4807:
5635:
4796:
1425:
5173: with the slogan "Strong Business, Strong State." This pragmatic strategy proposes sweeping socio-economic and political reforms to hoist Kazakhstan among the top 30 economies by 2050. In this document, Kazakhstan gives itself 15 years to evolve into a knowledge economy. New sectors are to be created during each five-year plan. The first of these, covering the years 2010–2014, focused on developing industrial capacity in car manufacturing, aircraft engineering and the production of locomotives, passenger and cargo railroad cars. During the second five-year plan to 2019, the goal is to develop export markets for these products. To enable Kazakhstan to enter the world market of geological exploration, the country intends to increase the efficiency of traditional extractive sectors such as oil and gas. It also intends to develop rare earth metals, given their importance for electronics, laser technology, communication and medical equipment. The second five-year plan coincides with the development of the
2211:
4494:
3331:
national conversation regarding government policies and reforms. In July 2019, the
President of Kazakhstan announced a concept of a 'listening state' that quickly and efficiently responds to all constructive requests of the country's citizens. A law will be passed to allow representatives from other parties to hold chair positions on some Parliamentary committees, to foster alternative views and opinions. The minimum membership threshold needed to register a political party will be reduced from 40,000 to 20,000 members. Special places for peaceful rallies in central areas will be allocated and a new draft law outlining the rights and obligations of organisers, participants and observers will be passed. In an effort to increase public safety, President Tokayev has strengthened the penalties for those who commit crimes against individuals.
3883:
4352:(SMEs). The total value of the stimulus programs amounted to $ 21 billion, or 20 per cent of the country's GDP, with $ 4 billion going to stabilise the financial sector. During the global economic crisis, Kazakhstan's economy contracted by 1.2 percent in 2009, while the annual growth rate subsequently increased to 7.5 percent and 5 percent in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Kazakhstan's government continued to follow a conservative fiscal policy by controlling budget spending and accumulating oil revenue savings in its Oil Fund – Samruk-Kazyna. The global financial crisis forced Kazakhstan to increase its public borrowing to support the economy. Public debt increased to 13.4 per cent in 2013 from 8.7 per cent in 2008. Between 2012 and 2013, the government achieved an overall fiscal surplus of 4.5 per cent.
5142:
6751:
16709:
5130:
106:
4979:(EBRD) and Kazakhstan created the partnership for Re-Energizing the Reform Process in Kazakhstan to work with international financial institutions to channel US$ 2.7 billion provided by the Kazakh government into important sectors of Kazakhstan's economy. As of May 2014, Kazakhstan had attracted $ 190 billion in gross foreign investments since its independence in 1991 and it led the CIS countries in terms of FDI attracted per capita. The OECD 2017 Investment Policy Review noted that "great strides" had been made to open up opportunities to foreign investors and improve policy to attract FDI. China is one of the main economic and trade partners of Kazakhstan. In 2013, China launched the
6133:
period before a strong
Russian influence consists of instrumental music and vocal music. Instrumental music, with the pieces ("Küy") being performed by soloists. Text is often seen in the background (or "program") for the music, as a lot of Küy titles refer to stories. Vocal music, either as part of a ceremony such as a wedding (mainly performed by women), or as part of a feast. Here we might divide into subgenres: epic singing, containing not only historical facts, but as well the tribe's genealogy, love songs, and didactic verses; and as a special form the composition of two or more singers in public (Aitys), of dialogue character and usually unexpectedly frankly in content.
4233:, remained in detention after unfair trials. In mid-2014, Kazakhstan adopted new criminal, criminal executive, criminal procedural, and administrative codes, and a new law on trade unions, which contain articles restricting fundamental freedoms and are incompatible with international standards. Torture remains common in places of detention." However, Kazakhstan has achieved significant progress in reducing the prison population. The 2016 Human Rights Watch report commented that Kazakhstan "took few meaningful steps to tackle a worsening human rights record in 2015, maintaining a focus on economic development over political reform." Some critics of the government have been
3229:
3540:
6031:. Although the origins of such tales are often unknown, most of them were associated with bards of the recent or more distant past, who supposedly created them or passed them on, by the time most Kazakh poetry and prose was first written down in the second half of the 19th century. There are clear stylistic differences between works first created in the 19th century, and works dating from earlier periods but not documented before the 19th century, such as those attributed to such 16th- and 17th-century bards as Er Shoban and Dosmombet Zhıraw (also known as Dospambet Žyrau; he appeared to have been literate, and reportedly visited
3567:
21589:
21352:
19131:
4545:
2619:
3764:
183:
14931:
18981:
21559:
2854:
21469:
5115:, which scored 180 countries on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"), gave Kazakhstan a score of 39. When ranked by score, Kazakhstan ranked 93rd among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Eastern European and Central Asian countries was 53, the average score was 35 and the lowest score was 18.
20622:
3236:
3923:
4579:), up 22.7 percent compared to 2002, including natural gas production of 7.3 billion cubic metres (260 billion cubic feet). Kazakhstan holds about 4 billion tonnes (3.9 billion long tons; 4.4 billion short tons) of proven recoverable oil reserves and 2,000 cubic kilometres (480 cubic miles) of gas. Kazakhstan is the 19th largest oil-producing nation in the world. Kazakhstan's oil exports in 2003, were valued at more than $ 7 billion, representing 65 percent of overall exports and 24 percent of the GDP. Major oil and gas fields and recoverable
4314:
6845:
6831:
4110:
18001:
20943:
6705:
5879:
4668:
6129:, a famous composer and dombra player from the 19th century. The Musical-Dramatic Training College, founded in 1931, was the first institute of higher education for music. Two years later, the Orchestra of Kazakh Folk Musical Instruments was formed. The Foundation Asyl Mura is archiving and publishing historical recordings of great samples of Kazakh music both traditional and classical. The leading conservatoire is in Almaty, the Qurmanghazy Conservatoire. It competes with the national conservatoire in Astana, Kazakhstan's capital.
10045:
therefore
Eurasian. Strictly speaking, the three South Caucasus States, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are located in Asia, yet their membership of political Europe is no longer in doubt. This being the case, Kazakhstan, as a Eurasian State participating in the OSCE and a signatory to the International covenant on civil and political rights and the International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, would meet the criteria laid down in Rule 59, making it eligible to apply for special guest status with the Assembly.
5232:
5983:
1912:
3530:
5182:
120:
6459:
4100:
2079:
15830:
3577:
21295:
5243:
21310:
6281:
5624:
6114:
4452:
3911:. President Nazarbayev said of the war in Ukraine, "The fratricidal war has brought true devastation to eastern Ukraine, and it is a common task to stop the war there, strengthen Ukraine's independence and secure territorial integrity of Ukraine." Experts believe that no matter how the Ukraine crisis develops, Kazakhstan's relations with the European Union will remain normal. It is believed that Nazarbayev's mediation is positively received by both Russia and Ukraine.
21602:
21245:
20977:
20904:
19093:
830:
1923:
1580:
5797:
19635:
18174:
17014:
21543:
21517:
21504:
21491:
21260:
21215:
21200:
21185:
21019:
20787:
20726:
20713:
20674:
20661:
19107:
19065:
19037:
19023:
18995:
15459:
4676:
2477:
1774:
21397:
20917:
21367:
6629:
4387:
2067:
18186:
17026:
21325:
20813:
20750:
20852:
20687:
19051:
21576:
20865:
20800:
20774:
20609:
21006:
2756:
1328:
21530:
21230:
21045:
20930:
20839:
19079:
21339:
21071:
20891:
20878:
20826:
5361:
2434:
5612:
21382:
21058:
21032:
20648:
19009:
20700:
3038:
15449:
20635:
855:
807:
788:
755:
736:
21277:
9648:
4264:. The executive branch sharply limited judicial independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a quasi-judicial role and had the authority to suspend court decisions. Corruption was evident at every stage of the judicial process. Although judges were among the most highly paid government employees, lawyers and human rights monitors alleged that judges, prosecutors, and other officials solicited
6137:
3961:
4968:
into law tax concessions to promote foreign direct investment which included a 10-year exemption from corporation tax, an eight-year exemption from property tax, and a 10-year freeze on most other taxes. Other incentives include a refund on capital investments of up to 30 percent once a production facility is in operation. In 2012, Kazakhstan attracted $ 14 billion of
5197:
regional exporter of beef, dairy and other agricultural products. Low-return, water-intensive crop varieties will be replaced with vegetable, oil and fodder products. As part of the shift to a "green economy" by 2030, 15% of acreage will be cultivated with water-saving technologies. Experimental agrarian and innovational clusters will be established and drought-resistant
4383:. By late December 2003, Kazakhstan's gross foreign debt was about $ 22.9 billion. Total governmental debt was $ 4.2 billion, 14 percent of GDP. There has been a reduction in the ratio of debt to GDP. The ratio of total governmental debt to GDP was 21.7 percent in 2000, 17.5 percent in 2001, and 15.4 percent in 2002. In 2019, it rose to 19.2 percent.
5503:. English, as well as Turkish, have gained popularity among younger people since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Education across Kazakhstan is conducted in either Kazakh, Russian, or both. In Nazarbayev's resignation speech of 2019, he projected that the people of Kazakhstan in the future will speak three languages (Kazakh, Russian and English).
9282:
Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).
5158:
services and production methods over this period, to the detriment of the acquisition of machinery and equipment, which has traditionally made up the bulk of
Kazakhstan's innovation expenditure. Training costs represented just 2 percent of innovation expenditure, a much lower share than in developed countries. Kazakhstan was ranked 81st in the
163:
8020:"In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."
2362:, became the country's first President. Nazarbayev ruled in an authoritarian manner. An emphasis was placed on converting the country's economy to a market economy while political reforms lagged behind economic advances. By 2006, Kazakhstan was generating 60 percent of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry.
169:
168:
11498:
5045:
development, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication and innovation, lagging behind only in the category of health and primary education. The Global
Competitiveness Index gives a score from 1 to 7 in each of these pillars, and Kazakhstan earned an overall score of 4.4.
2385:, founded by President Nazarbayev's daughter, won most of the remaining seats. The opposition parties which were officially registered and competed in the elections won a single seat. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was monitoring the election, which it said fell short of international standards.
4806:
4572:) in 2012 up from 51.2 million tonnes (50.4 million long tons; 56.4 million short tons) in 2003. Kazakhstan raised oil and gas condensate exports to 44.3 million tons in 2003, 13 percent higher than in 2002. Gas production in Kazakhstan in 2003, amounted to 13.9 billion cubic metres (490
4781:. Thereafter, Kazakhstan took measures to modernise and revamp its air safety oversight. In 2016 the European air safety authorities removed all Kazakh airlines from the blacklist, saying there was "sufficient evidence of compliance" with international standards by Kazakh Airlines and the Civil Aviation Committee.
164:
7292:
3335:
system and increase the decision-making authorities of
Kazakhstan's regions. The powers of the parliament were expanded at the expense of those of the president, relatives of whom are now also barred from holding government positions, while the Constitutional Court was restored and the death penalty abolished.
172:
4277:'s 2015 Rule of Law Index was 65 out of 102; the country scored well on "Order and Security" (global rank 32/102), and poorly on "Constraints on Government Powers" (global rank 93/102), "Open Government" (85/102) and "Fundamental Rights" (84/102, with a downward trend marking a deterioration in conditions).
6740:. In early 2014, a court also issued a cease publication order to the small-circulation Assandi-Times newspaper, saying it was a part of the Respublika group. Human Rights Watch said: "this absurd case displays the lengths to which Kazakh authorities are willing to go to bully critical media into silence."
170:
167:
166:
171:
5634:
9281:
Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;
6132:
When referring to traditional Kazakh music, authentic folklore must be separated from "folklorism". The latter denotes music executed by academically trained performers who aim at preserving the traditional music for coming generations. As far as can be reconstructed, the music of
Kazakhstan from the
5940:
Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in
Kazakhstan and it is joining the international tourism networking. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined The Region Initiative (TRI) which is a Tri-regional Umbrella of Tourism-related organisations. TRI is functioning as a link between three regions: South Asia, Central
5149:
One of the most ambitious targets of the State
Programme for Accelerated Industrial and Innovative Development adopted in 2010 is to raise the country's level of expenditure on research and development to 1 percent of GDP by 2015. By 2013, this ratio stood at 0.18 percent of GDP. It will be difficult
5097:
confiscated US$ 48 million in
Kazakhstani assets from Swiss bank accounts, as a result of a bribery investigation in the United States. US officials believed the funds represented bribes paid by American officials to Kazakhstani officials in exchange for oil or prospecting rights in Kazakhstan.
4228:
said that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion." It has also described the government as authoritarian. In 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshipers for practising
3902:
Kazakhstan has supported UN peacekeeping missions in Haiti, Western Sahara, and Côte d'Ivoire. In March 2014, the Ministry of Defense chose 20 Kazakhstani military men as observers for the UN peacekeeping missions. The military personnel, ranking from captain to colonel, had to go through specialised
2765:
Kazakhstan has an abundant supply of accessible mineral and fossil fuel resources. Development of petroleum, natural gas, and mineral extractions has attracted most of the over $ 40 billion in foreign investment in Kazakhstan since 1993 and accounts for some 57 percent of the nation's industrial
6214:
The Kazakh school of fine arts was fully formed by the 1940s and flourished in the 1950s. Local painters, graphic artists and sculptors, trained under the unified Soviet system of artist education, began active work, often using national motifs in their art. The painters O. Tansykbaev, J. Shardenov,
6210:
In Kazakhstan, the fine arts, in the classical sense, have their origins in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It was largely influenced by Russian artists, such as Vasily Vereshchagin and Nikolai Khludov, who intensively travelled in Central Asia. Khludov had
6005:
stone carvings dated 5th–7th centuries CE that describe rule of Kultegin and Bilge, two early Turkic rulers ("kagans"). Amongst the Kazakhs, the bard was a primarily, though not exclusively, male profession. Since at least the 17th century, Kazakh bards could be divided into two main categories: the
5157:
US$ 1.6 billion), or around 1.1 percent of GDP. Some 11 percent of the total was spent on research and development. This compares with about 40 to 70 percent of innovation expenditure in developed countries. This augmentation was due to a sharp rise in product design and the introduction of new
4836:
described tourism in Kazakhstan as "hugely underdeveloped", despite the country's mountain, lake and desert landscapes. Factors hampering an increase in tourism were said to include high prices, "shabby infrastructure", "poor service" and the difficulties of travel in a large underdeveloped country.
4077:
Based on these principles, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Kazakhstan has increasingly pursued an independent foreign policy, defined by its own foreign policy objectives and ambitions through which the country attempts to balance its relations with "all the major powers and
3906:
In 2014, Kazakhstan gave Ukraine humanitarian aid during the conflict with Russian-backed rebels. In October 2014, Kazakhstan donated $ 30,000 to the International Committee of the Red Cross's humanitarian effort in Ukraine. In January 2015, to help the humanitarian crisis, Kazakhstan sent $ 400,000
5815:
Education consists of three main phases: primary education (forms 1–4), basic general education (forms 5–9) and senior level education (forms 10–11 or 12) divided into continued general education and vocational education. Vocational Education usually lasts three or four years. (Primary education is
4967:
Kazakhstan has attracted $ 330 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI) from more than 120 countries since its independence (1991). In 2015, the U.S. State Department said Kazakhstan was widely considered to have the best investment climate in the region. In 2014, President Nazarbayev signed
4648:
Kazakhstan launched the Green Economy Plan in 2013. It committed Kazakhstan to meet 50 percent of its energy needs from alternative and renewable sources by 2050. The green economy was projected to increase GDP by 3 percent and create some 500,000 jobs. The government set prices for energy produced
3330:
Reforms have begun to be implemented after the election of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in June 2019. Tokayev supports a culture of opposition, public assembly, and loosening rules on forming political parties. In June 2019, Tokayev established the National Council of Public Trust as a public platform for
2794:
are only a small part of a much larger deposit. It is said that 3.5 billion tonnes (3.4 billion long tons) of oil and 2.5 billion cubic metres (88 billion cubic feet) of gas could be found in that area. Overall the estimate of Kazakhstan's oil deposits is 6.1 billion tonnes
2004:
Russia's efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment of the Kazakhs, and, by the 1860s, some Kazakhs resisted its rule. Russia had disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and people were suffering from starvation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The
4507:
accounts for approximately 5 percent of Kazakhstan's GDP. Grain, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, melons and livestock are the most important agricultural commodities. Agricultural land occupies more than 846,000 square kilometres (327,000 sq mi). The available agricultural land consists of
4413:
from 30 percent to 20 percent. On 7 July 2006, the personal income tax was reduced even further to a flat rate of 5 percent for personal income in the form of dividends and 10 percent for other personal income. Kazakhstan furthered its reforms by adopting a new land code on 20 June 2003, and a new
4291:
In an effort to increase transparency in the criminal justice and court system, and improve human rights, Kazakhstan intended to digitise all investigative, prosecutorial and court records by 2018. Many criminal cases are closed before trial on the basis of reconciliation between the defendant and
3955:
Development of regional and multilateral diplomacy, which primarily involves strengthening mutually beneficial ties with key partners – Russia, China, the United States, Central Asian states and the EU countries, as well as through multilateral structures – the United Nations, the Organization for
3334:
On 17 September 2022, Tokayev signed a decree that limits presidential tenure to one term of seven years. He furthermore announced the preparation of a new reform package to "decentralize" and "distribute" power between government institutions. The reform package also seeks to modify the electoral
10044:
For its part, the Assembly might decide, already at this stage, to interpret Rule 59 of its Rules of procedure, concerning special guests, in such a way as to include the Eurasian States. Two Council of Europe member States, Turkey and Russia, belong geographically to both Europe and Asia and are
5676:
whose constitution guarantees religious freedoms. Article 39 of the constitution states: "Human rights and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way." Article 14 prohibits "discrimination on religious basis" and Article 19 ensures that everyone has the "right to determine and indicate or not to
5254:
International Database lists the population of Kazakhstan as 18.9 million (May 2019), while United Nations sources such as the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects give an estimate of 19,196,465. Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 20 million as of November
5039:
In the 2020 Doing Business Report by the World Bank, Kazakhstan ranked 25th globally and as the number one best country globally for protecting minority investors' rights. Kazakhstan achieved its goal of entering the top 50 most competitive countries in 2013 and has maintained its position in the
4478:
turnover in 2018 was $ 93.5 billion, which is 19.7 percent more than in 2017. Export in 2018 reached $ 67 billion (up 25.7 percent in comparison to 2017) and import was $ 32.5 billion (up 9.9 percent in comparison to 2017). Exports accounted for 40.1 percent of Kazakhstan's gross domestic product
6183:
The Kazakhs themselves, however, did not write their own music in notation until 1931. Later, as part of the Soviet Union, Kazakh folk culture was encouraged in a sanitised manner designed to avoid political and social unrest. The result was a bland derivative of real Kazakh folk music. In 1920,
5207:
The Digital Kazakhstan program was launched in 2018 to boost the country's economic growth through the implementation of digital technologies. Kazakhstan's digitization efforts generated 800 billion tenges (US$ 1.97 billion) in two years. The program helped create 120,000 jobs and attracted 32.8
5044:
that was published at the beginning of September 2014. Kazakhstan is ahead of other states in the CIS in almost all of the report's pillars of competitiveness, including institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labour market
4726:
in developing Kazakhstan's railway infrastructure. As of 2018, Alstom has more than 600 staff and two joint ventures with KTZ and its subsidiary in Kazakhstan. In July 2017, Alstom opened its first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan. It is the only repairing centre in Central Asia and the
5855:
The training and skills development programs in Kazakhstan are also supported by international organisations. For example, on 30 March 2015, the World Banks' Group of Executive Directors approved a $ 100 million loan for the Skills and Job project in Kazakhstan. The project aims to provide
5137:
Research remains largely concentrated in Kazakhstan's largest city and former capital, Almaty, home to 52 percent of research personnel. Public research is largely confined to institutes, with universities making only a token contribution. Research institutes receive their funding from national
3455:
Municipalities exist at each level of administrative division in Kazakhstan. Cities of republican, regional, and district significance are designated as urban inhabited localities; all others are designated rural. At the highest level are the cities of Almaty and Astana, which are classified as
2782:
reserves; the fifth largest copper reserves; and ranks in the top ten for coal, iron, and gold. It is also an exporter of diamonds. Perhaps most significant for economic development, Kazakhstan also has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas. One such location is the
5196:
During subsequent five-year plans to 2050, new industries will be established in fields such as mobile, multi-media, nano- and space technologies, robotics, genetic engineering and alternative energy. Food processing enterprises will be developed with an eye to turning the country into a major
4287:
Kazakhstan's Supreme Court has taken steps to modernise and to increase transparency and oversight over the country's legal system. With funding from the US Agency for International Development, the ABA Rule of Law Initiative began a new program in April 2012 to strengthen the independence and
3874:
met at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., and discussed strengthening the strategic partnership between the United States and Kazakhstan. They pledged to intensify bilateral co-operation to promote nuclear safety and non-proliferation, regional stability in Central Asia, economic
4132:(the former 32nd Army) and part of the 17th Army Corps, including six land-force divisions, storage bases, the 14th and 35th air-landing brigades, two rocket brigades, two artillery regiments, and a large amount of equipment that had been withdrawn from over the Urals after the signing of the
6151:
The Russian influence on the music life in Kazakhstan can be seen in two spheres: first, the introduction of musical academic institutions such as concert houses with opera stages, and conservatories, where European music was performed and taught, and second, by trying to incorporate Kazakh
4532:, rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstan's export trade. In 2003 Kazakhstan harvested 17.6 million tons of grain in gross, 2.8% higher compared to 2002. Kazakhstani agriculture still has many environmental problems from mismanagement during its years in the Soviet Union. Some
4257:, and police did not do so. Human rights observers alleged that law enforcement officials dissuaded detainees from seeing an attorney, gathered evidence through preliminary questioning before a detainee's attorney arrived, and in some cases used corrupt defense attorneys to gather evidence.
2831:
2414:
following a spike in fuel prices. In consequence, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev took over as head of the powerful Security Council, removing his predecessor Nursultan Nazarbayev from the post. In September 2022, the name of the country's capital was changed back to Astana from Nur-Sultan.
5941:
Asia, and Eastern Europe. Armenia, Bangladesh, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Ukraine are now partners, and Kazakhstan is linked with other South Asian, Eastern European, and Central Asian countries in the tourism market.
4795:
11490:
11355:
5150:
to reach the target as long as economic growth remains strong. Since 2005, the economy has grown faster (by 6 percent in 2013) than gross domestic expenditure on research and development, which only progressed from PPP$ 598 million to PPP$ 714 million between 2005 and 2013.
4347:
Kazakhstan weathered the global financial crisis by combining fiscal relaxation with monetary stabilisation. In 2009, the government introduced large-scale support measures such as the recapitalisation of banks and support for the real estate and agricultural sectors, as well as for
5258:
The 2009 population estimate is 6.8 percent higher than the population reported in the last census from January 1999. The decline in population that began after 1989 has been arrested and possibly reversed. Men and women make up 48.3 and 51.7 percent of the population, respectively.
6188:, a Russian official, created major works of art music with melodies and other elements of Kazakh folk music. Beginning in 1928 and accelerating in the 1930s, he also adapted traditional Kazakh instruments for use in Russian-style ensembles, such as by increasing the number of
4754:
system has been under construction, but was abandoned at one point in 2013. In May 2015, an agreement was signed for the project to be resumed. There is an 86 km (53 mi) tram network, which began service in 1965 with, as of 2012, 20 regular and three special routes.
2032:
oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand Russian influence in the area. During the 19th century, about 400,000 Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century.
19520:
5695:
and the establishment of full freedom of religion led to an increase of religious activity. Hundreds of mosques, churches, and other religious structures were built in the span of a few years, with the number of religious associations rising from 670 in 1990 to 4,170 today.
8630:
7280:
5177:
roadmap for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which makes provision for the allocation of grants to SMEs in the regions and for microcredit. The government and the National Chamber of Entrepreneurs also plan to develop an effective mechanism to help start-ups.
1832:. The Kazakh Khanate's territories would expand deep into Central Asia. By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the impact of tribal rivalries, which had effectively divided the population into the Great, Middle and Little (or Small) hordes (
5677:
indicate his/her ethnic, party and religious affiliation." The Constitutional Council affirmed these rights in a 2009 declaration, which stated that a proposed law limiting the rights of certain individuals to practice their religion was declared unconstitutional.
4180:
Since 2002, the joint tactical peacekeeping exercise "Steppe Eagle" has been hosted by the Kazakhstan government. "Steppe Eagle" focuses on building coalitions and gives participating nations the opportunity to work together. During the Steppe Eagle exercises, the
6613:
held seven versions of the women's super middleweight title, and two heavyweight titles during her boxing career. She holds the record as the longest-reigning WBA female super middleweight champion, and the longest-reigning WBC female super middleweight champion.
4417:
Kazakhstan instituted a pension reform program in 1998. By January 2012, the pension assets were about $ 17 billion (KZT 2.5 trillion). There are 11 saving pension funds in the country. The State Accumulating Pension Fund, the only state-owned fund, was
6237:
can be cooked in a variety of ways and is usually served with a wide assortment of traditional bread products. Refreshments include black tea, often served with milk and dried fruits (such as dried apricots) and nuts. In southern provinces, people often prefer
4173:(UQK) was established on 13 June 1992. It includes the Service of Internal Security, Military Counterintelligence, Border Guard, several Commando units, and Foreign Intelligence (Barlau). The latter is considered the most important part of KNB. Its director is
3844:. The official response of the Assembly was that because Kazakhstan is partially located in Europe, it could apply for full membership, but that it would not be granted any status whatsoever at the council until its democracy and human rights records improved.
4344:. The country devalued its currency by 19 percent in February 2014. Another 22 percent devaluation occurred in August 2015. Kazakhstan was the first former Soviet Republic to repay all of its debt to the International Monetary Fund, 7 years ahead of schedule.
3855:), seeking equally good relations with its two large neighbours, Russia and China, as well as with the United States and the rest of the Western world. Russia leases approximately 6,000 square kilometres (2,317 sq mi) of territory enclosing the
6124:
The modern state of Kazakhstan is home to the Kazakh State Kurmangazy Orchestra of Folk Instruments, the Kazakh State Philharmonic Orchestra, the Kazakh National Opera and the Kazakh State Chamber Orchestra. The folk instrument orchestra was named after
4649:
from renewable sources. The price of 1 kilowatt-hour for energy produced by wind power plants was set at 22.68 tenge ($ 0.12), for 1 kilowatt-hour produced by small hydro-power plants 16.71 tenges ($ 0.09), and from biogas plants 32.23 tenges ($ 0.18).
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With an area of 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi) – equivalent in size to Western Europe – Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part of the
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Since 2014, the Kazakhstani government has been bidding for a non-permanent member seat on the UN Security Council for 2017–2018. On 28 June 2016 Kazakhstan was elected as a non-permanent member to serve on the UN Security Council for a two-year term.
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Kazakhstan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 26 January 2015: "We are firmly convinced that there is no alternative to peace negotiations as a way to resolve the crisis in south-eastern Ukraine." In 2018, Kazakhstan signed the UN
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4731:, the most modern railway station in Kazakhstan, was opened in Astana on 31 May 2017. According to Kazakhstan Railways (KTZ), the 120,000m station was expected to be used by 54 trains and would have the capacity to handle 35,000 passengers a day.
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4166:. During the second Iraq War, Kazakhstani troops dismantled 4 million mines and other explosives, helped provide medical care to more than 5,000 coalition members and civilians, and purified 718 cubic metres (25,400 cu ft) of water.
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for handling trans-Eurasian trains, which travel more than 9,000 km (5,600 mi) between China and Europe. The Khorgos Gateway dry port is surrounded by Khorgos Eastern Gate SEZ which officially commenced operations in December 2016.
2246:(in power 1964–1982), it accelerated the development of the agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstan's population. Because of the decades of privation, war and resettlement, by 1959 the
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preceded by one year of pre-school education.) These levels can be followed in one institution or in different ones (e.g., primary school, then secondary school). Recently, several secondary schools, specialised schools, magnet schools,
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a particular influence on the development of the local school of painting, becoming the teacher of many local artists. The most famous of these is Abilkhan Kasteyev, after whom the State Museum of Art of Kazakhstan was renamed in 1984.
4844:, long characterised as authoritarian with a history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition, in 2015 issued a "Tourism Industry Development Plan 2020." It aimed to establish five tourism clusters in Kazakhstan:
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The banking industry of Kazakhstan went through a boom-and-bust cycle in the early 21st century. After several years of rapid expansion in the mid-2000s, the banking industry collapsed in 2008. Several large banking groups, including
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listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country. A 2017 OECD report on Kazakhstan indicated that Kazakhstan has reformed laws with regard to the civil service, judiciary, instruments to prevent corruption,
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Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina; Rasmussen, Simon; Peyrot, Michaël; Renaud, Gabriel; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Goldberg, Amy; Usmanova, Emma; Baimukhanov, Nurbol (May 2018).
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6062:) are the most well-known Turkic heroic legends. Initially created around the 9th century CE, they were passed on through generations in oral form. The legendary tales were recorded by Turkish authors in 14–16th centuries C.E.
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Railways provide 68 percent of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57 percent of the country. There are 15,333 km (9,527 mi) in common carrier service, excluding industrial lines.15,333 km (9,527 mi) of
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research councils under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education and Science. Their output, however, tends to be disconnected from market needs. In the business sector, few industrial enterprises conduct research themselves.
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and hay land. Over 80 percent of the country's total area is classified as agricultural land, including almost 70 percent occupied by pasture. Its arable land has the second highest availability per inhabitant (1.5 hectares).
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designed to turn the traditional pasturelands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernisations under Soviet leader
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The republic was one of the destinations for exiled and convicted persons, as well as for mass resettlements, or deportations affected by the central USSR authorities during the 1930s and 1940s, such as approximately 400,000
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Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ixan, Olzhas; Khussainova, Elmira; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan (June 2019).
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The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" for dominance in the area against the
5849:("Candidate of Sciences") and the Doctor of Sciences (PhD). With the adoption of the Laws on Education and on Higher Education, a private sector has been established and several private institutions have been licensed.
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4430:, including the government of Kazakhstan Eurobonds. The government of Kazakhstan was studying a project to create a unified national pension fund and transfer all the accounts from the private pension funds into it.
1308:, including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighbouring countries, the term is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including residents of other ethnicities.
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4245:. Various police reforms, like creation of local police service and zero-tolerance policing, aimed at bringing police closer to local communities have not improved cooperation between police and ordinary citizens.
