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203:-plaster to the walls of cisterns to make them impermeable; the first layer having the largest particles of volcanic cinders (scoria) and the least amount of lime was applied to rough stone, the plaster being added to a thickness of about two inches. They took a sharp-edged stone and, for several days, pounded and rubbed the first layer of
216:
firmly onto the wall, all the while sprinkling it with lime-water to keep it wet. Finally, the third layer was applied containing the smallest particles of volcanic cinders and the largest quantity of lime and worked with a sharp-edged stone (one part aggregate to two parts lime, and pounded to a
181:
to one part of lime), and then allowed to rest 3-4 days until settled. Afterwards, the two elements were mixed together with water (usually 1 volume of water to 3 volumes of lime/aggregate), during which time the batch is continuously agitated in a tedious process known as
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and which required many long hours of manual labour (as much as 4-5 weeks), before a finer lime water solution was added thereto for 1-2 months so as to convert it to a paste. The more that it was pounded with a long shovel or wooden paddle, the more the
177:), a pumice having the consistency of gravel. The scoria and lime were pounded with a stone to break them down into finer particles and thoroughly mixed together without water (the two ingredients being mixed together in a ratio of two parts of
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firmly onto the wall, all the while sprinkling it with lime-water to keep it wet. The second layer was applied after fully working the first layer by beating. The first process was repeated, this time the wall being plastered with a mixture of
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can only be used as a plaster on buildings constructed of stone and baked brick, but it will not adhere to mudbrick, cement blocks or concrete. In Yemen it was traditionally made with two basic ingredients, baked lime and volcanic
348:
up to a certain height. The interior walls of public baths were sometimes brick, sometimes stone. If brick, they were protected with a thick layer of hard gypsum plaster which were then oil-painted.
332:, the coating was burnished with a stone. Often its use extended unto the main kitchen room and to gutters and sinks, wherever water was likely to be used extensively (see also
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mortar can take over a hundred days to prepare, from quarrying of raw materials to the beginning of application to the building. It can also take over a year to set fully.
344:, who visited Yemen in the first half of the 20th century, mentions seeing in Sana'a "the houses of well-to-do people" where the entrance halls were often painted with
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fine paste), and lime-water spattered on the wall to maintain its wetness. After the final application, the wall was treated with a very finely-ground consistency of
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and oils and fats. The technique is over a thousand years old, with the remains of this early plaster still seen on the standing sluices of the ancient
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225:) was then smeared on the wall for smoothing and burnishing. The end result is that of a wall that is as hard as smooth-marble with beating.
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336:). The walls of store-rooms where grain was kept and which required being impervious to water were also frequently painted-over with
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for 4 days, after which the fire and baked lime were extinguished with water, and allowed to cool for 2-3 days more. The baked lime (
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were made for different usages: domes, flat ceilings, vertical walls and decorations in the geometric interlace.
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containing smaller particles of volcanic cinders and more lime. A sharp-edged stone was again used to pound the
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which was allowed to dry, and when dried, an application of animal fat (
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Borelli: "QUDAD - reinventing a tradition - English version"
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Yemen Update, Bulletin of the
American Institute for Yemeni Studies
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Livingston, Morna (2006). "Yemen's
Cisterns at High Altitudes".
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After collecting blocks of lime stone, they were fired in a
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726:. Jerusalem: The Israel Oriental Society, affiliate of the
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679:""الأشرفية" تحفة "الدولة الرسولية" ورائعة العمارة اليمنية"
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496:"Fodde. The Architecture of Mud and Qudad. DVD Reviews"
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Due to the slowness of some of the chemical reactions,
47:, which is built with qadad. It is now being restored
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In
Islamic architecture, different consistencies of
111:), in the Yemeni dialect, or other crushed volcanic
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Old technique used in plastering walls and cisterns
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773:, 2012, A Documentary on the renovation of the ‘
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534:"Qudad, Re-inventing a Tradition - PREVIEW"
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137:. It documents the restoration of the
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599:Halichot Teman (Jewish Life in Sanà)
513:Resources, Documentary Educational.
697:"جامع-المظفر-أو-(المدرسة-المظفرية)"
664:, the nearly 500-year old existing
398:, a similar water-resistant plaster
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61:
13:
1847:Influences on Western architecture
430:"Note sur la fabrication du qadâd"
428:Sutter, Anita (18 December 2006).
14:
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552:Documentary Educational Resources
548:"Qudad, Re-inventing a Tradition"
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302:A house in the historic Town of
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1816:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
750:Qudad - Reinventing a Tradition
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306:covered with qadad carved into
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131:Qudad, Re-inventing a Tradition
1985:Islamic architectural elements
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243:fine riverbed sand or pebbles
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532:docued (11 September 2008).
129:In 2004, a documentary film
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320:of the early 20th century,
228:According to archaeologist
10:
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1276:Islamic geometric patterns
485:(AIYS), no. 34 (1994):6-13
290:in Taiz covered with Qadad
133:was made by the filmmaker
39:of the over 1300-year-old
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515:"DER Documentary: Qudad"
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141:, which was awarded the
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730:. p. 74 (note 9).
388:, a similar waterproof
195:Traditional application
149:Traditional preparation
1842:Indo-Saracenic Revival
1242:(multicoloured ashlar)
417:Great Mosque of Sana'a
275:is covered with Qadad.
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41:Great Mosque of Sana'a
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2005:Alchemical substances
1579:Congregational mosque
1037:(four-arch structure)
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2015:Primitive technology
1903:Ottoman architecture
1893:Moorish architecture
1888:Islamic architecture
1883:Iranian architecture
1306:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
1160:(or müezzin mahfili)
820:Islamic architecture
536:– via YouTube.
