211:
331:
453:, a part of the Crestone End of Life Project, obtained legal permission to perform "open-air cremations". Others have attempted to open up more outdoor funeral pyres but have faced disapproval. Crestone, Colorado is the only place where open-air cremations are legal in the United States. They can perform around 12 a year, regardless of religion and families can be involved in the process if they would like. At this time, the group only allows people who are part of the local community to choose this alternative burial.
199:
29:
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The process of constructing and properly burning a funeral pyre is a skilled task. Often, pyres would not burn with enough heat to properly cremate human remains. Pyres had to be maintained by stoking the flame and raking the pyre to allow good oxygen flow. Ancient literature refers to the skilled
189:
that had been tightly sealed and had no evidence of environmental disturbance it was found that on average bigger bone fragment sizes were observed meaning less bone breakage had occurred. It was concluded that if cremated bone is placed in an urn before burial the original bone fragment size will be
482:
A study conducted by Alunni, et al. examined the forensic science behind cremations on wooden pyres. The study concluded the average pyre does not completely destroy a human body effectively, and differences in suicide via pyres are evident in the remains. A pyre suicide shows signs of remains being
461:
In the time leading up to the 2nd century AD popular funeral practices in Rome consisted of cremation with a pyre. Ideal funeral practices meant burning an ornamental pyre for the deceased, that would burn with enough heat and a long enough time to only leave ashes and small bone fragments. Having
492:
experimental studies are necessary to fully understand the differences the body undergoes in a pyre. Coloring of bones before cremation is dependent on oxygen exposure, duration, and temperature. The bone color can range from black to brown or an oxidized white color. The type of bone and method of
341:
Chakrabarty RK, et al. examined the environmental effects of
Southern Asia's funeral pyres in their study, "Funeral pyres in South Asia: Brown carbon aerosol emissions and climate impacts". The heating of the atmosphere from carbonaceous aerosols resulting from human activities is a significant
366:
aerosols. These high chemical levels were also found to correlate to higher aerosol fraction levels during winter months in both Muslim Holy
Shrines and marriage places. The study concluded PM concentrations were significantly higher in indoor-ritual locations and suggested further studies and
132:, pyre materials were gathered based on local abundance and ease of access to the wood although materials were also selected due to the specific properties, potential traditional purpose, or due to economical reasons. In Templenoe, pyres typically consisted of oak and fruit wood compositions.
916:
Dewangan, Shippi; Pervez, Shamsh; Chakrabarty, Rajan; Watson, John G.; Chow, Judith C.; Pervez, Yasmeen; Tiwari, Suresh; Rai, Joyce (1 September 2016). "Study of carbonaceous fractions associated with indoor PM2.5/PM10 during Asian cultural and ritual burning practices".
316:
is the act of volunteered self immolation of a widow of the deceased husband with his corpse or remains. This involves volunteering oneself (and generally being in state of samadhi) to be burnt alive on the pyre with the remains of her husband for higher state of life.
190:
preserved. This study was intended to explain that more cautionary measures should be taken during and after any cremation occurs and to educate those who are studying cremated bone that the size of the fragments will be smaller than there were right after cremation.
375:
A traditional Hindu funeral pyre takes six hours and burns 500–600 kg (1,102–1,323 pounds) of wood to burn a body completely. Every year fifty to sixty million trees are burned during cremations in India, which results in about eight million tonnes of
357:
A second study examined the carbonaceous fractions associated with indoor PM2.5/PM10 during Asian cultural and ritual burning practices. (Dewangan, et al.) This study concluded drastically higher levels of biomass burning markers within
411:
working to reduce the environmental impact of funeral pyres. They claim to have created an alternative to wood-based funeral pyres, which reduces the number of trees which need to be cut down. Their alternative also promotes the
448:
was granted permission to be cremated on a traditional open-air pyre, when a court of appeals in the United
Kingdom ruled them legal inside of a building with an open roof and away from roads or homes. In the U.S., a group in
888:
Chakrabarty, Rajan K.; Pervez, Shamsh; Chow, Judith C.; Watson, John G.; Dewangan, Shippi; Robles, Jerome; Tian, Guoxun (14 January 2014). "Funeral Pyres in South Asia: Brown Carbon
Aerosol Emissions and Climate Impacts".