2319:. Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed. In the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to grow and found expression under Soviet leader
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Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
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However, by 2006, a Rapporteur for the Political Affairs Committee concluded that because of Kazakhstan's nature as a European country, the country should be considered 'eligible to apply for a special guest
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7097:[Results of the 2021 Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (in Kazakh). Agency of Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from
5843:; specialised higher education after which students are awarded the Specialist's Diploma; and scientific-pedagogical higher education which leads to the master's degree. Postgraduate education leads to the
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An open, predictable and consistent foreign policy of the country, which is progressive in nature and maintains its endurance by continuing the course of the First President – the country at a new stage of
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in 1978. Bandy is developed in ten of the country's seventeen administrative divisions (eight of the fourteen regions and two of the three cities which are situated inside of but are not part of regions).
2005:
Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle Kazakh culture.
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Kazakhstan journalist Artur Platonov won Best Script for his documentary "Sold Souls" about Kazakhstan's contribution to the struggle against terrorism at the 2013 Cannes Corporate Media and TV Awards.
4371:, wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources. In September 2002, Kazakhstan became the first country in the
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5979:. There is some overlap with several complementary themes, including the literature of Turkic tribes that inhabited Kazakhstan over the course of its history and literature written by ethnic Kazakhs.
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The wide distribution of the Turkic languages from Northwest China, Mongolia and Siberia in the east to Turkey and Bulgaria in the west implies large-scale migrations out of the homeland in Mongolia.
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and the largest landlocked country in the world. As of 2014, tourism accounted for 0.3 percent of Kazakhstan's GDP, but the government had plans to increase it to 3 percent by 2020. According to the
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in 2000, to revive earlier efforts to harmonise trade tariffs and to create a free trade zone under a customs union. On 1 December 2007, it was announced that Kazakhstan had been chosen to chair the
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According to Chinese written sources from the 6th–8th centuries CE, the Turkic tribes of Kazakhstan had an oral poetry tradition. These came from earlier periods and were primarily transmitted by
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in 2006. The country's unified financial regulatory agency oversees and regulates pension funds. The growing demand of pension funds for investment outlets triggered the development of the debt
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and linguistic and technical gymnasiums have been founded. Secondary professional education is offered in special professional or technical schools, lyceums or colleges and vocational schools.
3409:). The districts are further subdivided into rural districts at the lowest level of administration, which include all rural settlements and villages without an associated municipal government.
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9898:[Public signing of the Decree "On some issues of the administrative and territorial structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan"] (in Russian). President of Kazakhstan. 19 June 2018.
5430:, a process that began in the 1970s. This has made indigenous Kazakhs the largest ethnic group. Additional factors in the increase in the Kazakhstani population are higher birthrates and
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settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides. Both sides resisted the communist government until late 1919.
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K. Telzhanov, and S. Aitbaev, graphic artists E. Sidorkina and A. Duzelkhanov, and sculptors H. Nauryzbaeva and E. Sergebaeva are today counted among the key figures of Kazakhstani art.
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are generally well known in the world. In the last three Olympic Games, their performance was assessed as one of the best and they had more medals than any country in the world, except
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J.S.C. and Alliance Bank, defaulted soon thereafter. The industry shrank and was restructured, with system-wide loans dropping from 59 percent of GDP in 2007 to 39 percent in 2011. The
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is the main domestic Kazakhstani ice hockey professional team, and having played in the Kazakhstani national league until the 2008–09 season, when they were transferred to play in the
3168:, several of which are protected. Kazakhstan's Red Book of Protected Species lists 125 vertebrates including many birds and mammals, and 404 plants including fungi, algae and lichens.
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an equally principled aversion towards excessive dependence in any field upon any one of them, while also opening the country up economically to all who are willing to invest there."
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6196:. Soon, these styles of modern orchestral playing became the only way for musicians to officially play; Kazakh folk was turned into patriotic, professional and socialist endeavours.
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5763:), and over 500 Protestant churches and prayer houses. The Russian Orthodox Christmas is recognised as a national holiday in Kazakhstan. Other religious groups include Judaism, the
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5839:, higher schools and higher colleges. There are three main levels: basic higher education that provides the fundamentals of the chosen field of study and leads to the award of the
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was established in 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since its foundation, it has been competitive at the continental level. Its greatest accomplishment was at the
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era. In 1989, ethnic Russians were 37.8 percent of the population and Kazakhs held a majority in only 7 of the 20 regions of the country. Before 1991 there were about one million
2669:. The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of between 150 and 300 metres (490 and 980 feet). The inaccessibility of the canyon provided a safe haven for a rare
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4136:. Since the late 20th century, the Kazakhstan Army has focused on expanding the number of its armoured units. Since 1990, armoured units have expanded from 500 to 1,613 in 2005.
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3221:. The prime minister chairs the cabinet of ministers and serves as Kazakhstan's head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and sixteen ministers in the cabinet.
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Over 2,500 students in Kazakhstan have applied for student loans totalling about $ 9 million. The largest number of student loans come from Almaty, Astana and Kyzylorda.
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is recognised as a national holiday. One quarter of the population is Russian Orthodox, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Other Christian groups include
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2845:(EITI) accepted Kazakhstan as "EITI Compliant", meaning that the country has a basic and functional process to ensure the regular disclosure of natural resource revenues.
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1448:(3700–3100 BC) is credited with the first domestication of horses. The Botai population derived most of their ancestry from a deeply European-related population known as
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According to the 2010–11 World Economic Forum in Global Competitiveness Report, Kazakhstan was ranked 72nd in the world in economic competitiveness. One year later, the
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A Kazakhstani performer demonstrates the long equestrian heritage as part of the gala concert during the opening ceremonies of the Central Asian Peacekeeping Battalion.
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peacekeeping battalion operates within a multinational force under a unified command within multidisciplinary peacekeeping operations, with NATO and the U.S. Military.
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7973:"Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians."
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In 2018, Kazakhstan had a GDP of $ 179.332 billion and an annual growth rate of 4.5 percent. Per capita, Kazakhstan's GDP stood at $ 9,686. Buoyed by high world
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The Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy fixes a target of devoting 3 percent of GDP to research and development by 2050 to allow for the development of new high-tech sectors.
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of 2017, travel and tourism industry GDP in Kazakhstan was $ 3.08 billion or only 1.6 percent of total GDP. The WEF ranked Kazakhstan 80th in its 2019 report.
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In total, there are 160 deposits with over 2.7 billion tonnes (2.7 billion long tons) of petroleum. Oil explorations have shown that the deposits on the
2113:(RSFSR) was established. The Kirghiz ASSR included the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, but its administrative centre was the mainly Russian-populated town of
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deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though the government proposes most legislation considered by the parliament. In 2020,
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The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakhs and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of the
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the victim because they simplify the work of the law-enforcement officers, release the defendant from punishment, and pay little regard to the victim's rights.
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In December 2013, Kazakhstan announced it will send officers to support United Nations Peacekeeping forces in Haiti, Western Sahara, Ivory Coast and Liberia.
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2023. In 2013, Kazakhstan's population rose to 17,280,000 with a 1.7 percent growth rate over the past year according to the Kazakhstan Statistics Agency.
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test was conducted in 1949. Hundreds of nuclear tests were conducted until 1989 with adverse consequences for the nation's environment and population. The
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2402:, which was still the case as of the 2022 report. On 19 March 2019, Nazarbayev announced his resignation from the presidency. Kazakhstan's senate speaker
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occurred between the 5th and 11th centuries when they spread across most of Central Asia. The Turkic peoples slowly replaced and assimilated the previous
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inflows into the country at a 7 percent growth rate. In 2018, $ 24 billion of FDI was directed into Kazakhstan, a significant increase since 2012.
1838:). Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between east and west weakened the Kazakh Khanate. The
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6099:(published between 1913 and 1918) played an important role in the development of the intellectual and political life among early 20th-century Kazakhs.
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Muslims. There are a total of 2,300 mosques, all of them are affiliated with the "Spiritual Association of Muslims of Kazakhstan", headed by a supreme
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2571:(plain), with an area of around 804,500 square kilometres (310,600 sq mi), occupies one-third of the country and is the world's largest dry
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6077:, sometimes Russified to Abay Kunanbayev, Абай Кунанбаев) (1845–1904), whose writings did much to preserve Kazakh folk culture. Abai's major work is
3381:) plus three cities (Almaty, Astana and Şymkent) which are independent of the region in which they are situated. The regions are subdivided into 177
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9011:"Anatomical Structure and Phytochemical Composition of a Rare Species Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge (Oleaceae) Growing in Different Soils in Kazakhstan"
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4329:, and then rising again from 2010. Other major exports of Kazakhstan include wheat, textiles, and livestock. Kazakhstan is a leading exporter of
3294:; there also are ten members elected by party-list vote. The senate has 48 members. Two senators are selected by each of the elected assemblies (
2381:, headed by President Nazarbayev. Two other parties considered sympathetic to the president, including the agrarian-industrial bloc AIST and the
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on the administrative level equal to that of a district. Cities of these two levels may be divided into city districts. At the lowest level are
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introduced deposit insurance in a campaign to strengthen the banking sector. Several major foreign banks had branches in Kazakhstan, including
3938:
On 6 March 2020, the Concept of the Foreign Policy of Kazakhstan for 2020–2030 was announced. The document outlines the following main points:
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1861:. The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730
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Promotion of the country's economic interests in the international arena, including the implementation of state policy to attract investment;
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was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan. By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three
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Kazakhstan's human rights situation has been described as poor by independent observers. In its 2015 report of human rights in the country,
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that was held on 9 June. His first official act was to rename the capital after his predecessor. In January 2022, the country plunged into
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Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia, as a percentage of GDP, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: 2030 (2015), Figure 14.3.
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6747:(DRL), the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative opened a media support centre in Almaty to assist press outlets in Kazakhstan.
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Train 22 Kyzylorda – Semipalatinsk, hauled by a Kazakhstan Temir Zholy 2TE10U diesel locomotive. Picture taken near Aynabulak, Kazakhstan.
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Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior
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Homosexuality has been legal in Kazakhstan since 1997, although it is still socially unacceptable in most areas. Discrimination against
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in the region's vast steppes. During recent prehistoric times, Central Asia was inhabited by groups such as the possibly Indo-European
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6254:. A traditional Kazakh dinner involves a multitude of appetisers on the table, followed by a soup and one or two main courses such as
4601:(KMG), the national oil and gas company, was created in 2002 to represent the interests of the state in the oil and gas industry. The
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Kazakhstan's economy grew by 4.6 percent in 2014. The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014 sparked by falling
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9838:"On Administrative-Territorial Division of the Republic of Kazakhstan, The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 8 December 1993"
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5691:, the coming of independence witnessed a surge in the expression of ethnic identity, partly through religion. The free practice of
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9284:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"
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s. Kazakhstan's government relocated its capital from Almaty, established under the Soviet Union, to Astana on 10 December 1997.
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camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people". Many moved due to the policy of
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within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.
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Other notable bards include Kaztugan Žyrau, Žiembet Žyrau, Axtamberdy Žyrau, and Buxar Žyrau Kalkamanuly, who was an advisor to
5086:, and prosecuting corruption. Kazakhstan has implemented anticorruption reforms that have been recognised by organizations like
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In March 2011, Nazarbayev outlined the progress made toward democracy by Kazakhstan. As of 2010, Kazakhstan was reported on the
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zhıraws (zhiraus, žyraus), who passed on the works of others, usually not creating and adding their own original work; and the
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Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and others.
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output (or approximately 13 percent of gross domestic product). According to some estimates, Kazakhstan has the second largest
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in November 1917, the Kazakhs (then in Russia officially referred to as "Kirghiz") experienced a brief period of autonomy (the
14293:
13716:"National census 2021 - Agency for Strategic planning and reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National statistics"
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4708:) gauge, 4,000 km (2,500 mi) electrified, in 2012. Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains go from
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prices, GDP growth figures were between 8.9 percent and 13.5 percent from 2000 to 2007 before decreasing to 1 to 3 percent in
1676:
connecting Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only with the Mongol rule of the early 13th century. Under the
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Oblasts. It also sought investment of $ 4 billion and the creation of 300,000 new jobs in the tourism industry by 2020.
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on 16 December 1991, thus becoming the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Ten days later, the Soviet Union itself
1484:
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22016:
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space launch site in south central Kazakhstan, where the first man was launched into space as well as Soviet space shuttle
3052:
1879:
participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungar from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a "
14744:
13809:
12973:
11740:
11398:
11121:
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9921:
9655:
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3302:(fourteen regions plus the cities of Astana, Almaty, and Şymkent). The president appoints the remaining fifteen senators.
19877:
17473:
17428:
17343:
17268:
16410:
13656:
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9009:
Aldibekova, Almagul; Kurmanbayeva, Meruyert; Aksoy, Ahmet; Permitina, Valeria; Dimeyeva, Liliya; Zverev, Nikolai (2023).
8797:
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1965:(1752), to prevent Kazakh and Oirat raids into Russian territory. In the late 18th century the Kazakhs took advantage of
1891:
used the weakness of Kazakh jüzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan, including
1392:
1197:
14917:
10526:
9633:
9124:
8217:
8005:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250
7985:, p. 68 "Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin"
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with 8 billion barrels (1.3 billion cubic metres) and 1,350 cubic kilometres (320 cubic miles) of natural gas; and
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19181:
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16902:
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12840:
10126:
9845:
6316:
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5809:
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2811:. These are not capable of processing the total crude output, so much of it is exported to Russia. According to the US
2641:
1364:
1177:
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792:
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12881:
11851:
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5464:) is proficiently spoken by 80.1% of the population according to 2021 census, and has the status of "state language".
3055:
in Kazakhstan that provide safe haven for many rare and endangered plants and animals. In total there are twenty five
1117:, the territory was reorganized several times. In 1936, its modern borders were established with the formation of the
199:
182:
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13126:"CPI 2023 for Eastern Europe & Central Asia: Autocracy & weak justice systems enabling widespread corruption"
12910:
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10295:
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8518:
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Before the Russian colonisation, the Kazakhs had a highly developed culture based on their nomadic pastoral economy.
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2407:
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1164:. Nevertheless, there have been incremental efforts at democratization and political reform since the resignation of
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4742:. Second and third metro lines were planned for the future. The second line would intersect with the first line at
4662:
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3130:
2160:
2061:
1982:
1118:
1003:
995:
571:
17562:
13362:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"
12534:
12358:
11273:
10008:
9895:Публичное подписание Указа "О некоторых вопросах административно-территориального устройства Республики Казахстан"
9255:
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1371:
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nomads entered the region from as early as the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the
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6010:(akyns), who improvised or created their own poems, stories or songs. There were several types of works, such as
5684:
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5153:
Innovation expenditure more than doubled in Kazakhstan between 2010 and 2011, representing KZT 235 billion (
5102:
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4163:
3758:
3056:
2352:
1130:
1047:
617:
347:
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5967:
of Central Asia". Kazakh literature expands from the current territory of Kazakhstan, also including the era of
5782:
According to the 2009 Census data, there are very few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic groups.
4409:
fell from 16% to 15%, the social tax, payable by all employers, from 21 percent to 20 percent, and the personal
1997:, which was extending its influence from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built its first outpost,
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2877:, with hot summers and very cold winters. Indeed, Astana is the second coldest capital city in the world after
2233:'s death in 1953, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agricultural economy. In 1953, Soviet leader
1453:
1349:
740:
18202:
12511:
8419:"The Kazakh Catastrophe and Stalin's Order of Priorities, 1929–1933: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives"
5129:
5098:
Proceedings eventually involved US$ 84 million in the US and another US$ 60 million in Switzerland.
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18774:
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6295:. This has brought some attention to the Central Asian nation and increased world awareness of its athletes.
5748:
5479:
as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025. Other minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include
5041:
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4837:
Even for Kazakhs, going for a holiday abroad may cost only half the price of taking a holiday in Kazakhstan.
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2304:
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1660:
entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the
1276:
1201:
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931:
18745:
Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference
15442:
14388:
GÖMEC, Saadettin (2009). "The Identity of Oguz Kagan, the Oguz in the History and the Epics of Oguz Kagan".
12770:
Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation
12472:
11205:
10144:
Joint Statement on the meeting between President Obama and Kazakhstan president Nazarbayev | The White House
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Group of Kazakhstan physicists in collaboration with Uzbek researchers working at the ion accelerator DC-60
5112:
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2348:
2222:
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909:
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14465:"From Folklore to Soviet National Culture- The Process of Formation of "Kazak National Music"(1920–1942)-"
14435:"From Folklore to Soviet National Culture: The Process of Formation of "Kazak National Music" (1920–1942)"
11140:
9349:
9143:
8962:
7734:
Surucu, Cengiz (2002). "Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan".
7126:
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21135:
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16993:
Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.
16069:
16064:
15572:
15452:
15347:
15176:
10103:
7429:
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7195:
5627:
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205,000 km (79,000 sq mi) of arable land and 611,000 km (236,000 sq mi) of
4349:
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4125:
3908:
3800:
2882:
2496:
It shares borders of 6,846 kilometres (4,254 mi) with Russia, 2,203 kilometres (1,369 mi) with
1345:
987:
21742:
12510:(in Russian). The Ministry of foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 3 June 2017. Archived from
10023:
9802:
9212:
22031:
21894:
21882:
21870:
21833:
21804:
21779:
21767:
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5700:
5650:
5550:
5220:
5198:
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Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has pursued what is known as the "multi-vector foreign policy" (
2738:
2450:
2258:
1759:
1488:
1360:
893:
676:
630:
373:
119:
18166:
Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.
15496:
2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
14010:
13890:
12271:
10488:
7678:
6164:
and Western European music. Prior to the 20th century, Kazakh folk music was collected and studied by
5909:
Kazakhstan is home to a large number of prominent contributors to literature, science and philosophy:
5105:(FBI) and the Kazakh Anti-Corruption Agency signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in February 2015.
21923:
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21688:
17498:
16074:
16059:
16011:
15743:
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13065:
10957:
8187:
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6736:
were to stop printing for three months. The order was evaded by printing under other titles, such as
6719:
6716:
6493:
5211:
Around 82 percent of all public services became automated as part of the Digital Kazakhstan program.
4969:
4504:
4488:
4356:
4296:
4214:
17:
14624:
14464:
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14121:
13261:
12384:
12325:"Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists | World news"
11684:
10906:
10832:
10779:
10406:
7515:
4544:
2815:, Kazakhstan was producing approximately 1,540,000 barrels (245,000 m) of oil per day in 2009.
22041:
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20354:
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17611:
17437:
17383:
17363:
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16206:
16028:
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8623:"Capital change: A look at some countries that have moved their capitals – Nigeria: Lagos to Abuja"
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of the American Bar Association has programs to train justice sector professionals in Kazakhstan.
3903:
UN training; they had to be fluent in English and skilled in using specialised military vehicles.
1989:
effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.
19680:
19585:
18764:
18075:
17673:
17602:
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17328:
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15989:
15974:
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13398:
11659:"China's new Silk Road traverses Kazakhstan. But some Kazakhs are skeptical of Chinese influence"
11640:
11460:
7653:
7457:"Kazakhstan's population reaches 20 million. President Tokayev congratulates his fellow citizens"
7001:
6938:
6360:
6052:
are two of the most famous examples of Kazakh literature to be recorded in the 19th century. The
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5791:
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5159:
4857:
4658:
4440:
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4059:
3808:
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3382:
3348:
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2001:, in 1735. Russia introduced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organisations.
1966:
1883:" ("hero") by the people. The Kazakhs suffered from the frequent raids against them by the Volga
1338:
1185:
844:
717:
645:
434:
15527:
14930:
12578:
7314:
6671:
is from Kazakhstan and has become active in bridging Hollywood to the Kazakhstan film industry.
5821:
4467:
gave the country the potential to open its markets to billions of people. Kazakhstan joined the
3887:
2028:
was completed in 1906. A specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in
21750:
21696:
20243:
18705:
18282:
17477:
17413:
17398:
17354:
16488:
16319:
16191:
16168:
16133:
15957:
15500:
15330:
14520:
12026:
11333:
9869:
7423:
6980:
6908:
6567:
6126:
5768:
5658:
5654:
5593:
5512:
5278:
5001:
4861:
4853:
4719:
4557:
4367:. This change in status recognised substantive market economy reforms in the areas of currency
4010:
3946:
Protection of human rights, development of humanitarian diplomacy and environmental protection;
3704:
3529:
3319:
3228:
3187:
3032:
2411:
1735:
1689:
1614:
1574:
1531:
1449:
1238:
1145:
1141:
1039:
767:
711:
410:
388:
311:
152:
31:
14707:
4426:
market. Pension fund capital is being invested almost exclusively in corporate and government
2144:). During the 1930s, some members of the Kazakh intelligentsia were executed – as part of the
1034:
in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre (16 people/sq mi). Ethnic
21857:
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21150:
18107:
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17324:
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14199:
More than 2.5 thousand students get loans in Kazakhstan – News Feed – Bnews.kz: breaking news
13035:
10566:
8509:
8460:"Famine in the Steppe. The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen, 1928–1934"
7661:
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6501:
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5388:
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5083:
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4128:. These units became the core of Kazakhstan's new military. It acquired all the units of the
3927:
3834:
3516:
3354:
3344:
3243:
3206:
3171:
2853:
2548:. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the
2403:
2238:
1820:
Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh
1317:
1137:
1109:; by the mid-19th century, all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule. Following the
506:
440:
335:
329:
19846:
15392:
14056:
13965:
13677:
9844:. Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan Republican Center of Legal Information.
7580:
1870:
1680:, the first strictly structured administrative districts (Ulus) were established. After the
21107:
20948:
20365:
20318:
20195:
19150:
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17638:
17468:
17393:
17243:
17228:
16324:
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16148:
15769:
15472:
14939:
13986:"KAZAKHSTAN: Ahmadi Muslim mosque closed, Protestants fined 100 times minimum monthly wage"
11984:
International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology (ICEERET2015)
11892:
11887:
9295:
8111:
8049:
7832:
7736:
6623:
6583:
6547:
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6369:
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2215:
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1869:, the Kazakhs won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726 and at the
1843:
1165:
484:
341:
317:
125:
20523:
18790:
14964:
Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997
14680:
12956:"Kazakhstan should build on its efforts to fight corruption and push forward with reforms"
11512:
11141:"Between Convictions and Reconciliations: Processing Criminal Cases in Kazakhstani Courts"
9162:
6366:
Popular sports in Kazakhstan include football, basketball, ice hockey, bandy, and boxing.
6001:: professional storytellers and musical performers. Traces of this tradition are shown on
4722:(KTZ) is the national railway company. KTZ cooperates with French locomotive manufacturer
2343:
on its territory as a republic within the Soviet Union. Following the August 1991 aborted
2155:(whose territory by then corresponded to that of modern Kazakhstan) was detached from the
8:
22011:
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19893:
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13516:
12692:
11027:, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
8982:
7995:
7958:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
7077:
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6699:
6551:
6291:
Kazakhstan consistently performs in Olympic competitions. It is especially successful in
6275:
6108:
6054:
6002:
5856:
training to unemployed, unproductively self-employed, and employees in need of training.
5805:
5680:
5646:
5535:
5185:
4771:
4573:
4218:
4121:
3856:
3425:
3125:
3113:
2862:
2678:
2537:
2533:
2445:, considered the dividing line separating Europe and Asia, Kazakhstan is one of only two
2308:
1865:, following their "Great Disaster" invasion of Kazakh territory. Under the leadership of
1862:
1766:. The process was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the appearance of the Kazakh
1542:
1538:
1168:
in 2019, who had led the country since independence. Kazakhstan is a member state of the
367:
16906:
12272:"Aviation Safety: Commission updates EU air safety list – Iran and Africa make progress"
11821:
11770:
11295:
9626:"Kazakhstan President Tokayev's initiatives on public safety, rule of law, human rights"
9506:
9299:
8115:
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7187:
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1385:
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13470:
13249:
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12486:
11446:
10985:
10902:
10879:
10853:
10828:
10775:
10645:"Steppe Eagle – 2015 Multinational Peacekeeping Exercises to be Held in April and June"
10310:"Kazakhstan Urges Peaceful Resolution to Ukraine Conflict, Reiterates Minsk Agreements"
9326:
9283:
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2090:
2017:
1896:
1669:
1642:
1546:
1492:
1110:
963:
901:
111:
13539:
13036:"Signing of a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty Between the United States and Kazakhstan"
8510:
Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing 'Homes' and 'Homelands'
5812:
is 99.5%. On average, these statistics are equal to both women and men in Kazakhstan.
1828:
to the south. At its height, the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control
21762:
19402:
19226:
19216:
19198:
19192:
18334:
18185:
17810:
17699:
17678:
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12558:
11979:
11564:
11561:
Kazakhstan Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 Strategic and Practical Information
11185:
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10977:
10883:
10869:
10332:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"
9331:
9313:
8924:
8858:"Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev handed over security council job on his own will: Spokesman"
8514:
8337:
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4931:. It also established a visa-free regime for citizens of 54 countries, including the
4867:
Kazakhstan has offered a permanent visa-free regime for up to 90 days to citizens of
4364:
4238:
3460:
on the administrative level equal to that of a region. At the intermediate level are
3315:
3119:
2320:
2300:
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2008:
From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began
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1500:
1114:
1074:
877:
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10267:"Nazarbayev Offers to Mediate in Ukraine, Stresses Kazakhstan's Economic Resilience"
9959:
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7999:
5077:. In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked low in an index of the least corrupt countries and the
2857:
Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Kazakhstan 1991–2020
2822:. Two of the largest deposits include the Karatau basin with 650 million tonnes of P
2730:, 8 km (5 mi) in diameter and estimated to be 5±3 million years old.
1621:
in 552 on the Mongolian Plateau and quickly spread west toward the Caspian Sea. The
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further propagated Islam amongst the tribes in the region during the 14th century.
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2373:, Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union.
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1911:
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were independent. The Western Khaganate reached its peak in the early 7th century.
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283:
80:
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Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics
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13440:
13276:"Kazakhstan's Digitization Program Brings Additional $ 2 billion Into the Economy"
12415:"Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists"
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10973:
10958:"The Limits of Authoritarian Modernisation: Zero Tolerance Policing in Kazakhstan"
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religion outside state controls. Government critics, including opposition leader
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Kazakhstan is the 59th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024
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3848:
3776:
3686:
3386:
3358:
3161:
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varies between arid and semi-arid conditions, the winter being particularly dry.
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2560:
2500:, 1,533 kilometres (953 mi) with China, 1,051 kilometres (653 mi) with
2485:
2389:
2243:
2037:
was the administrator responsible for the resettlement during much of this time.
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1767:
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1289:
1253:
1229:
1058:
278:
57:
18680:
United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
15463:
13487:
10865:
7749:
6172:. In the first part of the 19th century, Kazakh music was transcribed in linear
5231:
2295:
In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic Kazakhs, later called the
21343:
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20987:
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19595:
18916:
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18309:
18232:
17107:
17073:
16996:
16693:
16508:
16153:
15850:
15784:
15764:
13832:"Address of the Head of State Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan"
13817:
12689:"EBRD and Kazakhstan agree historic partnership to boost reform and investment"
9652:
9423:
9308:
8768:"CEC announces preliminary results of 2019 Presidential Election in Kazakhstan"
8707:
8592:
7027:
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is among the best in the world, and has many times won the bronze medal at the
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6153:
6032:
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until it largely dried up in one of the world's worst environmental disasters.
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1994:
1974:
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519:
455:
14913:
14366:
13648:
13004:"Returning Stolen Assets – Learning from past practice: Selected case studies"
12150:
9540:
8357:
8336:. Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University. p. 22.
8123:
7844:
5703:
form the majority, while others indicate that most Muslims in the country are
2889:
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for large cities in Kazakhstan
22005:
21987:
21974:
21315:
20308:
20003:
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18389:
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15693:
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15467:
15431:"Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, 20 December 2011
13619:"From Samarkand to Seoul: Central Asian migrants in South Korea | Eurasianet"
13466:
11422:
10981:
10689:
10359:"President approves new concept of Kazakhstan's foreign policy for 2020–2030"
9625:
9317:
8315:". Edward A. Allworth, Edward Allworth (1994). Duke University Press. p. 10.
8141:
7852:
7757:
7156:
Schneider, Johann F.; Larsen, Knud S.; Krumov, Krum; Vazow, Grigorii (2013).
6850:
6535:
6526:
and Russia (in all three games). In 1996 and 2004, three Kazakhstani boxers (
6320:
6304:
6300:
6296:
5964:
5845:
5673:
5427:
5400:
5392:
5334:
5298:
5020:
both entered Kazakhstan's financial services market through acquisitions and
4940:
4735:
4529:
4517:
4498:
4475:
4419:
4376:
3740:
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3650:
3424:
has a special status because it is being leased until 2050 to Russia for the
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3307:
3165:
3157:
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2727:
2703:
2690:
2682:
2656:
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2627:
2588:
2580:
2568:
2481:
2394:
2230:
2176:
1970:
1915:
1839:
1777:
Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century
1693:
1677:
1622:
1607:
1496:
1445:
1280:
1264:
1157:
1082:
924:
255:
242:
214:
201:
30:"Qazaqstan" redirects here. For the Kazakh state television broadcaster, see
16389:
14650:
13911:"Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"
13789:
12355:"Kazakhstan: Astana Announces Visa-Free Travel for 10 High-Investing States"
10130:
9837:
8063:
6887:"Kazakhstani" refers to all citizens of Kazakhstan, regardless of ethnicity.
6419:, now called FIBA Asia Cup, the Kazakhs' best finish was 4th place in 2007.
6065:
The preeminent role in the development of modern literary Kazakh belongs to
4936:
4832:
In 2017, Kazakhstan ranked 43rd in the number of tourist arrivals. In 2014,
3420:
have status "state importance" and do not belong to any region. The city of
21947:
21607:
21250:
20982:
20909:
20180:
20140:
20130:
19953:
19600:
19365:
19275:
19098:
18509:
18091:
17970:
17935:
17193:
16783:
16749:
16698:
15738:
15688:
15673:
15353:
14935:
13305:
13161:. New York and Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2012.
