1266:
2059:
27:
77:
would look like at small scales. However, there is no definitive reason that spacetime needs to be fundamentally smooth. It is possible that instead, in a quantum theory of gravity, spacetime would consist of many small, ever-changing regions in which space and time are not definite, but fluctuate in
169:
A foamy spacetime also sets limits on the accuracy with which distances can be measured because photons should diffuse randomly through a spacetime foam, similar to light diffusing by passing through fog. This should cause the image quality of very distant objects observed through telescopes to
85:
might imply that over sufficiently small distances and sufficiently brief intervals of time, the "very geometry of spacetime fluctuates". These fluctuations could be large enough to cause significant departures from the smooth spacetime seen at macroscopic scales, giving spacetime a "foamy"
182:(VERITAS) showed no detectable degradation at the farthest observed distances, implying that spacetime is smooth at least down to distances 1000 times smaller than the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, setting a bound on the size of quantum fluctuations of spacetime.
123:
telescopes detected that some of the photons at different energy levels arrived at different times, suggesting that some of the photons had moved more slowly and thus were in violation of special relativity's notion that the
128:
is constant, a discrepancy which could be explained by the irregularity of quantum foam. Subsequent experiments were, however, unable to confirm the supposed variation on the speed of light due to graininess of space.
350:"The Universe Is Made of Tiny Bubbles Containing Mini-Universes, Scientists Say â 'Spacetime foam' might just be the wildest thing in the known universe, and we're just starting to understand it"
704:
Perlman, Eric S.; Rappaport, Saul A.; Christensen, Wayne A.; Jack Ng, Y.; DeVore, John; Pooley, David (2014). "New
Constraints on Quantum Gravity from X-ray and Gamma-Ray Observations".
132:
Other experiments involving the polarization of light from distant gamma ray bursts have also produced contradictory results. More Earth-based experiments are ongoing or proposed.
53:. The theory predicts that at these small scales, particles of matter and antimatter are constantly created and destroyed. These subatomic objects are called
349:
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Photons should be slowed by quantum foam, with the rate depending on the wavelength of the photons. This would violate
1326:
1289:
1269:
397:
140:
The fluctuations characteristic of a spacetime foam would be expected to occur on a length scale on the order of the
1436:
985:
882:
1994:
1703:
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1421:
175:
20:
98:, which is possibly caused by virtual particles, is strong evidence for the existence of virtual particles. The
2006:
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1043:
1984:
1761:
1683:
1466:
1336:
1058:
970:
932:
847:
808:
30:
A graphic representation of
Wheeler's calculations of what quantum reality may look like at the Planck length
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257:
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1038:
102:, which predicts the strength of magnets formed by muons and electrons, also supports their existence.
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1005:
937:
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2022:
1570:
657:"Chandra Press Room :: NASA Telescopes Set Limits on Space-time Quantum "Foam":: 28 May 15"
1933:
1708:
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58:
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1103:
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1989:
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437:"A Planck-scale limit on spacetime fuzziness and stochastic Lorentz invariance violation"
375:
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42:
727:
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452:
326:
2034:
1903:
1801:
1509:
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See Derek
Leinweber's QCD animations of spacetime foam, as exhibited in Wilczek lecture
272:
152:
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1953:
1923:
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Vasileiou, Vlasios; Granot, Jonathan; Piran, Tsvi; Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni (2015).
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54:
50:
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Integral challenges physics beyond
Einstein / Space Science / Our Activities / ESA
2001:
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758:"Chandra :: Photo Album :: Space-time Foam :: May 28, 2015"
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degrade. X-ray and gamma-ray observations of quasars using NASA's
135:
179:
195:
156:
113:
109:
681:"Chandra X-ray Observatory - NASA's flagship X-ray telescope"
390:
Geons, black holes, and quantum foam : a life in physics
166:
failed to find evidence of violation of
Lorentz invariance.
