.)
635:{\displaystyle J/\psi }
612:electroweak interaction
4086:Martin, André (1988),
3914:"Observation of a new
3908:Aad, G.; et al. (
3480:
3420:
3400:
3375:
3348:
3316:
3285:
3265:
3245:
3222:
3125:
3083:
3049:
3015:quantum chromodynamics
2964:quantum chromodynamics
2951:
2913:
2893:
2864:
2844:
1621:
896:a candidate for the 1D
822:spectroscopic notation
817:
791:
759:
727:
700:
668:
636:
604:
564:
532:
512:
484:
446:
188:Antiproton decelerator
124:Concepts and phenomena
5394:Wave–particle duality
5384:Relativistic particle
4521:Electron antineutrino
3481:
3421:
3401:
3376:
3349:
3317:
3286:
3266:
3246:
3223:
3126:
3084:
3050:
3017:(QCD) is a fully non-
2952:
2914:
2894:
2865:
2842:
2797:Large Hadron Collider
1619:
815:
792:
760:
728:
701:
669:
637:
605:
565:
533:
513:
511:{\displaystyle \psi }
485:
447:
348:, the bound state of
82:Antiprotonic hydrogen
4624:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
4374:Particles in physics
4272:10.3938/jkps.52.1151
3811:"Observation of the
3434:
3410:
3390:
3374:{\displaystyle b\,r}
3361:
3330:
3298:
3275:
3255:
3235:
3174:
3143:lattice gauge theory
3133:non-relativistic QCD
3093:
3063:
3037:
2923:
2903:
2874:
2854:
769:
737:
710:
678:
646:
618:
582:
554:
522:
502:
462:
424:
183:Particle accelerator
5399:Particle chauvinism
5342:Subatomic particles
4317:2003PhLB..571..173S
4264:2008JKPS...52.1151C
3997:2012PhRvL.108o2001A
3910:ATLAS Collaboration
3877:2018PhRvL.121i2002S
3719:2005PhRvL..95n2001A
3684:BaBar Collaboration
3620:2013PhRvL.110v2001A
3461:
3347:{\displaystyle 1/r}
3315:{\displaystyle a/r}
1596:Needs confirmation.
336:, making it both a
246:Carl David Anderson
87:Antiprotonic helium
4088:"Toponium Physics"
3499:quark–gluon plasma
3476:
3447:
3416:
3396:
3381:, is known as the
3371:
3344:
3312:
3281:
3261:
3241:
3218:
3121:
3079:
3045:
3005:QCD and quarkonium
2984:. You can help by
2947:
2909:
2889:
2860:
2845:
1622:
818:
787:
755:
723:
696:
664:
632:
600:
560:
528:
508:
492:quark-gluon plasma
480:
442:
5423:
5422:
5379:Massless particle
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5148:
5147:
5011:
5010:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4771:Magnetic monopole
4719:
4718:
4610:
4609:
4551:
4550:
4531:Muon antineutrino
4516:Electron neutrino
4295:Physics Letters B
4158:Physical Review D
4101:978-1-4612-8230-3
3807:CMS Collaboration
3551:Physical Review D
3454:
3419:{\displaystyle b}
3399:{\displaystyle a}
3357:The second part,
3284:{\displaystyle b}
3264:{\displaystyle a}
3244:{\displaystyle r}
3203:
3002:
3001:
2941:
2912:{\displaystyle t}
2886:
2863:{\displaystyle t}
2810:Physical Review D
2803:. In April 2012,
2736:
2730:
2723:
2722:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1586:
597:
477:
439:
299:
298:
160:Positron emission
5448:
5413:
5389:Virtual particle
5160:Mesonic molecule
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
4935:Bottom eta meson
4843:
4842:
4834:
4833:
4806:W′ and Z′ bosons
4796:Sterile neutrino
4781:Majorana fermion
4648:
4647:
4639:
4638:
4562:
4561:
4541:Tau antineutrino
4396:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4344:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4310:
4301:(3–4): 173–183.
4290:
4284:
4283:
4257:
4248:(4): 1151–1154.
4237:
4231:
4230:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4173:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4136:
4128:
4126:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4008:
3990:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3922:
3921:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3870:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3837:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3802:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3746:
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3692:
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3613:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3566:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3485:
3483:
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3477:
3472:
3471:
3460:
3455:
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3425:
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3405:
3403:
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3397:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3291:are parameters.