12707:"Nazarbayev Announces Plans for New Major Incentives for Foreign Investors"
12419:
10358:
9537:"Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Kazakhstan"
9335:
9100:
U.S. Energy Information Administration. Independent Statistics and Analysis
8471:
8149:
8081:
7870:
7095:"2021 жылғы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының ұлттық санағының қорытындылары"
7023:
6587:
6575:
6571:
6509:
6489:
6284:
6157:
6025:
5987:
5903:
5365:
5302:
5013:
4833:
4799:
4751:
4602:
4584:
4580:
4460:
4433:
Kazakhstan climbed to 41st on the 2018 Economic Freedom Index published by
4337:
4139:
The Kazakh air force is composed mostly of Soviet-era planes, including 41
4114:
3871:
3772:
2796:
2596:
2505:
2316:
2289:
2009:
1727:
1723:
1697:
1685:
1684:
in 1259, the land that would become modern-day Kazakhstan was ruled by the
1664:
and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. While ancient cities
1657:
1618:
1570:
1480:
1122:
1090:
1086:
1043:
1007:
967:
604:
293:
21165:
19649:
19542:
GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)
14784:"Kazakhstan's Little Brother takes Federal Foreign Office award at goEast"
10291:
8426:
Stanford's Student Journal of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies
6610:
6538:
in 2012) were recognised as the best boxers for their techniques with the
6434:
when Kazakhstan hosted the tournament on home ice. The team won the first
6280:
6152:
traditional music into these academic structures. Controlled first by the
6113:
5623:
4451:
3627:
3581:
2949:
2517:
2214:
The International Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, known as the
1030:
and the largest landlocked country. It has a population of 20 million and
944:
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19448:
19356:
19296:
19204:
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16861:
16678:
16613:
16309:
16157:
15880:
15870:
15418:
13066:"The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated"
11636:
9481:"Nazarbayev ally wins big in Kazakhstan election after hundreds arrested"
6836:
6723:
6324:
6165:
5756:
5744:
5704:
5412:
5350:
5322:
5242:
5094:
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4598:
4556:
Energy has been the leading economic sector. Production of crude oil and
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4394:
3722:
3287:
3279:
2878:
2866:
2819:
2791:
2600:
2584:
2556:
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in September 2004, yielded a lower house dominated by the pro-government
2340:
1981:" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the
1922:
1630:
1457:
1441:
1054:
1015:
493:
478:
19396:
Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)
14982:
The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan
13715:
13219:
12533:
September 2019, Dilshat Zhussupova in Nation on 11 (11 September 2019).
12447:"Kazakhstan to develop its tourism industry. Environment. Tengrinews.kz"
10428:
10127:"Kazakh foreign minister insists balanced foreign policy remains intact"
8132:
7719:. Vol. &thinsp, 3. Translated by V. & T. Minorsky. Leiden:
5796:
3295:
2012:
the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular, the province of
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20160:
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19777:
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19270:
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19112:
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17800:
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17092:
16648:
16608:
16588:
16473:
15910:
15419:
Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, 17 December 2011
12354:
11265:
10927:"Kazakh Opposition Activist Detained For 'Spreading False Information'"
10388:
10004:
7545:
7322:
6640:
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5286:
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4778:
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4614:
4576:
4410:
4253:
The law does not require police to inform detainees that they have the
4248:
According to a U.S. government report released in 2014, in Kazakhstan:
4206:
has consistently ranked Kazakhstan as an "authoritarian regime" in its
4014:
3891:
3796:
3145:
3041:
2604:
2501:
2497:
2476:
2454:
2442:
2382:
2102:
1978:
1876:
1798:
1787:
1763:
1731:
1508:
1469:
1352: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1105:(tribal divisions), which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the
1066:
999:
991:
896:
21718:
15584:
15483:
14706:
Lioy, Stephen; Kaminski, Anna; Mayhew, Bradley; Walker, Jenny (2018).
14319:
10194:"Sweden, Bolivia, Ethiopia and Kazakhstan elected to Security Council"
10024:"Situation in Kazakhstan and its relations with the Council of Europe"
9027:
9010:
8828:"Kazakhstan protests: government resigns amid rare outbreak of unrest"
8532:"Kazakhstan's Painful Nuclear Past Looms Large Over Its Energy Future"
6628:
5759:. There are a total of 258 Orthodox churches, 93 Catholic churches (9
4386:
4023:
3783:
Kazakhstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the
3699:
3609:
3571:
3429:
3133:
mean score of 8.23/10, ranking it 26th globally out of 172 countries.
2930:
2808:
2529:
2521:
2250:
had become a minority, making up 30 percent of the population. Ethnic
2167:
of the USSR, one of eleven such republics at the time, along with the
2066:
1900:
1606:-speaking locals, turning the population of Central Asia from largely
1152:; it also has vast mineral resources. Kazakhstan also has the highest
21402:
21372:
20922:
20013:
19820:
18557:
18394:
18144:
17945:
17940:
17820:
17132:
16990:
Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.
16811:
16583:
15905:
15900:
15708:
15536:
13771:
Lost in translation? Kazakh leader bans cabinet from speaking Russian
11919:"Tracing the Chinese Footprints in Kazakhstan's Oil and Gas Industry"
9451:"Kazakhstan's Leader Nazarbayev Resigns After Three Decades in Power"
8888:"Kazakhstan to change name of capital from Nur-sultan back to Astana"
8249:"Şymkent – the city of medieval culture and vibrant modern lifestyle"
6804:
6727:
6239:
5895:
5736:
5619:
in the capital Astana. Islam is the majority religion in the country.
5189:
5017:
4952:
4896:
4810:
4774:
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4268:
in exchange for favorable rulings in the majority of criminal cases.
3318:
is not respected and "Kazakhstan's electoral laws do not provide for
3269:
3085:
2779:
2635:
2631:
2608:
2592:
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1962:
1773:
1688:, also known as the Ulus of Jochi. During the Golden Horde period, a
1673:
1579:
1554:
1550:
1512:
1461:
1070:
14745:
CCS · Artur Platonov wins Cannes Corporate Media & TV Award 2013
13009:. International Centre for Asset Recovery. p. 5. Archived from
12087:"Alstom inaugurated first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan"
10956:
Slade, Gavin; Trochev, Alexei; Talgatova, Malika (2 December 2020).
9008:
8293:
Russian Colonization and the Genesis of Kazak National Consciousness
8247:
January 2018, Assel Satubaldina in Tourism on 17 (17 January 2018).
7917:"Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians"
6176:. Some composers of this era set Kazakh folk songs to Russian-style
5894:
in the 8th century. It initially took hold in the southern parts of
5611:
2755:
2638:("Heavenly Mountains", 200 km (124 mi) east of Almaty) at
1327:
1297:, the Kazakhs likely began using that name during the 15th century.
1022:, while the largest city and leading cultural and commercial hub is
21330:
20857:
20818:
20755:
20692:
20263:
20155:
20108:
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20063:
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19762:
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18449:
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18287:
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Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.
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17885:
17785:
17183:
17152:
17102:
17003:
16953:
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16729:
16663:
16658:
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16493:
15324:
15113:
Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR
14625:"Team picture after the bronze medal had been captured in WCS 2015"
12323:
Joanna Lillis for EurasiaNet, part of the New East (17 July 2014).
12228:
11790:"How Kazakhstan Is Becoming The Next Frontier For World-Class Wine"
10627:"Steppe Eagle military exercises cover broad spectrum of scenarios"
9239:
Monitoring biologicheskogo raznoobraziya Zapovednika Aksu-Dzhabagly
8657:
8313:
Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview
8054:
7281:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Kazakhstan)"
6645:
6448:
6160:, Kazakhstan's folk and classical traditions became connected with
6140:
6048:
6035:), and even to such 15th-century bards as Shalkiz and Asan Qayghı.
6011:
5902:
helped the religion take root through zealous missionary work. The
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5728:
5692:
5476:
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in the 1930s and 1940s by Josef Stalin. Some of the largest Soviet
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4888:
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3614:
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2717:
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2251:
2114:
2049:
2025:
2021:
1958:
1954:
1895:, the formal capital in the first quarter of the 19th century. The
1846:. Uzbek rule there lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival.
1626:
1587:
1519:
in the southern territory of the modern country. The Andronovo and
1479:
The Kazakh territory was a key constituent of the Eurasian trading
1473:
1429:
1257:
919:
881:
19375:
1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)
16898:
14809:
14222:"World Bank Supports Better Skills for Quality Jobs in Kazakhstan"
13680:. Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
13441:"Итоги переписи населения СССР 1939 г.: две проблемы адекватности"
13001:
12057:"Loco manufacturer obtains first IRIS certification in Kazakhstan"
10852:
Trochev, Alexei; Slade, Gavin (2019), Caron, Jean-François (ed.),
10452:"A Rising Global Player: Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in the 2020s"
10002:
9593:"Kazakhstan to Liberalize Rules on Protests and Political Parties"
8652:
7817:
5403:
minority have emigrated to Greece. In the late 1930s thousands of
5360:
5208:
billion tenges (US$ 80.7 million) of investment into the country.
4401:
On 29 November 2003, the Law on Changes to Tax Code which reduced
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13335:
12815:"Kazakh TV – Kazakhstan enters top 50 most competitive countries"
12759:
China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia
12477:
11857:
8738:"Nazarbayev protégé wins Kazakhstan elections marred by protests"
8593:"Nursultan: Kazakhstan renames capital Astana after ex-president"
7222:"Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
6780:
6018:
5832:
5720:
5712:
5666:
5431:
5418:
The 1990s were marked by the emigration of many of the country's
5404:
5399:, most of them emigrated to Germany. Most members of the smaller
5330:
5314:
5306:
5294:
5274:
5226:
5062:
4904:
4892:
4880:
4876:
4868:
4622:
4509:
4479:(GDP) in 2018. Kazakhstan exports 800 products to 120 countries.
4330:
4006:
3972:
Kazakhstan's memberships of international organisations include:
3792:
3274:
3209:. The president may veto legislation that has been passed by the
3141:
2767:
2721:
2564:
2247:
1945:, a series of forty-six forts and ninety-six redoubts, including
1884:
1854:
1829:
1751:
1634:
1583:
1566:
1305:
1284:
1042:
form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a
1035:
499:
398:
305:
14495:"A. KASTEYEV STATE MUSEUM OF ARTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN"
13589:"Central Asia's Koreans in Korea: There and (Mostly) Back Again"
13509:"Politics, economics and time bury memories of the Kazakh gulag"
12659:"Kazakhstan targets to invite USD 34 bln of investments by 2025"
11399:
Kazakhs battle to stave off chill blowing in from Russian steppe
11018:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Kazakhstan"
10854:"Trials and Tribulations: Kazakhstan's Criminal Justice Reforms"
10746:
10164:"Kazakhstan, UN Continue Building on Two-Decades of Cooperation"
9073:
6643:
studios based in Almaty. The studio has produced movies such as
5715:, who constitute about 70% of the population, as well as ethnic
3478:) on the administrative level equal to that of rural districts.
3197:
Officially, Kazakhstan is a democratic, secular, constitutional
3037:
2634:
plateau and stretching along the Charyn River gorge in northern
22092:
Countries and territories where Russian is an official language
21918:
21840:
21535:
21235:
21050:
20935:
20844:
20705:
20258:
20185:
20175:
20043:
20033:
20008:
19998:
19958:
19815:
19716:
19335:
19265:
19084:
18577:
18567:
18504:
18489:
18469:
18459:
18444:
18439:
18414:
18384:
18344:
18329:
18304:
18292:
18041:
17965:
17930:
17865:
17845:
17835:
17795:
17780:
17775:
17157:
17147:
17127:
16856:
16734:
16708:
16683:
16673:
16653:
16643:
16628:
16623:
16603:
16573:
16543:
16528:
16503:
16437:
15915:
15647:
15076:
Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime
14494:
11794:
9380:"Wild Przewalski's horses return to Kazakhstan after 200 years"
6766:
6687:
6543:
6385:
6356:
6352:
6336:
6292:
6247:
6144:
6117:
6091:
5724:
5716:
5708:
5290:
5282:
5058:
4948:
4920:
4908:
4900:
4849:
4845:
4739:
4723:
4709:
4638:
4525:
4265:
4182:
4144:
4140:
4050:
3735:
3645:
3596:
3591:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3534:
3417:
3413:
3153:
3073:
3006:
2968:
2911:
2800:
2734:
2572:
2525:
2513:
2509:
2370:
2366:
2191:. Deportees and prisoners were interned in some of the biggest
2137:
2126:
2071:
2013:
1892:
1850:
1747:
1023:
1019:
975:
234:
193:
15774:
13859:"Restrictive new law on religious freedom is unconstitutional"
13834:. Mission of Kazakhstan to the United Nations. 19 March 2019.
11994:
from the original on 12 October 2017 – via ResearchGate.
11513:"IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation1 with Kazakhstan"
10769:
9673:"First glimpses of Tokayev's Kazakhstan: The listening state?"
8978:"Aral Sea 'one of the planet's worst environmental disasters'"
8032:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
6376:
is the sport's national governing body. The FFK organises the
6042:, and whose works have been preserved by Mäšhür Žüsip Köpeev.
5955:
Kazakh literature is defined as "the body of literature, both
2132:
Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced
1834:
1100:
21906:
21076:
20964:
20896:
20883:
20831:
20640:
20627:
20216:
20200:
20150:
20125:
20093:
20058:
19988:
19983:
19948:
19876:
19800:
19795:
19767:
18572:
18562:
18484:
18404:
18369:
18149:
17990:
17950:
17925:
17905:
17840:
17815:
17805:
17790:
16958:
16668:
16593:
16563:
15652:
15406:
13420:
Kazakhstan's population increases by 1.7 per cent over a year
9651:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
9647:
8094:
6579:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6243:
5891:
5887:
5740:
5354:
5070:
5066:
4944:
4642:
4595:
with 7 to 9 billion barrels (1.4 billion cubic metres).
4390:
4152:
4148:
3717:
3663:
3290:). Single-mandate districts popularly elect 107 seats in the
3174:
has been reintroduced to the steppes after nearly 200 years.
3149:
3102:
3079:
3067:
2834:
located in northwestern Kazakhstan, with resources of 500–800
2549:
2299:
riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the
2270:
2266:
2196:
2192:
2121:
and its administrative centre was transferred to the town of
1950:
1746:
life and a livestock-based economy continued to dominate the
1743:
1739:
1701:
1665:
983:
22077:
Member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization
19890:
Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
19180:
14252:
Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora
12302:"Sustained safety effort pulled Kazakhstan off EU blacklist"
12241:"Khorgos: The New Silk Road's Central Station Comes To Life"
11711:"Kazakhstan's foreign trade turnover rises by 19.7% in 2018"
10294:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Moscow Center.
10153:. Whitehouse.gov (11 April 2010). Retrieved 14 January 2013.
9766:"Kazakhstan: Voters back reforms to reject founder's legacy"
9394:"Yes, Kazakhstan should change its name. This map shows why"
8098:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
7945:
According to Allentoft et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015),
6787:
Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor
5375:
Significant Russian immigration was also connected with the
2795:(6.0 billion long tons). However, there are only three
22082:
Members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture
21720:
21387:
21063:
21037:
20653:
20553:
20165:
20103:
20073:
20023:
20018:
19968:
19805:
19734:
19541:
19014:
18820:
18234:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
18000:
17910:
17875:
17830:
17825:
17734:
16849:
15657:
15642:
15150:
Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan
14998:
Clammer, Paul; Kohn, Michael & Mayhew, Bradley (2004).
14353:
Meeker, Michael E. (August 1992). "The Dede Korkut Ethic".
14062:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
13799:. Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved 28 September 2015.
12942:
6765:
Kazakhstan has three cultural and two natural sites on the
6523:
6234:
6189:
6007:
5998:
5009:
4634:
4629:
natural gas and gas condensate field is being developed by
4521:
4159:
4002:
3840:
In 1999, Kazakhstan had applied for observer status at the
3436:
3137:
2775:
1998:
1986:
1969:, which was centred on the Volga area, to raid Russian and
1946:
1821:
1504:
1129:
of the Soviet Union to declare independence in 1991 during
1062:
13790:
Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK
12882:"Staying Competitive in a Toughening External Environment"
12006:"Kazakhstan Sets Prices for Energy From Renewable Sources"
8798:"Kazakhstan renames capital as new president takes office"
8653:"Parliamentary Elections, 19 September and 3 October 2004"
8334:
The Kazakhs and the Pugachev Uprising in Russia, 1773-1775
7886:"Physical Anthropology of Kazakh People and their Genesis"
7155:
6639:
Kazakhstan's film industry is run through the state-owned
6415:
in its last game to win the bronze medal. At the official
6136:
5345:, and Russian political opponents of the regime, had been
3960:
3807:
for the year 2010. Kazakhstan was elected a member of the
2630:
is 80 kilometres (50 mi) long, cutting through a red
15525:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan
15390:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan
12380:
10800:"The Kazakhstan elections and the transition that wasn't"
9074:"Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP – KazWorld.info"
6307:
is a distinguished decathlete, taking bronze in both the
5645:
According to the 2021 census, 69.3% of the population is
5057:
listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with
4924:
4645:
oil companies are involved in Kazakhstan's oil industry.
3864:
3439:(regional governor) appointed by the president. District
939:
22057:
Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
16432:
14938:
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from
14705:
14610:
13966:
Kazakhstan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008
13900:
Congress of World Religions. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
13369:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
13340:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
12974:"Kazakhstan removed from list of most corrupt countries"
11741:"Kazakhstan increased exports nearly 25 percent in 2018"
11236:"Life in the Closet: The LGBT Community in Central Asia"
11122:"Kazakh criminal justice system to be digitised by 2018"
10389:"Twelve new members elected to World Heritage Committee"
10286:
10284:
10005:"Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document"
9280:
4587:
with 7 billion barrels (1.1 billion cubic metres);
4564:
amounted to 79.2 million tonnes (77.9 million
4155:. A small naval force is maintained on the Caspian Sea.
2579:
and sandy regions. Major seas, lakes and rivers include
2225:(1941–1945) led to an increase in industrialisation and
22052:
Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States
15198:
Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?
7821:"The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia"
7702:
The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources
6508:
since 2012. Top Kazakhstani ice hockey players include
6147:, then called Alma-Ata, hence called "Alma-Ata Studio".
6095:(published between 1911 and 1915 in Arabic script) and
5890:
was introduced into the region with the arrival of the
3205:
led the country from 1991 to 2019. He was succeeded by
17729:
15548:
14754:. Ortcom.kz (5 November 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.
11853:
Chevron-led Kazakh oil firm hits record output in 2013
10302:
9703:"Kazakhstan limits presidential term, renames capital"
9653:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
8685:
OP Ed: "Kazakhstan's steady progress toward democracy"
7089:
7087:
7085:
6686:) won at the Central and Eastern Europe Film Festival
6168:
research teams including composers, music critics and
5395:
deported to Kazakhstan during World War II. After the
4983:(BRI) in which Kazakhstan functions as a transit hub.
3089:; endangered plant species include native wild apple (
2575:
region. The steppe is characterised by large areas of
1977:
began to expand its influence into Central Asia. The "
1586:
in Eurasia circa 1200. The Kazakhs are descendants of
1534:
and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic.
1428:
Central Asia, including modern Kazakhstan, during the
1220:, meaning a member of the Kazakh people, derives from
19355:
Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the
15524:
15218:
The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?
14858:"Kazakhstan: Newspaper Closing a Blow to Free Speech"
13975:
U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
13390:
13185:
Central Asia. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
10955:
10667:"Kazakhstan to Join U.N. Peacekeeping for First Time"
10281:
10003:
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (5 October 2006).
9982:"Kazakhstan became member of UN Human Rights Council"
7006:
6943:
6715:
Kazakhstan is ranked 161 out of 180 countries on the
5665:), 11.01% chose not to answer, and 2.25% identify as
4528:, cotton, and rice. Wheat exports, a major source of
4120:
Most of Kazakhstan's military was inherited from the
2048:, occurred in 1916. The Kazakhs attacked Russian and
2016:. The number of settlers rose still further once the
1560:
87:
27:
Landlocked country in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
14764:
Cannes Corporate Media & TV Awards: Winners 2013
11980:"Towards Achieving Energy Efficicency in Kazakhstan"
9563:"Kazakhstan: Nations in Transit 2020 Country Report"
6985:
6913:
6826:
5804:
Education is universal and mandatory through to the
5036:
ranked Kazakhstan 50th in most competitive markets.
4536:
is produced in the mountains to the east of Almaty.
4213:
Kazakhstan was ranked 122nd out of 180 countries in
4045:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3805:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1762:, where the Khanate gained its sovereignty from the
1672:
had long served as important way-stations along the
1243:
1160:
constitutional republic; however, its government is
150:
18675:
List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE
18624:
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
12729:
11585:"Fitch Affirms Kazakhstan at "BBB"; Outlook Stable"
10519:"Kazakhstan asserts its independent foreign policy"
8563:"1986: Kazakhstan's Other Independence Anniversary"
8046:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
7699:
7127:"How the Number of Believers Changed in Kazakhstan"
7082:
6779:Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of
5683:is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by
3816:
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
3814:Kazakhstan is also a member of the United Nations,
2555:Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the
2465:, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's
1271:first appeared during the mid-16th century, in the
1194:
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
657:
2,724,900 km (1,052,100 sq mi) (
593:• Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan
22062:Member states of the Organization of Turkic States
15270:
15226:In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared
15195:
15168:
14410:Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics
14151:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 24.
13940:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 23.
13694:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 22.
12535:"Kazakhstan attracts $ 330 billion FDI since 1991"
12027:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
11184:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 40.
10100:"Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in a Time of Turmoil"
9274:
8457:
7641:
6798:Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan
6542:, awarded to the best boxer of the tournament. In
6438:. During the Soviet time, Dynamo Alma-Ata won the
5471:The government announced in January 2015 that the
4210:, ranking it 128th out of 167 countries for 2020.
2681:there and has now also grown in some other areas.
2277:became a major political force in the late 1980s.
2140:and high fatalities, leading to unrest (see also:
21348:
20372:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37
15389:
15309:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
14997:
12737:"OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Kazakhstan 2017"
11949:"Kazakhstan: Green economy reforms gain momentum"
11013:
11011:
10860:, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 75–99,
10334:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.
10245:"Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Ukraine"
9172:. EITI (17 October 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.
7248:"Kazakhstan's population hits the mark of 20 mln"
6303:are among the most notable Kazakhstani athletes.
6058:and Oguz Name (a story of an ancient Turkic king
4777:all Kazakh air carriers with a sole exception of
2181:Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
2117:. In June 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the
22003:
17607:German occupation of Estonia during World War II
14317:
14116:
14114:
13367:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)").
12817:. Kazakh-tv.kz. 6 September 2013. Archived from
12579:"2015 Investment Climate Statement – Kazakhstan"
12508:"Visa Regime of Kazakhstan with other countries"
11998:
11771:"Arable Land per inhabitant World Bank database"
11615:"Unified Pension Fund Recommended in Kazakhstan"
9922:"Kazakhstan renames capital to honour ex-leader"
9507:"About Republic of Kazakhstan | CIS Legislation"
9102:. Tonto.eia.doe.gov. 11 May 2010. Archived from
9055:Central Asia's Energy Risks, Asia Report No. 133
7640:
7586:. Economist Intelligence Unit. 6 December 2010.
7188:"Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine"
7022:About 4% of Kazakhstan's territory, west of the
1849:During the 17th century, the Kazakhs fought the
1557:along the southern border of modern Kazakhstan.
21306:
15402:World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan
15055:Fergus, Michael & Jandosova, Janar (2003).
15054:
14829:
14827:
13096:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2023: Kazakhstan"
12948:
12021:
12019:
10066:Institute for Security & Development Policy
8975:
7484:"Traditional Institutions in Modern Kazakhstan"
7133:. The Institute for War & Peace Reporting.
6743:With support from the US Department of State's
6391:Kazakhstan's most famous basketball player was
5777:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
5641:is the biggest Catholic church in Central Asia.
4977:European Bank of Reconstruction and Development
4221:for 2022; previously it ranked 155th for 2021.
1637:and others. These seem to have merged into the
1527:, were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the
1248:. It might originate from the Turkic word verb
21241:
15573:World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan
15263:The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union
14833:
14773:. Cannescorporate.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
14651:"News – XXXV Чемпионат мира по хоккею с мячом"
12532:
12204:"Astana light rail framework agreement signed"
12139:
11330:The Atomic Company Kazatomprom, Kazatomprom.kz
11008:
10237:
10056:
6760:
6229:In the national cuisine, livestock meat, like
5743:. Unaffiliated mosques are forcefully closed.
5452:Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country.
5188:is the world's oldest and largest operational
2567:to the oases and deserts of Central Asia. The
2183:in September–October 1941, and then later the
1742:dynasty). Throughout this period, traditional
1722:emerged as a result of the dissolution of the
1287:, which locates Kazakh in the eastern part of
21704:
21451:
21151:
20539:
19862:
19665:
19166:
18806:
18218:
17715:
17058:
16418:
16394:
15600:
14313:
14311:
14171:
14146:
14111:
14049:
14031:"KAZAKHSTAN: "Mosques cannot be independent""
13935:
13886:
13884:
13882:
13880:
13689:
12783:"The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011"
12768:", in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds)
12316:
11505:
11382:"Kazakhstan: The Latest Emerging Opportunity"
11179:
10489:"Kazakhstan Is Breaking Out of Russia's Grip"
9620:
9618:
9616:
9614:
9125:Chilisai Phosphate Project Ore Reserve Update
7459:. kursiv.kz. 16 November 2023. Archived from
7416:
7162:. Kassel university press GmbH. p. 164.
6769:World Heritage list. The cultural sites are:
6372:is the most popular sport in Kazakhstan. The
5246:Central Asian ethnolinguistic patchwork, 1992
4734:There is a small 8.56 km (5.32 mi)
4134:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
3952:Maintaining international peace and security;
3473:
3404:
3376:
2843:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
2437:Satellite image of Kazakhstan (November 2004)
2365:In 1997, the government moved the capital to
2229:in support of the war effort. At the time of
1926:Kazakh woman in wedding clothes, 19th century
72:
22067:Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union
21425:Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World
21420:Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World
21256:
21211:
21196:
21181:
21167:International Organization of Turkic Culture
20392:
19581:Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union
16784:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark
15245:Once in Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard Emerges
14934: This article incorporates text from a
14824:
14355:International Journal of Middle East Studies
13678:"Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
13569:Kazakhstan: Special report on ethnic Germans
13354:
13214:. World Intellectual Property Organization.
13182:
12757:Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) "
12276:Mobility and Transport – European Commission
12016:
11651:
11535:
10851:
9473:
8246:
7610:
7608:
7581:"Democracy Index 2010: Democracy in retreat"
7575:
7573:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7269:
6745:Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
5277:are 71 percent of the population and ethnic
4962:
4841:
3917:treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
3870:On 11 April 2010, presidents Nazarbayev and
3432:became a "city of republican significance".
3394:
3366:
2818:Kazakhstan also possesses large deposits of
2369:, renamed Nur-Sultan on 23 March 2019, from
2339:On 25 October 1990, Kazakhstan declared its
2157:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2148:pursued by the Soviet government in Moscow.
2111:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2107:Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
1590:and other Turkic and medieval Mongol tribes.
1206:International Organization of Turkic Culture
1144:, accounting for 60 percent of the region's
1098:
140:
64:
49:
21393:
21363:
20347:
19679:
19470:Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)
18775:Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan
14955:Bibliography of the history of Central Asia
14941:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
14320:"La tradition historique orale des Kazakhs"
14279:
14277:
14275:
14273:
14271:
14269:
13961:
13959:
13957:
12608:
12606:
12563:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
11883:"Karachaganak field agreement takes effect"
11206:"Kazakhstan: LGBT Community Living in Fear"
10259:
9424:"Kazakh leader resigns after three decades"
8708:"Kazakh leader resigns after three decades"
8277:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7778:
7717:Four Studies on the History of Central Asia
7513:
7120:
7118:
7116:
6266:, which consists of fermented mare's milk.
6262:. They also drink their national beverage,
5027:
4716:(the northernmost city) in about 18 hours.
4605:was jointly developed in 1993 as a 40-year
4524:. The country's major crops include wheat,
4260:The law does not adequately provide for an
3338:
2205:involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union
2153:Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1930:In the first half of the 18th century, the
1553:along the Jaxartes River, now known as the
1487:. Archaeologists believe that humans first
22097:States and territories established in 1991
21711:
21697:
21458:
21444:
21321:
21158:
21144:
20546:
20532:
20360:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
19869:
19855:
19672:
19658:
19485:Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS
19227:1991 agreements parties and "participants"
19173:
19159:
18813:
18799:
18225:
18211:
17722:
17708:
17518:Czech resistance against German occupation
17065:
17051:
16425:
16411:
15607:
15593:
15537:E-Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
15128:
14961:
14890:. American Bar Association. Archived from
14308:
14283:
13877:
13783:
13211:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition
13028:
13024:– via Basel Institute on Governance.
13002:Gretta Fenner Zinkernagel; Kodjo Attisso.
12408:
12406:
12404:
12402:
11875:
11491:"Kazakhstan unveils $ 21bn rescue package"
10028:Council of Europe – Parliamentary Assembly
9611:
8416:
8029:
7994:
7961:. Princeton University Press. p. 49.
7955:Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009).
7948:
6455:, however, is the only professional club.
6436:bandy tournament at the Asian Winter Games
6242:. Traditional milk-derived drinks such as
4288:accountability of Kazakhstan's judiciary.
4095:Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan
3830:(OIC). It is an active participant in the
3177:
181:
21662:Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day
17177:Sovereign states with limited recognition
14906:
14330:(8). Translated by Alié Akimova: 93–100.
13456:
12997:
12995:
12934:
12932:
12681:
12269:
12222:
11977:
11453:
11374:
11356:"Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan"
11114:
10597:"Kazakhstan withdraws soldiers from Iraq"
10356:
9832:
9830:
9325:
9307:
9183:"The Coldest Capital Cities In The World"
9035:
9026:
8131:
8071:
8053:
7883:
7860:
7605:
7570:
7383:
7266:
7124:
6661:International Astana Action Film Festival
6633:International Astana Action Film Festival
6482:2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships
5990:stamp honouring Kazakh essayist and poet
5689:religious suppression by the Soviet Union
5118:
4827:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
4548:Kazakhstan has one of the largest proven
4158:Kazakhstan sent 29 military engineers to
4005:, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia,
2473:autonomous republic during Soviet years.
2085:at a Young Pioneer camp in the Kazakh SSR
1412:Learn how and when to remove this message
829:
21226:
19182:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
17006:which has sovereignty over Vatican City.
15501:Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan
15016:
14944:, 365–387, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.
14266:
14216:
14214:
13954:
13891:Religious Situation Review in Kazakhstan
13537:
13383:
12699:
12603:
12571:
11629:
11078:
11030:
10637:
10421:
10057:Cornell, Svante; Engvall, Johan (2017).
9996:
9585:
9256:"Celestial Silk Road 5th–21st June 2016"
9053:International Crisis Group. (May 2007).
7998:(1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In
7982:
7954:
7782:Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia
7714:
7113:
6749:
6703:
6690:from the German Federal Foreign Office.
6627:
6586:Heavyweight Champion after knocking out
6457:
6279:
6135:
6112:
5981:
5971:, Kazakh recognised territory under the
5877:
5795:
5633:
5622:
5610:
5359:
5241:
5230:
5180:
5140:
5128:
4805:
4794:
4762:dry port is one of Kazakhstan's primary
4674:
4666:
4543:
4492:
4450:
4385:
4312:
4108:
4098:
3959:
3921:
3881:
3842:Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly
3811:for the first time on 12 November 2012.
3762:
3036:
2852:
2754:
2617:
2504:, and 379 kilometres (235 mi) with
2475:
2432:
2209:
2077:
2065:
1921:
1910:
1772:
1610:, into primarily of East Asian descent.
