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130:. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce products able to be sold such as pure metals, or intermediate compounds or
178:
Most pyrometallurgical processes require energy input to sustain the temperature at which the process takes place. The energy is usually provided in the form of combustion or from electrical heat. When sufficient material is present in the feed to sustain the process temperature solely by
193:
Calcination is thermal decomposition of a material. Examples include decomposition of hydrates such as ferric hydroxide to ferric oxide and water vapor, the decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide as well as iron carbonate to iron oxide:
259:". Sometimes, temperature and gas conditions can be maintained such that a mixed sulfide feed (for instance a feed containing both copper sulfide and iron sulfide) reacts such that one metal forms a sulfate and the other forms an oxide, the process is known as "
251:". Sometimes, as in the case of pre-treating reverberatory or electric smelting furnace feed, the roasting process is performed with less than the required amount of oxygen to fully oxidize the feed. In this case, the process is called "
255:" because the sulfur is only partially removed. Finally, if the temperature and gas conditions are controlled such that the sulfides in the feed react to form metal sulfates instead of metal oxides, the process is known as "
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The most common example of roasting is the oxidation of metal sulfide ores. The metal sulfide is heated in the presence of air to a temperature that allows the oxygen in the air to react with the sulfide to form
179:
exothermic reaction (i.e. without the addition of fuel or electrical heat), the process is said to be "autogenous". Processing of some sulfide ores exploit the exothermicity of their combustion.
358:
Refining is the removal of impurities from materials by a thermal process. This covers a wide range of processes, involving different kinds of furnace or other plant.
344:
usually takes place at a temperature above the melting point of the metal, but processes vary considerably according to the ore involved and other matters.
134:, suitable as feed for further processing. Examples of elements extracted by pyrometallurgical processes include the oxides of less reactive elements like
508:
247:". In oxidizing roasting, if the temperature and gas conditions are such that the sulfide feed is completely oxidized, the process is known as "
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Roasting consists of thermal gas–solid reactions, which can include oxidation, reduction, chlorination, sulfation, and pyrohydrolysis.
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Brent Hiskey "Metallurgy, Survey" in Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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Adalbert Lossin "Copper" in
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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Pyrometallurgical processes are generally grouped into one or more of the following categories:
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Hydrometallurgical processing of impurity streams generated during the pyrometallurgy of copper
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processes. Accordingly, some kinds of pyrometallurgical refining are referred to as "
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Smelting involves thermal reactions in which at least one product is a molten phase.
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gas and solid metal oxide. The solid product from roasting is often called "
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Calcination processes are carried out in a variety of furnaces, including
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Carbonate ores are also smelted with charcoal, but sometimes need to be
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is only a recent worry, following the identification of the enhanced
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leaving a refined mineral. Concern about the production of
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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334:, as the flux reacts with impurities, such as
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
326:Other materials may need to be added as
423:10.1002/0471238961.1921182208091911.a01
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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530:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
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16:Branch of extractible metallurgy
34:needs additional citations for
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883:Bottom-blown oxygen converter
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284:Metal oxides can then be
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604:Underground in hard rock
440:10.1002/14356007.a07_471
1138:Metallurgical processes
457:Encyclopedia Britannica
219:fluidized bed reactors
937:(by aqueous solution)
769:Gravity Concentration
518:Extractive metallurgy
399:Reverberatory furnace
354:Refining (metallurgy)
231:Roasting (metallurgy)
128:extractive metallurgy
1052:Hall–Héroult process
731:Mechanical screening
43:improve this article
774:Magnetic separation
721:Cyclonic separation
542:(by physical means)
527:Metallurgical assay
481:U.S. Patent 5616168
265:selective sulfation
855:Refractory linings
726:Gyratory equipment
538:Mineral processing
261:selective roasting
257:sulfation roasting
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352:Main article:
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310:carbon dioxide
306:carbon dioxide
302:reducing agent
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202:→ CaO + CO
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32:This article
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1039:Electrolysis
999:Amalgamation
807:
754:Jameson cell
711:Hydrocyclone
460:. Retrieved
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367:electrolytic
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1075:Co-products
909:Calcination
873:Cupellation
789:Dry washing
778:Magnetation
701:Ore sorting
666:Pebble mill
633:Comminution
462:January 16,
338:compounds.
189:Calcination
183:Calcination
1133:Metallurgy
1127:Categories
1112:Stamp sand
1062:Downs cell
794:Buddle pit
784:Rocker box
641:Stamp mill
582:Base metal
550:Extraction
405:References
361:The term "
296:(forms of
165:calcining,
69:newspapers
954:Lixiviant
919:Liquation
812:(by heat)
673:Ball mill
616:Recycling
174:refining.
171:smelting,
168:roasting,
156:manganese
1082:Tailings
946:Leaching
914:Roasting
865:Refining
849:ISASMELT
821:Smelting
678:Rod mill
661:SAG mill
646:Arrastra
393:Isasmelt
377:See also
363:refining
348:Refining
342:Smelting
321:calcined
294:charcoal
277:Smelting
271:Smelting
225:Roasting
148:chromium
99:May 2022
1107:Red mud
1097:Clinker
851:furnace
759:Panning
716:Trommel
706:Vanning
683:IsaMill
656:AG mill
651:Crusher
599:Surface
577:Mineral
395:furnace
336:silicon
323:first.
286:smelted
245:calcine
83:scholar
1087:Gangue
888:Poling
694:Sizing
594:Mining
298:carbon
263:" or "
217:, and
154:, and
140:copper
132:alloys
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
902:Other
621:Scrap
300:), a
90:JSTOR
76:books
1102:Chat
1092:Slag
464:2021
332:slag
328:flux
290:coke
198:CaCO
144:zinc
136:iron
62:news
567:Ore
436:doi
419:doi
373:".
292:or
267:".
152:tin
45:by
1129::
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221:.
213:,
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776:(
510:e
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204:2
200:3
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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