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3204:
3196:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3054:
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3051:
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3044:
2997:
2994:
2976:
2969:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2764:team, headed by
2759:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2379:
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2367:
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2344:
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2338:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2015:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1720:
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1714:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1633:
1632:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1009:
1007:
1003:
946:
928:
927:
906:BaBar experiment
892:
891:
890:
884:
881:
880:
873:
872:
871:
864:
863:
841:
840:
839:
832:
831:
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732:
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729:
724:
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721:
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641:
639:
638:
633:
628:
609:
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598:
590:
569:
567:
566:
561:
537:
535:
534:
529:
517:
515:
514:
509:
498:collisions. The
489:
487:
486:
481:
479:
478:
470:
451:
449:
448:
443:
441:
440:
432:
338:neutral particle
303:particle physics
291:
284:
277:
140:Baryon asymmetry
33:
19:
18:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5403:
5357:Nuclear physics
5306:
5270:
5206:Davydov soliton
5179:
5144:
5118:
5079:
5007:
4979:
4906:
4815:
4715:
4674:
4628:
4606:
4588:
4547:
4467:
4376:
4371:
4341:
4340:
4291:
4287:
4238:
4234:
4207:Physics Reports
4199:
4195:
4150:
4146:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4084:
4080:
4073:www-d0.fnal.gov
4068:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4054:. 9 April 2012.
4046:
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4041:
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4022:
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3823:
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3815:
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3813:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3687:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3592:
3588:
3543:
3539:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3507:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3195:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2982:needs expansion
2933:
2932:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2837:
2831:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2762:E288 experiment
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2702:
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2645:
2643:
2637:
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2633:
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2627:
2626:
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2623:
2617:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2591:
2589:
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2587:
2583:
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2580:
2579:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2002:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1649:
1628:
1614:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1514:
1500:
1485:
1471:
1456:
1442:
1426:
1416:
1401:
1390:
1375:
1364:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1334:
1319:
1305:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1214:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1134:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1053:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1017:
1005:
1001:
999:
989:
978:
945:
934:
899:
889:
887:
886:
885:
882:
879:
877:
876:
875:
874:
870:
868:
867:
866:
862:
860:
859:
858:
857:
838:
836:
835:
834:
830:
828:
827:
826:
825:
810:
804:
770:
767:
766:
738:
735:
734:
717:
713:
711:
708:
707:
679:
676:
675:
647:
644:
643:
624:
619:
616:
615:
589:
588:
583:
580:
579:
555:
552:
551:
523:
520:
519:
503:
500:
499:
469:
468:
463:
460:
459:
431:
430:
425:
422:
421:
412:
372:
366:
295:
266:
265:
256:Andrei Sakharov
241:
233:
232:
213:
205:
204:
173:
165:
164:
125:
117:
116:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5454:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5421:
5420:
5416:Physics portal
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5330:Standard Model
5327:
5326:
5325:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5297:Quasiparticles
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5193:Quasiparticles
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4989:
4987:
4985:Exotic hadrons
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4851:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4811:X and Y bosons
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4584:W and Z bosons
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4438:Strange (quark
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4393:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4338:
4308:hep-ph/0303120
4285:
4232:
4213:(6): 321–403.
4193:
4144:
4112:
4100:
4078:
4057:
4039:
4020:
3981:(15): 152001.
3969:(2S) at ATLAS"
3964:
3956:
3946:
3938:
3927:
3919:
3900:
3843:
3835:
3824:
3816:
3792:
3770:
3748:
3710:hep-ex/0506081
3703:(14): 142001.
3688:4.26 GeV/
3674:
3649:
3604:(22): 222001.
