31:
1616:
205:
uncharged, it will not be deflected by such a field. This undeflected protonium, if formed, would be allowed to traverse a meter of high vacuum, within which it is expected to decay via annihilation of the proton and antiproton. The decay products would give unmistakable signatures of the formation of protonium.
204:
targets, in the field of a laser, which is meant to excite the bound proton–antiproton pairs into an excited state of protonium with some efficiency (whose computation is an open theoretical problem). Unbound particles are rejected by bending them in a magnetic field. Since the protonium is
393:
290:
141:
There are two known methods to generate protonium. One method involves violent particle collisions. The other method involves putting antiprotons and
433:
160:
Reactions involving a proton and an antiproton at high energies give rise to many-particle final states. In fact, such reactions are the basis of
1539:
240:
in intermediate states may be important. Hence the production and study of protonium would be of interest also for the understanding of
1289:
1527:
200:
Planned experiments will use traps as the source of low energy antiprotons. Such a beam would be allowed to impinge on atomic
17:
569:
1425:
1506:
157:
in 2002, but it was not until 2006 that scientists realized protonium was also generated during the experiment.
1522:
385:
491:
Zurlo, N.; et al. (2006). "Evidence For The
Production Of Slow Antiprotonic Hydrogen In Vacuum".
1598:
1010:
103:
1566:
1201:
828:
562:
493:
232:
of the electron and the proton, the constituents of protonium interact predominantly through the
1501:
838:
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126:
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8:
1603:
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into the same magnetic cage. The latter method was first used during the experiment
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438:
217:
122:
1556:
1106:
1096:
1086:
847:
798:
740:
662:
617:
532:
185:
184:, with unclear results. Very low energy collisions in the range of 10
111:
88:
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1339:
1242:
1237:
1154:
1149:
1079:
1033:
990:
955:
914:
806:
770:
632:
455:"Antinucleon-nucleon interaction at low energy: scattering and protonium"
288:
Zurlo, N.; et al. (2006). "Production Of Slow
Protonium In Vacuum".
253:
221:
107:
92:
80:
61:
30:
149:(ApparaTus for High precision Experiment on Neutral Antimatter) at the
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69:
39:
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685:
612:
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Theoretical studies of protonium have mainly used non-relativistic
201:
169:
165:
84:
507:
304:
1460:
1450:
1420:
1374:
1369:
1344:
1262:
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1074:
1059:
1005:
980:
945:
874:
856:
595:
384:
L. Venturelli; et al. (Athena collaboration) (August 2007).
220:
of the states. Computed lifetimes are in the range of 0.1 to 10
1440:
1435:
1064:
1051:
1042:
864:
778:
677:
453:
Klempt, E.; Bradamante, F.; Martin, A.; Richard, J.-M. (2002).
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65:
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Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B
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695:
177:
173:
150:
38:
For the isotope H and the corresponding hydrated ion, see
189:
434:"Antimatter and matter combine in chemical reaction"
228:, in which the dominant interactions are due to the
180:) have used antiprotons impinging on nuclei such as
1632:
563:
383:
236:. Thus multiparticle interactions involving
342:
570:
556:
506:
431:
368:
303:
577:
192:may lead to the formation of protonium.
29:
27:Bound state of a proton and antiprotron
14:
1633:
1041:
34:An illustration of the protonium atom.
551:
490:
349:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
287:
172:. Indirect searches for protonium at
343:Abdel-Raouf, Mohamed Assad (2009).
110:and a binding energy of −0.75
24:
425:
345:"Binding energy of protonium ions"
25:
1657:
432:Battersby, S. (13 October 2006).
212:. These give predictions for the
1614:
1507:Timeline of particle discoveries
386:"Protonium production in ATHENA"
91:, it is an example of a type of
176:(Low Energy Antiproton Ring at
377:
370:10.1088/1742-6596/194/7/072003
336:
281:
117:Like all onia, protonium is a
13:
1:
525:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.153401
484:10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00144-8
274:
136:
1523:History of subatomic physics
7:
247:
76:) are bound to each other.
