536:. On May 6, a raiding party led by mixed-race Bannock warrior Mogoannoga attacked the station, killing five Americans and burning down the establishment. There are conflicting accounts as to the party's motivation. One account claimed the raid was made without cause by a renegade band from the north. Another account, given by a Paiute member in an 1880 interview, claimed the incident originated when two proprietors of Williams Station deceived a young Native, persuading him to trade his pony for a bad gun, and captured two Paiute children. In an argument to back out of the deal, the settlers' dog bit the boy, and the men laughed at him. The young Native then reported to the tribe how he had heard two missing Paiute children in the settlers' root cellar. When a Paiute party found the settlers at Williams Station, they claimed the boy only heard the dog yelp and not any missing children. Ultimately, the party killed the men and found the two children tied up. In their rage, they murdered all the Whites in the area and left. When Williams, owner of the station, returned on May 8, he found his two brothers' bodies mutilated and three patrons of the saloon murdered. Passions were aroused, and stories escalated to include tales of 500 Indians who killed every person in the vicinity of Williams Station. A third account claimed the kidnapped children were two 12-year-old girls who were sexually assaulted before being hidden. According to this account, the band who attacked Williams Station was a rescue party that included the girls' father. When the news of the situation reached Numaga, he allegedly said, "There is no longer any use for counsel; we must prepare for war."
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619:, approximately five miles south of Pyramid Lake. The party first encountered a small band of Paiutes, whom they attacked. The band fled after returning a few shots, continuing to fire sporadically as they retreated into a ravine with the Whites in pursuit. Once in the ravine, a larger group of Natives appeared, closing the escape route and firing on the settlers from all sides. The Whites were poorly armed, badly mounted, and almost completely unorganized. The survivors escaped into a patch of woods and were pursued for some 20 miles. Seventy-six settlers were dead, including Ormsby, and many of the others were wounded. According to
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convince the band to release
Weatherlow. The two men finally arrived at Chief Numaga's camp, where the Chief refused to admit or deny that his people had killed Dexter Demming. Weatherlow pressed the chief to follow the treaty, and Numaga finally stated he would not intervene if his people committed depredations against settlers, would refuse to come back to the city to resolve anything peacefully, and, aware of the recent silver discoveries, demanded $ 16,000 for the grazing land.
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did not come to wage a war to defend white civilization, but rather to protect threatened communities. He advised his men that the
Williams brothers had a bad reputation for shady dealings with both Whites and Natives, and that the Natives probably had a good reason for their attack. Come morning, he, his men, and a few others from the other groups, returned to Carson City. The remaining men proceeded north to the
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Each group of riders constituted no more than an undisciplined, leaderless mob of more than one hundred poorly armed riders with few rifles between them. One man in the group, Samuel
Buckland, later stated the men were full of whiskey and without discipline. While Ormsby assumed a leadership position
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to determine whether to drive the Whites out. While a majority of the men voted for war, without a unanimous decision they were forced to postpone their plans. Chief Numaga had voted against war. As Numaga debated whether to go to war, two Paiute children went missing, and what was later known as the
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After returning, Weatherlow warned that all out war was inevitable. The local population, however, started to doubt the
Paiutes were really to blame, because although Dexter Demming had been killed, it became known that his brother Jack had once killed a Native, and persons seeking revenge might have
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The Carson City
Rangers arrived first at the ruins of Williams Station, stopping to rest and wait for the other volunteer groups. All the men met at the Williams Station to bury the dead and gather and stay the night. That night, Judge John Cradlebaugh of the Carson City Rangers told his men that he
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trampled or ate the sparse vegetation. In addition, settlers and
Paiutes competed for grazing lands, where the settlers tried to run cattle. Native Americans partly adapted to the change by trading finely woven baskets, deer, and rabbit skins for food and goods. Other times, settlers gave them food
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and aired the grievances of the
Paiutes. Herders had driven cattle all over Paiute grazing land, letting their livestock eat grass used by Paiute ponies. Worst, he claimed, these cattlemen threatened violence if Chief Numaga did not return cattle they claimed as missing from their herds. Cattlemen
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While traveling to
Pyramid Lake, the two settlers were captured by Paiutes of the Smoke Creek Sam band. When the warriors wanted to kill them, one warrior known as "Pike" (who had lived in Harvey's home as a child) intervened for Harvey, who was allowed to leave. Pike was also eventually able to
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was made public and sparked a rush of silver prospectors to the area. However, tensions had already been mounting since the first rush of silver miners had come across the Sierra Nevada. With the influx of so many people, many
Natives believed that an evil spirit had been angered and was sending
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Early settlement of what is now northwestern Nevada had a disruptive effect on the
Northern Paiute and Shoshone. The Shoshone and Paiute had subsisted on the sparse resources of the desert by hunting deer and rabbit and eating grasshoppers, rodents, seeds, nuts, berries, and roots. Miners felled
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sent Captain William Weatherlow to ascertain whether Paiute or Pit River Indians were responsible. After catching up with the raiding party it was ascertained that the raiders were part of the Smoke Creek Sam (Chief Saaba) band of Paiutes—a band that had broken off from Numaga and
344:. The war was preceded by a series of increasingly violent incidents, culminating in two pitched battles in which 79 Whites and 25 Indigenous people were killed. Smaller raids and skirmishes continued until a cease-fire was agreed to in August 1860; there was no treaty.