160:
680:
26:
643:"NASA Telescopes Set Limits on Spacetime Quantum "Foam""
388:
Wheeler, John
Archibald; Ford, Kenneth Wilson (2010) .
555:"Single photon could detect quantum-scale black holes"
392:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 328.
121:
581:Hawking, S. W. (November 1978). "Spacetime foam".
208:theory is a modern attempt to make Wheeler's idea
178:and ground-based gamma-ray observations from the
2075:
180:Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array
136:Constraints on the size of quantum fluctuations
617:"Einstein makes extra dimensions toe the line"
422:"Gamma Ray Delay May Be Sign of 'New Physics'"
290:
288:
1297:
848:
369:
185:
16:Fluctuation of spacetime on very small scales
829:, 189, p. 18, accessed 10 February 2012
155:. But observations of radiation from nearby
809:"Borrowed Time: Interview with Michio Kaku"
574:
387:
341:
285:
1304:
1290:
855:
841:
786:"What's the Energy Density of the Vacuum?"
717:
489:
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311:Wheeler, J. A. (January 1955). "Geons".
25:
580:
310:
144:(â 10 m), but some models of
89:
2076:
347:
73:, it is impossible to be certain what
1311:
1285:
836:
552:
524:
475:
780:
862:
13:
525:Moyer, Michael (17 January 2012).
148:predict much larger fluctuations.
14:
2100:
1270:Template:Quantum mechanics topics
348:Minsky, Carly (24 October 2019).
2058:
2057:
1265:
1264:
986:Topological quantum field theory
198:with a non-zero energy known as
105:In 2005, during observations of
971:Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity
807:Minkel, JR (24 November 2003).
774:
750:
697:
673:
649:
635:
609:
553:Cowen, Ron (22 November 2012).
546:
518:
176:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
21:Quantum vacuum (disambiguation)
2007:Relativistic quantum mechanics
1176:Causal dynamical triangulation
1044:Black hole information paradox
506:
469:
428:
414:
381:
304:
94:The experimental proof of the
1:
1985:Quantum statistical mechanics
1762:Quantum differential calculus
1684:Delayed-choice quantum eraser
1467:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
1142:Wheeler–DeWitt equation
821:"Sights set on quantum froth"
801:
69:With an incomplete theory of
64:
1064:Cosmic censorship hypothesis
883:BatalinâVilkovisky formalism
603:10.1016/0550-3213(78)90375-9
258:Stochastic quantum mechanics
49:on very small scales due to
7:
1787:Quantum stochastic calculus
1777:Quantum measurement problem
1699:MachâZehnder interferometer
478:"Cosmic race ends in a tie"
215:
164:Goddard Space Flight Center
81:Wheeler suggested that the
10:
2107:
1160:Hartle–Hawking state
1059:Bousso's holographic bound
1039:Black hole complementarity
736:10.1088/0004-637X/805/1/10
186:Relation to other theories
57:. The idea was devised by
19:For related articles, see
18:
2053:
2015:
1967:
1847:Quantum complexity theory
1825:Quantum cellular automata
1800:
1732:
1666:
1579:
1543:
1530:Path integral formulation
1497:
1362:
1319:
1256:
1223:
1168:
1152:Euclidean quantum gravity
1150:
1129:Canonical quantum gravity
1127:
1094:
1087:
1079:Gravitational singularity
1049:Black-hole thermodynamics
1029:
994:
951:
933:RyuâTakayanagi conjecture
870:
706:The Astrophysical Journal
172:Chandra X-ray Observatory
1914:Quantum machine learning
1894:Quantum key distribution
1884:Quantum image processing
1874:Quantum error correction
1724:Wheeler's delayed choice
1206:Superfluid vacuum theory
961:2+1D topological gravity
491:10.1038/nature.2012.9768
279:
1830:Quantum finite automata
1196:Noncommutative geometry
943:WeinbergâWitten theorem
938:Trans-Planckian problem
301:, Fermilab, 2014-10-24.