10:
1662:
415:10.1016/j.nimb.2007.04.135
195:
121:with all quantum numbers (
106:of approximately 1.0
37:
1612:
1515:
1479:
1396:
1357:
1327:
1301:
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1288:
1220:
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797:
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603:
594:
585:
322:10.1007/s10751-007-9529-0
1540:mathematical formulation
1135:Eta and eta prime mesons
1202:Double-charm tetraquark
494:Physical Review Letters
127:flavour quantum numbers
291:Hyperfine Interactions
269:Antiproton Accumulator
87:and its corresponding
35:
1599:Wave–particle duality
1589:Relativistic particle
726:Electron antineutrino
79:Since protonium is a
58:antiprotonic hydrogen
33:
18:Antiprotonic hydrogen
829:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
579:Particles in physics
264:Antiproton Collector
1604:Particle chauvinism
1547:Subatomic particles
517:2006PhRvL..97o3401Z
476:2002PhR...368..119K
407:2007NIMPB.261...40V
361:2009JPhCS.194g2003A
314:2006HyInt.172...97Z
259:Antiprotonic helium
242:internucleon forces
68:(symbol: p) and an
234:strong interaction
230:Coulomb attraction
162:particle colliders
36:
1628:
1627:
1584:Massless particle
1392:
1391:
1388:
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1353:
1352:
1216:
1215:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
976:Magnetic monopole
924:
923:
815:
814:
756:
755:
736:Muon antineutrino
721:Electron neutrino
210:quantum mechanics
131:electrical charge
56:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
1653:
1618:
1594:Virtual particle
1365:Mesonic molecule
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1140:Bottom eta meson
1048:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1011:W′ and Z′ bosons
1001:Sterile neutrino
986:Majorana fermion
853:
852:
844:
843:
767:
766:
746:Tau antineutrino
601:
600:
592:
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565:
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510:
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470:(2–3): 119–316.
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102:Protonium has a
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1411:Davydov soliton
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463:Physics Reports
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426:Further reading
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298:(1–3): 97–105.
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60:, is a type of
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1621:Physics portal
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1535:Standard Model
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1513:
1512:
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1509:
1504:
1502:Quasiparticles
1499:
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1211:
1210:
1205:
1194:
1192:
1190:Exotic hadrons
1186:
1185:
1183:
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1177:
1172:
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1021:
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1016:X and Y bosons
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823:
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809:
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801:
795:
794:
792:
791:
789:W and Z bosons
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773:
764:
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753:
751:
750:
749:
748:
743:
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693:
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643:Strange (quark
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583:
582:
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560:
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545:
501:(15): 153401.
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401:(1–2): 40–43.
376:
335:
279:
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276:
273:
272:
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261:
256:
249:
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214:binding energy
197:
194:
153:laboratory in
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26:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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1647:
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1605:
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1597:
1595:
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1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Exotic matter
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:Eightfold way
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1557:Antiparticles
1555:
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1550:
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1234:
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1229:
1228:Atomic nuclei
1226:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
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1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:Upsilon meson
1158:
1156:
1153:
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1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Lambda baryon
1090:
1088:
1085:
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1078:
1076:
1073:
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979:
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951:Dual graviton
949:
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939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
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882:
876:
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871:
868:
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863:
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858:
854:
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849:
848:Superpartners
845:
842:
840:
836:
830:
827:
826:
824:
822:
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768:
765:
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759:
747:
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742:
739:
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734:
732:
731:Muon neutrino
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727:
724:
722:
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718:
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702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
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675:
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666:
664:
663:Bottom (quark
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
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639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
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624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
608:
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602:
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593:
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588:
584:
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568:
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559:
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534:
530:
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522:
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451:
441:
440:
439:New Scientist
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355:(7): 072003.
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226:hydrogen atom
224:. Unlike the
223:
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123:baryon number
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
104:mean lifetime
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
41:
32:
19:
1619:
1290:Hypothetical
1267:
1238:Exotic atoms
1107:Omega baryon
1097:Sigma baryon
1087:Delta baryon
839:Hypothetical
821:Ghost fields
807:Higgs boson
741:Tau neutrino
633:Charm (quark
498:
492:
467:
461:
443:. Retrieved
437:
398:
392:
379:
352:
348:
338:
295:
289:
283:
222:microseconds
207:
199:
164:such as the
159:
140:
133:equal to 0.
