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participants sat in front of a computer screen and various lines were displayed. These lines were created by using a randomization technique where random samples were taken from one of four categories. For ruled-based testing, these samples were used to construct lines of various length and orientation that fell into these four separate categories. After the stimulus was displayed, the subjects were asked to press 1 of 4 buttons to indicate which category the line fell into. The same process was repeated for information-integration tasks, and the same stimuli were used, except that the category boundaries were rotated 45°. This rotation causes the subject to integrate the quantitative information about the line before determining what category it is in.
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996:, etc.), as well as humans. However, inter-species variation are indeed observed in mammals, and have been documented for white matter putaminal connectivity. Variation is primarily related to structural connectivity patterns, while somatotopic organization principles are retained. Primate research since the 1980s through to the present has established that cortical regions relation to higher-order cognition primarily send afferent neurons to the rostal-most portion of the putamen, while the remainder of this structure in primates primarily serves sensori-motor functions and is densely interconnected with primary and supplementary motor regions.
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rule-based tasks use the hypothesis-testing system of the brain, it can be concluded that the hypothesis-testing system of the brain was damaged/weakened. It is known that the caudate and working memories are part of this system. Therefore, it was confirmed that the putamen is involved in category learning, competition between the systems, feed-back processing in rule-based tasks, and is involved in the processing of pre-frontal regions (which relate to working memory and executive functioning). Now it is known that not only the basal ganglia and caudate affect category learning.
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736:. Statistical tests were done to calculate the extent of movements and what regions of the brain the movements correlate to. It was found that "increasing movement extent was associated with parallel increases of rCBF in bilateral basal ganglia (BG; putamen and globus pallidus) and ipsilateral cerebellum." This not only shows that the putamen affects movement but it also shows that the putamen integrates with other structures in order to perform tasks.
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Thalamic projections from the centromedian and parafascicular nuclei have an excitatory effect on the putamen. Unlike the thalamus, which has broad reciprocal connectivity, cortical projections with the putamen are afferent, thus sending information as opposed to receiving it. Cortical communication is accomplished via multi-fiber pathways as outlined previously (i.e. via other subcortical structures).
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tasks that involved the movement of loads. The tasks were created so that movement could be distinguished from muscle activity. Neurons in the putamen were selected for monitoring only if they were related both to the task and to arm movements outside the task. It was shown that 50% of the neurons that were monitored were related to the direction of movement, independent of the load.
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the putamen plays a key role because its inputs and outputs are interconnected to the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus. In
Parkinson's disease the activity in direct pathways to interior globus pallidus decreases and activity in indirect pathways to external globus pallidus increases. It has
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is interacting with the environment and catering actions to maximize the outcome. Implicit learning is a passive process where people are exposed to information and acquire knowledge through exposure. Although the exact mechanisms are not known, it is clear that dopamine and tonically active neurons
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The putamen (and striatum in general) has numerous, parallel circuits that allow for cortico-subcortico-cortico communication loops. These have been described, broadly, as the direct, indirect, and hyper direct pathways. GABAergic projections of the putamen have an inhibitory effect on the thalamus.
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It was found that subjects in the experimental group were impaired while performing rule-based tasks, but not information-integration ones. After statistical testing, it was also hypothesized that the brain began using information-integration techniques to solve the rule-based learning tasks. Since
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In one study it was found that the putamen controls limb movement. The goal of this study was to determine whether particular cell activity in the putamen of primates was related to the direction of limb movement or to the underlying pattern of muscular activity. Two monkeys were trained to perform
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The substantia nigra contains two parts: the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr). The SNpc obtains input from the putamen and caudate, and sends information back. The SNpr also obtains input from the putamen and caudate. However, it sends the input
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Until recently, most MRI research focused broadly on the basal ganglia as a whole, for various reasons (e.g. image resolution, rarity of isolated infarct or hemorrhage within the putamen, etc.). However, many studies have been done on the basal ganglia and relevant brain-behavior relationships. In
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are more likely to be intact. Also, in these patients, it is easier to relate specific brain structures to function because the lesion only occurs in a specific place. The goal of this study was to determine whether or not these lesions affect rule-based and information-integration task learning.