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By 1858 the Native Americans and Whites agreed to a treaty with the principle of equal justice for all. Thieves and killers, white or Native, were to be turned over to the authorities. Thereafter, Paiutes under Numaga fought alongside Whites against raiding parties of
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In late June, Stewart and Hays retraced the steps of Ormsby's command and attacked Numaga's Paiutes at the same location as Ormsby's fight. Hays and Stewart defeated Numaga, and the Paiute forces scattered across the Great Basin. After a minor skirmish in the
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at the southern end of Pyramid Lake to deny that area to the Paiutes. Small skirmishes and raids continued until August, when an informal cease-fire between Numaga and white surveyors working in the area north of Pyramid Lake was achieved during a meeting at
417:. For the next two years, the Paiutes and Whites lived in relative peace. However, the winter of 1858 was especially harsh, making it impossible to get provisions or people over the Sierra Nevada. Food became scarce, forcing residents to hunt for wild game.
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One reporter stated the whole group had taken an immense punishment of whiskey, and thought peace could easily be restored by shouting "An Indian for breakfast and a pony to ride..." (Warren Wasson, Nevada Historical Society, Vol XIII, No. 3 (1969) p.
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Weatherlow and Harvey left the meeting warning the cattlemen on their journey home of the impending crisis. The men informed them that Chief Numaga was blackmailing them by requiring they turn over two cows a week to them, which they had been doing.
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due to murders and robberies. Ormsby then allied with the Paiutes, who had been in conflict with the Washoe for some time. With 20-30 settlers and 300-400 Paiutes, Ormsby went in pursuit of the Washoes and Little Indians into the
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reported in December 1859 that Whites were doing all they could to alleviate the starving Natives, offering them bread and provisions. However, the Natives refused to eat, fearing that the food was poisoned.
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with Governor Roop and Captain Weatherlow. The governor directed Weatherlow and Thomas Harvey to meet Numaga at Pyramid Lake and ask him about the murders and to honor the treaty and turn over the killers.
391:) and a man known as "Smith" were agents for the overland stagecoach. On October 5, 1857, Ormsby sent an express letter for ammunition to be ready for an emergency, foreseeing conflict with the
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mistaken the two men. However, on February 12, 1860, Governor Roop wrote to Brevet Brigadier General Newman S. Clarke, commander of the Department of the Pacific, stating that the
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of 1878 may be viewed as a continuation of the Pyramid Lake War, as some Paiutes and Bannock fought in both wars. The war is of particular note because of its effect on the famed
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601:. They noticed that the path left by the Natives to follow was obvious. Articles from the shop were laid out like a trail and tracks of unshod Native ponies were visible.
646:, who organized a militia of local volunteers dubbed the "Washoe Regiment". It was composed of 13 companies from the areas surrounding Carson City, Virginia City,
832:, further south on the Carson River. The disruption to food gathering activities, especially fishing in Pyramid Lake, may have killed more from starvation. The
623:, three Natives were killed in the battle. Paiute Johnny Calico, who was 12 at the time, told a historian in 1924 that only three were injured and no one died.