466:
job of an ustor, meaning a professional pyre builder derived from the Latin word 'ūrere' which means, to burn. However, regardless of professional build, pyres were unpredictable and would go wrong on a regular basis.
428:
In ancient times burning bodies was a practiced form of burial. Open-air cremations, known as funeral pyres, are uncommon and even illegal in some countries, particularly in the
Western World, because it is considered
483:
more charred rather than completely oxidized by high temperatures, are in anatomically correct positions, poor bone fragmentation, and is without suspicious burn patterns compared to an individual murdered via pyre.
437:. The law was created to prevent the creation of a private cremation industry and because of issues concerning property. But at the time environmental concerns did not play any factor in the creation of the law.
148:
pyres consisted of primarily Scots pine, birch, and oak trees, as pines, birch, and oak were dense in local woodlands. All parts of the tree were used including the trunk, branches, twigs, and even pine cones.
487:
remains are different from traditional human remains in the sense that their physical appearance including bone vary in color, fragmentation, and differ from their original shape and dimension. This is why
184:
A study was done on the bone fragments of cremations to show that not only will movement of the bone fragments cause breakage but also environmental factors play a part. After studying cremation remains in
787:
493:
cooling may also alter the bone form. Cooling is also an important consideration, for if the remains are cooled via water it increases warping. This knowledge is a consideration for
636:
Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena (2012). "The use of wood in funerary pyres: random gathering or special selection of species? Case study of three necropolises from Poland".
362:
rituals performed indoors compared to levels collected for residential indoors and ambient outdoors, with levels reaching three- to eightfold higher levels of
367:
actions be taken to investigate risk and health assessment and calls for regulatory agencies to propose new guidelines for indoor cultural/ritual locations.
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2614:
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used in other camps. Pyres have also been used to dispose of large quantities of livestock in agriculture, particularly those infected with disease.
1253:
3011:
2752:
2348:
795:
993:
2967:
2476:
2799:
2250:
723:
Mckinley, Jacqueline I. (1994). "Bone
Fragment Size in British Cremation Burials and its Implications for Pyre Technology and Ritual".
1160:
1104:
1175:
Alunni, Veronique; Grevin, Gilles; Buchet, Luc; Quatrehomme, Gérald (1 August 2014). "Forensic aspect of cremations on wooden pyre".
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1210:
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writes of extreme cases in which bodies have been thrown from the pyre from the force of the flames. Other cases, described by
417:
872:
839:
346:. In this region, fossil fuel use and residential biofuels have been documented to be the primary emitter of light-absorbing
284:, India as it is considered one of the oldest standing cities. Hindu's believe that by resting the ashes of the dead in the
1246:
210:
104:, "pyre" (the normal Greek word for fire anglicized) is also used for the sacred fires at altars, on which parts of the
512:
2377:
1283:
1079:
520:
433:. While cremation is commonplace, open air cremations in the United Kingdom were considered to be unlawful under the
176:
leave a blue-green stain and are typically fused to the ribs, arms, and other areas where jewelry is commonly worn.
2584:
2471:
2996:
2387:
1425:
1239:
93:, is a structure, usually made of wood, for burning a body as part of a funeral rite or execution. As a form of
688:
Mckinley, Jacqueline (1994). "A pyre and grave goods in
British cremation burials; have we missed something?".
609:
O'Donnell, Lorna (2016). "The power of the pyre - A holistic study of cremation focusing on charcoal remains".
2609:
2139:
1399:
1030:
948:
408:
58:
1467:
1057:
116:
Pyres are crafted using wood. The composition of a pyre may be determined through use of charcoal analysis.
2604:
2144:
1617:
343:
270:
153:
1293:
474:, involving deceased victims of poisoning, resulted in the human body bursting open and dousing the pyre.
407:
The Green
Revolution Foundation, under its parent organization Sarthak Charitable Trust, is a Delhi-based
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561:
537:
350:
aerosols. The study determined the emitted organic carbon contributed 40% to smoke absorption of visible
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2673:
532:
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51:
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262:
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analysis helps to predict composition of the fuel and local forestry of the charcoal being studied.
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1959:
1504:
381:
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religions, a practice which dates back several thousands of years. Funeral pyres were also used in
2031:
2026:
663:
76:
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1317:
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2431:
2127:
1868:
1707:
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330:
246:
Pyres and bonfires are used in celebrations and remembrance in services. Examples of these are
101:
45:
580:
2811:
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2621:
2314:
2240:
2014:
2009:
1947:
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1823:
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1764:
1310:
413:
173:
20:
2196:
1133:
Noy, David (2000). "'Half-burnt on an
Emergency Pyre ': Roman Cremations which Went Wrong".