1578:
1440:Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the
1423:
1053:Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the
21291:
20555:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
19616:Collective Security Treaty Organization
19193:Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS
18639:Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues
15614:
15268:
15223:
15147:
15078:. Lanham: University Press of America.
14846:from the original on 28 September 2013.
14583:. International Ice Hockey Federation.
14165:
13856:
13328:
13153:
13151:
12876:
12874:
12872:
12614:"Kazakhstan Enacts Investor Tax Breaks"
12500:
12483:International Air Transport Association
12399:
12117:"Astana Nurly Zhol station inaugurated"
11549:from the original on 11 September 2014.
11483:
11138:
11060:
10717:"Global democracy has another bad year"
10449:
10381:
10227:"Kazakh peacekeepers in Western Sahara"
10221:
10219:
10021:
9797:
9795:
9793:
9791:
9448:
9163:Kazakhstan accepted as 'EITI Compliant'
9144:THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN—1997
8916:
8683:Nazarbayev, Nursultan (28 March 2011).
8485:Children of the gulag live with amnesia
7914:
7673:
7671:
7514:Zarakhovich, Yuri (27 September 2006).
7509:
7507:
7505:
6401:Soviet Union's national basketball team
5281:are 14.9 percent. Other groups include
4895:, and for up to 30 days to citizens of
3983:Collective Security Treaty Organization
3966:Collective Security Treaty Organization
2441:As it extends across both sides of the
2201:population transfer in the Soviet Union
1704:and continued to reign over the lands.
1692:emerged among the ruling elite wherein
1252:, 'to wander', reflecting the Kazakhs'
1190:Collective Security Treaty Organization
1136:Kazakhstan dominates Central Asia both
1077:expanding towards the southern region.
14:
22004:
21378:
19199:Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS
18634:Representative on Freedom of the Media
15242:
15166:
15092:
15073:
15038:The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan
14475:from the original on 18 September 2021
14445:from the original on 18 September 2021
14406:
14352:
14122:"Kazakhstan Colleges and Universities"
13550:from the original on 11 September 2013
13540:"Russians left behind in Central Asia"
13507:Clarey, Christopher (1 January 2007).
13506:
13178:
13176:
13174:
13172:
13170:
13168:
12992:
12929:
12747:from the original on 17 November 2017.
12545:from the original on 11 September 2019
12412:
12387:from the original on 25 September 2019
12183:from the original on 26 September 2017
11822:"Kazakhstan energy profile – Analysis"
11777:from the original on 10 February 2015.
11096:
10685:"Global democracy has a very bad year"
10486:
10450:Sanchez, Wilder Alejandro (May 2020).
10399:
10395:from the original on 18 February 2016.
10129:. Business News Europe. Archived from
10011:from the original on 29 November 2006.
9865:
9863:
9827:
9713:from the original on 17 September 2022
9683:from the original on 20 September 2019
8898:from the original on 14 September 2022
8748:from the original on 22 September 2022
8331:
7779:Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko (1 January 1978).
7733:
7481:
7176:from the original on 27 February 2018.
7125:Viktorova, Polina (30 November 2022).
7078:Kazakhstan population by ethnic groups
4317:GDP per capita development, since 1973
4053:, where Kazakhstan is a member of its
3898:summit in Samarkand, 16 September 2022
3450:
2563:and north to south from the plains of
2292:being the first human to enter space.
2101:) before eventually succumbing to the
1973:settlements. In the 19th century, the
1903:before the Russians gained dominance.
1842:used this opportunity and annexed the
1503:, and later Indo-Iranians such as the
1089:. Following the disintegration of the
1032:one of the lowest population densities
21692:
21439:
21139:
20527:
19850:
19653:
19154:
18794:
18780:Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
18619:Court of Conciliation and Arbitration
18206:
17703:
17046:
16406:
16393:
15588:
15035:
14387:
14211:
14208:. Bnews.kz. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
13917:from the original on 26 December 2016
13538:Greenall, Robert (23 November 2005).
13438:
13432:
13076:from the original on 21 December 2021
12980:from the original on 25 December 2019
12962:from the original on 26 October 2017.
12892:from the original on 19 February 2016
12717:from the original on 19 February 2016
12639:Kazakhstan attractiveness survey 2013
12453:from the original on 19 November 2015
12361:from the original on 17 November 2015
12312:from the original on 7 November 2017.
11959:from the original on 27 November 2019
11647:from the original on 26 October 2017.
11625:from the original on 8 December 2015.
11501:from the original on 16 October 2015.
11128:from the original on 1 December 2017.
10655:from the original on 8 December 2015.
10633:from the original on 8 December 2015.
10607:from the original on 22 December 2015
10499:from the original on 23 December 2022
10468:from the original on 21 December 2022
10320:from the original on 8 December 2015.
10298:from the original on 8 December 2015.
10277:from the original on 8 December 2015.
10233:from the original on 8 November 2014.
10204:from the original on 25 November 2016
10174:from the original on 19 February 2016
10124:
10097:
10034:from the original on 9 September 2017
9776:from the original on 21 December 2022
9746:from the original on 21 December 2022
9730:
9728:
9599:from the original on 24 December 2019
9096:"Table 3b. Non-OPEC Petroleum Supply"
9084:from the original on 26 October 2016.
8920:Xinjiang – China's Northwest Frontier
8868:from the original on 16 February 2022
8808:from the original on 16 February 2022
8603:from the original on 25 December 2019
8392:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia
8164:from the original on 21 February 2020
7927:from the original on 2 September 2022
7622:from the original on 10 February 2022
7593:from the original on 13 December 2017
7490:from the original on 4 September 2019
7341:
7254:from the original on 17 November 2023
7228:from the original on 25 February 2024
7202:from the original on 10 February 2022
6952:
6922:
6405:Kazakhstan's national basketball team
6329:2011 World Championships in Athletics
5727:. Less than 1% are part of the Sunni
3791:. The nations of Kazakhstan, Russia,
3498:Largest cities or towns in Kazakhstan
3353:Kazakhstan is divided into seventeen
2622:The Kazakh Steppe in the early spring
2288:, a spacecraft with Soviet cosmonaut
2136:in the late 1920s and 1930s, brought
1906:
18670:List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE
15193:
15111:Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda.
14888:"Access to Justice and Human Rights"
14880:
14776:
14687:from the original on 10 October 2022
14587:from the original on 7 November 2017
14561:from the original on 18 January 2017
14521:"10 Most Popular Kazakhstani Dishes"
14501:from the original on 10 January 2021
14334:from the original on 8 November 2016
14174:"Vocational Education in Kazakhstan"
13741:"The Languages spoken in Kazakhstan"
13236:from the original on 22 October 2023
13207:
13148:
13046:from the original on 30 January 2017
12966:
12869:
12795:from the original on 6 December 2010
12669:from the original on 24 October 2019
12465:
12173:"No Light Rail Transport for Astana"
11978:Uyzbayeva, Aigerim (February 2015).
11763:
11721:from the original on 29 October 2019
11276:from the original on 17 October 2019
11148:Cornell Journal of International Law
10996:from the original on 19 January 2021
10659:
10216:
10156:
10075:from the original on 24 October 2020
9992:from the original on 1 January 2016.
9848:from the original on 7 February 2018
9815:from the original on 6 February 2018
9788:
9636:from the original on 14 January 2020
9555:
9360:from the original on 5 February 2017
9354:United Nations Environment Programme
8542:from the original on 2 February 2017
8228:from the original on 8 December 2015
7988:
7976:
7689:from the original on 2 October 2015.
7668:
7662:participating institution membership
7558:from the original on 2 December 2016
7526:from the original on 7 December 2015
7502:
7404:from the original on 12 January 2022
7384:Porter, Malcolm; Lye, Keith (2008).
7356:United Nations Development Programme
6874:
6864:Index of Kazakhstan-related articles
5125:Science and technology in Kazakhstan
4393:is Kazakhstan's only seaport on the
4034:, with which it shares cultural and
3752:
3325:
3310:rated Kazakhstan as a "consolidated
3298:) of Kazakhstan's sixteen principal
2744:
1511:. Other groups included the nomadic
1350:adding citations to reliable sources
1321:
22072:Member states of the United Nations
19878:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
18629:Commissioner on National Minorities
17513:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
14868:from the original on 30 August 2014
14726:from the original on 3 October 2023
14318:Aitjan Nurmanova (September 2000).
13865:from the original on 8 January 2021
13751:from the original on 11 August 2017
13629:from the original on 9 January 2021
13599:from the original on 9 January 2021
13187:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 365–387.
13165:
12857:from the original on 5 January 2020
12282:from the original on 7 January 2021
12037:from the original on 9 January 2021
11929:from the original on 7 January 2022
11899:from the original on 7 January 2022
11864:from the original on 7 January 2022
11832:from the original on 8 January 2021
11802:from the original on 7 January 2021
11787:
11595:from the original on 8 January 2021
10577:from the original on 7 January 2021
10487:Umarov, Temur (16 September 2022).
10186:
9932:from the original on 8 January 2021
9860:
9517:from the original on 9 January 2021
9404:from the original on 11 August 2017
9219:from the original on 2 January 2016
9193:from the original on 8 January 2017
8838:from the original on 5 January 2022
8778:from the original on 15 August 2019
8665:from the original on 8 January 2021
8295:". S. Sabol (2003). Springer. p.27
8259:from the original on 7 January 2021
8198:from the original on 11 August 2015
7546:"Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution"
7436:from the original on 9 January 2021
7307:
7137:from the original on 3 October 2023
6665:Eurasia International Film Festival
6546:, Kazakhstan performed well in the
6440:Soviet Union national championships
4455:A map of Kazakhstan's imports, 2013
4071:Organization of Islamic Cooperation
4026:community. (The national language,
3828:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
3192:
2469:province, and some to Uzbekistan's
2358:Kazakhstan's communist-era leader,
2275:Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan
1754:identity began to emerge among the
1625:drove before them various peoples:
1523:, precursors to the peoples of the
1198:Organization of Islamic Cooperation
24:
21792:Individual Partnership Action Plan
21721:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
20970:Commonwealth of Independent States
18742:Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan
17618:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
17319:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
17072:
15561:Chief of State and Cabinet Members
14948:
14790:from the original on 12 July 2014.
14531:from the original on 17 April 2021
14147:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018).
13936:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018).
13838:from the original on 22 March 2019
13816:. 2014. p. 33. Archived from
13690:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018).
13136:from the original on 29 March 2024
13106:from the original on 30 March 2024
12449:. En.tengrinews.kz. 18 June 2014.
12012:from the original on 9 March 2017.
11751:from the original on 6 August 2019
11471:from the original on 4 August 2019
11362:from the original on 26 March 2013
11332:. 30 December 2009. Archived from
11246:from the original on 2 August 2019
11180:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018).
11110:from the original on 3 March 2016.
11092:from the original on 3 March 2016.
11074:from the original on 3 March 2016.
11048:from the original on 29 April 2015
10727:from the original on 23 March 2021
10338:from the original on 6 August 2019
9725:
9430:from the original on 25 April 2019
9153:// USGS: Phosphate Rock – Reserves
8937:from the original on 17 April 2021
8718:from the original on 25 April 2019
8633:from the original on 20 April 2021
8573:from the original on 28 March 2019
8529:
7884:Ismagulov, O; et al. (2010).
7799:from the original on 17 April 2021
7365:from the original on 13 March 2024
7349:"Human Development Report 2023/24"
7315:"GINI index (World Bank estimate)"
7295:from the original on 17 April 2024
6811:
6667:held annually. Hollywood director
6317:2007 World Athletics Championships
5800:Kazakh National University of Arts
3999:Individual Partnership Action Plan
3977:Commonwealth of Independent States
3875:prosperity, and universal values.
3832:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
2257:In 1947, the USSR, as part of its
1750:. In the 15th century, a distinct
1734:, it continued to be ruled by the
1561:Cuman-Kipchak and the Golden Horde
1483:, the ancestor of the terrestrial
1178:Commonwealth of Independent States
1073:dominated the territory, with the
1028:ninth-largest country by land area
583:• Declaration of sovereignty
25:
22108:
21730:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
20304:Economic Cooperation Organization
18822:Economic Cooperation Organization
18701:Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina
15365:United States Department of State
15293:
15000:Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia
14984:(Cornell University Press, 2018)
14966:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
14920:from the original on 30 May 2016.
14631:from the original on 9 April 2015
14607:"Ставки на Футбол – bandy2012.kz"
14407:Abazov, Rafis (11 October 2007).
14296:from the original on 2 April 2019
14067:United States Department of State
13659:from the original on 17 June 2015
13488:Remembering Stalin's deportations
13336:"World Population Prospects 2022"
13286:from the original on 22 June 2020
12772:. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133.
12591:from the original on 30 July 2019
11523:from the original on 3 March 2016
11216:from the original on 27 July 2019
11161:from the original on 20 July 2020
10937:from the original on 28 July 2020
10810:from the original on 1 March 2021
10757:from the original on 3 March 2021
10697:from the original on 26 July 2021
10439:from the original on 9 June 2017.
10417:from the original on 1 July 2017.
10369:from the original on 7 April 2020
9902:from the original on 20 June 2018
9736:"Tokayev bites the reform bullet"
9487:from the original on 12 July 2019
9461:from the original on 1 April 2019
9449:Auyezov, Olzhas (19 March 2019).
9262:from the original on 5 March 2016
8368:from the original on 17 June 2015
7785:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 91.
6374:Football Federation of Kazakhstan
5165:In December 2012, President
4729:Astana Nurly Zhol railway station
4671:Map of Kazakhstan railway network
4652:
3994:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
3989:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3896:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3863:and the well-known space station
3820:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
3789:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3785:Economic Cooperation Organization
3458:cities of republican significance
2838:million tonnes of 9 percent ore.
2813:Energy Information Administration
2785:Tokarevskoye gas condensate field
2169:Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
2044:. The most serious uprising, the
1758:tribes. This was followed by the
1707:
1182:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
21600:
21587:
21574:
21557:
21541:
21528:
21515:
21502:
21489:
21467:
21395:
21380:
21365:
21350:
21337:
21323:
21308:
21293:
21275:
21258:
21243:
21228:
21213:
21198:
21183:
21069:
21056:
21043:
21030:
21017:
21004:
20975:
20941:
20928:
20915:
20902:
20889:
20876:
20863:
20850:
20837:
20824:
20811:
20798:
20785:
20772:
20748:
20724:
20711:
20698:
20685:
20672:
20659:
20646:
20633:
20620:
20607:
19634:
19633:
19129:
19105:
19091:
19077:
19063:
19049:
19035:
19021:
19007:
18993:
18979:
18760:Needs Assessment Team in Armenia
18184:
18173:
18172:
17999:
17573:German occupation in World War I
17024:
17013:
17012:
16707:
15828:
15457:
15447:
15407:Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia
15059:. London: Stacey International.
14929:
14850:
14802:"World Press Freedom Index 2014"
14794:
14757:
14738:
14699:
14673:
14661:from the original on 4 June 2016
14643:
14617:
14599:
14573:
14543:
14513:
14487:
14457:
14427:
14400:
14381:
14346:
14257:
14244:
14192:
14180:from the original on 7 June 2014
14140:
14128:from the original on 6 June 2014
14085:
14073:from the original on 22 May 2019
14037:from the original on 6 June 2014
14023:
14004:
13992:from the original on 6 June 2014
13978:
13929:
13903:
13850:
13824:
13802:
13763:
13733:
13708:
13683:
13671:
13641:
13611:
13581:
13562:
13531:
13500:
13481:
13413:
13401:from the original on 30 May 2019
13316:from the original on 30 May 2019
13298:
13268:
13201:
13118:
13088:
13058:
12976:. The Astana Times. March 2018.
12904:
12833:
12807:
12775:
12751:
12651:
12632:
12620:from the original on 1 July 2014
12526:
12439:
12373:
12357:. EurasiaNet.org. 16 June 2014.
12347:
12294:
12263:
12251:from the original on 13 May 2018
12233:
12210:from the original on 2 July 2017
12195:
12165:
12127:from the original on 13 May 2018
12109:
12097:from the original on 13 May 2018
12079:
12067:from the original on 13 May 2018
12049:
11971:
11941:
11911:
11844:
11814:
11781:
11733:
11703:
11691:from the original on 1 July 2017
11677:
11607:
11577:
11553:
11428:
11415:
11392:
11358:. world-nuclear.org. June 2022.
11348:
11318:
11306:from the original on 31 May 2011
11288:
11258:
11228:
11198:
11173:
11132:
10949:
10919:
10896:
10858:Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy
10845:
10822:
10792:
10739:
10709:
10677:
10619:
10589:
10564:
10558:
10541:
10511:
10480:
10443:
10350:
10324:
10137:
10118:
10098:Blank, Stephen (27 April 2005).
10091:
10059:"Kazakhstan in Europe: Why Not?"
10050:
10022:Iwiński, Tadeusz (7 July 2006).
10015:
9974:
9944:
9646:
9573:from the original on 2 June 2021
9213:"Kazakhstan climate information"
8976:Daily Telegraph (5 April 2010).
8560:
8030:Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. (2019).
7390:. Cherrytree Books. p. 14.
7329:from the original on 18 May 2020
7033:
6843:
6829:
6774:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui
6755:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui
6711:, a popular Kazakh film director
6659:. Kazakhstan is the host of the
6609:, representing Russia, but from
6590:on 12 August 2006. The reigning
6327:(women's), taking silver in the
5969:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
5411:. These people are now known as
5262:
4663:Telecommunications in Kazakhstan
4562:oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan
4446:
4273:Kazakhstan's global rank in the
4164:US post-invasion mission in Iraq
3575:
3565:
3538:
3528:
3481:
3234:
3227:
3156:(the largest species of sheep),
3131:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
2830:and the Chilisai deposit of the
2799:within the country, situated in
2161:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
2062:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
1983:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
1326:
1119:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
1057:. In antiquity, various nomadic
854:
853:
828:
806:
805:
787:
786:
754:
753:
735:
734:
160:
118:
104:
20514:As the "Turkish Cypriot State".
19621:Collective Rapid Reaction Force
19606:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
19429:Unified Team at the Paralympics
15171:Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise
15019:Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite
14834:Wines, Michael (13 July 2002).
14609:. 13 March 2021. Archived from
12427:from the original on 3 May 2019
12413:Lillis, Joanna (17 July 2014).
12335:from the original on 3 May 2019
12270:Anonymous (22 September 2016).
11665:from the original on 8 May 2021
11519:. International Monetary Fund.
10125:Cohen, Ariel (7 October 2008).
9914:
9886:
9758:
9695:
9665:
9529:
9499:
9442:
9416:
9386:
9372:
9342:
9248:
9231:
9205:
9175:
9156:
9137:
9118:
9088:
9066:
9047:
9002:
8969:
8949:
8910:
8880:
8850:
8820:
8790:
8760:
8730:
8700:
8677:
8645:
8615:
8585:
8554:
8523:
8501:
8478:
8451:
8410:
8380:
8350:
8325:
8305:
8285:
8240:
8218:"Country Briefings: Kazakhstan"
8210:
8180:
8088:
8023:
7939:
7908:
7877:
7811:
7772:
7727:
7708:
7693:
7683:The Online Etymology Dictionary
7634:
7538:
7475:
7449:
7377:
7250:. inform.kz. 16 November 2023.
7016:
6962:
6890:
6582:, representing Russia, was the
6470:Kazakh national ice hockey team
6323:is an athlete, specialising in
5639:Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima
5397:dissolution of the Soviet Union
5269:Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan
5214:
5103:Federal Bureau of Investigation
5040:2014–2015 World Economic Forum
4463:and central positioning on the
4459:Kazakhstan's increased role in
4375:to receive an investment grade
4243:COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan
4191:
3759:Foreign relations of Kazakhstan
3466:cities of district significance
3462:cities of regional significance
2489:
2451:has territory in two continents
2347:in Moscow, Kazakhstan declared
2334:
2265:near the north-eastern town of
2146:policies of political reprisals
2142:Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33
2105:' rule. On 26 August 1920, the
1863:war against the Dzungar Khanate
1337:needs additional citations for
1304:traditionally referred only to
1156:ranking in the region. It is a
21624:Turkic Speaking States summits
20284:Moro National Liberation Front
18114:British Indian Ocean Territory
15129:Nazarbayev, Nursultan (2001).
15002:. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet.
12939:OECD Investment Policy Reviews
12201:
11563:. IBP, Inc. 2015. p. 51.
11300:The World Bank. World Bank.org
8177:The quotation is from pp. 4–5.
7825:Nature Ecology & Evolution
7240:
7214:
7180:
7149:
7071:
7053:
6881:
6486:Kazakhstan Hockey Championship
6424:Kazakhstan national bandy team
4482:
4414:customs code on 5 April 2003.
3909:Ukraine's southeastern regions
3470:villages and rural settlements
2869:, and sits solidly inside the
2091:collapse of central government
13:
1:
22022:1991 establishments in Europe
21678:Supreme Order of Turkic World
21475:Organization of Turkic States
19537:Interstate Aviation Committee
19449:CIS national rugby union team
17444:People's Republic of Bulgaria
16968:country of the United Kingdom
15453:Wikimedia Atlas of Kazakhstan
15224:Robbins, Christopher (2007).
15167:Olcott, Martha Brill (2002).
15133:. Hollis, NH: Puritan Press.
14786:. TengriNews. 20 April 2014.
14555:Oriental Express Central Asia
14172:UNESCO-UNEVOC (August 2012).
14020:. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
13780:". Reuters. 27 February 2018.
13458:10.17323/demreview.v7i1.10822
13439:Тольц, Марк (15 April 2020).
13183:Mukhitdinova, Nasiba (2015).
13159:Innovation Performance Review
11621:. Satrapia. 23 January 2013.
11435:Kazakhstan's currency plunges
10974:10.1080/09668136.2020.1844867
10907:World Report 2016: Kazakhstan
10833:World Report 2015: Kazakhstan
10780:World Report 2015: Kazakhstan
7915:Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015).
7046:
6818:Public holidays in Kazakhstan
6417:Asian Basketball Championship
6339:submitted bids twice for the
5959:and written, produced in the
5944:
5711:school. These include ethnic
5685:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
5432:immigration of ethnic Kazakhs
5048:
5042:Global Competitiveness Report
5034:Global Competitiveness Report
4819:ninth-largest country by area
4516:Chief livestock products are
4299:in Kazakhstan is widespread.
4062:as a participating government
2055:
1682:division of the Mongol Empire
1452:, while also displaying some
1277:Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat
1202:Organization of Turkic States
1038:constitute a majority, while
1014:, with a coastline along the
603:• Independence from the
19571:Eurasian Patent Organization
19480:Joint CIS Air Defense System
19444:CIS national ice hockey team
19424:Unified Team at the Olympics
18739:Programme Office in Dushanbe
17578:Estonian War of Independence
15305:Caspian Pipeline Controversy
15095:Law and Custom in the Steppe
14962:Alexandrov, Mikhail (1999).
14263:Ibn Athir, volume 8, pg. 396
13578:, IRIN Asia, 1 February 2005
13513:International Herald Tribune
13497:, BBC News, 23 February 2004
11296:"GDP growth (annual %)"
11106:. American Bar Association.
11088:. American Bar Association.
11070:. American Bar Association.
10567:"Yes, Kazakhstan Has a Navy"
10102:. EurasiaNet. Archived from
9803:"Kazakhstan, Unitary County"
9243:Tethys Biodiversity Research
8917:Warikoo, K. (2 March 2016).
7700:Kenzheakhmet Nurlan (2013).
7516:"Kazakhstan Comes on Strong"
7486:. Src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp.
6199:
5785:
5522:Religion in Kazakhstan, 2021
5441:
5391:, mostly descendants of the
5113:Corruption Perceptions Index
4350:small and medium enterprises
3435:Each region is headed by an
3260:Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
2861:Kazakhstan has an "extreme"
2778:reserves; the third largest
2532:. It lies between latitudes
2429:List of cities in Kazakhstan
2418:
2203:and others were forced into
1211:
1026:. Kazakhstan is the world's
702:7/km (18.1/sq mi) (
7:
22017:1991 establishments in Asia
19561:Eurasian Economic Community
19521:2023 Free Trade in Services
18770:Kosovo Verification Mission
18736:Programme Office in Bishkek
17259:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
15462:Geographic data related to
15443:The Region Initiative (TRI)
15348:Central Intelligence Agency
15277:. New York: HarperCollins.
15177:Brookings Institution Press
11619:The Gazette of Central Asia
11384:. BRIC Plus. Archived from
11068:"Rule of Law in Kazakhstan"
10866:10.1007/978-981-13-6693-2_5
9539:. Akorda.kz. Archived from
8458:Pianciola, Niccolò (2004).
7750:10.1080/0263493032000053208
7430:Central Intelligence Agency
7289:International Monetary Fund
7196:Economist Intelligence Unit
7007:
6986:
6944:
6914:
6822:
6761:UNESCO World Heritage sites
6726:, with the government as a
5506:
4712:(the southernmost city) to
4379:from a major international
4357:U.S. Department of Commerce
4204:Economist Intelligence Unit
4171:National Security Committee
4126:Turkestan Military District
4104:Kazakhstan Republican Guard
4088:
3801:Eurasian Economic Community
3474:
3428:. In June 2018 the city of
3405:
3395:
3377:
3367:
3272:parliament composed of the
3136:Common mammals include the
3026:
2737:region is also home to the
1584:Cuman–Kipchak confederation
1244:
1099:
151:
88:
65:
10:
22113:
19788:Free Trade Zone agreements
19566:Eurasian Patent Convention
19475:United Armed Forces (1992)
19439:CIS national football team
19140:(as Turkish Cypriot State)
18733:Programme Office in Astana
18118:British Overseas Territory
17731:Countries and dependencies
16816:British Overseas Territory
16434:Countries and dependencies
15074:George, Alexandra (2001).
14952:
14709:Lonely Planet Central Asia
13429:. bnews.kz. 15 August 2013
10916:, accessed September 2016.
10842:, accessed September 2016.
10357:INFORM.KZ (9 March 2020).
9309:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
8188:"Kazakhstan to c. AD 1700"
6815:
6697:
6621:
6273:
6222:
6218:
6203:
6106:
6087:қара сөздері, Qara sözderi
5948:
5898:and spread northward. The
5863:
5859:
5789:
5701:non-denominational Muslims
5510:
5445:
5357:) existed in the country.
5325:. Some minorities such as
5266:
5224:
5221:Demographics of Kazakhstan
5218:
5199:genetically modified crops
5122:
5109:Transparency International
5088:Transparency International
4986:
4802:, view from Mount Bolectau
4788:
4784:
4656:
4552:in the Caspian Sea region.
4486:
4306:
4302:
4282:ABA Rule of Law Initiative
4198:Human rights in Kazakhstan
4195:
4092:
4030:, is related to the other
3756:
3564:
3527:
3489:
3443:are appointed by regional
3342:
3181:
3030:
2848:
2748:
2739:Mynzhylky mountain plateau
2422:
2408:2019 presidential election
2284:became the springboard of
2254:accounted for 43 percent.
2059:
1853:, a federation of western
1760:Kazakh War of Independence
1711:
1564:
1315:
1311:
1125:. Kazakhstan was the last
417:semi-presidential republic
29:
21856:
21790:
21741:
21727:
21670:
21649:
21616:
21566:
21555:
21481:
21412:
21284:
21273:
21174:
21085:
20996:
20957:
20764:
20740:
20597:
20561:
20510:
20457:
20385:
20340:
20292:
20272:
20232:
20225:
20209:
19911:
19902:
19885:
19786:
19753:
19725:
19687:
19629:
19551:Outside the CIS framework
19550:
19529:
19493:
19462:
19416:
19395:
19374:
19354:
19299:parties and "members" (9)
19294:
19225:
19214:
19188:
19121:
18970:
18894:
18869:
18836:
18829:
18752:
18688:
18665:Azerbaijan–OSCE relations
18652:
18606:
18538:
18240:
18158:
18131:
18100:
18084:
18063:
18050:
18008:
17997:
17741:
17499:History of Czechoslovakia
17299:First Republic of Armenia
17202:
17176:
17080:
16985:
16941:
16916:
16891:
16878:
16825:
16801:
16794:
16771:
16758:
16716:
16705:
16444:
16400:
16395:Links to related articles
16356:
16267:
16239:
16230:
16124:
16115:
16055:
16046:
15965:
15956:
15924:
15846:
15837:
15826:
15808:
15757:
15666:
15635:
15626:
15554:21 September 2022 at the
15530:29 September 2011 at the
15395:29 September 2011 at the
15228:. London: Profile Books.
15093:Martin, Virginia (2000).
15057:Kazakhstan: Coming of Age
14806:Reporters Without Borders
14581:"2011 Asian Winter Games"
14423:– via Google Books.
14367:10.1017/S0020743800021954
14016:18 September 2009 at the
13445:Демографическое обозрение
13306:"Population Clock: World"
10912:14 September 2016 at the
10751:Reporters Without Borders
10629:. Central Asia Newswire.
10549:"2024 Global Peace Index"
8470:: 137–192. Archived from
8124:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
7845:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2
7649:Oxford English Dictionary
6996:
6975:
6933:
6903:
6720:World Press Freedom Index
6717:Reporters Without Borders
6494:Kontinental Hockey League
6442:in 1977 and 1990 and the
6086:
6074:
5602:
5592:
5587:
5577:
5572:
5564:
5559:
5549:
5544:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5407:in the Soviet Union were
5169: announced the
4970:foreign direct investment
4963:Foreign direct investment
4539:
4489:Agriculture in Kazakhstan
4215:Reporters Without Borders
3894:and other leaders at the
3853:көпвекторлы сыртқы саясат
3852:
3400:
3390:
3372:
3362:
3111:) and rare onion species
2657:43.3503222°N 79.0803556°E
2271:first Soviet nuclear bomb
1432:when it was populated by
1260:' is of the same origin.
1233:
1225:
1093:in the 15th century, the
1075:Achaemenid Persian Empire
930:
918:
908:
888:
873:
843:
818:
799:
780:
766:
747:
728:
710:
696:
682:
675:
665:
651:
644:
640:
627:
614:
601:
591:
581:
568:
555:
542:
529:
516:
512:
505:
490:
475:
465:
461:
446:
431:
427:
409:
397:
356:
292:
271:
230:
189:
180:
141:
134:
100:
73:
50:
41:
21103:SCO Interbank Consortium
20355:Abuja Declaration (1989)
20249:Central African Republic
17309:Armenian–Azerbaijani war
15549:Government of Kazakhstan
15424:22 December 2011 at the
15412:22 February 2021 at the
15017:Cummings, Sally (2002).
14769:7 September 2015 at the
14469:src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp
14439:src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp
13795:19 February 2017 at the
13040:U.S. Department of State
12911:Oil, Cash and Corruption
11637:"Economic Freedom Index"
11139:Trochev, Alexei (2017).
11038:"Rule of Law Index 2015"
10789:, accessed October 2015.