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were used in the experiment, along with nine control participants. It is important to note that the caudate was not affected. The participants were tested for each type of learning during separate sessions, so the information processes would not interfere with each other. During each session,
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One study was done in order to specifically investigate how the basal ganglia influences the learning of sequential movements. Two monkeys were trained to press a series of buttons in sequence. The methods used were designed to be able to monitor the well-learned tasks versus the new tasks.
603:(GPi). Both regions acquire input from the putamen and caudate and communicate with the subthalamic nucleus. However, mostly the GPi sends GABAergic inhibitory output to the thalamus. The GPi also sends projections to parts of the midbrain, which have been assumed to affect posture control.
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was done on patients while they viewed a picture of people they hated and people who were "neutral". During the experiment, a "hate score" was recorded for each picture. The activity in sub-cortical areas of the brain implied that the "hate circuit" involves the putamen and the
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Rule-based tasks are learned via hypothesis-testing dependent on working memory. Information-integration tasks are ones wherein the accuracy is maximized when information from two sources are integrated at a pre-decisional stage, which follows a procedural-based system.
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The putamen is interconnected with many other structures, and works in conjunction with them to influence many types of motor behaviors. These include motor planning, learning, and execution, motor preparation, specifying amplitudes of movement, and movement sequences.
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Martin H. Teicher; Carl M. Anderson; Ann
Polcari; Carol A. Glod; Luis C. Maas; Perry F. Renshaw (2000). "Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder shown with functional magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry".
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was injected into various parts of the basal ganglia, and it was found that "the learning of new sequences became deficient after injections in the anterior caudate and putamen, but not the middle-posterior putamen". This shows that different areas of the
558:. Collectively, they can be considered the "entrance" to the basal ganglia. Projections from the putamen reach the caudate directly via the caudolenticular grey bridges. The putamen and caudate are jointly connected with the
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Radua, Joaquim; van den Heuvel, Odile A.; Surguladze, Simon; Mataix-Cols, David (5 July 2010). "Meta-analytical comparison of voxel-based morphometry studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder vs other anxiety disorders".
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that's mobilized to take action." It was also found that the amount of activity in the hate circuit correlates with the amount of hate a person declares, which could have legal implications concerning malicious crimes.
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The putamen of transgender women was found to have significantly larger amounts of grey matter compared to the putamen of cisgender men. This possibly suggests that a difference in the putamen may exist between
459:. The caudate and putamen contain the same types of neurons and circuits – many neuroanatomists consider the dorsal striatum to be a single structure, divided into two parts by a large fiber tract, the
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364:, in addition to many regions of the cerebral cortex. A primary function of the putamen is to regulate movements at various stages (e.g. preparation and execution) and influence various types of
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Griffiths PD; Perry RH; Crossman AR (March 14, 1994). "A detailed anatomical analysis of neurotransmitter receptors in the putamen and caudate in
Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease".
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Delong MR; Georgopoulos AP; Crutcher MD; Mitchell SJ; Richardson RT; Alexander GE (1984). "Functional
Organization of the Basal Ganglia: Contributions of Single‐Cell Recording Studies".
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that fire during the entire duration of the stimulus and fire at about 0.5–3 impulses per second. Phasic neurons are the opposite and only fire an action potential when movement occurs.
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This is a transverse section of the striatum from a structural MR image. The striatum includes the caudate nucleus (top) and putamen (right) and the globus pallidus (left).
526:, and domain-general functions important for executive functioning as well as support for domain-specific languages. The basal ganglia are located bilaterally, and have
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After discovering the function of the putamen, it has become apparent to neurologists that the putamen and other parts of the basal ganglia play an important role in
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Marchand WR; Lee JN; Thatcher JW; Hsu EW; Rashkin E; Suchy Y; Chelune G; Starr J; Barbera SS (June 11, 2008). "Putamen coactivation during motor task execution".
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The putamen in humans is relatively similar in structure and function to other animals. Therefore, many studies on the putamen have been done on animals (
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de Jong LW; van der Hiele K; Veer IM; Houwing JJ; Westendorp RG; Bollen EL; de Bruin PW; Middelkoop HA; van Buchem MA; van der Grond J (December 2008).