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8:
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During World War II, pyres were used in German death camps on Polish territory, such as
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3018:
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1818:
1548:
1514:
705:
450:
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Funeral pyres were used by the Nazis to cremate the bodies of 1,500,000+ prisoners in
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835:
709:
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1964:
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1908:
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1362:
862:
542:
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313:
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203:
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The funeral pyre of Chan Kusalo (the
Buddhist high monk of Northern Thailand) at
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1801:
1683:
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1627:
1479:
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1369:
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736:
363:
347:
198:
172:, and copper-alloys are most commonly found in pyre cremation remains. The
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2830:
2782:
2720:
2683:
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1994:
1979:
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1940:
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556:
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1642:
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1305:
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255:
169:
141:
129:
902:
97:, a body is placed upon or under the pyre, which is then set on fire.
2941:
2710:
2695:
2293:
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2203:
2186:
2104:
1989:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1838:
1717:
1605:
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1298:
1288:
824:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 783, 2007,
484:
274:
215:
94:
82:
65:
214:
The tiered funeral pyre of Burmese Buddhist Monk at Pa-Auk Village,
2715:
2651:
2498:
2456:
2191:
2099:
1974:
1796:
1759:
1739:
471:
401:
393:
305:
281:
223:
222:
Traditionally, pyres are used for the cremation of the dead in the
117:
28:
2777:
2569:
2515:
2461:
2283:
2089:
1999:
1853:
1754:
1712:
1575:
1494:
1447:
1435:
227:
1211:"Using Experiments and Forensics to Understand Cremated Remains"
788:"The Pyres of Varanasi: Breaking the Cycle of Death and Rebirth"
462:
to use another's pyre was a sign of poverty or emergency cases.
2845:
2382:
2360:
2213:
2149:
2094:
1484:
1462:
1430:
1404:
949:"India's burning issue with emissions from Hindu funeral pyres"
915:
864:
Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India
359:
293:
289:
285:
145:
2911:
2631:
2365:
2319:
2181:
2036:
1984:
1560:
1526:
1174:
521:
513:
441:
430:
165:
296:
duties such as praying, attending to their dead, or to die.
2818:
2298:
2154:
2084:
2004:
1876:
1389:
1097:
887:
335:
63:
33:
2169:
1935:
1893:
1058:"Hindu man wins court battle for open-air cremation pyre"
972:"India court orders action on crematorium near Taj Mahal"
186:
994:"Sarthak charitable trust... Vasudha woodless cremation"
325:
254:
countries, where the 'Guy', either seen as an effigy of
292:. Hindus will travel great lengths in order to perform
1105:"Cremation by funeral pyre, now available in the USA"
1080:"Alternative Funerals - What are your options today?"
416:. As a result, the cost is reduced significantly and
299:
144:, in Kokotów, Pawłowice and Korytnica, it seems that
860:
1073:
1071:
404:of its waters, pose great environmental problems.
716:
370:
320:
179:
3100:
334:Buddhist monks procession in front of a pyre in
1068:
1049:
635:
477:
969:
891:Environmental Science & Technology Letters
761:"The question: Why are funeral pyres illegal?"
1247:
608:
423:
946:
164:Worked antler and bone objects, along with
1261:
1254:
1240:
854:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
159:
861:John Stratton Hawley (8 September 1994).
829:
758:
722:
687:
581:"'Illegal' funeral pyre burnt in secret"
329:
273:extermination camps, in contrast to the
209:
197:
108:were burnt as an offering to the deity.
27:
985:
785:
743:
664:"Treblinka Extermination Camp (Poland)"
578:
574:
572:
3101:
1055:
1028:
1024:
1022:
991:
947:Kermeliotis, Teo (17 September 2011).
942:
940:
497:to understand the remains from pyres.
288:in at Varanasi, the dead will achieve
2425:
2064:
1330:
1235:
1128:
1126:
1031:"Funeral Pyres An Option in Crestone"
326:Environmental impact in Southern Asia
2426:
1056:Taylor, Matthew (10 February 2010).