10411:World Trade Organization
10407:"Kazakhstan and the WTO"
10292:"Nazarbayev as Mediator"
10149:16 February 2017 at the
9894:
8986:. London. Archived from
8958:Kazakhstan – MSN Encarta
8690:10 December 2015 at the
7715:Barthold, V. V. (1962).
7551:Parliament of Kazakhstan
6693:
6428:Bandy World Championship
6411:, where it defeated the
6403:in the 1960s and 1970s.
6269:
6178:European classical music
6102:
5409:deported to Central Asia
5171:Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy
5028:Economic competitiveness
4981:Belt and Road Initiative
4469:World Trade Organization
4237:for allegedly spreading
4066:World Trade Organization
4055:World Heritage Committee
3468:, and over two-thousand
3339:Administrative divisions
3300:administrative divisions
3184:Government of Kazakhstan
3129:. Kazakhstan had a 2019
2841:On 17 October 2013, the
2832:Aqtobe phosphorite basin
2375:Elections to the Majilis
2151:On 5 December 1936, the
1826:Persian-speaking peoples
1770:, culture, and economy.
1651:Western Turkic Khaganate
1174:World Trade Organization
1148:, primarily through its
22027:Central Asian countries
19681:Eurasian Economic Union
19586:Eurasian Economic Union
19434:CIS national bandy team
18076:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
17603:Estonia in World War II
17563:Estophile Enlightenment
17419:Second Bulgarian Empire
16972:British-Irish Agreement
15856:Altay (Altai) Mountains
15578:23 October 2015 at the
15542:26 January 2013 at the
15489:8 February 2011 at the
15372:from the United States
15269:Thubron, Colin (1994).
15247:. New York: iUniverse.
15152:. London: Pluto Press.
15040:. New York: Routledge.
14980:Cameron, Sarah. (2018)
14551:"Cuisine of Kazakhstan"
14324:Cahiers d'Asie Centrale
14290:Encyclopædia Britannica
14204:8 December 2015 at the
13653:Encyclopædia Britannica
13574:8 December 2015 at the
13425:8 December 2015 at the
13042:. US State Department.
12916:5 February 2017 at the
12764:24 October 2021 at the
12584:. US State Department.
11641:The Heritage Foundation
11467:. US State Department.
11440:5 February 2017 at the
11086:"Kazakhstan Background"
10838:28 October 2016 at the
10785:28 October 2016 at the
9658:16 October 2017 at the
9134:// SUNKAR RESOURCES PLC
8394:. 2005y. Archived from
8362:Encyclopædia Britannica
8192:Encyclopædia Britannica
8064:10.1126/science.aat7487
7890:Science of Central Asia
7654:Oxford University Press
6793:The natural sites are:
6617:
6550:in Sydney. Two boxers,
6361:2011 Asian Winter Games
6335:. Kazakhstan's city of
6143:was created in 1982 in
5874:Kazakh wedding ceremony
5792:Education in Kazakhstan
5735:). There are also some
5699:Some figures show that
5448:Languages of Kazakhstan
5160:Global Innovation Index
4659:Transport in Kazakhstan
4441:The Heritage Foundation
4436:The Wall Street Journal
4340:and the effects of the
4060:Nuclear Suppliers Group
3930:with Russian President
3886:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev,
3809:UN Human Rights Council
3349:Districts of Kazakhstan
3320:free and fair elections
3178:Government and politics
2508:. Major cities include
2425:Geography of Kazakhstan
2195:(the Gulag), including
2125:, and in April 1927 to
1645:. Within 35 years, the
1450:Ancient North Eurasians
1186:Eurasian Economic Union
1154:Human Development Index
1111:1917 Russian Revolution
1044:Muslim-majority country
791:$ 296.740 billion (
739:$ 693.415 billion (
272:Official languages
21751:Bosnia and Herzegovina
21630:Turkic Council summits
20244:Bosnia and Herzegovina
20114:Pakistan-OIC relations
19295:Additionally the 1993
18660:Armenia–OSCE relations
18614:Parliamentary Assembly
18283:Bosnia and Herzegovina
18134:Special administrative
18110:(Sovereign Base Areas)
17404:First Bulgarian Empire
16808:(Sovereign Base Areas)
16489:Bosnia and Herzegovina
16080:Science and technology
15800:Republic of Kazakhstan
15478:1 January 2011 at the
15336:9 January 2021 at the
15273:The Lost Heart of Asia
15243:Rosten, Keith (2005).
15148:Nazpary, Joma (2002).
15036:Demko, George (1997).
14750:1 January 2016 at the
13971:2 October 2017 at the
12743:. OECD. 15 June 2017.
12691:. EBRD. Archived from
9875:9 January 2021 at the
9168:1 January 2016 at the
8464:Cahiers du monde russe
8432:: 1–12. Archived from
8008:. UNESCO. p. 37.
7616:"Democracy Index 2022"
7482:Galiev, Anuar (1998).
6987:Qazaqstan Respublikasy
6976:Қазақстан Республикасы
6757:
6712:
6636:
6568:Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov
6562:. Another two boxers,
6465:
6288:
6148:
6127:Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly
6121:
6120:on stamp of Kazakhstan
5994:
5883:
5827:At present, there are
5801:
5642:
5631:
5620:
5513:Religion in Kazakhstan
5372:
5347:deported to Kazakhstan
5247:
5239:
5193:
5146:
5134:
5119:Science and technology
4814:
4803:
4720:Kazakhstan Temir Zholy
4680:
4672:
4558:natural gas condensate
4553:
4501:
4456:
4398:
4318:
4271:
4117:
4106:
4011:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3969:
3935:
3899:
3780:
3775:and Russian President
3314:regime", stating that
3188:Politics of Kazakhstan
3044:
3033:Wildlife of Kazakhstan
2858:
2762:
2662:43.3503222; 79.0803556
2623:
2589:Charyn River and gorge
2493:
2438:
2218:
2086:
2075:
1927:
1919:
1857:tribes, including the
1817:
1690:Turco-Mongol tradition
1615:first Turkic Khaganate
1591:
1575:Turco-Mongol tradition
1489:domesticated the horse
1437:
960:Republic of Kazakhstan
66:Qazaqstan Respublikasy
51:Қазақстан Республикасы
43:Republic of Kazakhstan
32:Qazaqstan (TV channel)
21858:Partnership for Peace
21734:Partnership for Peace
19501:Common Economic Space
18861:Islamabad Declaration
18753:Former field missions
18711:Mission to Montenegro
18689:Active field missions
18108:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
17344:Stalinist repressions
16835:Bailiwick of Guernsey
16806:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
15512:International Futures
15384:UCB Libraries GovPubs
15363:information from the
15122:16 March 2021 at the
14991:10 April 2021 at the
13820:on 29 September 2015.
13649:"Kazakhstan – People"
13371:, Population Division
13342:, Population Division
12888:. 16 September 2014.
12841:"Doing Business 2020"
12665:. 26 September 2019.
11888:Oil & Gas Journal
11042:World Justice Project
9986:Tengrinews.kz English
9679:. 17 September 2019.
9288:Nature Communications
8894:. 14 September 2022.
8513:Anthem Press. p. 15.
8332:Bodger, Alan (1988).
7446:Kazakhstan: Geography
7432:. 29 September 2021.
7061:"Б-18-07-Г (англ) Т4"
7008:Respublika Kazakhstan
6869:Aurora Minerals Group
6859:Outline of Kazakhstan
6753:
6707:
6631:
6599:middleweight champion
6502:Supreme Hockey League
6461:
6393:Alzhan Zharmukhamedov
6283:
6139:
6116:
5985:
5937:, among many others.
5881:
5866:Culture of Kazakhstan
5799:
5637:
5626:
5614:
5389:Germans in Kazakhstan
5377:Virgin Lands Campaign
5363:
5245:
5234:
5184:
5144:
5132:
5084:access to information
4809:
4798:
4791:Tourism in Kazakhstan
4678:
4670:
4637:, ChevronTexaco, and
4547:
4520:, leather, meat, and
4496:
4454:
4389:
4316:
4309:Economy of Kazakhstan
4275:World Justice Project
4262:independent judiciary
4250:
4112:
4102:
3964:Member states of the
3963:
3928:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
3925:
3885:
3835:Partnership for Peace
3766:
3345:Regions of Kazakhstan
3244:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
3207:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
3040:
2856:
2758:
2677:, which survived the
2621:
2479:
2436:
2404:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
2263:atomic bomb test site
2239:Virgin Lands Campaign
2213:
2159:(RSFSR) and made the
2081:
2070:Stanitsa Sofiiskaya,
2069:
1925:
1918:skirmish with Kazakhs
1914:
1824:and the neighbouring
1776:
1582:
1464:. The population was
1460:developed during the
1427:
1318:History of Kazakhstan
1228:. The native name is
667:• Water (%)
441:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
256:43.27750°N 76.89583°E
89:Respublika Kazakhstan
22047:Landlocked countries
21108:Eurasian Land Bridge
20949:United Arab Emirates
20366:OIC Resolution 10/11
20319:Non-Aligned Movement
20196:United Arab Emirates
17976:United Arab Emirates
17314:Turkish–Armenian War
15770:List of Kazakh khans
15506:30 June 2012 at the
15484:Kazakhstan Discovery
15370:Portals to the World
15097:. Richmond: Curzon.
14681:"Kazakhfilm Studios"
13810:"Kazakhstan in 2013"
13208:WIPO (16 May 2024).
13072:. 20 December 2021.
12645:8 March 2014 at the
12179:. 28 November 2013.
11925:. 12 December 2020.
11893:PennWell Corporation
11717:. 13 February 2019.
11543:"Kazakhstan Profile"
11461:"Kazakhstan profile"
11124:. The Astana Times.
11023:18 June 2020 at the
9988:. 13 November 2012.
9742:. 18 November 2022.
9237:A.F. Kovshar (Ed.):
9149:3 March 2013 at the
9130:2 April 2016 at the
9060:3 March 2016 at the
8507:Flynn, Moya (1994).
8490:3 March 2016 at the
8364:. 16 December 1991.
7737:Central Asian Survey
7428:. Washington, D.C.:
7198:. 2023. p. 50.
7192:Democracy Index 2022
6997:Республика Казахстан
6954:[kəzɐxˈstan]
6924:[qɑzɑqsˈtɑn]
6624:Cinema of Kazakhstan
6548:2000 Summer Olympics
6488:is held since 1992.
6480:, as well as in the
6478:2006 Winter Olympics
6349:2022 Winter Olympics
6333:2012 Summer Olympics
6309:2004 Summer Olympics
6186:Aleksandr Zatayevich
6162:ethnic Russian music
5381:Soviet space program
5167:Nursultan Nazarbayev
5079:World Economic Forum
4998:Kazakh National Bank
4823:World Economic Forum
4813:ski resort in Almaty
4568:; 87.3 million
4381:credit rating agency
4255:right to an attorney
3771:with U.S. President
3203:Nursultan Nazarbayev
3059:. Common plants are
3057:areas of conservancy
2751:Energy in Kazakhstan
2447:landlocked countries
2400:authoritarian regime
2360:Nursultan Nazarbayev
2216:Alma-Ata Declaration
2046:Central Asian revolt
1967:Pugachev's Rebellion
1844:Mangyshlak Peninsula
1346:improve this article
1166:Nursultan Nazarbayev
1150:oil and gas industry
1127:constituent republic
902:West / East
684:• 2024 estimate
631:Current constitution
74:Республика Казахстан
22037:Countries in Europe
21984: /
20445:Arab–Islamic (2023)
19894:Hissein Brahim Taha
19755:Prospective members
18851:Secretaries-General
18696:Presence in Albania
18011:States with limited
17593:Soviet deportations
17334:Bronze and Iron Age
17304:Armeno-Georgian War
17219:Prehistoric Armenia
16928:unincorporated area
16857:Bailiwick of Jersey
16719:States with limited
15881:Khan Tangiri Shyngy
15861:Aral Karakum Desert
15724:Kara-Khanid Khanate
15709:Xueyantuo Khaganate
15436:1 July 2017 at the
15374:Library of Congress
15359:4 June 2019 at the
15319:1 June 2017 at the
15261:Smith, Graham, ed.
14812:on 14 February 2014
14613:on 24 January 2012.
14413:. Greenwood Press.
14286:"Kazakh literature"
14069:. 26 October 2009.
14011:Islam in Kazakhstan
13896:11 May 2010 at the
13861:. www.asianews.it.
13776:25 May 2018 at the
13493:6 June 2013 at the
13220:10.34667/tind.46596
13132:. 30 January 2024.
13102:. 30 January 2024.
12821:on 20 February 2014
12473:"Visa and passport"
11404:19 May 2020 at the
11242:. 29 January 2019.
10962:Europe-Asia Studies
10723:. 22 January 2020.
10693:. 2 February 2021.
10603:. 21 October 2008.
10529:on 21 December 2022
10255:on 5 February 2015.
10170:. 27 October 2014.
9595:. USNews. REUTERS.
9511:cis-legislation.com
9300:2020NatCo..11.5978G
8983:The Daily Telegraph
8474:on 23 October 2015.
8439:on 3 September 2006
8417:Simon Ertz (2005).
8116:2018Natur.557..369D
7896:on 10 February 2017
7837:2019NatEE...3..966J
7652:(Online ed.).
7463:on 17 November 2023
7101:on 2 September 2022
6738:Not That Respublika
6700:Media of Kazakhstan
6552:Bekzat Sattarkhanov
6512:, Ivan Kulshov and
6504:since 1996 and the
6276:Sport in Kazakhstan
6109:Music of Kazakhstan
6055:Book of Dede Korkut
5810:adult literacy rate
5687:. After decades of
5628:Ascension Cathedral
5273:As of 2024, ethnic
5186:Baikonur Cosmodrome
4772:European Commission
4359:granted Kazakhstan
4355:In March 2002, the
4219:Press Freedom Index
4122:Soviet Armed Forces
3857:Baikonur Cosmodrome
3451:Municipal divisions
3426:Baikonur cosmodrome
3126:Tulipa kaufmanniana
3114:Allium karataviense
3101:) and several wild
2890:
2867:cold steppe climate
2700: /
2653: /
2552:in Eastern Europe.
2309:Dinmukhamed Konayev
2259:atomic bomb project
2193:Soviet labour camps
1545:army fought in the
1539:Alexander the Great
1256:culture. The term '
1048:Christian community
252: /
211: /
19511:1994 FTA Agreement
19454:CIS Cup (football)
18765:Mission to Croatia
18730:Centre in Ashgabat
18716:Mission to Moldova
17568:National awakening
17478:Kingdom of Bohemia
17399:Old Great Bulgaria
17374:Soviet repressions
16827:Crown Dependencies
16085:Telecommunications
15343:The World Factbook
15194:Rall, Ted (2006).
15175:. Washington, DC:
15131:Epicenter of Peace
15021:. London: Tauris.
14862:Human Rights Watch
14840:The New York Times
12923:The New York Times
12061:railwaygazette.com
12008:. Bloomberg News.
11773:. The World Bank.
11545:. The World Bank.
11447:The New York Times
11425:, 22 February 2014
11326:"№ 1 in the world"
11210:Human Rights Watch
10931:Human Rights Watch
10903:Human Rights Watch
10829:Human Rights Watch
10776:Human Rights Watch
10671:The New York Times
10523:trendsresearch.org
10133:on 17 August 2009.
9881:CIA World Factbook
9632:. 5 January 2020.
9258:. viranatura.com.
9245:. Tom 1, S. 17–21.
8834:. 5 January 2022.
8627:The Economic Times
7319:data.worldbank.org
6758:
6713:
6637:
6556:Yermakhan Ibraimov
6506:Saryarka Karagandy
6466:
6347:and again for the
6289:
6149:
6122:
5995:
5884:
5802:
5731:school (primarily
5643:
5632:
5621:
5458:Kipchak sub-branch
5373:
5364:Kazakhstanis on a
5248:
5240:
5236:Population pyramid
5194:
5147:
5135:
4937:OECD member states
4817:Kazakhstan is the
4815:
4804:
4681:
4673:
4621:(20 percent), and
4554:
4502:
4497:Grain fields near
4457:
4399:
4319:
4226:Human Rights Watch
4118:
4107:
4083:Global Peace Index
3970:
3936:
3934:, 28 November 2022
3900:
3781:
3215:commander-in-chief
3172:Przewalski's horse
3045:
2888:
2859:
2763:
2624:
2494:
2449:in the world that
2439:
2307:of the Kazakh SSR
2227:mineral extraction
2219:
2179:deported from the
2087:
2076:
2018:Trans-Aral Railway
1928:
1920:
1907:Russian Kazakhstan
1897:Emirate of Bukhara
1871:Battle of Añyraqai
1818:
1670:Hazrat-e Turkestan
1592:
1547:Battle of Jaxartes
1493:Afanasievo culture
1454:Ancient East Asian
1438:
1267:sources, the term
964:landlocked country
776:2024 estimate
724:2024 estimate
294:Ethnic groups
261:43.27750; 76.89583
22032:Countries in Asia
21967:
21966:
21961:
21960:
21686:
21685:
21433:
21432:
21133:
21132:
21113:Working languages
20765:Dialogue partners
20521:
20520:
20453:
20452:
20381:
20380:
20336:
20335:
20332:
20331:
19844:
19843:
19647:
19646:
19412:
19411:
19148:
19147:
18890:
18889:
18788:
18787:
18726:Mission to Skopje
18721:Mission to Serbia
18706:Mission in Kosovo
18200:
18199:
18127:
18126:
17697:
17696:
17508:German occupation
17379:German occupation
17339:Early Middle Ages
17294:Caucasus campaign
17289:Armenian genocide
17040:
17039:
16981:
16980:
16903:autonomous region
16874:
16873:
16870:
16869:
16387:
16386:
16352:
16351:
16348:
16347:
16111:
16110:
16042:
16041:
16034:Political parties
16007:Freedom of speech
15980:Foreign relations
15952:
15951:
15824:
15823:
15780:Russian Turkestan
15704:Oghuz Yabgu State
15235:978-1-86197-868-4
15202:. New York: NBM.
14864:. 22 April 2014.
14719:978-1-78701-960-7
14712:. Lonely Planet.
14250:Atabaki, Touraj.
14158:978-1-78477-092-1
13947:978-1-78477-092-1
13913:. 9 August 2012.
13701:978-1-78477-092-1
13519:on 4 January 2007
13229:978-92-805-3432-0
13194:978-92-3-100129-1
13016:on 18 August 2016
12926:, 5 November 2006
11856:, International:
11828:. 15 April 2020.
11747:. 18 April 2019.
11685:"WTO: Kazakhstan"
11191:978-1-78477-092-1
11104:"Judicial Reform"
10933:. 18 April 2020.
10875:978-981-13-6692-5
10565:Putz, Catherine.
9426:. 19 March 2019.
9028:10.3390/d15060769
8930:978-1-317-29028-5
8804:. 20 March 2019.
8714:. 19 March 2019.
8599:. 20 March 2019.
8561:Putz, Catherine.
8530:Keenan, Jillian.
8110:(7705): 369–374.
7996:Dandamayev, M. A.
7968:978-1-4008-2994-1
7792:978-3-11-081003-5
7660:(Subscription or
7397:978-1-84234-461-3
7358:. 13 March 2024.
7291:. 16 April 2024.
7169:978-3-86219-454-4
7005:
6984:
6942:
6912:
6875:Explanatory notes
6722:A mid-March 2002
6709:Timur Bekmambetov
6669:Timur Bekmambetov
6607:Natascha Ragosina
6540:Val Barker Trophy
6532:Bakhtiyar Artayev
6496:. Meanwhile, the
6472:have competed in
6395:, who played for
6079:The Book of Words
5951:Kazakh literature
5927:Mukhtar Shakhanov
5841:Bachelor's degree
5693:religious beliefs
5617:Nur-Astana Mosque
5607:
5606:
4842:Kazakh Government
4625:(5 percent). The
4613:(50 percent), US
4405:was adopted. The
4239:false information
3795:, Kyrgyzstan and
3753:Foreign relations
3749:
3748:
3326:Political reforms
3316:freedom of speech
3268:Kazakhstan has a
3266:
3265:
3262:
3251:
3120:Iris willmottiana
3024:
3023:
2745:Natural resources
2704:48.500°N 82.000°E
2675:Fraxinus sogdiana
2540:, and longitudes
2321:Mikhail Gorbachev
2235:Nikita Khrushchev
2223:Soviet-German War
1816:
1815:
1726:. Established by
1525:Scythian cultures
1521:Srubnaya cultures
1517:Achaemenid Empire
1499:cultures such as
1422:
1421:
1414:
1396:
1242:
1216:The English word
1115:Russian Civil War
1018:. Its capital is
970:, with a part in
958:, officially the
953:
952:
801:• Per capita
749:• Per capita
378:11.0% No response
215:51.167°N 71.433°E
173:
153:Menıñ Qazaqstanym
142:Менің Қазақстаным
16:(Redirected from
22104:
21999:
21998:
21996:
21995:
21994:
21989:
21985:
21982:
21981:
21980:
21977:
21743:Aspirant members
21719:Partners of the
21713:
21706:
21699:
21690:
21689:
21636:2022 (Samarkand)
21606:
21604:
21603:
21593:
21591:
21590:
21580:
21578:
21577:
21561:
21547:
21545:
21544:
21534:
21532:
21531:
21521:
21519:
21518:
21508:
21506:
21505:
21495:
21493:
21492:
21473:
21471:
21470:
21460:
21453:
21446:
21437:
21436:
21405:
21401:
21399:
21398:
21390:
21386:
21384:
21383:
21375:
21371:
21369:
21368:
21360:
21356:
21354:
21353:
21342:
21341:
21340:
21333:
21329:
21327:
21326:
21318:
21314:
21312:
21311:
21303:
21299:
21297:
21296:
21279:
21268:
21264:
21262:
21261:
21253:
21249:
21247:
21246:
21238:
21234:
21232:
21231:
21223:
21219:
21217:
21216:
21208:
21204:
21202:
21201:
21193:
21189:
21187:
21186:
21160:
21153:
21146:
21137:
21136:
21075:
21073:
21072:
21062:
21060:
21059:
21049:
21047:
21046:
21036:
21034:
21033:
21023:
21021:
21020:
21010:
21008:
21007:
20981:
20979:
20978:
20947:
20945:
20944:
20934:
20932:
20931:
20921:
20919:
20918:
20908:
20906:
20905:
20895:
20893:
20892:
20882:
20880:
20879:
20869:
20867:
20866:
20856:
20854:
20853:
20843:
20841:
20840:
20830:
20828:
20827:
20817:
20815:
20814:
20804:
20802:
20801:
20791:
20789:
20788:
20778:
20776:
20775:
20754:
20752:
20751:
20730:
20728:
20727:
20717:
20715:
20714:
20704:
20702:
20701:
20691:
20689:
20688:
20678:
20676:
20675:
20665:
20663:
20662:
20652:
20650:
20649:
20639:
20637:
20636:
20626:
20624:
20623:
20613:
20611:
20610:
20548:
20541:
20534:
20525:
20524:
20390:
20389:
20345:
20344:
20230:
20229:
19909:
19908:
19871:
19864:
19857:
19848:
19847:
19727:Observer members
19674:
19667:
19660:
19651:
19650:
19637:
19636:
19611:New Union Treaty
19576:EU Technical Aid
19223:
19222:
19175:
19168:
19161:
19152:
19151:
19141:
19135:
19133:
19132:
19111:
19109:
19108:
19097:
19095:
19094:
19083:
19081:
19080:
19069:
19067:
19066:
19055:
19053:
19052:
19041:
19039:
19038:
19027:
19025:
19024:
19013:
19011:
19010:
18999:
18997:
18996:
18985:
18983:
18982:
18834:
18833:
18815:
18808:
18801:
18792:
18791:
18644:OSCE Minsk Group
18607:Bodies and posts
18301:
18227:
18220:
18213:
18204:
18203:
18188:
18176:
18175:
18136:regions of China
18071:Christmas Island
18061:
18060:
18003:
17743:Sovereign states
17724:
17717:
17710:
17701:
17700:
17543:Livonian Crusade
17474:High Middle Ages
17469:Duchy of Bohemia
17409:Christianization
17394:Odrysian kingdom
17254:Mongol invasions
17249:Medieval Armenia
17244:Sasanian Armenia
17229:Artaxiad dynasty
17081:Sovereign states
17067:
17060:
17053:
17044:
17043:
17028:
17016:
17015:
17002:Governed by the
16964:Northern Ireland
16907:Åland convention
16889:
16888:
16799:
16798:
16769:
16768:
16711:
16446:Sovereign states
16427:
16420:
16413:
16404:
16403:
16391:
16390:
16372:
16365:
16237:
16236:
16212:Wedding ceremony
16172:
16122:
16121:
16103:Waste management
16093:
16053:
16052:
15963:
15962:
15934:Cities and towns
15906:Tien (Tian) Shan
15844:
15843:
15832:
15734:Chagatai Khanate
15719:Kyrgyz Khaganate
15714:Uyghur Khaganate
15679:Rouran Khaganate
15633:
15632:
15609:
15602:
15595:
15586:
15585:
15461:
15460:
15451:
15450:
15288:
15276:
15258:
15239:
15213:
15201:
15190:
15174:
15163:
15144:
15108:
15089:
15070:
15051:
15032:
15013:
14977:
14933:
14922:
14921:
14910:
14904:
14903:
14901:
14899:
14884:
14878:
14877:
14875:
14873:
14854:
14848:
14847:
14831:
14822:
14821:
14819:
14817:
14808:. Archived from
14798:
14792:
14791:
14780:
14774:
14761:
14755:
14742:
14736:
14735:
14733:
14731:
14703:
14697:
14696:
14694:
14692:
14677:
14671:
14670:
14668:
14666:
14647:
14641:
14640:
14638:
14636:
14621:
14615:
14614:
14603:
14597:
14596:
14594:
14592:
14577:
14571:
14570:
14568:
14566:
14547:
14541:
14540:
14538:
14536:
14517:
14511:
14510:
14508:
14506:
14491:
14485:
14484:
14482:
14480:
14461:
14455:
14454:
14452:
14450:
14431:
14425:
14424:
14404:
14398:
14397:
14385:
14379:
14378:
14350:
14344:
14343:
14341:
14339:
14315:
14306:
14305:
14303:
14301:
14284:Walter Feldman.
14281:
14264:
14261:
14255:
14248:
14242:
14241:
14239:
14237:
14228:. Archived from
14218:
14209:
14196:
14190:
14189:
14187:
14185:
14169:
14163:
14162:
14144:
14138:
14137:
14135:
14133:
14124:. CollegeAtlas.
14118:
14109:
14108:
14106:
14104:
14095:. Archived from
14093:"Нац состав.rar"
14089:
14083:
14082:
14080:
14078:
14053:
14047:
14046:
14044:
14042:
14027:
14021:
14008:
14002:
14001:
13999:
13997:
13982:
13976:
13963:
13952:
13951:
13933:
13927:
13926:
13924:
13922:
13907:
13901:
13888:
13875:
13874:
13872:
13870:
13854:
13848:
13847:
13845:
13843:
13828:
13822:
13821:
13806:
13800:
13787:
13781:
13767:
13761:
13760:
13758:
13756:
13737:
13731:
13730:
13728:
13726:
13712:
13706:
13705:
13687:
13681:
13675:
13669:
13668:
13666:
13664:
13645:
13639:
13638:
13636:
13634:
13615:
13609:
13608:
13606:
13604:
13585:
13579:
13566:
13560:
13559:
13557:
13555:
13535:
13529:
13528:
13526:
13524:
13515:. Archived from
13504:
13498:
13485:
13479:
13478:
13460:
13436:
13430:
13417:
13411:
13410:
13408:
13406:
13387:
13381:
13380:
13378:
13376:
13366:
13358:
13352:
13351:
13349:
13347:
13332:
13326:
13325:
13323:
13321:
13302:
13296:
13295:
13293:
13291:
13282:. 18 June 2020.
13280:The Astana Times
13272:
13266:
13265:
13259:
13255:
13253:
13245:
13243:
13241:
13205:
13199:
13198:
13180:
13163:
13162:
13155:
13146:
13145:
13143:
13141:
13130:Transparency.org
13122:
13116:
13115:
13113:
13111:
13100:Transparency.org
13092:
13086:
13085:
13083:
13081:
13070:Transparency.org
13062:
13056:
13055:
13053:
13051:
13032:
13026:
13025:
13023:
13021:
13015:
13008:
12999:
12990:
12989:
12987:
12985:
12970:
12964:
12963:
12952:
12946:
12936:
12927:
12908:
12902:
12901:
12899:
12897:
12878:
12867:
12866:
12864:
12862:
12856:
12845:
12837:
12831:
12830:
12828:
12826:
12811:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12794:
12787:
12779:
12773:
12755:
12749:
12748:
12733:
12727:
12726:
12724:
12722:
12703:
12697:
12696:
12685:
12679:
12678:
12676:
12674:
12655:
12649:
12636:
12630:
12629:
12627:
12625:
12610:
12601:
12600:
12598:
12596:
12590:
12583:
12575:
12569:
12568:
12562:
12554:
12552:
12550:
12539:The Astana Times
12530:
12524:
12523:
12521:
12519:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12493:
12469:
12463:
12462:
12460:
12458:
12443:
12437:
12436:
12434:
12432:
12410:
12397:
12396:
12394:
12392:
12377:
12371:
12370:
12368:
12366:
12351:
12345:
12344:
12342:
12340:
12320:
12314:
12313:
12306:flightglobal.com
12298:
12292:
12291:
12289:
12287:
12267:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12256:
12237:
12231:
12226:
12220:
12219:
12217:
12215:
12199:
12193:
12192:
12190:
12188:
12169:
12163:
12162:
12160:
12158:
12153:on 25 April 2015
12149:. Archived from
12143:
12137:
12136:
12134:
12132:
12113:
12107:
12106:
12104:
12102:
12083:
12077:
12076:
12074:
12072:
12053:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12042:
12023:
12014:
12013:
12002:
11996:
11995:
11975:
11969:
11968:
11966:
11964:
11945:
11939:
11938:
11936:
11934:
11915:
11909:
11908:
11906:
11904:
11895:. 28 June 2012.
11879:
11873:
11872:
11871:
11869:
11848:
11842:
11841:
11839:
11837:
11818:
11812:
11811:
11809:
11807:
11785:
11779:
11778:
11767:
11761:
11760:
11758:
11756:
11737:
11731:
11730:
11728:
11726:
11707:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11696:
11681:
11675:
11674:
11672:
11670:
11655:
11649:
11648:
11633:
11627:
11626:
11611:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11589:fitchratings.com
11581:
11575:
11574:
11557:
11551:
11550:
11539:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11528:
11509:
11503:
11502:
11487:
11481:
11480:
11478:
11476:
11457:
11451:
11450:, 21 August 2015
11432:
11426:
11419:
11413:
11396:
11390:
11389:
11388:on 20 June 2015.