840:. Several stations were ambushed and the service experienced its only delays in delivery. A few riders distinguished themselves during this time, especially
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reported that the Whites panicked when the assault began and threw down their guns, surrendering, but instead were killed. Among them was Major Ormsby.
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northeast of Pyramid Lake, the volunteer forces were disbanded, and Stewart's regulars returned to the Carson River near Williams Station to construct
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as being the first to arrive at the station, the five different groups never selected an overall commander and were disorganized in battle.
568:, who was chosen to lead the group. They did not believe that the Indians would fight back. The groups were individually led as follows:
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told William Weatherlow, a local militia captain, that Numaga and the Native Americans were extorting two cattle a week from them.
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was in danger of Paiute attack. He asked for arms, ammunition, and a platoon of men to drive the Paiutes from their strongholds.
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groves, a major food source for the Paiute, and because of the Nevada deserts, settlers grouped around water sources. Settlers'
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were later named in honor of Nightingill; he later became the first state controller of Nevada.)
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or blankets. Some Native Americans took jobs farming for settlers or served as stock tenders on
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On January 13, 1860, Dexter Demming was murdered and his home was raided. Territorial Governor
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On May 12, the Whites were attacked and routed by Paiute forces under the command of Chief
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658:, California. This contingent, known as the "Carson River Expedition", was led by Captain
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to apprehend the marauders. The volunteer force consisted of about 105 men and Major
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Vincent's semi-annual United States register: a work in which the principal ...P.402
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stations. Nonetheless, they resented the encroachment into their territory. Chief
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Orphans Preferred: The Twisted Truth and Lasting Legend of the Pony Express
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Tahoe Place Names: The Origin and History of Names in the Lake Tahoe Basin
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After the second battle of Pyramid Lake, the federal forces built a small
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Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890
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In response to the First Battle of Pyramid Lake, settlers called upon
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The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864-1868
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The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864-1868
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With the arrival of spring in 1859, what was later known as the
1279:. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 74–75.
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811:. Three regiment members and 25 Paiutes were reported killed.
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and back with only nine hours of rest around May 10 of 1860.
828:. In 1861 the fort at Pyramid Lake was abandoned in favor of
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Company N "Highland Rangers/Vaqueros" – Captain S. B. Wallace
227:
459:. The Whites began to demand revenge. A meeting was held in
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storms to freeze and starve them. The Carson City newspaper
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Lieutenant Horatio G. Gibson, Asst. Commissary of Substance
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Company I, 3rd US Artillery – Lieutenant Horatio G. Gibson
865:(skirmish between US Soldiers and Paiutes in August 1860)
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1860 armed conflict between Native Americans and settlers
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Natives interviewed in 1880 for historian Angel Myron's
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Company J "from Sacramento" – Captain Joseph Virgo (CA)
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Company G, 3rd US Artillery – Captain Joseph Stewart
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History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 1540-1888
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Company H, 6th US Infantry – Lieutenant J. McCreary
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Company G "Sierra Guards" – Captain F. F. Patterson
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2nd Virginia City Company – Captain Archie McDonald
951:Sand in a Whirlwind: The Paiute Indian War of 1860
743:Company L "Carson Rifles" – Captain J.L. Blackburn
724:Company H "San Juan Rifles" – Captain N. C. Miller
711:Company E "Carson Rangers" – Captain P. H. Clayton
752:Company O "Sierra Guards" – Captain Creed Haymond
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784:Company A, 6th US Infantry – Captain F. F. Flint
488:During March and April, the Natives gathered at
694:Company B "Sierra Guards" – Captain E. J. Smith
691:Company A "Spy Company" – Captain L. B. Fleeson
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581:1st Virginia City Company – Captain F. Johnston
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708:Company D "Sierra Guards" – Captain J. B. Reed
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1219:Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary
953:. Lincoln: University of Nevada Press, 1985.
746:Company M "Silver City Guards" – Captain Ford
340:, now in the northwest corner of present-day
243:
886:. Online Nevada Encyclopedia. Archived from
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1222:. University of Nevada Press. p. 177.