500:Internet Archaeology
1995:Moisture protection
1970:Arabic architecture
1940: •
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1898:Mughal architecture
1878:Berber architecture
1873:Arabic architecture
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1271:Islamic calligraphy
77:surface, made of a
1975:Building materials
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748:Caterina Borelli,
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191:became adhesive.
115:are often used as
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1980:Architecture
1941:
1928:
1925:Islamic arts
1705:Caravanserai
1230:
1184:Loudspeakers
1109:Persian dome
1071:Pointed arch
1004:
869:Indo-Islamic
859:Great Seljuk
782:
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451:. Retrieved
437:
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371:Lime plaster
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93:Volcanic ash
91:
79:lime plaster
69:
68:
64:
52:
51:
50:
1552:Windcatcher
1533:(courtyard)
1286:Mosque lamp
1266:Girih tiles
1223:Decorations
1101:Arabic dome
519:www.der.org
453:13 February
376:Plasterwork
83:slaked lime
2000:Plastering
1964:Categories
1835:Influences
1750:Well house
1521:Mashrabiya
1169:Hussainiya
1105:Onion dome
896:Indonesian
884:Qutb Shahi
403:References
117:pozzolanic
1809:Resources
1572:Religious
1542:Shabestan
1500:Hypostyle
1482:Shadirvan
1251:Arabesque
1174:Imamzadeh
1139:Religious
1119:Semi-dome
1066:Ogee arch
1035:Chahartaq
998:Materials
925:Almoravid
900:Malaysian
642:(1): 51.
621:863513860
595:Qafih, Y.
390:lime-soap
179:aggregate
145:in 2007.
113:aggregate
87:Marib Dam
1923:Part of
1759:Military
1695:Baradari
1688:Civilian
1511:Jharokha
1472:Mechouar
1409:Charbagh
1352:Andaruni
1326:Socarrat
1291:Muqarnas
1189:Maqsurah
1081:Vaulting
1010:Tadelakt
991:Elements
940:Zayyanid
920:Aghlabid
736:48323774
722:(1957).
648:23565982
597:(1982).
386:Tadelakt
381:Pozzolan
359:See also
334:tadelakt
326:cesspits
1857:Mudéjar
1821:ArchNet
1771:Alcázar
1644:Musalla
1629:Maqbara
1619:Madrasa
1609:Külliye
1604:Khanqah
1594:Gongbei
1493:cooling
1491:Passive
1457:Chhatri
1450:objects
1448:Outdoor
1397:Gardens
1373:Mirador
1311:Shabaka
1301:Qashani
1256:Banna'i
1199:Minaret
1141:objects
1131:(eaves)
1129:Chhajja
1076:Squinch
977:Umayyad
972:Timurid
962:Swahili
947:Ottoman
930:Almohad
915:Moorish
905:Iranian
874:Bengali
854:Fatimid
849:Chinese
844:Ayyubid
834:Abbasid
440:(6–7).
392:plaster
365:Limepit
308:yeseria
184:slaking
75:plaster
37:minaret
1781:Kasbah
1730:Kasbah
1720:Hammam
1715:Ghorfa
1700:Bazaar
1679:Zawiya
1668:takyeh
1639:Mosque
1589:Dargah
1516:Kucheh
1462:Eidgah
1388:Zenana
1336:Zellij
1321:Sitara
1316:Shamsa
1204:Minbar
1194:Mihrab
1179:Kiswah
1164:Gonbad
1028:Arches
982:Yemeni
952:Somali
935:Hafsid
910:Mamluk
889:Mughal
879:Deccan
827:Styles
734:
662:Rada'a
646:
619:
609:
396:Sarooj
318:Sana'a
247:mortar
239:scoria
171:Arabic
167:scoria
159:Arabic
105:Arabic
101:scoria
97:pumice
58:Arabic
1796:Ribat
1791:Qalat
1776:Amsar
1735:Mahal
1674:Türbe
1664:Takya
1659:Surau
1654:Rauza
1649:Qubba
1634:Mazar
1624:Maqam
1565:Types
1477:Sebil
1367:Liwan
1357:Harem
1345:Rooms
1261:Girih
1246:Alfiz
1240:Ablaq
1214:Zarih
1209:Qibla
1158:Dikka
1153:Bedug
1148:Anaza
1124:Tajug
1090:Roofs
1005:Qadad
967:Tatar
864:Hausa
783:qudad
771:Vimeo
666:qadad
644:JSTOR
353:qadad
346:qadad
338:qadad
330:qadad
322:qadad
304:Zabid
253:Usage
234:qadad
219:qadad
214:qadad
210:qadad
205:qadad
201:qadad
189:qadad
175:shāsh
163:nūreh
124:qadad
70:qudad
67:) or
65:qaḍāḍ
53:Qadad
45:Yemen
1786:Ksar
1745:Souq
1666:(or
1531:Sahn
1505:Howz
1467:Fina
1439:Riad
1404:Bagh
1383:Qa’a
1378:Hosh
1362:Iwan
1281:Jali
1097:Dome
779:Rada
732:OCLC
617:OCLC
607:ISBN
455:2016
415:see
273:Taiz
223:suet
155:kiln
62:قضاض
23:The
769:on
660:in
442:doi
438:6–7
316:In
271:in
109:شاش
43:in
1966::
1111:/
1107:/
1103:/
898:/
709:^
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681:.
640:18
638:.
615:.
578:^
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550:.
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463:^
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107::
99:,
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60::
35:A
1236:)
1229:(
1115:)
1099:(
812:e
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169:(
103:(
56:(
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