129:, etc.) and
116:
101:
89:antiparticle
81:bound system
78:
57:
53:
49:
48:
1572:Quark model
1340:Theta meson
1243:Positronium
1155:Omega meson
1150:J/psi meson
1080:Antineutron
991:Dark photon
956:Graviphoton
915:Stop squark
623:Down (quark
254:Positronium
93:exotic atom
64:in which a
62:exotic atom
1635:Categories
1314:Heptaquark
1275:Superatoms
1208:Pentaquark
1198:Tetraquark
1180:Quarkonium
1070:Antiproton
971:Leptoquark
906:Neutralino
668:antiquark)
658:antiquark)
653:Top (quark
648:antiquark)
638:antiquark)
628:antiquark)
618:antiquark)
587:Elementary
445:2015-06-26
275:References
188:to 1
137:Production
95:called an
70:antiproton
1552:Particles
1497:Particles
1456:Polariton
1446:Plasmaron
1416:Dropleton
1309:Hexaquark
1280:Molecules
1268:Protonium
1145:Phi meson
1130:Rho meson
1102:Xi baryon
1034:Composite
870:Gravitino
613:Up (quark
508:0708.3717
330:119182686
305:0801.3193
72:(symbol:
52:(symbol:
50:Protonium
44:Hydronium
1528:timeline
1380:R-hadron
1335:Glueball
1319:Skyrmion
1253:Tauonium
966:Inflaton
961:Graviton
941:Curvaton
911:Sfermion
901:Higgsino
896:Chargino
857:Gauginos
716:Neutrino
701:Antimuon
691:Positron
686:Electron
596:Fermions
541:36091971
533:17155325
248:See also
218:lifetime
202:hydrogen
170:Fermilab
166:Tevatron
85:particle
1516:Related
1487:Baryons
1461:Polaron
1451:Plasmon
1426:Fracton
1421:Exciton
1375:Diquark
1370:Pomeron
1345:T meson
1302:Baryons
1263:Pionium
1248:Muonium
1175:D meson
1170:B meson
1075:Neutron
1060:Nucleon
1052:Baryons
1043:Hadrons
1006:Tachyon
981:Majoron
946:Dilaton
875:Photino
711:Antitau
678:Leptons
513:Bibcode
472:Bibcode
403:Bibcode
357:Bibcode
310:Bibcode
196:Studies
143:protons
40:Protium
1646:Proton
1492:Mesons
1441:Phonon
1436:Magnon
1358:Others
1328:Mesons
1221:Others
1117:Mesons
1065:Proton
929:Others
884:Others
865:Gluino
799:Scalar
779:Photon
762:Bosons
605:Quarks
539:
531:
328:
238:mesons
182:helium
155:Geneva
147:ATHENA
66:proton
1480:Lists
1471:Trion
1466:Roton
1406:Anyon
1233:Atoms
996:Preon
936:Axion
891:Axino
784:Gluon
771:Gauge
537:S2CID
503:arXiv
458:(PDF)
389:(PDF)
326:S2CID
300:arXiv
119:boson
97:onium
83:of a
1641:Onia
1431:Hole
1258:Onia
1165:Kaon
1125:Pion
696:Muon
529:PMID
216:and
178:CERN
174:LEAR
151:CERN
42:and
706:Tau
521:doi
480:doi
468:368
411:doi
399:261
365:doi
353:194
318:doi
296:172
190:keV
168:at
112:keV
1637::
535:.
527:.
519:.
511:.
499:97
497:.
478:.
466:.
460:.
436:.
409:.
397:.
391:.
363:.
351:.
347:.
324:.
316:.
308:.
294:.
244:.
186:eV
125:,
114:.
108:μs
99:.
54:Pn
1204:)
1200:(
917:)
913:(
571:e
564:t
557:v
543:.
523::
515::
505::
486:.
482::
474::
448:.
417:.
413::
405::
373:.
367::
359::
332:.
320::
312::
302::
74:p
46:.
20:)
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