3586:
3564:hep-ph/0106017
3537:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3415:
3395:
3370:
3366:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3280:
3260:
3240:
3229:
3228:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3057:speed of light
3043:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2979:
2977:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2908:
2885:
2882:
2859:
2833:Main article:
2830:
2827:
2823:CMS experiment
2787:
2779:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2636:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2566:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2526:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2476:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2381:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2332:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2283:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1946:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1897:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1848:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1650:
1645:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1285:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1194:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1154:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1114:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1033:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
997:
987:
982:
979:
976:
972:
971:
964:
961:
947:
941:
902:
901:
897:
894:
888:
878:
869:
861:
854:
837:
829:
803:
800:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
720:
716:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
631:
627:
623:
596:
593:
587:
559:
542:, support the
527:
507:
476:
473:
467:
438:
435:
429:
411:
408:
374:Light quarks (
368:Main article:
365:
362:
297:
296:
294:
293:
286:
279:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
225:
220:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
197:
196:
195:
190:
180:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
71:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5453:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5374:Exotic matter
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5362:Eightfold way
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:Antiparticles
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:Atomic nuclei
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Upsilon meson
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4887:Lambda baryon
4885:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:Dual graviton
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Superpartners
4640:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Muon neutrino
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:Bottom (quark
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4164:(3): 034023.
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4134:
4123:
4116:
4103:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4074:
4067:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3861:(9): 092002.
3860:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3808:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3788:
3774:
3766:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3678:
3664:. 6 July 2005
3663:
3659:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3428:
3413:
3393:
3384:
3368:
3364:
3355:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3278:
3258:
3238:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3076:
3072:
3058:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
2996:
2987:
2983:
2980:This section
2978:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2935:
2929:
2906:
2880:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2771:
2767:
2766:Leon Lederman
2763:
2758:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2709:
2705:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2664:
2660:
2640:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2598:
2594:
2575:
2570:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2527:
2523:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2477:
2473:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2428:
2424:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2382:
2378:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2333:
2329:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2284:
2280:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2235:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2194:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2152:
2145:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2072:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2029:
2025:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1947:
1943:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1898:
1894:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1845:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1800:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1755:
1751:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1709:
1705:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:Upsilon meson
1618:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1252:
1250:
1240:η′
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
998:
995:
991:
990:
983:
980:
974:
973:
969:
965:
962:
959:
958:
953:
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:
933:
929:
926:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:In 2005, the
895:
855:
852:
851:
850:
848:
843:
823:
814:
809:
799:
781:
778:
749:
746:
718:
714:
690:
687:
681:
658:
655:
629:
625:
621:
613:
591:
585:
577:
573:
549:
545:
541:
505:
497:
493:
471:
465:
458:
455:
433:
427:
420:
417:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
371:
361:
359:
355:
354:anti-electron
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
273:
272:
270:
269:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
237:
236:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
209:
208:
201:
198:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
179:
178:Cloud chamber
176:
175:
169:
168:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
121:
120:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
76:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
42:
41:Antiparticles
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
5414:
5085:Hypothetical
5033:Exotic atoms
4974:
4902:Omega baryon
4892:Sigma baryon
4882:Delta baryon
4634:Hypothetical
4616:Ghost fields
4602:Higgs boson
4536:Tau neutrino
4428:Charm (quark
4298:
4294:
4288:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4115:
4105:, retrieved
4091:
4081:
4072:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4023:
3978:
3972:
3903:
3858:
3852:
3773:
3751:
3700:
3694:
3689:
3677:
3666:. Retrieved
3652:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3525:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3429:
3382:
3356:
3323:
3293:
3230:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3137:
3030:relativistic
3027:
3019:perturbative
3008:
2990:
2986:adding to it
2981:
2847:
2846:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2739:
2726:
2724:
2573:
1670:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1629:
1588:
1568:
1538:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1429:
1422:
1403:
1396:
1377:
1370:
1340:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1281:
1277:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1068:
1060:
1029:
1024:
993:
985:
967:
955:
949:
942:
938:
935:
903:
844:
819:
575:
456:
453:
418:
415:
413:
410:Heavy quarks
373:
370:Vector meson
364:Light quarks
358:annihilation
342:antiparticle
340:and its own
332:and its own
318:
306:
300:
200:Penning trap
150:CP violation
135:Baryogenesis
130:Annihilation
111:
97:True muonium
73:
72:
63:Antihydrogen
5367:Quark model
5135:Theta meson
5038:Positronium
4950:Omega meson
4945:J/psi meson
4875:Antineutron
4786:Dark photon
4751:Graviphoton
4710:Stop squark
4418:Down (quark
3492:confinement
3383:confinement
3023:lattice QCD
2835:Theta meson
1637:Term symbol
1620:Bottomonium
1612:Bottomonium
932:Term symbol
546:picture of
544:quark-gluon
494:created in
454:bottomonium
346:positronium
107:Positronium
58:Antineutron
5430:Categories
5109:Heptaquark
5070:Superatoms
5003:Pentaquark
4993:Tetraquark
4975:Quarkonium
4865:Antiproton
4766:Leptoquark
4701:Neutralino
4463:antiquark)
4453:antiquark)
4448:Top (quark
4443:antiquark)
4433:antiquark)
4423:antiquark)
4413:antiquark)
4382:Elementary
4171:2102.11281
4107:2024-06-08
3912:) (2012).