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Crutcher MD; DeLong MR (1984). "Single cell studies of the primate putamen. II. Relations to direction of movement and pattern of muscular activity".
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Miyachi S; Hikosaka O; Miyashita K; Kárádi Z; Rand MK (June 1997). "Differential roles of monkey striatum in learning of sequential hand movement".
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Alexander GE; Crutcher MD (July 1990). "Preparation for movement: neural representations of intended direction in three motor areas of the monkey".
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Turner RS; Desmurget M; Grethe J; Crutcher MD; Grafton ST (December 2003). "Motor subcircuits mediating the control of movement extent and speed".
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Horizontal slice of MRI-image showing the putamen. The other nuclei of the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and globus pallidus) can be seen as well.
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1582:"Tonically active neurons in the primate caudate nucleus and putamen differentially encode instructed motivational outcomes of action"
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Alexander GE; Crutcher MD (July 1990). "Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing".
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DeLong MR; Alexander GE; Georgopoulos AP; Crutcher MD; Mitchell SJ; Richardson RT (1984). "Role of basal ganglia in limb movements".
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2006:
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In many studies, it has become apparent that the putamen plays a role in many types of learning. Some examples are listed below:
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Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that has a dominant role in the putamen, most of it is supplied from the substantia nigra. When a
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activity related to movement. Since then, more extensive neuronal tracing, stimulation, and imaging research methods (e.g.
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400:, referring to that which "falls off in pruning", from "putare", meaning "to prune, to think, or to consider".
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Parkinson's disease is the slow and steady loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. In
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One particular study used patients with focal lesions on the basal ganglia (specifically the putamen) due to
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1633:"Focal putamen lesions impair learning in rule-based, but not information-integration categorization tasks"
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Some neurologists hypothesize that the putamen also plays a role in the selection of movement (e.g.
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1168:"Latin Definitions for: Putare (Latin Search) - Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources - Latdict"
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DeLong MR; Wichmann T (January 2007). "Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia".
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mapping of regional cerebral blood flow in 13 humans. Movement tasks were performed with a
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Along with various types of movement, the putamen also affects reinforcement learning and
583:. The SNpc produces dopamine, which is crucial for movements. The SNpc degenerates during
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1823:"Strongly reduced volumes of putamen and thalamus in Alzheimer's disease: an MRI study"
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Packard MG; Knowlton BJ (2002). "Learning and memory functions of the Basal
Ganglia".
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are utilized when performing various aspects of the learning of sequential movements.
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of the substantia nigra, the dopamine influences the substantia nigra, which affects
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Tentative studies have suggested that the putamen may play a role in the so-called "
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538:. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex, via the striatum.
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at the
University of Michigan Health System – "The Visual Pathway from Below"
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845:. It has been theorized that the "putamen plays a role in the perception of
475:. These are a group of nuclei in the brain that are interconnected with the
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divisions. The putamen is located in the rostral division as part of the
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713:) and the "automatic" performance of previously learned movements (e.g.
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pars reticulata while the putamen sends more afferents to the internal
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Another study was done to investigate movement extent and speed using
328:, meaning "nutshell") is a round structure located at the base of the
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The following diseases and disorders are linked with the putamen:
1739:"Regional gray matter variation in male-to-female transsexualism"
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1293:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 107. pp. 64–82.
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Ciba
Foundation Symposium 107 - Functions of the Basal Ganglia
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The caudate works with the putamen to receive the input from
463:, passing through the middle. The putamen, together with the
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348:. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the
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to perform its functions. The putamen also plays a role in
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of other neurotransmitters. It releases GABA, enkephalin,
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Putamen highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images
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Luders E; Sánchez FJ; Gaser C; et al. (July 2009).
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641:. Since projections from the putamen and caudate nuclei
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Globus pallidus (lower left) and putamen (upper right).
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by the department of cell and developmental biology at
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Stained brain slice images which include the "putamen"
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Putamen highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
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Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of
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Putamen highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
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Radua, Joaquim; Mataix-Cols, David (November 2009).