604:
602:
569:
1132:
1077:
1019:
970:Nirmala George (17 November 2015).
937:
13:
1123:
759:Fernando, Shehani (14 July 2006).
554:
300:Sati practice in Nepal & India
280:Pyres are lit around the clock in
14:
3130:
2378:Megalithic architectural elements
725:Journal of Archaeological Science
638:Journal of Archaeological Science
611:Journal of Archaeological Science
599:
2065:
1029:Moreno, Ivan (31 January 2011).
822:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
579:Norfolk, Andrew (13 July 2006).
3109:Burial monuments and structures
2997:Evolutionary origin of religion
1203:
1189:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.05.023
1168:
1153:
963:
909:
881:
810:
786:McBride, Pete (7 August 2014).
779:
250:in the United Kingdom and some
89: 'fire'), also known as a
1177:Forensic Science International
931:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.06.006
831:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_8607
681:
656:
629:
548:
506:
456:
371:Environmental impacts in India
321:Environmental impacts of pyres
180:Analysis of bone fragment size
1:
2610:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2140:British megalith architecture
1165:. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
1161:"Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus"
992:Sharma, Anita (20 May 2017).
500:
2605:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2145:Nordic megalith architecture
478:Forensic evaluation of pyres
344:climate change in South Asia
111:
64:
7:
867:. Oxford University Press.
562:Online Etymology Dictionary
10:
3135:
2753:British Isles and Brittany
2674:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1000:(in Hindi). Archived from
522:
514:
424:Legality of open-air pyres
241:
123:
75:
50:
49:
36:cremation ceremony in 2005
18:
2955:
2768:
2595:
2442:
2438:
2421:
2307:
2271:
2120:
2077:
2073:
2060:
1867:
1698:
1671:
1596:
1522:
1513:
1418:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1269:
702:10.1017/S0003598X00046275
650:10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.011
623:10.1016/j.jas.2015.11.009
135:
919:Building and Environment
392:and large quantities of
382:greenhouse gas emissions
354:, about 92 Gg annually.
312:(also known as suttee).
258:or the Pope, is burned.
2985:Evolutionary musicology
2388:Oldest extant buildings
2315:Archaeological features
1834:Prepared-core technique
1109:Thefuneralsite's Weblog
538:A Greek–English Lexicon
193:
160:Pyre remains in Britain
2947:Unchambered long cairn
2795:Mound Builders culture
2128:Neolithic architecture
1263:Prehistoric technology
737:10.1006/jasc.1994.1033
420:are cut by up to 60%.
338:
219:
207:
206:, Chiang Mai, Thailand
102:ancient Greek religion
37:
2622:List of Stone Age art
1824:Microblade technology
1772:Langdale axe industry
1370:Ard / plough
529:Liddell, Henry George
414:Swachh Bharat Mission
333:
213:
201:
140:From analyzing three
128:Specifically, in the
31:
21:Pyre (disambiguation)
3029:Prehistoric medicine
3024:Prehistoric counting
3007:Prehistoric religion
3002:Paleolithic religion
2980:Behavioral modernity
2337:Causewayed enclosure
2229:Abri de la Madeleine
1353:Neolithic Revolution
798:on 22 September 2014
440:In February 2010, a
19:For other uses, see
3068:Prehistoric warfare
1814:Magdalenian culture
1777:Levallois technique
1708:Earliest toolmaking
1147:10.1093/gr/47.2.186
3019:Origin of language
3012:Spiritual drug use
2922:Rectangular dolmen
2824:Dartmoor kistvaens
2637:Carved stone balls
2349:Circular enclosure
2308:Other architecture
2251:Alp pile dwellings
1839:Solutrean industry
1750:Gravettian culture
1400:Secondary products
1084:US Funerals Online
451:Crestone, Colorado
435:Cremation Act 1902
398:thrown into rivers
396:, which are later
339:
220:
208:
38:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3041:Prehistoric music
2990:music archaeology
2647:Cup and ring mark
2472:Clothing/textiles
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
1859:Yubetsu technique
1844:Striking platform
1809:Lithic technology
1694:
1693:
1679:Game drive system
1598:Projectile points
1490:Mortar and pestle
1217:. 1 November 2011
1137:. Second Series.
1135:Greece & Rome
1111:. 21 October 2009
1078:Marsden, Sara J.