1934:Quantum neural network
878:AdS/CFT correspondence
619:. NASA. Archived from
335:10.1103/PhysRev.97.511
31:
1959:Quantum teleportation
1487:Waveâparticle duality
1104:Bosonic string theory
1016:Semiclassical gravity
913:Holographic principle
903:Gravitational anomaly
238:Holographic principle
83:uncertainty principle
29:
1990:Quantum field theory
1919:Quantum metamaterial
1864:Quantum cryptography
1594:Consistent histories
1137:Loop quantum gravity
996:Quantum field theory
243:Loop quantum gravity
159:by Floyd Stecker of
90:Experimental results
78:a foam-like manner.
1975:Quantum fluctuation
1944:Quantum programming
1904:Quantum logic gates
1889:Quantum information
1869:Quantum electronics
1344:Classical mechanics
1006:BunchâDavies vacuum
998:in curved spacetime
898:FaddeevâPopov ghost
819:Swarup, A. (2006).
814:Scientific American
728:2015ApJ...805...10P
595:1978NuPhB.144..349H
532:Scientific American
527:"Is Space Digital?"
476:Cowen, Ron (2012).
453:2015NatPh..11..344V
327:1955PhRv...97..511W
248:Lorentzian wormhole
192:vacuum fluctuations
43:quantum fluctuation
2028:in popular culture
1810:Quantum algorithms
1658:Von NeumannâWigner
1638:Objective collapse
1349:Old quantum theory
1191:Group field theory
1119:Superstring theory
1074:Firewall (physics)
273:Virtual black hole
153:Lorentz invariance
112:arriving from the
32:
2071:
2070:
2045:Quantum mysticism
2023:Schrödinger's cat
1954:Quantum simulator
1924:Quantum metrology
1852:Quantum computing
1815:Quantum amplifier
1792:Quantum spacetime
1757:Quantum cosmology
1747:Quantum chemistry
1462:Scattering theory
1410:Zero-point energy
1405:Degenerate levels
1313:Quantum mechanics
1279:
1278:
1236:Eternal inflation
1231:Quantum cosmology
1219:
1218:
1011:Hawking radiation
976:Liouville gravity
583:Nuclear Physics B
462:10.1038/nphys3270
233:Hawking radiation
55:virtual particles
51:quantum mechanics
41:is a theoretical
2096:
2061:
2060:
1772:Quantum geometry
1767:Quantum dynamics
1624:Superdeterminism
1520:Matrix mechanics
1375:Braâket notation
1306:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1268:
1267:
1092:
1091:
1054:Bekenstein bound
871:Central concepts
857:
850:
843:
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833:
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795:
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589:(2â3): 349â362.
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292:
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2089:Wormhole theory
2084:Quantum gravity
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2049:
2035:Wigner's friend
2011:
2002:Quantum gravity
1963:
1949:Quantum sensing
1929:Quantum network
1909:Quantum machine
1879:Quantum imaging
1842:Quantum circuit
1837:Quantum channel
1796:
1742:Quantum biology
1728:
1704:ElitzurâVaidman
1679:DavissonâGermer
1662:
1614:Hidden-variable
1604:de BroglieâBohm
1581:Interpretations
1575:
1539:
1493:
1380:Complementarity
1358:
1315:
1310:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1252:
1241:FRW/CFT duality
1215:
1164:
1146:
1123:
1083:
1025:
997:
990:
947:
866:
864:Quantum gravity
861:
804:
799:
790:
788:
779:
775:
766:
764:
756:
755:
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702:
698:
689:
687:
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623:on 18 July 2019
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424:. 3 March 2021.