3868:1805.11192
3809:) (2018).
3668:2010-03-06
3517:References
2993:April 2017
1669:mass (MeV/
1624:See also:
966:mass (MeV/
816:Charmonium
806:See also:
802:Charmonium
416:charmonium
323:flavorless
307:quarkonium
251:Paul Dirac
240:Scientists
112:Quarkonium
68:Antihelium
53:Antiproton
23:Antimatter
5347:Particles
5292:Particles
5251:Polariton
5241:Plasmaron
5211:Dropleton
5104:Hexaquark
5075:Molecules
5063:Protonium
4940:Phi meson
4925:Rho meson
4897:Xi baryon
4829:Composite
4665:Gravitino
4408:Up (quark
4280:118586941
4255:0803.3116
4227:0370-1573
4188:2470-0010
3988:1112.5154
3951:(1S) and
3830:(3P) and
3611:1302.6269
3581:0556-2821
3488:Coulombic
3449:Λ
3324:Coulombic
3193:−
3164:potential
3150:effective
3135:(NRQCD).
2959:top quark
2939:¯
2884:¯
2825:in 2018.
1666:Particle
963:Particle
808:J/ψ meson
773:Υ
741:Υ
715:χ
682:ψ
650:Υ
630:ψ
595:¯
572:top quark
558:Λ
526:Υ
506:ψ
475:¯
437:¯
334:antiquark
319:quarkonia
5323:timeline
5175:R-hadron
5130:Glueball
5114:Skyrmion
5048:Tauonium
4761:Inflaton
4756:Graviton
4736:Curvaton
4706:Sfermion
4696:Higgsino
4691:Chargino
4652:Gauginos
4511:Neutrino
4496:Antimuon
4486:Positron
4481:Electron
4391:Fermions
4133:cite web
4052:Symmetry
4015:22587245
3895:30230889
3743:32538123
3735:16241645
3644:11478351
3636:23767712
3511:OZI rule
3505:See also
2848:Toponium
2843:Toponium
2829:Toponium
2817:= 1 and
2770:Fermilab
2707:(11020)
2662:(10860)
2642:(5S) or
2596:(10580)
1280:(2S) or
1025:J/ψ
893:molecule
833:J/ψ
576:toponium
350:electron
48:Positron
5311:Related
5282:Baryons
5256:Polaron
5246:Plasmon
5221:Fracton
5216:Exciton
5170:Diquark
5165:Pomeron
5140:T meson
5097:Baryons
5058:Pionium
5043:Muonium
4970:D meson
4965:B meson
4870:Neutron
4855:Nucleon
4847:Baryons
4838:Hadrons
4801:Tachyon
4776:Majoron
4741:Dilaton
4670:Photino
4506:Antitau
4473:Leptons
4333:9000097
4313:Bibcode
4260:Bibcode
3993:Bibcode
3873:Bibcode
3787:states"
3765:states"
3715:Bibcode
3616:Bibcode
3156:Cornell
1571:(4260)
1541:(3872)
1343:(3770)
1284:(3686)
910:Y(4260)
847:X(3872)
540:hadrons
384:strange
321:) is a
172:Devices
102:Pionium
92:Muonium
5436:Mesons
5287:Mesons
5236:Phonon
5231:Magnon
5153:Others
5123:Mesons
5016:Others
4912:Mesons
4860:Proton
4724:Others
4679:Others
4660:Gluino
4594:Scalar
4574:Photon
4557:Bosons
4400:Quarks
4331:
4278:
4225:
4186:
4098:
4013:
3923:χ
3893:
3839:χ
3820:χ
3741:
3733:
3642:
3634:
3579:
3231:where
3160:funnel
3011:mesons
2813:. The
2783:χ
2513:χ
2463:χ
2368:χ
2319:χ
2270:χ
2063:η
1981:η
1933:χ
1884:χ
1835:χ
1696:η
1590:Notes:
1230:), or
1100:χ
986:η
452:) and
404:bottom
394:, and
382:, and
317:, pl.