903:10.1021/ez4000669
874:978-0-19-536022-6
841:978-3-540-00238-3
818:"(12472) Samadhi"
668:www.jewishgen.org
644:(11): 3386–3395.
555:Harper, Douglas.
308:groups practiced
62:
16:Form of cremation
3126:
3056:Divje Babe flute
2963:Archaeoastronomy
2706:Petrosomatoglyph
2440:
2439:
2423:
2422:
2272:Water management
2075:
2074:
2062:
2061:
1965:Denticulate tool
1787:Lithic reduction
1520:
1519:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1327:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1007:on 25 April 2020
1006:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
944:
935:
934:
913:
907:
906:
885:
879:
878:
858:
852:
851:
850:
848:
833:
814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
794:. Archived from
783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
756:
741:
740:
720:
714:
713:
696:(258): 132–134.
685:
679:
678:
676:
674:
660:
654:
653:
633:
627:
626:
606:
597:
596:
594:
592:
576:
567:
566:
552:
546:
525:
524:
517:
516:
510:
400:, adding to the
248:Guy Fawkes Night
106:animal sacrifice
86:
79:
71:
69:
57:
55:
54:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3084:
2951:
2937:Stone box grave
2907:Megalithic tomb
2812:Cotswold-Severn
2764:
2669:Guardian stones
2597:Prehistoric art
2591:
2434:
2409:
2398:Timber trackway
2303:
2267:
2263:Wattle and daub
2116:
2095:Standing stones
2069:
2048:
1863:
1690:
1667:
1592:
1509:
1419:Food processing
1414:
1363:New World crops
1335:
1322:
1265:
1260:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1215:Bones Don't Lie
1209:
1208:
1204:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1131:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1069:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1027:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
990:
986:
976:
974:
968:
964:
954:
952:
945:
938:
914:
910:
886:
882:
875:
859:
855:
846:
844:
842:
816:
815:
811:
801:
799:
784:
780:
770:
768:
757:
744:
721:
717:
686:
682:
672:
670:
662:
661:
657:
634:
630:
607:
600:
590:
588:
577:
570:
553:
549:
543:Perseus Project
511:
507:
503:
480:
468:The Elder Pliny
459:
426:
373:
352:solar radiation
342:contributor to
328:
323:
302:
244:
204:Wat Chedi Luang
196:
182:
162:
138:
126:
114:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Alligator drum
3038:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2973:lunar calendar
2970:
2959:
2957:
2956:Other cultural
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2760:Venus figurine
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Megalithic art
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2644:
2642:Cave paintings
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2444:Material goods
2436:
2435:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2162:
2160:Cliff dwelling
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1745:Fire hardening
1742:
1737:
1735:Clovis culture
1732:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1658:Manis Mastodon
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1537:throwing stick
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1349:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1202:
1167:
1152:
1141:(2): 186–196.
1122:
1096:
1067:
1048:
1018:
984:
962:
936:
908:
880:
873:
853:
840:
809:
778:
742:
731:(3): 339–342.
715:
680:
655:
628:
598:
568:
547:
504:
502:
499:
495:archaeologists
479:
476:
458:
455:
425:
422:
378:carbon dioxide
372:
369:
327:
324:
322:
319:
301:
298:
243:
240:
195:
192:
181:
178:
161:
158:
137:
134:
125:
122:
113:
110:
100:In discussing
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3131:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:Simple dolmen
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Passage grave
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:Gallery grave
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:Burial mounds
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Statue menhir
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2726:Stone carving
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Sewing needle
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Timber circle
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:Tor enclosure
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:fulacht fiadh
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:spear-thrower
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:Bow and arrow
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:Grinding slab
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Domestication
1383:
1381:
1380:Digging stick
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Founder crops
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:New Stone Age
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
973:
966:
950:
943:
941:
932:
928:
924:
920:
912:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
876:
870:
866:
865:
857:
843:
837:
832:
827:
823:
819:
813:
797:
793:
789:
782:
766:
762:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
669:
665:
659:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
603:
586:
582:
575:
573:
564:
563:
558:
551:
544:
540:
539:
534:
533:Scott, Robert
530:
526:
518:
509:
505:
498:
496:
491:
486:
475:
473:
469:
463:
454:
452:
447:
446:Davender Ghai
443:
438:
436:
432:
421:
419:
415:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:deforestation
387:
386:Air pollution
383:
379:
368:
365:
361:
355:
353:
349:
345:
337:
332:
318:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
212:
205:
200:
191:
188:
177:
175:
174:copper-alloys
171:
167:
157:
155:
150:
147:
143:
133:
131:
121:
119:
109:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
85:
78:
74:
70:
68:
60:
53:
47:
46:Ancient Greek
43:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2873:wedge-shaped
2858:Funeral pyre
2857:
2851:Great dolmen
2807:Chamber tomb
2788:Round barrow
2743:Stone circle
2615:Blombos Cave
2543:Grooved ware
2467:Chalcolithic
2371:Thornborough
2289:Flush toilet
2224:Blombos Cave
2219:Rock shelter
2175:Quiggly hole
2067:Architecture
2042:illustration
1684:Buffalo jump
1505:Storage pits
1468:Aşıklı Höyük
1458:Ground stone
1294:Subdivisions
1219:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1155:
1138:
1134:
1113:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1083:
1062:The Guardian
1061:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1034:
1009:. Retrieved
1002:the original
997:
987:
975:. Retrieved
965:
953:. Retrieved
922:
918:
911:
897:(1): 44–48.