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and other diseases that involve the degeneration of
657:. In order to control the amount of dopamine in the
344:. It is also one of the structures that compose the
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776:play a key role here. Tonically active neurons are
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210:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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828:circuit" of the brain. A recent study was done in
562:, however the caudate outputs more densely to the
1678:Zeki S; Romaya JP (2008). Lauwereyns, Jan (ed.).
1580:Yamada H; Matsumoto N; Kimura M (April 7, 2004).
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1029:Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere.
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1101:Putamen along with other subcortical structures
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665:, presynaptic dopaminergic neurons function to
579:outside the basal ganglia to control head and
471:. The putamen is the outermost portion of the
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633:(in the putamen or caudate nuclei) fires an
595:The globus pallidus contains two parts: the
16:Round structure at the base of the forebrain
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270:Learn how and when to remove this message
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953:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
661:, and the amount of dopamine binding to
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510:, the basal ganglia are associated with
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48:Putamen (in red) shown within the brain
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1649:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.018
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1559:10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142937
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807:Seven participants with basal ganglia
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2011:Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator
1631:Ell SW; Marchant NL; Ivry RB (2006).
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1053:Human brain frontal (coronal) section
653:. This same mechanism is involved in
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208:adding citations to reliable sources
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761:Reinforcement and implicit learning
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382:degenerative neurological disorders
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447:The putamen is a structure in the
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1990:
1973:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.70
1013:Coronal section of brain through
677:The putamen also plays a role in
1755:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.048
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637:, dopamine is released from the
487:. The basal ganglia include the
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164:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
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862:Role in transgender individuals
195:needs additional citations for
2007:"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-2"
1961:Archives of General Psychiatry
1599:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0068-04.2004
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1:
2311:Anterior perforated substance
1920:British Journal of Psychiatry
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963:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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1705:10.1371/journal.pone.0003556
1387:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90358-1
1344:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328302c873
1198:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90107-L
904:Other diseases and disorders
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7:
2022:Diagram at uni-tuebingen.de
1680:"Neural Correlates of Hate"
1142:
620:
396:The word "putamen" is from
64:. (Putamen labeled at top.)
10:
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2306:Anterior olfactory nucleus
2013:. Elsevier. Archived from
1461:Journal of Neurophysiology
1256:Journal of Neurophysiology
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2071:and associated structures
1933:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046
1299:10.1002/9780470720882.ch5
934:Corticobasal degeneration
853:, and may be part of the
834:University College London
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2395:Nucleus of diagonal band
1800:10.1001/archneur.64.1.20
1268:10.1152/jn.1990.64.1.133
601:internal globus pallidus
597:external globus pallidus
23:term for the stone in a
2344:Lateral olfactory stria
1586:Journal of Neuroscience
1186:Trends in Neurosciences
673:Other neurotransmitters
663:post synaptic terminals
2413:Diagonal band of Broca
2339:Medial olfactory stria
2275:Subthalamic fasciculus
2253:Pallidothalamic tracts
820:Role in "hate circuit"
773:Reinforcement learning
701:Function: motor skills
546:
444:
406:single unit recordings
2437:Hippocampal formation
2383:Substantia innominata
2268:Lenticular fasciculus
1473:10.1152/jn.00323.2003
912:Cognitive decline in
669:the excess dopamine.
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438:
404:the 1970s, the first
1839:10.1093/brain/awn278
1375:Neuroscience Letters
919:Huntington's disease
639:presynaptic terminal
204:improve this article
19:"Putamen" is also a
2531:Schaffer collateral
2442:Hippocampus anatomy
2258:Thalamic fasciculus
2027:Atlas image: eye_38
1696:2008PLoSO...3.3556Z
1015:anterior commissure
914:Alzheimer's disease
897:Parkinson's disease
886:Parkinson's disease
880:Parkinson's disease
871:and cisgender men.