11378:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11367:
11352:
11346:
11345:
11343:
11341:
11322:
11316:
11315:
11313:
11311:
11292:
11286:
11285:
11283:
11281:
11262:
11256:
11255:
11253:
11251:
11232:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11221:
11212:. 23 July 2015.
11202:
11196:
11195:
11177:
11171:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11160:
11145:
11136:
11130:
11129:
11118:
11112:
11111:
11100:
11094:
11093:
11082:
11076:
11075:
11064:
11058:
11057:
11055:
11053:
11034:
11028:
11015:
11006:
11005:
11003:
11001:
10953:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10942:
10923:
10917:
10900:
10894:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10849:
10843:
10826:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10815:
10796:
10790:
10773:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10734:
10732:
10713:
10707:
10706:
10704:
10702:
10681:
10675:
10674:
10663:
10657:
10656:
10649:The Astana Times
10641:
10635:
10634:
10623:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10593:
10587:
10586:
10584:
10582:
10562:
10556:
10555:
10553:
10545:
10539:
10538:
10536:
10534:
10525:. Archived from
10515:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10504:
10484:
10478:
10477:
10475:
10473:
10467:
10456:
10447:
10441:
10440:
10425:
10419:
10418:
10403:
10397:
10396:
10385:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10374:
10354:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10343:
10328:
10322:
10321:
10314:The Astana Times
10306:
10300:
10299:
10288:
10279:
10278:
10271:The Astana Times
10263:
10257:
10256:
10251:. Archived from
10241:
10235:
10234:
10223:
10214:
10213:
10211:
10209:
10200:. 28 June 2016.
10190:
10184:
10183:
10181:
10179:
10160:
10154:
10141:
10135:
10134:
10122:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10111:
10095:
10089:
10088:
10082:
10080:
10074:
10063:
10054:
10048:
10047:
10041:
10039:
10019:
10013:
10012:
10000:
9994:
9993:
9978:
9972:
9971:
9969:
9967:
9958:. Archived from
9948:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9918:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9890:
9884:
9867:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9834:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9820:
9814:
9808:. www.oecd.org.
9807:
9799:
9786:
9785:
9783:
9781:
9762:
9756:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9732:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9718:
9699:
9693:
9692:
9690:
9688:
9677:Atlantic Council
9669:
9663:
9650:
9645:
9643:
9641:
9622:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9589:
9583:
9582:
9580:
9578:
9559:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9543:on 23 March 2013
9533:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9503:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9483:. The Guardian.
9477:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9466:
9446:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9435:
9420:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9390:
9384:
9383:
9376:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9365:
9346:
9340:
9339:
9329:
9311:
9278:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9252:
9246:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9224:
9209:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9179:
9173:
9160:
9154:
9141:
9135:
9122:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9092:
9086:
9085:
9070:
9064:
9051:
9045:
9039:
9033:
9032:
9030:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8973:
8967:
8966:
8961:. Archived from
8953:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8942:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8884:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8774:. 10 June 2019.
8764:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8753:
8744:. 10 June 2019.
8734:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8704:
8698:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8619:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8608:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8580:
8578:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8527:
8521:
8505:
8499:
8498:, 1 January 2007
8482:
8476:
8475:
8455:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8438:
8423:
8414:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8398:on 15 April 2005
8384:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8373:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8329:
8323:
8309:
8303:
8289:
8283:
8282:
8276:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8253:The Astana Times
8244:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8214:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8203:
8184:
8178:
8176:
8171:
8169:
8135:
8092:
8086:
8085:
8075:
8057:
8027:
8021:
8019:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7972:
7952:
7946:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7892:. Archived from
7881:
7875:
7874:
7864:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7804:
7776:
7770:
7769:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7721:Brill Publishers
7712:
7706:
7705:
7697:
7691:
7690:
7675:
7666:
7665:
7657:
7645:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7612:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7592:
7585:
7577:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7511:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7453:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7364:
7353:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7277:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7122:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7091:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7057:
7040:
7037:
7031:
7020:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6998:
6989:
6979:
6977:
6966:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6937:
6935:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6907:
6905:
6894:
6888:
6885:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6839:
6834:
6833:
6678:Serik Aprymov's
6603:Gennady Golovkin
6601:is Kazakh boxer
6564:Bulat Zhumadilov
6500:and play in the
6476:in the 1998 and
6463:Nikolai Antropov
6430:, including the
6409:2002 Asian Games
6388:national teams.
6331:and Gold in the
6088:
6076:
6075:Абай Құнанбайұлы
6067:Abai Qunanbaiuly
5992:Abai Qunanbaiuly
5911:Abay Qunanbayuli
5835:and institutes,
5672:Kazakhstan is a
5519:
5518:
5462:Turkic languages
5343:Meskhetian Turks
5252:US Census Bureau
4858:South Kazakhstan
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4688:
4609:venture between
4342:Ukrainian crisis
4032:Turkic languages
3854:
3799:established the
3579:
3569:
3542:
3532:
3499:
3487:
3486:
3477:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3258:
3247:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3223:
3213:and is also the
3199:unitary republic
3193:Political system
2891:
2887:
2873:, featuring the
2837:
2760:Qarağandy Region
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2611:rivers, and the
2491:
2412:political unrest
2134:collectivisation
2035:Vasile Balabanov
1944:
1934:constructed the
1807:
1796:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1668:(Aulie-Ata) and
1515:and the Persian
1417:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1354:
1330:
1322:
1273:Tarikh-i-Rashidi
1247:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1104:
1046:with a sizeable
899:
864:
863:
857:
856:
850:
839:
838:
832:
831:
825:
809:
808:
790:
789:
773:
757:
756:
738:
737:
721:
688:20,075,271 (
623:26 December 1991
610:16 December 1991
597:10 December 1991
538:13 December 1917
267:
266:
264:
263:
262:
257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
226:
225:
223:
222:
221:
216:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
185:
175:
174:
156:
148:
144:
143:
122:
108:
92:
91:
84:
76:
75:
69:
68:
61:
53:
52:
39:
38:
21:
22112:
22111:
22107:
22106:
22105:
22103:
22102:
22101:
22042:Eurasian Steppe
22002:
22001:
21992:
21990:
21986:
21983:
21978:
21975:
21973:
21971:
21970:
21968:
21963:
21962:
21957:
21852:
21786:
21737:
21723:
21717:
21687:
21682:
21666:
21645:
21612:
21601:
21599:
21595:Northern Cyprus
21588:
21586:
21575:
21573:
21562:
21553:
21542:
21540:
21529:
21527:
21516:
21514:
21503:
21501:
21490:
21488:
21477:
21468:
21466:
21464:
21434:
21429:
21408:
21396:
21394:
21381:
21379:
21366:
21364:
21358:Northern Cyprus
21351:
21349:
21338:
21336:
21324:
21322:
21309:
21307:
21294:
21292:
21280:
21271:
21259:
21257:
21244:
21242:
21229:
21227:
21214:
21212:
21199:
21197:
21184:
21182:
21170:
21164:
21134:
21129:
21081:
21070:
21068:
21057:
21055:
21044:
21042:
21031:
21029:
21018:
21016:
21005:
21003:
20992:
20976:
20974:
20953:
20942:
20940:
20929:
20927:
20916:
20914:
20903:
20901:
20890:
20888:
20877:
20875:
20864:
20862:
20851:
20849:
20838:
20836:
20825:
20823:
20812:
20810:
20799:
20797:
20786:
20784:
20773:
20771:
20760:
20749:
20747:
20741:Observer states
20736:
20725:
20723:
20712:
20710:
20699:
20697:
20686:
20684:
20673:
20671:
20660:
20658:
20647:
20645:
20634:
20632:
20621:
20619:
20608:
20606:
20593:
20557:
20552:
20522:
20517:
20506:
20449:
20377:
20328:
20297:
20295:
20288:
20277:
20275:
20268:
20254:Northern Cyprus
20237:
20236:and territories
20235:
20221:
20205:
19898:
19881:
19875:
19845:
19840:
19782:
19749:
19721:
19683:
19678:
19648:
19643:
19625:
19546:
19525:
19516:2011 FTA Treaty
19489:
19458:
19408:
19391:
19370:
19350:
19290:
19210:
19184:
19179:
19149:
19144:
19139:
19137:Northern Cyprus
19130:
19128:
19117:
19106:
19104:
19092:
19090:
19078:
19076:
19064:
19062:
19050:
19048:
19036:
19034:
19022:
19020:
19008:
19006:
18994:
18992:
18980:
18978:
18966:
18886:
18865:
18856:Treaty of Izmir
18825:
18819:
18789:
18784:
18748:
18684:
18648:
18602:
18540:
18534:
18435:North Macedonia
18297:
18236:
18231:
18201:
18196:
18169:
18154:
18138:
18135:
18123:
18096:
18080:
18057:
18054:
18046:
18027:Northern Cyprus
18015:
18012:
18004:
17995:
17737:
17728:
17698:
17693:
17588:Soviet invasion
17548:Danish conquest
17538:Ancient Estonia
17239:Arsacid dynasty
17224:Orontid dynasty
17198:
17172:
17076:
17071:
17041:
17036:
17009:
16997:Oceanic islands
16977:
16970:subject to the
16937:
16932:Svalbard Treaty
16930:subject to the
16912:
16905:subject to the
16885:
16883:
16881:
16866:
16821:
16790:
16765:
16762:
16754:
16740:Northern Cyprus
16723:
16720:
16712:
16703:
16619:North Macedonia
16440:
16431:
16396:
16388:
16383:
16375:
16368:
16361:
16344:
16263:
16226:
16170:
16107:
16091:
16038:
16019:Law enforcement
15948:
15920:
15886:Kyzylkum Desert
15833:
15820:
15804:
15753:
15662:
15622:
15613:
15580:Wayback Machine
15556:Wayback Machine
15544:Wayback Machine
15532:Wayback Machine
15508:Wayback Machine
15491:Wayback Machine
15480:Wayback Machine
15458:
15448:
15438:Wayback Machine
15426:Wayback Machine
15414:Wayback Machine
15397:Wayback Machine
15361:Wayback Machine
15338:Wayback Machine
15321:Wayback Machine
15314:Country Profile
15296:
15291:
15285:
15255:
15236:
15216:Rashid, Ahmed.
15210:
15187:
15160:
15141:
15124:Wayback Machine
15105:
15086:
15067:
15048:
15029:
15010:
14993:Wayback Machine
14974:
14957:
14951:
14949:Further reading
14946:
14926:
14925:
14912:
14911:
14907:
14897:
14895:
14894:on 4 March 2016
14886:
14885:
14881:
14871:
14869:
14856:
14855:
14851:
14832:
14825:
14815:
14813:
14800:
14799:
14795:
14782:
14781:
14777:
14771:Wayback Machine
14762:
14758:
14752:Wayback Machine
14743:
14739:
14729:
14727:
14720:
14704:
14700:
14690:
14688:
14683:. IMDbPro.com.
14679:
14678:
14674:
14664:
14662:
14649:
14648:
14644:
14634:
14632:
14623:
14622:
14618:
14605:
14604:
14600:
14590:
14588:
14579:
14578:
14574:
14564:
14562:
14549:
14548:
14544:
14534:
14532:
14519:
14518:
14514:
14504:
14502:
14493:
14492:
14488:
14478:
14476:
14463:
14462:
14458:
14448:
14446:
14433:
14432:
14428:
14421:
14405:
14401:
14390:Turkish Studies
14386:
14382:
14351:
14347:
14337:
14335:
14316:
14309:
14299:
14297:
14282:
14267:
14262:
14258:
14249:
14245:
14235:
14233:
14232:on 9 March 2016
14220:
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14206:Wayback Machine
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14099:on 23 July 2011
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12983:
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12967:
12954:
12953:
12949:
12937:
12930:
12918:Wayback Machine
12909:
12905:
12895:
12893:
12886:Astanatimes.com
12880:
12879:
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12766:Wayback Machine
12756:
12752:
12735:
12734:
12730:
12720:
12718:
12711:Astanatimes.com
12705:
12704:
12700:
12695:on 25 May 2014.
12687:
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12254:
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12239:
12238:
12234:
12227:
12223:
12213:
12211:
12202:UK, DVV Media.
12200:
12196:
12186:
12184:
12171:
12170:
12166:
12156:
12154:
12147:"urbanrail.net"
12145:
12144:
12140:
12130:
12128:
12123:. 2 June 2017.
12121:railjournal.com
12115:
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11999:
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11867:
11865:
11850:
11849:
11845:
11835:
11833:
11820:
11819:
11815:
11805:
11803:
11788:Shepard, Wade.
11786:
11782:
11769:
11768:
11764:
11754:
11752:
11745:astanatimes.com
11739:
11738:
11734:
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11608:
11598:
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11571:
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11558:
11554:
11541:
11540:
11536:
11526:
11524:
11511:
11510:
11506:
11495:Financial Times
11489:
11488:
11484:
11474:
11472:
11459:
11458:
11454:
11442:Wayback Machine
11433:
11429:
11421:"Tenge Fever",
11420:
11416:
11410:Financial Times
11406:Wayback Machine
11397:
11393:
11380:
11379:
11375:
11365:
11363:
11354:
11353:
11349:
11339:
11337:
11336:on 22 July 2011
11324:
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11025:Wayback Machine
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10914:Wayback Machine
10901:
10897:
10888:
10886:
10876:
10850:
10846:
10840:Wayback Machine
10827:
10823:
10813:
10811:
10806:. 5 June 2019.
10798:
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10787:Wayback Machine
10774:
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10608:
10595:
10594:
10590:
10580:
10578:
10571:thediplomat.com
10563:
10559:
10551:
10547:
10546:
10542:
10532:
10530:
10517:
10516:
10512:
10502:
10500:
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10471:
10469:
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10454:
10448:
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10429:"Member States"
10427:
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10168:Astanatimes.com
10162:
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10157:
10151:Wayback Machine
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10107:
10106:on 4 March 2016
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9740:East Asia Forum
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9417:
9407:
9405:
9398:Washington Post
9392:
9391:
9387:
9382:. 14 June 2024.
9378:
9377:
9373:
9363:
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9343:
9279:
9275:
9265:
9263:
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9253:
9249:
9236:
9232:
9222:
9220:
9215:. Weatherbase.
9211:
9210:
9206:
9196:
9194:
9181:
9180:
9176:
9170:Wayback Machine
9161:
9157:
9151:Wayback Machine
9142:
9138:
9132:Wayback Machine
9123:
9119:
9109:
9107:
9106:on 9 April 2009
9094:
9093:
9089:
9072:
9071:
9067:
9062:Wayback Machine
9052:
9048:
9044:. homestead.com
9040:
9036:
9007:
9003:
8993:
8991:
8990:on 8 April 2010
8974:
8970:
8965:on 1 June 2008.
8955:
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8779:
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8751:
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8721:
8719:
8706:
8705:
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8696:Washington Post
8692:Wayback Machine
8682:
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8567:thediplomat.com
8559:
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8000:Harmatta, János
7993:
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6886:
6882:
6877:
6849:
6844:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6825:
6820:
6814:
6812:Public holidays
6807:, added in 2016
6800:, added in 2008
6789:, added in 2014
6783:, added in 2004
6776:, added in 2003
6763:
6702:
6696:
6652:Harmony Lessons
6626:
6620:
6594:, WBC, IBF and
6498:Kazzinc-Torpedo
6341:Winter Olympics
6287:opened in 2009.
6278:
6272:
6227:
6221:
6208:
6202:
6111:
6105:
5961:Kazakh language
5953:
5947:
5931:Saken Seyfullin
5923:Kanysh Satpayev
5919:Gabit Musirepov
5876:
5870:Kazakh clothing
5864:Main articles:
5862:
5806:secondary level
5794:
5788:
5753:Greek Catholics
5749:Roman Catholics
5655:other religions
5609:
5608:
5600:
5594:Other religions
5585:
5570:
5557:
5542:
5515:
5509:
5450:
5444:
5438:, and Russia.
5370:Pavlodar Region
5337:(0.9 percent),
5301:(1.5 percent),
5297:(1.1 percent),
5293:(3.3 percent),
5289:(1.9 percent),
5285:(1.1 percent),
5271:
5265:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5127:
5121:
5051:
5030:
4989:
4965:
4862:West Kazakhstan
4854:East Kazakhstan
4793:
4787:
4760:Khorgos Gateway
4702:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:4 ft
4691:
4686:
4665:
4657:Main articles:
4655:
4542:
4491:
4485:
4449:
4407:value added tax
4311:
4305:
4270:
4259:
4258:
4231:Vladimir Kozlov
4208:Democracy Index
4200:
4194:
4175:Nurtai Abykayev
4097:
4091:
4036:historical ties
3777:Dmitry Medvedev
3761:
3755:
3750:
3705:East Kazakhstan
3580:
3574:
3570:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3484:
3453:
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3343:Main articles:
3341:
3328:
3257:
3246:
3195:
3190:
3182:Main articles:
3180:
3105:species (e.g.,
3095:), wild grape (
3092:Malus sieversii
3049:nature reserves
3035:
3029:
2871:Eurasian steppe
2851:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2753:
2747:
2708:
2706:
2702:
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2647:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2565:Western Siberia
2561:Altay Mountains
2486:Eurasian Steppe
2484:is part of the
2431:
2423:Main articles:
2421:
2390:Democracy Index
2353:ceased to exist
2337:
2305:Communist Party
2301:First Secretary
2280:In April 1961,
2244:Leonid Brezhnev
2064:
2058:
1938:
1909:
1867:Abul Khair Khan
1812:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1716:
1710:
1696:descendants of
1617:was founded by
1577:
1565:Main articles:
1563:
1418:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1355:
1353:
1343:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1293:. According to
1290:Desht-i Qipchaq
1214:
1131:its dissolution
1113:and subsequent
1059:Iranian peoples
1055:Paleolithic era
1040:ethnic Russians
949:
892:
861:
860:
859:
848:
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802:
783:
771:
750:
731:
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699:
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587:25 October 1990
584:
577:5 December 1936
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219:
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161:
158:"My Kazakhstan"
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22019:
22014:
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20508:
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20499:
20497:Largest cities
20494:
20489:
20488:
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20482:
20477:
20475:GDP per capita
20472:
20461:
20459:
20455:
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20437:
20432:
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20198:
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18962:Islamabad 2017
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18912:Islamabad 1995
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18520:United Kingdom
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18310:Czech Republic
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18101:United Kingdom
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17649:Ottoman Empire
17646:
17641:
17636:
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17609:
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17471:
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17460:Czech Republic
17457:
17452:
17446:
17441:
17435:
17426:
17424:Ottoman Empire
17421:
17416:
17411:
17406:
17401:
17396:
17387:
17381:
17376:
17371:
17369:Russian Empire
17366:
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17341:
17336:
17331:
17322:
17316:
17311:
17306:
17301:
17296:
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17284:Russian Empire
17281:
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17266:
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17110:
17108:Czech Republic
17105:
17100:
17095:
17090:
17084:
17082:
17078:
17077:
17074:Eastern Europe
17070:
17069:
17062:
17055:
17047:
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17022:
17008:
17007:
17000:
16994:
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16979:
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16961:
16956:
16951:
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16943:
16942:United Kingdom
16939:
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16893:
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16809:
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16795:United Kingdom
16792:
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16773:
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16759:
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16706:
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16694:United Kingdom
16691:
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16641:
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16561:
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16526:
16521:
16516:
16511:
16509:Czech Republic
16506:
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16476:
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16466:
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16100:
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16075:Stock Exchange
16072:
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16044:
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16014:
16009:
15999:
15998:
15997:
15995:Prime Minister
15992:
15982:
15977:
15972:
15966:
15960:
15954:
15953:
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15903:
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15868:
15863:
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15851:Aktogay Canyon
15847:
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15812:
15810:
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15803:
15802:
15797:
15792:
15787:
15785:Alash Autonomy
15782:
15777:
15772:
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15765:Kazakh Khanate
15761:
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15387:
15377:
15367:
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15311:
15295:
15294:External links
15292:
15290:
15289:
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15266:
15265:(2nd ed. 1995)
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14655:bandyvm2015.ru
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14525:tasteatlas.com
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14361:(3): 395–417.
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14226:Finchannel.com
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13623:eurasianet.org
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13480:
13451:(1): 100–117.
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12848:Doing Business
12832:
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12728:
12713:. 5 May 2014.
12698:
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12525:
12514:on 9 June 2017
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10493:Foreign Policy
10479:
10442:
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10365:(in Russian).
10349:
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10229:. Tengrinews.
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9385:
9371:
9341:
9273:
9247:
9230:
9204:
9187:WorldAtlas.com
9174:
9155:
9136:
9117:
9087:
9065:
9046:
9042:Mineral Wealth
9034:
9001:
8968:
8948:
8929:
8909:
8879:
8849:
8819:
8789:
8759:
8729:
8699:
8676:
8644:
8614:
8584:
8553:
8522:
8500:
8477:
8450:
8409:
8379:
8349:
8342:
8324:
8304:
8284:
8239:
8209:
8179:
8087:
8055:10.1101/292581
8022:
8014:
7987:
7975:
7967:
7947:
7938:
7907:
7876:
7831:(6): 966–976.
7810:
7791:
7771:
7744:(4): 385–402.
7726:
7723:. p. 129.
7707:
7704:. p. 133.
7692:
7679:"Cossack (n.)"
7667:
7633:
7604:
7569:
7537:
7501:
7474:
7448:
7425:World Factbook
7415:
7396:
7376:
7340:
7306:
7265:
7239:
7213:
7179:
7168:
7148:
7112:
7081:
7070:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7032:
7028:Eastern Europe
7015:
7012:
7011:
6990:
6968:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6927:
6896:
6889:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6840:
6824:
6821:
6816:Main article:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6801:
6791:
6790:
6784:
6777:
6762:
6759:
6730:, stated that
6698:Main article:
6695:
6692:
6680:Little Brother
6622:Main article:
6619:
6616:
6528:Vassiliy Jirov
6514:Evgeni Nabokov
6274:Main article:
6271:
6268:
6225:Kazakh cuisine
6223:Main article:
6220:
6217:
6204:Main article:
6201:
6198:
6154:Russian Empire
6107:Main article:
6104:
6101:
6033:Constantinople
5977:Kazakh Khanate
5973:Russian Empire
5949:Main article:
5946:
5943:
5935:Jambyl Jabayev
5915:Mukhtar Auezov
5861:
5858:
5837:conservatories
5790:Main article:
5787:
5784:
5761:Greek Catholic
5707:following the
5653:, 0.2% follow
5605:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5511:Main article:
5508:
5505:
5473:Latin alphabet
5446:Main article:
5443:
5440:
5267:Main article:
5264:
5261:
5219:Main article:
5216:
5213:
5123:Main article:
5120:
5117:
5050:
5047:
5029:
5026:
4988:
4985:
4964:
4961:
4933:European Union
4789:Main article:
4786:
4783:
4750:stations. The
4654:
4653:Infrastructure
4651:
4617:(25 percent),
4611:Chevron Texaco
4607:Tengizchevroil
4541:
4538:
4518:dairy products
4487:Main article:
4484:
4481:
4448:
4445:
4369:convertibility
4361:market economy
4307:Main article:
4304:
4301:
4251:
4196:Main article:
4193:
4190:
4162:to assist the
4093:Main article:
4090:
4087:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4048:
4042:
4041:United Nations
4039:
4020:Turkic Council
4017:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3932:Vladimir Putin
3824:Turkic Council
3757:Main article:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3452:
3449:
3412:The cities of
3340:
3337:
3327:
3324:
3264:
3263:
3255:Oljas Bektenov
3252:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3194:
3191:
3179:
3176:
3108:Tulipa greigii
3098:Vitis vinifera
3053:national parks
3047:There are ten
3031:Main article:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2850:
2847:
2827:
2823:
2746:
2743:
2709:48.500; 82.000
2471:Karakalpakstan
2463:Russian Empire
2453:(the other is
2420:
2417:
2336:
2333:
2329:("openness").