894:
890:
883:
863:
856:
845:, retrieved
821:
812:
800:. Retrieved
796:the original
791:
781:
769:. Retrieved
765:The Guardian
764:
728:
724:
718:
693:
689:
683:
671:. Retrieved
667:
658:
641:
637:
631:
614:
610:
589:. Retrieved
584:
560:
550:
536:
508:
481:
464:
460:
439:
427:
406:
374:
364:carbonaceous
356:
348:black carbon
340:
303:
286:Ganges river
279:
260:
252:Commonwealth
245:
221:
183:
163:
151:
142:necropolises
139:
127:
115:
99:
91:funeral pyre
90:
83:
80:
73:
66:
41:
39:
25:
2895:unchambered
2890:Long barrow
2880:Grave goods
2836:Court cairn
2831:Clava cairn
2783:Bowl barrow
2721:Rock cupule
2664:Golden hats
2657:Hill figure
2558:Unstan ware
2538:Cord-marked
2403:Sweet Track
2325:Burnt mound
2246:Stilt house
2234:Sibudu Cave
2027:Tally stick
1995:Quern-stone
1980:Hammerstone
1970:Fire plough
1941:Pesse canoe
1899:Bannerstone
1869:Other tools
1782:Lithic core
1730:Aurignacian
1618:Bare Island
1500:Quern-stone
1183:: 167–172.
1011:12 November
977:19 November
925:: 229–236.
617:: 161–171.
457:Roman pyres
294:ritualistic
170:flake tools
72:; from
3103:Categories
3034:trepanning
2927:Ring cairn
2885:Jar burial
2868:transepted
2800:U.S. sites
2701:Petroglyph
2627:Bird stone
2585:wine press
2258:Stone roof
2241:Roundhouse
2133:long house
2110:Stonehenge
2078:Ceremonial
2022:Stone tool
1849:Tool stone
1819:Metallurgy
1723:Mousterian
1700:Toolmaking
1638:Cumberland
1611:Transverse
1581:Schöningen
1473:Qesem cave
1441:Earth oven
1395:Irrigation
1306:Technology
1274:Prehistory
1035:CBS Denver
847:24 January
771:19 January
591:19 January
501:References
444:man named
275:crematoria
256:Guy Fawkes
130:Bronze Age
3119:Cremation
3078:symbolism
2942:Tor cairn
2900:Grønsalen
2841:Cremation
2733:Sculpture
2711:Pictogram
2696:Petroform
2516:amber use
2484:Cosmetics
2294:Reservoir
2279:Check dam
2209:Pueblitos
2204:Pit-house
2187:Longhouse
2121:Dwellings
1990:Microlith
1921:Bow drill
1916:Bone tool
1909:prismatic
1718:Acheulean
1633:Cresswell
1606:Arrowhead
1532:Boomerang
1448:Granaries
1410:Terracing
1289:Stone Age
1064:. London.
710:161202654
690:Antiquity
585:The Times
418:emissions
271:Treblinka
238:culture.