309:(from
228:Weapon
5275:Lists
5266:Trion
5261:Roton
5201:Anyon
5028:Atoms
4791:Preon
4731:Axion
4686:Axino
4579:Gluon
4566:Gauge
4329:S2CID
4303:arXiv
4276:S2CID
4250:arXiv
4166:arXiv
4125:(PDF)
4069:(PDF)
3983:arXiv
3863:arXiv
3739:S2CID
3705:arXiv
3640:S2CID
3606:arXiv
3559:arXiv
3557:(9).
3139:NRQCD
2801:arXiv
2768:, at
2727:Notes
2685:0(1)
2620:0(1)
2576:) or
2550:0(1)
2525:(3P)
2500:0(2)
2475:(3P)
2450:0(1)
2426:(3S)
2404:0(1)
2380:(2P)
2355:0(2)
2331:(2P)
2306:0(1)
2282:(2P)
2257:0(0)
2233:(2P)
2212:0(1)
2199:(1D)
2174:0(3)
2150:(1D)
2125:0(2)
2112:(1D)
2090:0(1)
2077:(1D)
2051:0(2)
2027:(2S)
2005:0(1)
1992:(2S)
1969:0(0)
1945:(1P)
1920:0(2)
1896:(1P)
1871:0(1)
1847:(1P)
1822:0(0)
1798:(1P)
1777:0(1)
1753:(1S)
1731:0(1)
1707:(1S)
1684:0(0)
1565:?(1)
1503:0(2)
1474:0(1)
1445:0(0)
1419:0(1)
1393:0(3)
1367:0(2)
1337:0(1)
1308:0(2)
1296:0.025
1274:0(1)
1217:0(0)
1177:0(2)
1137:0(1)
1095:0(0)
1056:0(1)
1044:0.006
1020:0(1)
981:0(0)
923:meson
918:Belle
900:state
400:charm
330:quark
326:meson
315:onium
313:and -
311:quark
145:Comet
5441:Onia
5226:Hole
5053:Onia
4960:Kaon
4920:Pion
4491:Muon
4223:ISSN
4184:ISSN
4139:link
4096:ISBN
4011:PMID
3891:PMID
3731:PMID
3632:PMID
3577:ISSN
3406:and
3271:and
3158:(or
3089:and
2740:The
2537:0.57
2487:0.41
2392:0.55
2343:0.55
2039:0.31
1957:0.40
1908:0.40
1859:0.52
1765:0.26
1575:4263
1553:0.17
1532:0(1)
1355:0.35
1292:.097
1205:0.09
1165:0.07
1125:0.31
1083:0.11
1040:.900
916:and
914:CLEO
642:and
518:and
402:and
380:down
352:and
261:CERN
223:Fuel
212:Uses
75:Onia
4501:Tau
4321:doi
4299:571
4268:doi
4215:doi
4211:167
4176:doi
4162:104
4034:BBC
4001:doi
3979:108
3881:doi
3859:121
3779:"b
3757:"c
3723:doi
3693:".
3624:doi
3602:110
3569:doi
3453:QCD
3013:in
2988:.
2713:019
2668:865
2608:1.2
2602:579
2533:.02
2531:524
2483:.42
2481:513
2438:0.5
2432:355
2388:.65
2386:268
2339:.46
2337:255
2294:0.6
2288:232
2245:1.2
2239:259
2162:1.7
2156:161
2035:.26
2033:023
1953:.21
1951:912
1904:.76
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1855:.44
1853:859
1810:0.8
1804:899
1761:.30
1759:460
1719:2.8
1713:390
1549:.69
1547:871
1351:.13
1349:773
1290:686
1262:1.2
1256:639
1201:.20
1199:556
1161:.66
1159:510
1121:.75
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1079:.38
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1038:096
1008:0.5
1002:983
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1938:b2
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