2313:Gennady Kolbin
2237:initiated the
2189:Crimean Tatars
2165:union republic
2099:Alash Autonomy
2089:Following the
2083:Young Pioneers
2060:Main article:
2057:
2054:
2042:Russian Empire
2030:St. Petersburg
1995:British Empire
1975:Russian Empire
1932:Russian Empire
1908:
1905:
1889:Kokand Khanate
1814:
1813:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1738:clan of Tore (
1720:Kazakh Khanate
1714:Kazakh Khanate
1712:Main article:
1709:
1708:Kazakh Khanate
1706:
1600:Turkic peoples
1562:
1559:
1532:Steppe herders
1495:, later early
1434:Iranic peoples
1420:
1419:
1334:
1332:
1325:
1316:Main article:
1313:
1310:
1306:ethnic Kazakhs
1295:Vasily Bartold
1213:
1210:
1170:United Nations
1107:Russian Empire
1095:Kazakh Khanate
980:north and west
972:Eastern Europe
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
936:
934:
928:
927:
922:
916:
915:
912:
906:
905:
890:
886:
885:
875:
871:
870:
851:
841:
840:
837:low inequality
826:
816:
815:
810:$ 14,778 (
803:
800:
797:
796:
784:
781:
778:
777:
774:
764:
763:
758:$ 34,534 (
751:
748:
745:
744:
732:
729:
726:
725:
722:
708:
707:
700:
698:• Density
697:
694:
693:
686:
683:
680:
679:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
655:
652:
649:
648:
642:
641:
638:
637:
636:30 August 1995
634:
628:
625:
624:
621:
615:
612:
611:
608:
602:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
578:
575:
569:
566:
565:
562:
556:
553:
552:
551:26 August 1920
549:
543:
540:
539:
536:
533:Alash Autonomy
530:
527:
526:
523:
520:Kazakh Khanate
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
503:
502:
497:
491:
488:
487:
482:
476:
473:
472:
467:
463:
462:
459:
458:
456:Oljas Bektenov
453:
450:Prime Minister
447:
444:
443:
438:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
413:
407:
406:
401:
395:
394:
392:
391:
385:
379:
376:
370:
363:
361:
358:
354:
353:
351:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
301:
299:
296:
290:
289:
287:
286:
281:
275:
273:
269:
268:
232:
228:
227:
220:51.167; 71.433
191:
187:
186:
178:
177:
159:
132:
131:
124:
117:
116:
110:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
70:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22109:
22098:
22095:
22093:
22090:
22088:
22085:
22083:
22080:
22078:
22075:
22073:
22070:
22068:
22065:
22063:
22060:
22058:
22055:
22053:
22050:
22048:
22045:
22043:
22040:
22038:
22035:
22033:
22030:
22028:
22025:
22023:
22020:
22018:
22015:
22013:
22010:
22009:
22007:
22000:
21997:
21954:
21951:
21949:
21946:
21944:
21941:
21937:
21934:
21933:
21932:
21929:
21925:
21922:
21921:
21920:
21917:
21913:
21910:
21909:
21908:
21905:
21903:
21900:
21896:
21893:
21892:
21891:
21888:
21884:
21881:
21880:
21879:
21876:
21872:
21869:
21868:
21867:
21864:
21863:
21861:
21859:
21855:
21847:
21844:
21843:
21842:
21839:
21835:
21832:
21831:
21830:
21827:
21825:
21822:
21818:
21815:
21814:
21813:
21810:
21806:
21803:
21802:
21801:
21798:
21797:
21795:
21793:
21789:
21781:
21778:
21777:
21776:
21773:
21769:
21766:
21765:
21764:
21761:
21757:
21754:
21753:
21752:
21749:
21748:
21746:
21744:
21740:
21735:
21731:
21726:
21722:
21714:
21709:
21707:
21702:
21700:
21695:
21694:
21691:
21679:
21676:
21675:
21673:
21669:
21663:
21660:
21658:
21655:
21654:
21652:
21648:
21642:
21641:2023 (Astana)
21639:
21637:
21634:
21631:
21628:
21625:
21622:
21621:
21619:
21615:
21609:
21598:
21596:
21585:
21583:
21572:
21571:
21569:
21565:
21560:
21550:
21539:
21537:
21526:
21524:
21513:
21511:
21500:
21498:
21487:
21486:
21484:
21480:
21476:
21461:
21456:
21454:
21449:
21447:
21442:
21441:
21438:
21426:
21423:
21421:
21418:
21417:
21415:
21411:
21404:
21392:
21389:
21377:
21374:
21362:
21359:
21347:
21345:
21335:
21332:
21320:
21317:
21316:Bashkortostan
21305:
21302:
21290:
21289:
21287:
21283:
21278:
21267:
21255:
21252:
21240:
21237:
21225:
21222:
21210:
21207:
21195:
21192:
21180:
21179:
21177:
21173:
21168:
21161:
21156:
21154:
21149:
21147:
21142:
21141:
21138:
21124:
21121:
21119:
21116:
21115:
21114:
21111:
21109:
21106:
21104:
21101:
21099:
21096:
21094:
21093:Member states
21091:
21090:
21088:
21084:
21078:
21067:
21065:
21054:
21052:
21041:
21039:
21028:
21026:
21015:
21013:
21002:
21001:
20999:
20995:
20989:
20986:
20984:
20973:
20971:
20968:
20966:
20963:
20962:
20960:
20956:
20950:
20939:
20937:
20926:
20924:
20913:
20911:
20900:
20898:
20887:
20885:
20874:
20872:
20861:
20859:
20848:
20846:
20835:
20833:
20822:
20820:
20809:
20807:
20796:
20794:
20783:
20781:
20770:
20769:
20767:
20763:
20757:
20746:
20745:
20743:
20739:
20733:
20722:
20720:
20709:
20707:
20696:
20694:
20683:
20681:
20670:
20668:
20657:
20655:
20644:
20642:
20631:
20629:
20618:
20616:
20605:
20604:
20602:
20600:
20599:Member states
20596:
20590:
20587:
20585:
20582:
20580:
20577:
20575:
20574:Dushanbe 2014
20572:
20570:
20567:
20566:
20564:
20560:
20556:
20549:
20544:
20542:
20537:
20535:
20530:
20529:
20526:
20513:
20512:
20509:
20503:
20500:
20498:
20495:
20493:
20490:
20486:
20483:
20481:
20478:
20476:
20473:
20471:
20468:
20467:
20466:
20463:
20462:
20460:
20456:
20446:
20443:
20441:
20438:
20436:
20433:
20431:
20428:
20426:
20423:
20421:
20418:
20416:
20413:
20411:
20408:
20406:
20403:
20401:
20398:
20397:
20395:
20393:Extraordinary
20391:
20388:
20384:
20373:
20370:
20367:
20364:
20361:
20358:
20356:
20353:
20352:
20350:
20346:
20343:
20339:
20325:
20322:
20320:
20317:
20315:
20312:
20310:
20309:African Union
20307:
20305:
20302:
20301:
20299:
20296:organizations
20294:International
20291:
20285:
20282:
20281:
20279:
20271:
20265:
20262:
20260:
20257:
20255:
20252:
20250:
20247:
20245:
20242:
20241:
20239:
20231:
20228:
20224:
20218:
20215:
20214:
20212:
20208:
20202:
20199:
20197:
20194:
20192:
20189:
20187:
20184:
20182:
20179:
20177:
20174:
20172:
20169:
20167:
20164:
20162:
20159:
20157:
20154:
20152:
20149:
20147:
20144:
20142:
20139:
20137:
20134:
20132:
20129:
20127:
20124:
20122:
20119:
20115:
20112:
20111:
20110:
20107:
20105:
20102:
20100:
20097:
20095:
20092:
20090:
20087:
20085:
20082:
20080:
20077:
20075:
20072:
20070:
20067:
20065:
20062:
20060:
20057:
20055:
20052:
20050:
20047:
20045:
20042:
20040:
20037:
20035:
20032:
20030:
20027:
20025:
20022:
20020:
20017:
20015:
20012:
20010:
20007:
20005:
20004:Guinea-Bissau
20002:
20000:
19997:
19995:
19992:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19982:
19980:
19977:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19960:
19957:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19947:
19945:
19942:
19940:
19937:
19935:
19932:
19930:
19927:
19925:
19922:
19920:
19917:
19916:
19914:
19910:
19907:
19905:
19904:Member states
19901:
19895:
19891:
19888:
19887:
19884:
19879:
19872:
19867:
19865:
19860:
19858:
19853:
19852:
19849:
19837:
19834:
19832:
19829:
19827:
19824:
19822:
19819:
19817:
19814:
19812:
19809:
19807:
19804:
19802:
19799:
19797:
19794:
19793:
19791:
19789:
19785:
19779:
19776:
19774:
19771:
19769:
19766:
19764:
19761:
19760:
19758:
19756:
19752:
19746:
19743:
19741:
19738:
19736:
19733:
19732:
19730:
19728:
19724:
19718:
19715:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19703:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19694:
19692:
19690:
19689:Member states
19686:
19682:
19675:
19670:
19668:
19663:
19661:
19656:
19655:
19652:
19640:
19632:
19631:
19628:
19622:
19619:
19617:
19614:
19612:
19609:
19607:
19604:
19602:
19599:
19597:
19594:
19592:
19589:
19587:
19584:
19582:
19579:
19577:
19574:
19572:
19569:
19567:
19564:
19562:
19559:
19556:
19555:
19553:
19549:
19543:
19540:
19538:
19535:
19534:
19532:
19528:
19522:
19519:
19517:
19514:
19512:
19509:
19507:
19504:
19502:
19499:
19498:
19496:
19492:
19486:
19483:
19481:
19478:
19476:
19473:
19471:
19468:
19467:
19465:
19461:
19455:
19452:
19450:
19447:
19445:
19442:
19440:
19437:
19435:
19432:
19430:
19427:
19425:
19422:
19421:
19419:
19415:
19404:
19401:
19400:
19398:
19394:
19388:
19385:
19383:
19380:
19379:
19377:
19373:
19367:
19364:
19363:
19361:
19358:
19353:
19347:
19344:
19342:
19339:
19337:
19334:
19332:
19329:
19327:
19324:
19322:
19319:
19317:
19314:
19312:
19309:
19307:
19304:
19303:
19301:
19298:
19293:
19287:
19284:
19282:
19279:
19277:
19274:
19272:
19269:
19267:
19264:
19262:
19259:
19257:
19254:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19233:
19231:
19228:
19224:
19221:
19218:
19213:
19206:
19203:
19200:
19197:
19194:
19191:
19190:
19187:
19183:
19176:
19171:
19169:
19164:
19162:
19157:
19156:
19153:
19138:
19127:
19126:
19124:
19120:
19114:
19102:
19100:
19088:
19086:
19074:
19072:
19060:
19058:
19046:
19044:
19032:
19030:
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19016:
19004:
19002:
18990:
18988:
18976:
18975:
18973:
18969:
18963:
18960:
18958:
18955:
18953:
18952:Istanbul 2010
18950:
18948:
18945:
18943:
18940:
18938:
18937:Dushanbe 2004
18935:
18933:
18932:Istanbul 2002
18930:
18928:
18925:
18923:
18920:
18918:
18917:Ashgabat 1996
18915:
18913:
18910:
18908:
18907:Istanbul 1993
18905:
18903:
18900:
18899:
18897:
18893:
18883:
18880:
18878:
18875:
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18549:
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18539:Partners for
18537:
18531:
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18525:United States
18523:
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18508:
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18390:Liechtenstein
18388:
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18069:
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18040:
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18037:South Ossetia
18035:
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18025:
18023:
18020:
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18017:
18014:
18007:
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17992:
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17553:Terra Mariana
17551:
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17465:
17464:Great Moravia
17461:
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17364:Russification
17361:
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17234:Roman Armenia
17232:
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17220:
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17213:
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17189:South Ossetia
17187:
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17175:
17169:
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17045:
17033:
17032:
17031:Europe portal
17027:
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16904:
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16896:
16894:
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16887:
16880:Special areas
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16851:
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16804:
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16793:
16785:
16782:
16781:
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16779:Faroe Islands
16777:
16776:
16774:
16770:
16767:
16764:
16757:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16745:South Ossetia
16743:
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16605:
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16579:Liechtenstein
16577:
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16572:
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16235:
16233:
16229:
16223:
16222:Kazakh tribes
16220:
16218:
16215:
16213:
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16078:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16070:National Bank
16068:
16066:
16065:Energy policy
16063:
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15927:
15923:
15917:
15914:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15904:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15896:Sharyn Canyon
15894:
15892:
15891:Lake Balkhash
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15876:Kazakh Steppe
15874:
15872:
15869:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15848:
15845:
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15778:
15776:
15773:
15771:
15768:
15766:
15763:
15762:
15760:
15756:
15750:
15749:Uzbek Khanate
15747:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15729:Mongol Empire
15727:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15694:Kimek Khanate
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15671:
15669:
15667:Early history
15665:
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15505:
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15481:
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15474:
15473:Country Facts
15471:
15469:
15468:OpenStreetMap
15465:
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15300:
15286:
15284:0-06-018226-1
15280:
15275:
15274:
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15264:
15260:
15256:
15254:0-595-32782-6
15250:
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15219:
15215:
15211:
15209:1-56163-454-9
15205:
15200:
15199:
15192:
15188:
15186:0-87003-189-9
15182:
15178:
15173:
15172:
15165:
15161:
15159:0-7453-1503-8
15155:
15151:
15146:
15142:
15140:1-884186-13-0
15136:
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15121:
15118:
15114:
15110:
15106:
15104:0-7007-1405-7
15100:
15096:
15091:
15087:
15085:0-7618-1964-9
15081:
15077:
15072:
15068:
15066:1-900988-61-5
15062:
15058:
15053:
15049:
15047:0-7007-0380-2
15043:
15039:
15034:
15030:
15028:1-86064-854-1
15024:
15020:
15015:
15011:
15009:1-86450-296-7
15005:
15001:
14996:
14994:
14990:
14987:
14986:online review
14983:
14979:
14975:
14973:0-313-30965-5
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14420:9780313056185
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14396:(8): 133–145.
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13857:AsiaNews.it.
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13703:
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13674:
13658:
13654:
13650:
13644:
13628:
13624:
13620:
13614:
13598:
13594:
13593:openDemocracy
13590:
13584:
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13570:
13565:
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13541:
13534:
13518:
13514:
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13503:
13496:
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13468:
13464:
13459:
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13450:
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13416:
13400:
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13386:
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13363:
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13341:
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13315:
13311:
13307:
13301:
13285:
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13277:
13271:
13263:
13251:
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13231:
13225:
13221:
13217:
13213:
13212:
13204:
13196:
13190:
13186:
13179:
13177:
13175:
13173:
13171:
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13152:
13135:
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13105:
13101:
13097:
13091:
13075:
13071:
13067:
13061:
13045:
13041:
13037:
13031:
13012:
13005:
12998:
12996:
12979:
12975:
12969:
12961:
12957:
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12944:
12940:
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12925:
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12919:
12915:
12912:
12907:
12891:
12887:
12883:
12877:
12875:
12873:
12853:
12849:
12842:
12836:
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12816:
12810:
12791:
12784:
12778:
12771:
12767:
12763:
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12754:
12746:
12742:
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12609:
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12574:
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12529:
12513:
12509:
12503:
12488:
12484:
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12479:
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12426:
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12360:
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12236:
12230:
12225:
12209:
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12198:
12182:
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12177:Tengrinews.kz
12174:
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12122:
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12088:
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12036:
12032:
12028:
12022:
12020:
12011:
12007:
12001:
11993:
11989:
11985:
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11950:
11944:
11928:
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11898:
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11890:
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11847:
11831:
11827:
11823:
11817:
11801:
11797:
11796:
11791:
11784:
11776:
11772:
11766:
11750:
11746:
11742:
11736:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11706:
11690:
11686:
11680:
11664:
11660:
11654:
11646:
11642:
11638:
11632:
11624:
11620:
11616:
11610:
11594:
11590:
11586:
11580:
11572:
11570:9781514528488
11566:
11562:
11556:
11548:
11544:
11538:
11522:
11518:
11514:
11508:
11500:
11496:
11492:
11486:
11470:
11466:
11462:
11456:
11449:
11448:
11443:
11439:
11436:
11431:
11424:
11423:The Economist
11418:
11412:, 21 May 2014
11411:
11407:
11403:
11400:
11395:
11387:
11383:
11377:
11361:
11357:
11351:
11335:
11331:
11327:
11321:
11305:
11301:
11297:
11291:
11275:
11271:
11267:
11266:"stat.gov.kz"
11261:
11245:
11241:
11237:
11231:
11215:
11211:
11207:
11201:
11193:
11187:
11183:
11176:
11157:
11153:
11149:
11142:
11135:
11127:
11123:
11117:
11109:
11105:
11099:
11091:
11087:
11081:
11073:
11069:
11063:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11033:
11026:
11022:
11019:
11014:
11012:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10963:
10959:
10952:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10922:
10915:
10911:
10908:
10904:
10899:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10859:
10855:
10848:
10841:
10837:
10834:
10830:
10825:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10795:
10788:
10784:
10781:
10777:
10772:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10742:
10726:
10722:
10721:The Economist
10718:
10712:
10696:
10692:
10691:
10690:The Economist
10686:
10680:
10672:
10668:
10662:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10640:
10632:
10628:
10622:
10606:
10602:
10598:
10592:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10561:
10550:
10544:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10514:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10483:
10464:
10460:
10459:Wilson Center
10453:
10446:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10424:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10402:
10394:
10390:
10384:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10353:
10337:
10333:
10327:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10305:
10297:
10293:
10287:
10285:
10276:
10272:
10268:
10262:
10254:
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10240:
10232:
10228:
10222:
10220:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10189:
10173:
10169:
10165:
10159:
10152:
10148:
10145:
10140:
10132:
10128:
10121:
10105:
10101:
10094:
10087:
10071:
10067:
10060:
10053:
10046:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10018:
10010:
10006:
9999:
9991:
9987:
9983:
9977:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9947:
9931:
9927:
9926:aljazeera.com
9923:
9917:
9901:
9897:
9889:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9871:
9866:
9864:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9833:
9831:
9811:
9804:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9792:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9761:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9731:
9729:
9712:
9708:
9707:aljazeera.com
9704:
9698:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9668:
9661:
9657:
9654:
9649:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9621:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9598:
9594:
9588:
9572:
9568:
9567:Freedom House
9564:
9558:
9542:
9538:
9532:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9502:
9486:
9482:
9476:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9445:
9429:
9425:
9419:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9389:
9381:
9375:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9345:
9337:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9277:
9261:
9257:
9251:
9244:
9240:
9234:
9218:
9214:
9208:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9178:
9171:
9167:
9164:
9159:
9152:
9148:
9145:
9140:
9133:
9129:
9126:
9121:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9091:
9083:
9079:
9078:kazworld.info
9075:
9069:
9063:
9059:
9056:
9050:
9043:
9038:
9029:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9005:
8989:
8985:
8984:
8979:
8972:
8964:
8960:
8959:
8952:
8936:
8932:
8926:
8923:. Routledge.
8922:
8921:
8913:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8883:
8867:
8863:
8862:www.aa.com.tr
8859:
8853:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8823:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8793:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8763:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8733:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8703:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8686:
8680:
8664:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8648:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8618:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8588:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8557:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8526:
8520:
8519:1-84331-117-8
8516:
8512:
8511:
8504:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8486:
8481:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8454:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8420:
8413:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8383:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8353:
8345:
8343:9789999328128
8339:
8335:
8328:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8308:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8288:
8280:
8274:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8243:
8227:
8223:
8222:The Economist
8219:
8213:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8183:
8175:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
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8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8104:
8099:
8091:
8083:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8026:
8017:
8011:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7997:
7991:
7984:
7983:Beckwith 2009
7979:
7970:
7964:
7960:
7959:
7951:
7942:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7911:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7880:
7872:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7814:
7798:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7783:
7775:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7738:
7730:
7722:
7718:
7711:
7703:
7696:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7674:
7672:
7663:
7655:
7651:
7650:
7644:
7637:
7621:
7617:
7611:
7609:
7589:
7582:
7576:
7574:
7557:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7541:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7489:
7485:
7478:
7462:
7458:
7452:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7426:
7419:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7389:
7388:
7380:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7344:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7253:
7249:
7243:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7175:
7171:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7152:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7100:
7096:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7079:
7074:
7066:
7062:
7056:
7052:
7036:
7029:
7025:
7019:
7009:
7003:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6982:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6955:
6946:
6940:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6916:
6910:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6884:
6880:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6851:Europe portal
6841:
6838:
6832:
6827:
6819:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6788:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6746:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6710:
6706:
6701:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6572:silver medals
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6536:Serik Sapiyev
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6520:Kazakh boxers
6517:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6321:Olga Rypakova
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6305:Dmitry Karpov
6302:
6301:Olga Rypakova
6298:
6297:Dmitry Karpov
6294:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6170:musicologists
6167:
6163:
6159:
6156:and then the
6155:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6084:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6004:
6003:Orkhon script
6000:
5993:
5989:
5984:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5965:Kazakh people
5962:
5958:
5952:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5846:Kandidat Nauk
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5798:
5793:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5674:secular state
5670:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5613:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5567:
5563:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5525:
5520:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5475:will replace
5474:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5456:(part of the
5455:
5449:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5428:Volga Germans
5425:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5401:Pontian Greek
5398:
5394:
5393:Volga Germans
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5335:Volga Germans
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5263:Ethnic groups
5260:
5256:
5253:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:Business 2020
5172:
5168:
5163:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5053:In 2005, the
5046:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4975:In 2014, the
4973:
4971:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4891:, Russia and
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4770:In 2009, the
4768:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4689:
4687:1,520 mm
4677:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4546:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:hard currency
4527:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4480:
4477:
4476:foreign trade
4474:Kazakhstan's
4472:
4470:
4466:
4465:new Silk Road
4462:
4453:
4447:Foreign trade
4444:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4377:credit rating
4374:
4370:
4366:
4363:status under
4362:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:2008 and 2009
4324:
4315:
4310:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4169:Kazakhstan's
4167:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4113:A Kazakhstan
4111:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
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4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4018:
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4012:
4008:
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3997:
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3992:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3974:
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3967:
3962:
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3802:
3798:
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3770:
3765:
3760:
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3731:
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3526:
3523:
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3513:
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3507:
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3488:
3482:Urban centres
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3463:
3459:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
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3407:
3397:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3332:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:authoritarian
3309:
3308:Freedom House
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:snow leopards
3163:
3159:
3158:Eurasian lynx
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
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2948:
2947:
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2940:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:January (°F)
2905:
2903:January (°C)
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2883:Precipitation
2880:
2876:
2875:Kazakh steppe
2872:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2792:Caspian shore
2788:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2733:Kazakhstan's
2731:
2729:
2728:impact crater
2726:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2684:
2683:Bigach crater
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:Charyn Canyon
2620:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:Lake Balkhash
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:Kazakh Steppe
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2487:
2483:
2482:Kazakh Steppe
2478:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2435:
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2426:
2416:
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2401:
2397:
2396:
2395:The Economist
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2380:
2376:
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2332:
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2328:
2327:
2323:'s policy of
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2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:Semipalatinsk
2264:
2261:, founded an
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:Joseph Stalin
2228:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:Volga Germans
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:Petropavlovsk
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:Semipalatinsk
1948:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1917:
1916:Ural Cossacks
1913:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
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1856:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:Khiva Khanate
1837:
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1823:
1811:
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1800:
1792:
1789:
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1780:
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1761:
1757:
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1725:
1721:
1718:In 1465, the
1715:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:Mongol Empire
1675:
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1659:
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1446:Botai culture
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1416:
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1405:
1402:December 2018
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363: –
1362:
1358:
1357:Find sources:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1335:This section
1333:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
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1266:
1265:Turko-Persian
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:authoritarian
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1147:
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1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Mongol Empire
1080:
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1068:
1064:
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1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:. It borders
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957:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
935:
933:
929:
926:
923:
921:
920:ISO 3166 code
917:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
895:
891:
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883:
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872:
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474:
471:
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454:
451:
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430:
426:
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421:authoritarian
418:
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412:
408:
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400:
396:
390:
386:
384:
380:
377:
375:
371:
369:
365:
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349:
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236:
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195:
192:
188:
184:
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155:
154:
137:
133:
127:
121:
113:
107:
99:
90:
82:
71:
67:
59:
48:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
21969:
21948:Turkmenistan
21823:
21608:Turkmenistan
21509:
21251:Turkmenistan
21205:
20983:Turkmenistan
20910:Saudi Arabia
20666:
20569:Beijing 2012
20458:Demographics
20348:Declarations
20181:Turkmenistan
20141:Sierra Leone
20131:Saudi Arabia
20038:
19954:Burkina Faso
19706:
19601:Soviet Union
19530:Organization
19366:Turkmenistan
19320:
19276:Turkmenistan
19250:
19217:Participants
19099:Turkmenistan
19028:
18510:Turkmenistan
18374:
18189:
18177:
18092:Kastellorizo
17971:Turkmenistan
17936:Saudi Arabia
17850:
17674:Transnistria
17669:Soviet Union
17558:Swedish rule
17449:1989-present
17438:World War II
17349:World War II
17194:Transnistria
17029:
17017:
16750:Transnistria
16699:Vatican City
16568:
16280:Azerbaijanis
16232:Demographics
16149:Coat of arms
16139:Architecture
16002:Human rights
15970:Constitution
15926:Subdivisions
15739:Golden Horde
15689:Kangar union
15615:
15566:
15565:
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15517:
15383:
15341:
15298:
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15094:
15075:
15056:
15037:
15018:
14999:
14981:
14963:
14940:
14936:free content
14928:
14914:"Kazakhstan"
14908:
14896:. Retrieved
14892:the original
14882:
14870:. Retrieved
14861:
14852:
14839:
14836:"Wines 2012"
14814:. Retrieved
14810:the original
14805:
14796:
14778:
14759:
14740:
14730:15 September
14728:. Retrieved
14708:
14701:
14689:. Retrieved
14675:
14663:. Retrieved
14654:
14645:
14633:. Retrieved
14619:
14611:the original
14601:
14589:. Retrieved
14575:
14563:. Retrieved
14554:
14545:
14533:. Retrieved
14524:
14515:
14503:. Retrieved
14489:
14479:18 September
14477:. Retrieved
14468:
14459:
14449:18 September
14447:. Retrieved
14438:
14429:
14409:
14402:
14393:
14389:
14383:
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14327:
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14230:the original
14225:
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14130:. Retrieved
14101:. Retrieved
14097:the original
14087:
14075:. Retrieved
14060:
14057:"Kazakhstan"
14051:
14039:. Retrieved
14033:. Forum 18.
14025:
14006:
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13988:. Forum 18.
13980:
13937:
13931:
13919:. Retrieved
13905:
13867:. Retrieved
13852:
13840:. Retrieved
13826:
13818:the original
13813:
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13765:
13753:. Retrieved
13745:Studycountry
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13719:
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13011:the original
12982:. Retrieved
12968:
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12819:the original
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12710:
12701:
12693:the original
12683:
12671:. Retrieved
12662:
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12634:
12622:. Retrieved
12616:. Tax News.
12593:. Retrieved
12573:
12547:. Retrieved
12538:
12528:
12516:. Retrieved
12512:the original
12502:
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12476:
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12441:
12429:. Retrieved
12420:The Guardian
12418:
12389:. Retrieved
12375:
12363:. Retrieved
12349:
12337:. Retrieved
12329:The Guardian
12328:
12318:
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12296:
12284:. Retrieved
12275:
12265:
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12244:
12235:
12224:
12214:25 September
12212:. Retrieved
12197:
12187:25 September
12185:. Retrieved
12176:
12167:
12157:25 September
12155:. Retrieved
12151:the original
12141:
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12120:
12111:
12099:. Retrieved
12090:
12081:
12069:. Retrieved
12060:
12051:
12041:25 September
12039:. Retrieved
12030:
12000:
11987:
11983:
11973:
11961:. Retrieved
11952:
11943:
11931:. Retrieved
11923:The Diplomat
11922:
11913:
11901:. Retrieved
11886:
11877:
11866:, retrieved
11852:
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11834:. Retrieved
11825:
11816:
11804:. Retrieved
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11744:
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11723:. Retrieved
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11653:
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11588:
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11516:
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11464:
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11376:
11364:. Retrieved
11350:
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11334:the original
11329:
11320:
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11299:
11290:
11278:. Retrieved
11269:
11260:
11248:. Retrieved
11240:The Diplomat
11239:
11230:
11218:. Retrieved
11209:
11200:
11181:
11175:
11163:. Retrieved
11151:
11147:
11134:
11116:
11098:
11080:
11062:
11050:. Retrieved
11041:
11032:
10998:. Retrieved
10965:
10961:
10951:
10939:. Retrieved
10930:
10921:
10898:
10887:, retrieved
10857:
10847:
10824:
10812:. Retrieved
10803:
10794:
10771:
10759:. Retrieved
10750:
10747:"Kazakhstan"
10741:
10729:. Retrieved
10720:
10711:
10699:. Retrieved
10688:
10679:
10670:
10661:
10648:
10639:
10621:
10609:. Retrieved
10600:
10591:
10579:. Retrieved
10570:
10560:
10543:
10531:. Retrieved
10527:the original
10522:
10513:
10501:. Retrieved
10492:
10482:
10470:. Retrieved
10458:
10445:
10432:
10423:
10410:
10401:
10383:
10371:. Retrieved
10362:
10352:
10340:. Retrieved
10326:
10313:
10304:
10270:
10261:
10253:the original
10248:
10239:
10206:. Retrieved
10197:
10188:
10176:. Retrieved
10167:
10158:
10139:
10131:the original
10120:
10108:. Retrieved
10104:the original
10093:
10084:
10077:. Retrieved
10065:
10052:
10043:
10036:. Retrieved
10027:
10017:
9998:
9985:
9976:
9964:. Retrieved
9960:the original
9955:
9946:
9934:. Retrieved
9925:
9916:
9904:. Retrieved
9888:
9880:
9850:. Retrieved
9841:
9817:. Retrieved
9778:. Retrieved
9769:
9760:
9748:. Retrieved
9739:
9715:. Retrieved
9706:
9697:
9685:. Retrieved
9676:
9667:
9638:. Retrieved
9629:
9601:. Retrieved
9587:
9575:. Retrieved
9566:
9557:
9545:. Retrieved
9541:the original
9531:
9519:. Retrieved
9510:
9501:
9489:. Retrieved
9475:
9463:. Retrieved
9454:
9444:
9432:. Retrieved
9418:
9406:. Retrieved
9397:
9388:
9374:
9362:. Retrieved
9344:
9291:
9287:
9276:
9264:. Retrieved
9250:
9242:
9238:
9233:
9221:. Retrieved
9207:
9195:. Retrieved
9186:
9177:
9158:
9139:
9120:
9108:. Retrieved
9104:the original
9099:
9090:
9077:
9068:
9049:
9037:
9018:
9014:
9004:
8992:. Retrieved
8988:the original
8981:
8971:
8963:the original
8957:
8951:
8939:. Retrieved
8919:
8912:
8902:21 September
8900:. Retrieved
8892:the Guardian
8891:
8882:
8870:. Retrieved
8861:
8852:
8840:. Retrieved
8832:the Guardian
8831:
8822:
8810:. Retrieved
8801:
8792:
8780:. Retrieved
8771:
8762:
8750:. Retrieved
8741:
8732:
8720:. Retrieved
8711:
8702:
8695:
8679:
8667:. Retrieved
8656:
8647:
8635:. Retrieved
8626:
8617:
8605:. Retrieved
8596:
8587:
8575:. Retrieved
8566:
8556:
8544:. Retrieved
8536:The Atlantic
8535:
8525:
8508:
8503:
8496:Taipei Times
8495:
8480:
8472:the original
8467:
8463:
8453:
8441:. Retrieved
8434:the original
8429:
8425:
8412:
8400:. Retrieved
8396:the original
8391:
8388:"Kazakhstan"
8382:
8370:. Retrieved
8361:
8358:"Kazakhstan"
8352:
8333:
8327:
8312:
8307:
8292:
8287:
8261:. Retrieved
8252:
8242:
8230:. Retrieved
8221:
8212:
8200:. Retrieved
8191:
8182:
8173:
8166:. Retrieved
8133:1887/3202709
8107:
8101:
8090:
8048:: eaat7487.
8041:
8035:
8025:
8004:
7990:
7978:
7957:
7950:
7941:
7929:. Retrieved
7920:
7910:
7898:. Retrieved
7894:the original
7889:
7879:
7828:
7824:
7813:
7801:. Retrieved
7781:
7774:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7716:
7710:
7701:
7695:
7682:
7647:
7636:
7624:. Retrieved
7595:. Retrieved
7560:. Retrieved
7549:
7540:
7528:. Retrieved
7519:
7492:. Retrieved
7477:
7465:. Retrieved
7461:the original
7451:
7438:. Retrieved
7424:
7418:
7406:. Retrieved
7386:
7379:
7367:. Retrieved
7343:
7331:. Retrieved
7318:
7309:
7297:. Retrieved
7284:
7256:. Retrieved
7242:
7230:. Retrieved
7216:
7204:. Retrieved
7191:
7182:
7158:
7151:
7139:. Retrieved
7130:
7105:19 September
7103:. Retrieved
7099:the original
7073:
7064:
7055:
7035:
7018:
6964:
6892:
6883:
6792:
6764:
6742:
6737:
6731:
6714:
6683:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6638:
6588:Hasim Rahman
6576:Oleg Maskaev
6534:in 2004 and
6518:
6510:Nik Antropov
6490:Barys Astana
6467:
6444:European Cup
6432:2012 edition
6421:
6390:
6368:
6365:
6290:
6285:Astana Arena
6228:
6213:
6209:
6182:
6166:ethnographic
6158:Soviet Union
6150:
6131:
6123:
6096:
6090:
6078:
6064:
6053:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6028:
6021:
6014:
5996:
5954:
5939:
5908:
5904:Golden Horde
5885:
5854:
5851:
5844:
5829:universities
5826:
5814:
5803:
5781:
5765:Baháʼí Faith
5698:
5679:
5671:
5649:, 17.2% are
5644:
5551:Christianity
5470:
5451:
5434:from China,
5417:
5374:
5366:Lake Jasybay
5351:labour camps
5303:Azerbaijanis
5272:
5257:
5249:
5215:Demographics
5210:
5206:
5203:
5195:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5136:
5107:
5100:
5092:
5052:
5038:
5031:
5024:-building.
4990:
4974:
4966:
4866:
4839:
4834:The Guardian
4831:
4816:
4800:Lake Burabay
4769:
4757:
4752:Astana Metro
4748:Zhibek Zholy
4733:
4718:
4682:
4647:
4627:Karachaganak
4603:Tengiz Field
4597:
4589:Karachaganak
4581:oil reserves
4555:
4550:oil reserves
4515:
4503:
4473:
4461:global trade
4458:
4434:
4432:
4416:
4400:
4365:US trade law
4354:
4346:
4335:
4320:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4252:
4247:
4223:
4212:
4201:
4192:Human rights
4187:
4179:
4168:
4157:
4138:
4119:
4115:Sukhoi Su-27
4080:
4076:
3971:
3943:development;
3937:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3877:
3869:
3846:
3839:
3813:
3782:
3773:Barack Obama
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3411:
3352:
3333:
3329:
3303:
3291:
3273:
3267:
3219:armed forces
3196:
3170:
3162:Pallas's cat
3135:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3046:
2860:
2840:
2817:
2789:
2774:, lead, and
2764:
2732:
2674:
2648:79°4′49.28″E
2645:43°21′1.16″N
2625:
2554:
2506:Turkmenistan
2495:
2492:on the map).
2459:
2440:
2393:
2387:
2364:
2357:
2349:independence
2345:coup attempt
2338:
2335:Independence
2331:
2324:
2317:Russian SFSR
2294:
2290:Yuri Gagarin
2279:
2269:, where the
2256:
2220:
2173:
2150:
2131:
2088:
2039:
2007:
2003:
1991:
1971:Volga German
1929:
1880:
1875:
1848:
1833:
1819:
1736:Turco-Mongol
1728:Janibek Khan
1724:Golden Horde
1717:
1698:Genghis Khan
1686:Golden Horde
1655:
1647:eastern half
1612:
1593:
1571:Golden Horde
1549:against the
1536:
1497:Indo-Iranian
1481:Steppe Route
1478:
1439:
1408:
1399:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:"Kazakhstan"
1356:
1344:Please help
1339:verification
1336:
1301:
1299:
1288:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1249:
1217:
1215:
1138:economically
1135:
1123:Soviet Union
1091:Golden Horde
1087:Genghis Khan
1061:such as the
1052:
1008:Turkmenistan
968:Central Asia
959:
955:
954:
932:Internet TLD
782:• Total
730:• Total
653:• Total
564:19 June 1925
546:Kirghiz ASSR
374:Christianity
231:Largest city
135:
36:
21991: /
21931:Switzerland
21632:(2011-2021)
21626:(1992-2010)
21098:Three Evils
20589:Astana 2024
20579:Astana 2017
20314:Arab League
20276:communities
20029:Ivory Coast
19919:Afghanistan
19591:Union State
19405:(1993–2009)
19357:CIS Charter
19297:CIS Charter
19205:CIS Charter
18987:Afghanistan
18947:Tehran 2009
18927:Tehran 2000
18922:Almaty 1998
18902:Tehran 1992
18846:Secretariat
18588:South Korea
18548:Afghanistan
18541:Cooperation
18495:Switzerland
18430:Netherlands
18191:Asia portal
18055:territories
18013:recognition
17921:Philippines
17861:South Korea
17856:North Korea
17751:Afghanistan
17598:Soviet rule
17433:World War I
17162:East Thrace
16884:sovereignty
16882:of internal
16862:Isle of Man
16763:territories
16721:recognition
16679:Switzerland
16614:Netherlands
16060:Agriculture
15871:Caspian Sea
15790:Kazakh ASSR
15744:White Horde
14898:27 November
14236:14 February
13921:27 December
13725:7 September
13720:stat.gov.kz
13554:9 September
13523:9 September
13395:stat.gov.kz
12984:25 December
12896:14 February
12825:9 September
12721:14 February
12457:18 November
12431:11 December
12391:19 November
12365:18 November
12339:18 November
11963:27 November
11755:27 November
11687:. WTO.org.