216:Mon State
154:Treblinka
112:Materials
95:cremation
59:romanized
2716:Rock art
2679:painting
2652:Geoglyph
2477:timeline
2457:Beadwork
2197:Mehrgarh
2192:Mudbrick
2100:megalith
1975:Fire-saw
1797:debitage
1792:analysis
1760:Hand axe
1740:Cupstone
1318:Glossary
1279:Timeline
1221:24 April
1197:24949561
1115:23 April
1089:23 April
1041:20 March
1037:. Denver
802:24 April
767:. London
673:24 April
587:. London
490:forensic
485:Cremated
472:Plutarch
402:toxicity
282:Varanasi
232:Germanic
118:Charcoal
3073:Symbols
2684:pigment
2570:Weaving
2533:Cardium
2528:Pottery
2523:Mirrors
2511:Jewelry
2452:Baskets
2432:culture
2284:Cistern
2090:Pyramid
2032:Weapons
2010:Scraper
2000:Racloir
1960:Cleaver
1948:Chopper
1854:Uniface
1765:Grooves
1755:Hafting
1713:Oldowan
1672:Systems
1623:Cascade
1586:woomera
1576:harpoon
1549:history
1515:Hunting
1495:Pottery
1436:Cooking
1345:Farming
1311:history
1284:Outline
1005:(Video)
998:YouTube
541:at the
267:Sobibor
242:Secular
124:Ireland
61::
3051:flutes
2846:Dolmen
2770:Burial
2580:winery
2553:Linear
2383:Midden
2361:Cursus
2354:Goseck
2214:Pueblo
2165:Dugout
2150:Burdei
1829:Mining
1653:Lamoka
1648:Folsom
1628:Clovis
1485:Metate
1463:Hearth
1431:Basket
1405:Sickle
1195:
955:4 July
871:
838:
708:
557:"pyre"
360:burial
290:Moksha
263:Belzec
146:Polish
136:Poland
2968:sites
2912:Mummy
2632:Cairn
2548:Jōmon
2499:shoes
2494:Hides
2366:Henge
2320:Broch
2182:Jacal
2037:Wheel
1985:Knife
1931:Canoe
1926:Burin
1904:Blade
1802:flake
1663:Plano
1571:baton
1561:Spear
1527:Arrow
1480:Manos
1333:Tools
951:. CNN
792:Proof
706:S2CID
442:Hindu
431:taboo
306:Hindu
304:Some
236:Roman
224:Hindu
166:flint
3114:Fire
3061:gudi
2819:Cist
2748:list
2575:Wine
2504:Ötzi
2489:Glue
2462:Beds
2430:and
2428:Arts
2299:Well
2155:Cave
2085:Kiva
2015:side
2005:Rope
1953:tool
1887:bone
1877:Adze
1643:Eden
1556:Nets
1426:Fire
1390:Goad
1375:Celt
1223:2017
1193:PMID
1117:2017
1091:2017
1043:2017
1013:2018
979:2015
957:2013
869:ISBN
849:2022
836:ISBN
804:2017
773:2011
675:2017
593:2011
515:πυρά
336:Laos
314:Sati
310:Sati
269:and
234:and
228:Sikh
226:and
194:Uses
187:urns
168:and
67:purá
52:πυρά
42:pyre
34:Ubud
2170:Hut
2105:row
1936:Oar
1894:Axe
1882:Awl
1185:doi
1181:241
1143:doi
927:doi
923:106
899:doi
826:doi
733:doi
698:doi
646:doi
619:doi
523:πῦρ
409:NGO
394:ash
380:or
84:pûr
77:πῦρ
32:An
3105::
1213:.
1191:.
1179:.
1139:47
1125:^
1107:.
1082:.
1070:^
1060:.
1033:.
1021:^
996:.
939:^
921:.
893:.
834:,
820:,
790:.
763:.
745:^
729:21
727:.
704:.
694:68
692:.
666:.
642:39
640:.
615:65
613:.
601:^
583:.
571:^
559:.
535:;
531:;
527:.
519:,
388:,
384:.
265:,
156:.
56:,
48::
40:A
1255:e
1248:t
1241:v
1225:.
1199:.
1187::
1163:.
1149:.
1145::
1119:.
1093:.
1045:.
1015:.
981:.
959:.
933:.
929::
905:.
901::
895:1
877:.
828::
806:.
775:.
739:.
735::
712:.
700::
677:.
652:.
648::
625:.
621::
595:.
565:.
545:.
218:.
87:)
81:(
44:(
23:.
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