715:Parkinson's disease
585:Parkinson's disease
501:subthalamic nucleus
386:Parkinson's disease
336:). The putamen and
2459:Hippocampus proper
2133:Olfactory tubercle
1516:10.1007/PL00005669
1430:10.1007/bf00238154
1229:Human Neurobiology
795:in order to study
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340:together form the
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2351:Olfactory trigone
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2263:Ansa lenticularis
2197:Centrum semiovale
2183:
2182:
2128:Nucleus accumbens
2001:BrainMaps project
1547:Annu Rev Neurosci
1149:Lentiform nucleus
1000:Additional images
974:anxiety disorders
938:Tourette syndrome
801:prefrontal cortex
797:category learning
787:Category learning
767:implicit learning
711:Tourette syndrome
612:Types of pathways
497:nucleus accumbens
469:lentiform nucleus
451:. Along with the
441:H&E-LFB stain
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2418:Stria terminalis
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2240:External capsule
2204:Internal capsule
2123:Ventral striatum
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1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1010:
980:In other animals
931:with Lewy bodies
924:Wilson's disease
753:Role in learning
635:action potential
574:Substantia nigra
564:substantia nigra
560:substantia nigra
493:substantia nigra
461:internal capsule
350:substantia nigra
323:
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170:edit on Wikidata
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2399:
2388:Nucleus basalis
2366:basal forebrain
2355:
2334:Olfactory tract
2320:
2279:
2245:Extreme capsule
2224:Optic radiation
2179:
2158:
2142:Globus pallidus
2114:Caudate nucleus
2104:Dorsal striatum
2072:
2061:
2005:
1993:
1988:
1956:
1949:
1912:
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1873:Nature Medicine
1868:
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1833:(12): 3277–85.
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1643:(10): 1737–51.
1629:
1625:
1592:(14): 3500–10.
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1500:
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755:
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675:
623:
614:
609:
593:
591:Globus pallidus
576:
568:globus pallidus
556:cerebral cortex
552:
550:Caudate nucleus
477:cerebral cortex
467:, makes up the
465:globus pallidus
457:dorsal striatum
453:caudate nucleus
433:
408:were done with
394:
354:globus pallidus
342:dorsal striatum
338:caudate nucleus
291:
287:
276:
265:
259:
256:
213:
211:
201:
189:
174:
79:Dorsal striatum
65:
62:third ventricle
49:
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5:
2569:
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2526:Perforant path
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2316:Olfactory bulb
2313:
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2291:
2289:Rhinencephalon
2285:
2284:
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2280:
2278:
2277:
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2233:Corona radiata
2229:
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2219:Posterior limb
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2037:
2031:
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2024:
2019:
2017:on 2012-07-22.
2003:
1992:
1991:External links
1989:
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1986:
1967:(7): 701–711.
1947:
1926:(5): 393–402.
1906:
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1504:Exp. Brain Res
1494:
1467:(6): 3958–66.
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1418:Exp. Brain Res
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1381:(1–2): 68–72.
1365:
1338:(9): 957–960.
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689:. It receives
674:
671:
659:synaptic cleft
655:drug addiction
651:motor planning
622:
619:
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610:
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599:(GPe) and the
592:
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687:acetylcholine
684:
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581:eye movements
571:
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521:
517:
513:
512:motor control
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:basal ganglia
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:it forms the
454:
450:
442:
437:
428:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
401:
399:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:acetylcholine
371:
368:. It employs
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:telencephalon
331:
327:
321:
285:
274:
271:
263:
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245:
242:
238:
235:
231:
228:
224:
221: –
220:
216:
215:Find sources:
209:
205:
199:
198:
193:This article
191:
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63:
57:
52:
45:
40:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2508:White matter
2405:White matter
2326:White matter
2251:
2189:White matter
2108:
2015:the original
2010:
1964:
1960:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1791:
1788:Arch. Neurol
1787:
1781:
1749:(4): 904–7.
1746:
1742:
1732:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1640:
1636:
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1185:
1162:
983:
907:
894:
883:
865:
855:motor system
823:
814:
806:
790:
781:interneurons
771:
764:
756:
738:
732:-controlled
723:
719:
708:
704:
676:
624:
615:
594:
577:
553:
505:
446:
402:
395:
346:basal nuclei
283:
281:
266:
257:
247:
240:
233:
226:
214:
202:Please help
197:verification
194:
133:A14.1.09.507
27:, such as a
2451:Grey matter
2432:Archicortex
2375:Grey matter
2298:Grey matter
2087:Grey matter
2069:human brain
1794:(1): 20–4.