11661:. pri.org.
11527:14 February
11475:14 February
11270:stat.gov.kz
11154:: 107–145.
11052:14 February
10968:: 178–199.
10533:21 December
10503:21 December
10472:21 December
10249:Global Post
10208:23 November
10178:14 February
10079:15 February
10038:14 February
9956:stat.gov.kz
9780:21 December
9750:21 December
9717:21 December
9603:24 December
9294:(1): 5978.
8941:14 November
8872:16 February
8812:16 February
8752:16 February
8372:9 September
7803:14 November
7562:27 December
7530:13 December
7467:17 November
7333:25 December
7285:www.imf.org
7258:17 November
7065:stat.gov.kz
6837:Asia portal
6724:court order
6560:gold medals
6413:Philippines
6397:CSKA Moscow
6359:hosted the
6325:triple jump
5757:Protestants
5745:Eid al-Adha
5565:No response
5413:Koryo-saram
5383:during the
5323:Lithuanians
5201:developed.
5095:Switzerland
4957:New Zealand
4913:South Korea
4879:, Georgia,
4775:blacklisted
4619:KazMunayGas
4599:KazMunayGas
4534:Kazakh wine
4505:Agriculture
4483:Agriculture
4395:Caspian Sea
4297:LGBT people
3399:; Russian:
3371:; Russian:
3288:upper house
3280:lower house
2879:Ulaanbaatar
2863:continental
2820:phosphorite
2707: /
2660: /
2585:Lake Zaysan
2557:Caspian Sea
2341:sovereignty
2109:within the
1961:(1743) and
1939: [
1936:Irtysh line
1537:In 329 BC,
1468:during the
1458:Pastoralism
1456:admixture.
1442:Paleolithic
1269:Özbek-Qazaq
1142:politically
1121:within the
1016:Caspian Sea
858: 0.802
559:Kazakh ASSR
494:Lower house
479:Upper house
466:Legislature
405:Kazakhstani
259: /
218: /
22012:Kazakhstan
22006:Categories
21953:Uzbekistan
21943:Tajikistan
21902:Kyrgyzstan
21824:Kazakhstan
21812:Azerbaijan
21549:Uzbekistan
21523:Kyrgyzstan
21510:Kazakhstan
21497:Azerbaijan
21266:Uzbekistan
21221:Kyrgyzstan
21206:Kazakhstan
21191:Azerbaijan
21025:Bangladesh
20997:Applicants
20793:Azerbaijan
20732:Uzbekistan
20719:Tajikistan
20680:Kyrgyzstan
20667:Kazakhstan
20492:Population
20191:Uzbekistan
20161:Tajikistan
20089:Mozambique
20079:Mauritania
20049:Kyrgyzstan
20039:Kazakhstan
19944:Bangladesh
19934:Azerbaijan
19831:Uzbekistan
19826:Tajikistan
19778:Uzbekistan
19773:Tajikistan
19745:Uzbekistan
19712:Kyrgyzstan
19707:Kazakhstan
19346:Uzbekistan
19341:Tajikistan
19326:Kyrgyzstan
19321:Kazakhstan
19311:Azerbaijan
19286:Uzbekistan
19271:Tajikistan
19256:Kyrgyzstan
19251:Kazakhstan
19241:Azerbaijan
19113:Uzbekistan
19071:Tajikistan
19043:Kyrgyzstan
19029:Kazakhstan
19001:Azerbaijan
18530:Uzbekistan
18500:Tajikistan
18465:San Marino
18425:Montenegro
18400:Luxembourg
18380:Kyrgyzstan
18375:Kazakhstan
18268:Azerbaijan
17981:Uzbekistan
17956:Tajikistan
17871:Kyrgyzstan
17851:Kazakhstan
17801:East Timor
17771:Bangladesh
17761:Azerbaijan
17689:Yugoslavia
17414:Golden Age
17325:Azerbaijan
17093:Azerbaijan
16649:San Marino
16609:Montenegro
16589:Luxembourg
16569:Kazakhstan
16474:Azerbaijan
16335:Ukrainians
16207:Television
16171:(Internet)
16092:(currency)
16029:Parliament
15985:Government
15911:Ural River
15795:Kazakh SSR
15758:Since 1465
15636:Prehistory
15616:Kazakhstan
15519:Government
15464:Kazakhstan
15380:Kazakhstan
15354:Kazakhstan
15331:Kazakhstan
14953:See also:
14916:. UNESCO.
14691:10 October
14591:5 November
14565:17 January
14300:31 October
14149:Kazakhstan
13938:Kazakhstan
13692:Kazakhstan
13310:census.gov
13240:29 October
12673:24 October
12381:"Rankings"
12245:forbes.com
11725:29 October
11366:13 January
11182:Kazakhstan
11165:4 December
11000:4 December
10889:4 December
10391:. UNESCO.
9966:7 December
9870:Kazakhstan
9852:7 February
9819:6 February
9364:8 December
9350:"Red Book"
9223:4 February
9197:15 January
9021:(6): 769.
8546:27 January
8402:29 October
8321:0822315211
8301:0230599427
8015:9231028464
7931:5 November
7900:5 November
7664:required.)
7597:26 January
7494:4 December
7440:23 January
7408:11 October
7323:World Bank
7206:21 October
7131:CABAR.asia
7047:References
7026:, lies in
7024:Ural River
6950:pronounced
6945:Kazakhstan
6920:pronounced
6733:Respublika
6641:Kazakhfilm
6578:, born in
6474:ice hockey
6311:, and the
6260:beshbarmak
6231:horse meat
6206:Kazakh art
6060:Oghuz Khan
6044:Er Targhın
6040:Ablai Khan
5945:Literature
5818:gymnasiums
5424:Ukrainians
5385:Khrushchev
5327:Ukrainians
5287:Ukrainians
5225:See also:
5055:World Bank
5049:Corruption
4929:Uzbekistan
4917:Tajikistan
4885:Kyrgyzstan
4873:Azerbaijan
4779:Air Astana
4738:system in
4727:Caucasus.
4615:ExxonMobil
4577:cubic feet
4570:short tons
4424:securities
4420:privatised
4411:income tax
4338:oil prices
4241:about the
4015:Montenegro
3926:President
3907:of aid to
3892:Xi Jinping
3797:Tajikistan
3769:Nazarbayev
3767:President
3619:1,009,086
3601:1,078,384
3562:1,854,656
3211:parliament
3146:corsac fox
3062:Astragalus
3042:Corsac fox
2900:July (°F)
2897:July (°C)
2797:refineries
2749:See also:
2577:grasslands
2502:Kyrgyzstan
2498:Uzbekistan
2455:Azerbaijan
2443:Ural River
2383:Asar Party
2379:Otan Party
2119:Kazak ASSR
2103:Bolsheviks
2056:Kazakh SSR
2014:Semirechye
2010:colonizing
1979:Great Game
1877:Ablai Khan
1799:Middle Juz
1788:Junior Juz
1764:Shaybanids
1732:Kerei Khan
1694:Turkicised
1543:Macedonian
1509:Massagetae
1485:Silk Roads
1372:newspapers
1283:prince of
1281:Chagatayid
1067:Massagetae
1000:Uzbekistan
992:Kyrgyzstan
966:mostly in
956:Kazakhstan
833: 27.8
677:Population
618:Recognised
572:Kazakh SSR
470:Parliament
423:government
411:Government
399:Demonym(s)
247:76°53′45″E
244:43°16′39″N
22087:Republics
21988:48°N 68°E
21936:relations
21924:relations
21912:relations
21895:relations
21883:relations
21871:relations
21846:relations
21834:relations
21817:relations
21805:relations
21780:relations
21768:relations
21756:relations
21732:(EAPC) ·
21567:Observers
21403:Khakassia
21373:Tatarstan
21285:Observers
21169:(TÜRKSOY)
20923:Sri Lanka
20502:Education
20234:Countries
20226:Observers
20210:Suspended
20121:Palestine
20014:Indonesia
19821:Singapore
19494:Economics
19122:Observers
18957:Baku 2012
18942:Baku 2006
18653:Relations
18558:Australia
18395:Lithuania
18145:Hong Kong
18064:Australia
18053:Dependent
18032:Palestine
17946:Sri Lanka
17941:Singapore
17821:Indonesia
17639:Lithuania
17612:Holocaust
17583:1920-1939
17528:1989-1992
17523:1945-1948
17503:1918-1938
17494:1867-1918
17489:1648-1867
17484:1526-1648
17429:1878-1946
17384:Holocaust
17329:Stone Age
17279:1880-1918
17274:1829-1878
17269:1502-1828
17264:1453-1829
17133:Lithuania
16812:Gibraltar
16761:Dependent
16584:Lithuania
16275:Armenians
16244:Education
16202:Squatting
16098:Transport
15990:President
15975:Elections
15939:Districts
15901:Syr Darya
15839:Geography
15307:from the
14872:31 August
14816:31 August
14505:5 January
14375:162799102
13869:5 January
13755:11 August
13663:5 January
13633:5 January
13603:5 January
13475:219657282
13467:2409-2274
13391:"Негізгі"
13260:ignored (
13250:cite book
12663:Kazinform
12641:. EY.com
12286:5 January
11933:7 January
11903:7 January
11868:7 January
11836:5 January
11806:5 January
11715:Kazinform
11599:5 January
11465:State.gov
11250:16 August
11220:16 August
10990:229420067
10982:0966-8136
10884:159320888
10611:5 January
10581:5 January
10363:inform.kz
10342:16 August
9952:"Обложка"
9936:5 January
9521:5 January
9408:11 August
9318:2041-1723
9015:Diversity
8842:5 January
8802:France 24
8782:15 August
8772:inform.kz
8742:France 24
8669:5 January
8637:5 January
8607:5 January
8577:5 January
8263:5 January
8168:10 August
8142:1476-4687
7853:2397-334X
7766:145155985
7758:0263-4937
7002:romanized
6981:romanized
6939:romanized
6934:Казахстан
6915:Qazaqstan
6909:romanized
6904:Қазақстан
6805:Tien Shan
6728:plaintiff
6611:Qarağandy
6570:, earned
6558:, earned
6530:in 1996,
6240:green tea
6200:Fine arts
5896:Turkestan
5833:academies
5786:Education
5651:Christian
5630:in Almaty
5485:Ukrainian
5442:Languages
5190:spaceport
5162:in 2023.
5093:In 2011,
5018:UniCredit
4953:Australia
4897:Argentina
4811:Shymbulak
4764:dry ports
4714:Petropavl
4566:long tons
4560:from the
4471:in 2015.
4403:tax rates
4323:crude oil
4130:40th Army
3837:program.
3633:Qarağandy
3628:Qarağandy
3582:Qarağandy
3383:districts
3296:mäslihats
3270:bicameral
3249:President
3086:Oxytropis
2950:Qarağandy
2894:Location
2780:manganese
2636:Tian Shan
2632:sandstone
2609:Syr Darya
2518:Qarağandy
2488:Belt (in
2419:Geography
2315:from the
2297:Jeltoqsan
2163:, a full
2123:Kyzylorda
2095:Petrograd
1873:in 1729.
1810:Great Juz
1700:followed
1674:Silk Road
1596:migration
1594:The main
1555:Syr Darya
1551:Scythians
1513:Scythians
1501:Andronovo
1466:Caucasoid
1462:Neolithic
1444:era. The
1239:romanized
1212:Etymology
1071:Scythians
1012:southwest
996:southeast
910:Drives on
889:Time zone
862:very high
772:(nominal)
507:Formation
435:President
419:under an
357:Religion
324:Ukrainian
18:Qazaqstan
21331:Găgăuzia
21086:See also
20858:Maldives
20819:Cambodia
20756:Mongolia
20693:Pakistan
20386:Sessions
20264:Thailand
20156:Suriname
20109:Pakistan
20069:Maldives
20064:Malaysia
19979:Djibouti
19964:Cameroon
19763:Mongolia
19639:Category
19463:Military
19057:Pakistan
18830:Politics
18593:Thailand
18480:Slovenia
18475:Slovakia
18450:Portugal
18420:Mongolia
18350:Holy See
18288:Bulgaria
18179:Category
18022:Abkhazia
17961:Thailand
17916:Pakistan
17896:Mongolia
17891:Maldives
17886:Malaysia
17786:Cambodia
17664:Slovakia
17455:Caucasus
17390:Bulgaria
17210:Abkhazia
17184:Abkhazia
17153:Slovakia
17103:Bulgaria
17019:Category
17004:Holy See
16954:Scotland
16924:Svalbard
16909:of 1921)
16845:Guernsey
16840:Alderney
16730:Abkhazia
16664:Slovenia
16659:Slovakia
16634:Portugal
16494:Bulgaria
16379:Category
16320:Russians
16254:Language
16192:Religion
16144:Clothing
16129:Alphabet
16024:Military
15958:Politics
15809:By topic
15684:Göktürks
15620:articles
15576:Archived
15552:Archived
15540:Archived
15528:Archived
15504:Archived
15487:Archived
15476:Archived
15434:Archived
15422:Archived
15410:Archived
15393:Archived
15357:Archived
15334:Archived
15325:BBC News
15317:Archived
15120:Archived
14989:Archived
14918:Archived
14866:Archived
14844:Archived
14788:Archived
14767:Archived
14748:Archived
14724:Archived
14685:Archived
14659:Archived
14629:Archived
14585:Archived
14559:Archived
14535:25 March
14529:Archived
14499:Archived
14473:Archived
14443:Archived
14332:Archived
14294:Archived
14254:, pg. 24
14202:Archived
14178:Archived
14126:Archived
14071:Archived
14035:Archived
14014:Archived
13990:Archived
13969:Archived
13915:Archived
13894:Archived
13863:Archived
13842:22 March
13836:Archived
13793:Archived
13774:Archived
13749:Archived
13657:Archived
13627:Archived
13597:Archived
13572:Archived
13548:Archived
13544:BBC News
13491:Archived
13423:Archived
13399:Archived
13314:Archived
13284:Archived
13234:Archived
13140:30 March
13134:Archived
13110:30 March
13104:Archived
13080:30 March
13074:Archived
13044:Archived
12978:Archived
12960:Archived
12958:. OECD.
12941:, P112,
12914:Archived
12890:Archived
12852:Archived
12790:Archived
12762:Archived
12745:Archived
12741:OECD.org
12715:Archived
12667:Archived
12643:Archived
12618:Archived
12586:Archived
12559:cite web
12543:Archived
12487:Emirates
12485:through
12451:Archived
12425:Archived
12385:Archived
12359:Archived
12333:Archived
12310:Archived
12280:Archived
12249:Archived
12229:Pavlodar
12208:Archived
12181:Archived
12125:Archived
12095:Archived
12065:Archived
12035:Archived
12010:Archived
11992:Archived
11957:Archived
11927:Archived
11897:Archived
11862:archived
11860:, 2014,
11830:Archived
11800:Archived
11775:Archived
11749:Archived
11719:Archived
11689:Archived
11663:Archived
11645:Archived
11623:Archived
11593:Archived
11547:Archived
11521:Archived
11499:Archived
11469:Archived
11438:Archived
11402:Archived
11360:Archived
11304:Archived
11274:Archived
11244:Archived
11214:Archived
11156:Archived
11126:Archived
11108:Archived
11090:Archived
11072:Archived
11046:Archived
11021:Archived
10994:Archived
10935:Archived
10910:Archived
10836:Archived
10814:22 March
10808:Archived
10783:Archived
10755:Archived
10731:22 March
10725:Archived
10701:22 March
10695:Archived
10653:Archived
10631:Archived
10605:Archived
10575:Archived
10497:Archived
10463:Archived
10437:Archived
10415:Archived
10393:Archived
10367:Archived
10336:Archived
10318:Archived
10296:Archived
10275:Archived
10231:Archived
10202:Archived
10172:Archived
10147:Archived
10086:status.'
10070:Archived
10032:Archived
10009:Archived
9990:Archived
9930:Archived
9900:Archived
9873:Archived
9846:Archived
9810:Archived
9774:Archived
9744:Archived
9711:Archived
9681:Archived
9656:Archived
9634:Archived
9597:Archived
9571:Archived
9547:26 March
9515:Archived
9485:Archived
9459:Archived
9434:19 March
9428:Archived
9402:Archived
9358:Archived
9356:(UNEP).
9336:33293507
9260:Archived
9217:Archived
9191:Archived
9166:Archived
9147:Archived
9128:Archived
9082:Archived
9058:Archived
8935:Archived
8896:Archived
8866:Archived
8836:Archived
8806:Archived
8776:Archived
8746:Archived
8722:19 March
8716:Archived
8712:BBC News
8688:Archived
8663:Archived
8658:osce.org
8631:Archived
8601:Archived
8597:BBC News
8571:Archived
8540:Archived
8488:Archived
8366:Archived
8273:cite web
8257:Archived
8226:Archived
8196:Archived
8162:Archived
8158:13670282
8150:29743675
8082:31488661
8044:(6457).
7925:Archived
7923:. AAAS.
7871:31036896
7797:Archived
7687:Archived
7643:"Kazakh"
7626:14 April
7620:Archived
7588:Archived
7556:Archived
7524:Archived
7488:Archived
7434:Archived
7402:Archived
7369:13 March
7360:Archived
7327:Archived
7299:17 April
7293:Archived
7252:Archived
7232:18 April
7226:Archived
7200:Archived
7174:Archived
7141:11 March
7135:Archived
6823:See also
6803:Western
6663:and the
6646:Myn Bala
6449:Akzhaiyk
6399:and the
6370:Football
6174:notation
6141:A-Studio
6012:didactic
5975:and the
5900:Samanids
5808:and the
5773:Buddhism
5769:Hinduism
5733:Chechens
5659:Buddhist
5657:(mostly
5507:Religion
5477:Cyrillic
5436:Mongolia
5420:Russians
5339:Chechens
5279:Russians
5111:'s 2023
5075:Pakistan
5006:Citibank
4994:BTA Bank
4889:Mongolia
4706: in
4593:Kashagan
4499:Kökşetau
4235:arrested
4089:Military
4022:and the
3787:and the
3745:269,720
3727:323,138
3709:331,614
3691:333,989
3687:Pavlodar
3682:Pavlodar
3673:357,791
3655:487,994
3637:497,712
3615:Shymkent
3422:Baikonur
3396:audandar
3391:аудандар
3368:oblystar
3363:облыстар
3051:and ten
3027:Wildlife
2988:Pavlodar
2805:Pavlodar
2772:chromium
2725:asteroid
2718:Pliocene
2671:ash tree
2613:Aral Sea
2467:Xinjiang
2406:won the
2326:glasnost
2286:Vostok 1
2282:Baikonur
2252:Russians
2127:Alma-Ata
2115:Orenburg
2026:Tashkent
2022:Orenburg
1959:Orenburg
1957:(1720),
1955:Pavlodar
1953:(1718),
1949:(1716),
1768:language
1649:and the
1627:Xionites
1623:Göktürks
1588:Kipchaks
1541:and his
1476:period.
1474:Iron Age
1430:Iron Age
874:Currency
415:Unitary
147:(Kazakh)
21890:Ireland
21878:Belarus
21866:Austria
21829:Moldova
21800:Armenia
21775:Ukraine
21763:Georgia
21650:Symbols
21617:Summits
21582:Hungary
21482:Members
21413:Related
21175:Members
21123:Russian
21118:Chinese
21012:Algeria
20871:Myanmar
20806:Bahrain
20780:Armenia
20615:Belarus
20562:Summits
20485:Imports
20480:Exports
20465:Economy
20430:Seventh
20341:History
20171:Tunisia
20146:Somalia
20136:Senegal
20099:Nigeria
20084:Morocco
20054:Lebanon
19974:Comoros
19939:Bahrain
19929:Algeria
19924:Albania
19912:Members
19836:Vietnam
19811:Moldova
19740:Moldova
19702:Belarus
19697:Armenia
19557:Georgia
19403:Georgia
19387:Ukraine
19382:Moldova
19331:Moldova
19316:Belarus
19306:Armenia
19281:Ukraine
19261:Moldova
19246:Belarus
19236:Armenia
18895:Summits
18870:Symbols
18598:Tunisia
18583:Morocco
18553:Algeria
18515:Ukraine
18455:Romania
18410:Moldova
18365:Ireland
18360:Iceland
18355:Hungary
18340:Germany
18335:Georgia
18325:Finland
18320:Estonia
18315:Denmark
18299:Croatia
18278:Belgium
18273:Belarus
18263:Austria
18258:Armenia
18253:Andorra
18248:Albania
18241:Members
17986:Vietnam
17901:Myanmar
17881:Lebanon
17811:Georgia
17766:Bahrain
17756:Armenia
17684:Ukraine
17654:Romania
17644:Moldova
17629:Hungary
17624:Georgia
17534:Estonia
17360:Belarus
17355:Balkans
17215:Armenia
17203:History
17168:Ukraine
17143:Romania
17138:Moldova
17123:Hungary
17118:Georgia
17113:Estonia
17098:Belarus
17088:Armenia
16949:England
16892:Finland
16772:Denmark
16689:Ukraine
16639:Romania
16599:Moldova
16559:Ireland
16554:Iceland
16549:Hungary
16539:Germany
16534:Georgia
16524:Finland
16519:Estonia
16514:Denmark
16499:Croatia
16484:Belgium
16479:Belarus
16469:Austria
16464:Armenia
16459:Andorra
16454:Albania
16363:Outline
16340:Uyghurs
16310:Koreans
16305:Kazakhs
16290:Germans
16268:Peoples
16177:Kazakhs
16169:Kaznet
16154:Cuisine
16117:Culture
16048:Economy
15944:Regions
15916:Zhetysu
15866:Borders
15699:Karluks
15628:History
15299:General
15117:excerpt
15115:(1990)
14103:24 July
13375:17 July
13346:17 July
13290:20 June
13050:24 June
13020:19 July
12861:7 April
12799:24 July
12624:18 June
12549:7 April
12518:22 June
12492:1 April
12478:Timatic
12031:cia.gov
11858:Reuters
11517:Imf.org
11280:7 April
10804:hrw.org
10601:Reuters
10373:7 April
10110:9 April
9906:21 June
9687:7 April
9640:8 April
9491:12 July
9465:1 April
9455:US News
9327:7723057
9296:Bibcode
8112:Bibcode
8073:6822619
8050:bioRxiv
8037:Science
8002:(ed.).
7921:Science
7862:6542712
7833:Bibcode
7004::
6993:Russian
6983::
6941::
6930:Russian
6911::
6781:Tamgaly
6580:Zhambyl
6382:women's
6219:Cuisine
6194:strings
6049:Alpamıs
6022:tolgaws
6019:elegiac
5963:by the
5860:Culture
5822:lyceums
5729:Shafi`i
5721:Uighurs
5713:Kazakhs
5667:atheist
5599:
5584:
5579:Atheism
5569:
5556:
5541:
5466:Russian
5460:of the
5405:Koreans
5368:beach,
5331:Koreans
5315:Koreans
5307:Dungans
5299:Uyghurs
5295:Germans
5275:Kazakhs
5227:Kazakhs
5063:Bolivia
5014:Kookmin
4987:Banking
4905:Ecuador
4893:Ukraine
4881:Moldova
4877:Belarus
4869:Armenia
4785:Tourism
4701:⁄
4643:Chinese
4641:. Also
4623:LukArco
4574:billion
4510:pasture
4331:uranium
4303:Economy
4151:and 60
4145:MiG-31s
4141:MiG-29s
4024:TÜRKSOY
4007:Moldova
4001:, with
3888:Erdoğan
3793:Belarus
3779:in 2012
3700:Öskemen
3610:Şymkent
3572:Şymkent
3430:Şymkent
3378:oblasti
3373:области
3355:regions
3304:Majilis
3292:Majilis
3275:Majilis
3217:of the
3142:red fox
3117:, also
2998:−11/−20
2979:−10/−18
2931:Şymkent
2849:Climate
2809:Şymkent
2768:uranium
2722:Miocene
2716:, is a
2695:82°00′E
2692:48°30′N
2679:Ice Age
2559:to the
2530:Öskemen
2522:Şymkent
2490:
2303:of the
2248:Kazakhs
2074:, 1920s
2050:Cossack
1901:Şymkent
1885:Kalmyks
1859:Dzungar
1830:Cumania
1744:nomadic
1662:Kipchak
1643:Bulgars
1608:Iranian
1604:Iranian
1567:Cumania
1529:Yamnaya
1386:scholar
1312:History
1300:Though
1285:Kashmir
1258:Cossack
1254:nomadic
1241::
1222:Russian
1158:unitary
1036:Kazakhs
1010:to the
1002:to the
994:to the
986:to the
978:to the
962:, is a
865: (
629:•
616:•
570:•
557:•
544:•
531:•
518:•
500:Majilis
492:•
477:•
448:•
433:•
383:Atheism
312:Russian
284:Russian
206:71°26′E
203:51°10′N
190:Capital
136:Anthem:
81:Russian
21993:48; 68
21919:Russia
21841:Serbia
21605:
21592:
21579:
21546:
21536:Turkey
21533:
21520:
21507:
21494:
21472:
21400:
21385:
21370:
21355:
21328:
21313:
21298:
21263:
21248:
21236:Turkey
21233:
21218:
21203:
21188:
21074:
21061:
21051:Israel
21048:
21035:
21022:
21009:
20980:
20958:Guests
20946:
20936:Turkey
20933:
20920:
20907:
20894:
20881:
20868:
20855:
20845:Kuwait
20842:
20829:
20816:
20803:
20790:
20777:
20753:
20729:
20716:
20706:Russia
20703:
20690:
20677:
20664:
20651:
20638:
20625:
20612:
20435:Eighth
20415:Fourth
20405:Second
20374:(2010)
20368:(2008)
20362:(1990)
20274:Muslim
20259:Russia
20186:Uganda
20176:Turkey
20044:Kuwait
20034:Jordan
20009:Guyana
19999:Guinea
19994:Gambia
19959:Brunei
19816:Serbia
19717:Russia
19417:Sports
19336:Russia
19266:Russia
19219:" (11)
19207:(1993)
19201:(1991)
19195:(1991)
19134:
19110:
19103:
19096:
19089:
19085:Turkey
19082:
19075:
19068:
19061:
19054:
19047:
19040:
19033:
19026:
19019:
19012:
19005:
18998:
18991:
18984:
18977:
18971:Member
18877:Emblem
18578:Jordan
18568:Israel
18505:Turkey
18490:Sweden
18470:Serbia
18460:Russia
18445:Poland
18440:Norway
18415:Monaco
18385:Latvia
18345:Greece
18330:France
18305:Cyprus
18293:Canada
18085:Greece
18042:Taiwan
17966:Turkey
17931:Russia
17866:Kuwait
17846:Jordan
17836:Israel
17796:Cyprus
17781:Brunei
17776:Bhutan
17679:Turkey
17659:Russia
17634:Latvia
17160:(only
17158:Turkey
17148:Russia
17128:Latvia
16917:Norway
16735:Kosovo
16684:Turkey
16674:Sweden
16654:Serbia
16644:Russia
16629:Poland
16624:Norway
16604:Monaco
16574:Latvia
16544:Greece
16529:France
16504:Cyprus
16438:Europe
16325:Tatars
16295:Greeks
16285:Dungan
16249:Health
16134:Anthem
16090:Tenge
15816:Postal
15648:Kangju
15618:
15281:
15251:
15232:
15220:(2017)
15206:
15183:
15156:
15137:
15101:
15082:
15063:
15044:
15025:
15006:
14970:
14716:
14665:10 May
14635:10 May
14417:
14373:
14338:10 May
14184:3 June
14155:
14132:3 June
14077:3 June
14041:6 June
13996:6 June
13944:
13698:
13473:
13465:
13405:30 May
13365:(XSLX)
13320:30 May
13226:
13191:
12945:, 2012
12595:21 May
12255:12 May
12131:12 May
12101:12 May
12071:12 May
11795:Forbes
11695:28 May
11669:27 May
11567:
11340:1 June
11310:1 June
11188:
10988:
10980:
10882:
10872:
10761:8 June
10198:un.org
9842:Adilet
9770:dw.com
9577:30 May
9334:
9324:
9316:
9266:26 May
9241:. In:
9110:1 June
8927:
8517:
8443:1 June
8340:
8319:
8299:
8232:1 June
8202:1 June
8156:
8148:
8140:
8103:Nature
8080:
8070:
8052:
8012:
7965:
7869:
7859:
7851:
7789:
7764:
7756:
7394:
7194:. The
7166:
6972:Kazakh
6900:Kazakh
6767:UNESCO
6688:goEast
6655:, and
6635:, 2010
6544:boxing
6484:. The
6386:futsal
6384:, and
6357:Almaty
6353:Astana
6337:Almaty
6293:boxing
6248:shubat
6145:Almaty
6118:Nowruz
6092:Ay Qap
6083:Kazakh
6071:Kazakh
6024:, and
6015:termes
5988:Soviet
5872:, and
5775:, and
5755:, and
5737:Ahmadi
5725:Tatars
5723:, and
5717:Uzbeks
5709:Hanafi
5705:Sunnis
5663:Jewish
5647:Muslim
5573:11.01%
5501:German
5499:, and
5493:Kyrgyz
5489:Uyghur
5454:Kazakh
5321:, and
5291:Uzbeks
5283:Tatars
5238:, 2023
5059:Angola
5008:, and
4949:Mexico
4939:, the
4921:Turkey
4909:Serbia
4901:Brazil
4860:, and
4852:city,
4850:Almaty
4848:city,
4846:Astana
4744:Alatau
4740:Almaty
4724:Alstom
4710:Almaty
4639:Lukoil
4585:Tengiz
4540:Energy
4526:barley
4266:bribes
4183:KAZBAT
4153:Su-27s
4149:Su-24s
4051:UNESCO
4047:(OSCE)
4028:Kazakh
3985:(CSTO)
3968:(CSTO)
3849:Kazakh
3826:, and
3741:Atyrau
3736:Atyrau
3669:Jambyl
3651:Aqtobe
3646:Aqtobe
3597:Astana
3592:Astana
3558:Almaty
3553:Almaty
3545:Astana
3535:Almaty
3517:Region
3494:
3491:
3418:Astana
3414:Almaty
3406:rayony
3401:районы
3387:Kazakh
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