662:. Hays' volunteers went into action at the
379:1857: Raids in the north, harbingers of war
578:Silver City Guards – Captain R. G. Watkins
575:Carson City Rangers – Major William Ormsby
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666:and were joined by Stewart's regulars.
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548:was quickly formed from volunteers in
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729:Independent City Guards of Sacramento
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1037:Pony Express: An Illustrated History
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597:, and then along that river towards
572:Genoa Rangers – Captain F. F. Condon
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909:Tennant, Laura (January 31, 2015).
516:Williams Station was a combination
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1205:Life of Daniel E. Hungerford p.179
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1336:Native American history of Nevada
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1157:Indians and their Wars in Nevada
1112:Michno, Gregory (June 1, 2007).
1009:. Caxton Press. pp. 89–90.
1003:Michno, Gregory (June 1, 2007).
718:" – Captain J. B. Van Hagan (CA)
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991:History of the State of Nevada
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731:" – Captain A. G. Snowden (CA)
680:Lt. Colonel Edward J. Saunders
457:Winnemucca (aka Chief Truckee)
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1053:Corbett, Christopher (2004).
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798:Second Battle of Pyramid Lake
792:Second Battle of Pyramid Lake
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1118:. Caxton Press. p. 74.
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611:First Battle of Pyramid Lake
605:First Battle of Pyramid Lake
404:1858: Treaty with the Paiute
389:First Battle of Pyramid Lake
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634:Organization of U.S. forces
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1216:Carlson, Helen S. (1974).
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387:(who later died in the
1341:1860 in Utah Territory
1314:July 27, 2011, at the
863:Battle of Egan Station
764:Captain Joseph Stewart
699:Alanson W. Nightingill
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433:Territorial Enterprise
132:Commanders and leaders
1169:Angel, Myron (1881).
703:Nightingale Mountains
210:Casualties and losses
1092:www.onlinenevada.org
916:Reno Gazette-Journal
739:Edward Farris Storey
677:Colonel John C. Hays
300:, also known as the
280:2nd Williams Station
270:1st Williams Station
42:American Indian Wars
1175:. Thompson and West
497:unfolded into war.
285:Second Pyramid Lake
1088:"Pyramid Lake War"
884:"Pyramid Lake War"
760:Field & Staff
673:Field & Staff
534:Lahontan Reservoir
355:single-leaf pinyon
275:First Pyramid Lake
1346:Conflicts in 1860
1172:History of Nevada
1125:978-0-87004-460-1
1016:978-0-87004-460-1
978:Lekisch, Barbara
826:Deep Hole, Nevada
628:History of Nevada
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1177:. Retrieved
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99:Belligerents
90:U.S. victory
76:Pyramid Lake
40:Part of the
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1260:November 9,
1072:February 8,
922:February 6,
894:February 6,
834:Bannock War
727:Company I "
714:Company F "
648:Nevada City
558:Carson City
554:Silver City
441:Spring 1860
310:Pah Ute War
1331:Paiute War
1325:Categories
1229:087417094X
870:References
805:Lake Range
774:Companies
687:Companies
652:Sacramento
526:stagecoach
461:Susanville
452:Isaac Roop
348:Background
298:Paiute War
259:Paiute War
35:Paiute War
1097:March 29,
1059:. Crown.
815:Aftermath
359:livestock
312:, was an
220:31 killed
215:85 killed
1312:Archived
1235:March 8,
993:, p. 148
858:Ute Wars
852:See also
642:Colonel
324:and the
322:Shoshone
316:between
308:and the
204:warriors
186:Strength
122:Shoshone
71:Location
546:militia
336:in the
326:Bannock
198:militia
193:cavalry
151:†
126:Bannock
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650:, and
617:Numaga
560:, and
518:saloon
368:Numaga
342:Nevada
180:Numaga
147:
118:Paiute
110:
87:Result
80:Nevada
562:Genoa
202:~500
1281:ISBN
1262:2023
1237:2015
1224:ISBN
1181:2021
1133:2012
1120:ISBN
1099:2021
1074:2021
1061:ISBN
1024:2012
1011:ISBN
955:ISBN
924:2021
896:2021
821:fort
524:and
296:The
196:649
191:207
66:1860
63:Date
501:War
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