1332:NeuroReport
968:Kernicterus
869:trans women
778:cholinergic
683:substance P
412:monitoring
121:birnlex_809
85:Identifiers
1743:NeuroImage
1510:(1): 1–5.
1155:References
948:Depression
679:modulation
607:Physiology
499:, and the
384:, such as
378:enkephalin
360:, and the
230:newspapers
103:NeuroNames
2498:Subiculum
2175:Claustrum
875:Pathology
695:glutamate
691:serotonin
647:dendrites
627:cell body
516:cognition
485:brainstem
449:forebrain
358:claustrum
330:forebrain
260:July 2024
219:"Putamen"
21:botanical
2550:Category
2170:Amygdala
2096:Striatum
2063:Rostral
1981:20603451
1942:19880927
1901:32093789
1893:10742158
1857:19022861
1808:17210805
1773:19341803
1724:18958169
1684:PLOS ONE
1665:16312162
1657:16635498
1618:15071097
1567:12052921
1532:13541431
1481:12954606
1446:22320601
1403:24324548
1360:11087809
1352:18521000
1143:See also
929:Dementia
847:contempt
747:striatum
742:Muscimol
730:joystick
667:reuptake
643:modulate
621:Dopamine
536:striatum
524:learning
520:emotions
489:striatum
481:thalamus
414:pallidal
366:learning
362:thalamus
115:NeuroLex
2521:Fimbria
2109:Putamen
2067:of the
1999:at the
1848:2639208
1764:2754583
1715:2569212
1692:Bibcode
1609:6729748
1524:9224828
1489:7012970
1438:6705862
1395:8047295
1317:6389041
1276:2388061
1241:6715208
1214:3990601
1206:1695401
1089:Putamen
1077:Putamen
986:monkeys
890:neurons
851:disgust
809:lesions
528:rostral
508:mammals
431:Anatomy
410:monkeys
392:History
324:; from
284:putamen
244:scholar
96:D011699
75:Part of
70:Details
37:Putamen
2516:Alveus
2364:Other
1979:
1940:
1899:
1891:
1855:
1845:
1806:
1771:
1761:
1722:
1712:
1663:
1655:
1616:
1606:
1565:
1530:
1522:
1487:
1479:
1444:
1436:
1401:
1393:
1358:
1350:
1315:
1305:
1274:
1239:
1212:
1204:
972:Other
958:Chorea
843:insula
830:London
793:stroke
734:cursor
685:, and
631:neuron
532:caudal
483:, and
417:neuron
376:, and
356:, the
352:, the
246:
239:
232:
225:
217:
2163:Other
1897:S2CID
1827:Brain
1661:S2CID
1528:S2CID
1485:S2CID
1442:S2CID
1399:S2CID
1356:S2CID
1210:S2CID
1041:Brain
836:. An
629:of a
398:Latin
326:Latin
251:JSTOR
237:books
168:[
157:61834
29:peach
25:fruit
2214:Genu
1977:PMID
1938:PMID
1889:PMID
1853:PMID
1804:PMID
1769:PMID
1720:PMID
1653:PMID
1614:PMID
1563:PMID
1520:PMID
1477:PMID
1434:PMID
1391:PMID
1348:PMID
1313:PMID
1303:ISBN
1272:PMID
1237:PMID
1202:PMID
994:cats
990:rats
849:and
838:fMRI
826:hate
693:and
645:the
530:and
421:fMRI
370:GABA
282:The
223:news
145:5566
128:TA98
91:MeSH
2479:CA4
2474:CA3
2469:CA2
2464:CA1
2152:GPi
2147:GPe
1969:doi
1928:doi
1924:195
1881:doi
1843:PMC
1835:doi
1831:131
1796:doi
1759:PMC
1751:doi
1710:PMC
1700:doi
1645:doi
1604:PMC
1594:doi
1555:doi
1512:doi
1508:115
1469:doi
1426:doi
1383:doi
1379:169
1340:doi
1295:doi
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