420:
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382:
374:
370:
360:
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346:
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314:Physical Review
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305:
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146:quantum gravity
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71:quantum gravity
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24:
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11:
5:
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1980:Casimir effect
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1939:Quantum optics
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1754:
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1714:Quantum eraser
1711:
1706:
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1407:
1402:
1397:
1387:
1385:Density matrix
1382:
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1364:
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1248:
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1227:
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1214:
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1211:Twistor theory
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1203:
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1024:
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1002:
1000:
992:
991:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
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955:
949:
948:
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920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
872:
868:
867:
860:
859:
852:
845:
837:
831:
830:
817:
803:
800:
798:
797:
784:(2006-10-08).
773:
762:chandra.si.edu
749:
696:
685:chandra.si.edu
672:
661:chandra.si.edu
648:
645:. 28 May 2015.
634:
608:
573:
545:
517:
505:
468:
447:(4): 344â346.
441:Nature Physics
427:
413:
398:
380:
368:
340:
321:(2): 511â536.
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187:
184:
137:
134:
126:speed of light
100:g-2 experiment
96:Casimir effect
91:
88:
66:
63:
39:spacetime foam
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2102:
2101:
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1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Quantum logic
1897:
1895:
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1885:
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1872:
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1867:
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1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:Quantum chaos
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:SternâGerlach
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
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1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Transactional
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Quantum logic
1641:
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1634:
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1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
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1782:Quantum mind
1694:FranckâHertz
1556:KleinâGordon
1505:Formulations
1498:Formulations
1427:Interference
1417:Entanglement
1395:Ground state
1390:Energy level
1363:Fundamentals
1327:Introduction
1261:
1224:Applications
1114:Supergravity
1021:Unruh effect
928:Quantum foam
927:
923:Planck units
918:IR/UV mixing
893:Causal patch
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789:. Retrieved
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621:the original
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295:Quantum Foam
223:False vacuum
210:quantitative
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59:John Wheeler
38:
35:Quantum foam
34:
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2040:EPR paradox
1820:Quantum bus
1689:Double-slit
1667:Experiments
1633:Many-worlds
1571:Schrödinger
1535:Phase space
1525:Schrödinger
1515:Interaction
1472:Uncertainty
1442:Nonlocality
1437:Measurement
1432:Decoherence
1422:Hamiltonian
1181:Causal sets
1031:Black holes
560:Nature News
299:Don Lincoln
253:Planck time
86:character.
2078:Categories
1968:Extensions
1802:Technology
1648:Relational
1599:Copenhagen
1510:Heisenberg
1457:Tunnelling
1320:Background
1246:Multiverse
1088:Approaches
966:CGHS model
953:Toy models
888:CA-duality
802:References
791:2007-12-18
782:Baez, John
767:2015-05-29
690:2015-05-29
666:2015-05-29
627:9 February
566:3 February
538:3 February
361:24 October
65:Background
1674:Bell test
1544:Equations
1370:Born rule
1262:See also:
1201:Spin foam
981:RST model
719:1411.7262
712:(1): 10.
500:120173051
408:916428720
206:Spin foam
107:gamma-ray
75:spacetime
61:in 1955.
47:spacetime
2063:Category
1857:Timeline
1609:Ensemble
1589:Bayesian
1482:Collapse
1354:Glossary
1337:Timeline
1109:M-theory
1069:ER = EPR
908:Graviton
744:56421821
268:Wormhole
216:See also
194:provide
2016:Related
1995:History
1734:Science
1566:Rydberg
1332:History
724:Bibcode
591:Bibcode
449:Bibcode
323:Bibcode
157:quasars
110:photons
1709:Popper
1169:Others
742:
498:
482:Nature
406:
396:
196:vacuum
174:, the
161:NASA's
114:blazar
1619:Local
1561:Pauli
1551:Dirac
740:S2CID
714:arXiv
496:S2CID
280:Notes
629:2012
568:2013
540:2013
404:OCLC
394:ISBN
363:2019
355:Vice
228:Geon
190:The
732:doi
710:805
599:doi
587:144
486:doi
457:doi
331:doi
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