2390:
143:
2375:
495:
thickenings of the enamel are present in this region. Talonid cusps are slightly differentiated. The first and second lower molars are approximately the same length (M1, average length x=- 1.93 mm, N- 13; M2, x=2.00 mm, N- 9); M. is longer (x= 2.32 mm, N -7). Widths of talonids of M1.2 vary from less than to greater than widths of trigonids. Hypoconulid of M. is enlarged, salient, and on some teeth incipiently doubled by addition of a lingual cusp.
2382:
3105:
3077:
3072:
447:
122:
523:, which includes its incisor morphology, can ally it with later plesiadapiforms. The prism cross sections are highly variable with circular, horseshoe and irregular shapes, while the prisms of cheek teeth are radially arranged. Due to the fragmentary dentaries found in the Garbani Channel fauna from
473:
in the Late
Cretaceous was based on an isolated, worn molar found in a channel filling that contains early Puercan fossils. It is also abundantly represented in Pu 2-3 local faunas in the northwestern interior, suggesting that it came into the area between 64.75 and 64.11 Mya. Fragmentary dentition
494:
includes seven postcanines. The alveolus for the single root of P1, crown unknown, is smaller than those for the canine or P2. The second lower pre- molar is smaller than P3; both are two- rooted. The fourth lower premolar is submolariform. A metaconid is lacking, although on some teeth slight
490:, a damaged upper molar, is essentially identical to teeth found at the Garbani Locality. Data from this sample support Van Valen and Sloan's identification of topotypic lower molars, and also demonstrate that the lower dentition of
755:
Wilson
Mantilla, Gregory P.; Chester, Stephen G. B.; Clemens, William A.; Moore, Jason R.; Sprain, Courtney J.; Hovatter, Brody T.; Mitchell, William S.; Mans, Wade W.; Mundil, Roland; Renne, Paul R. (2021).
1375:
646:(Mammalia, Primates) from the early Paleocene Ravenscrag Formation, Cypress Hills, southwest Saskatchewan, Canada: further taxonomic and dietary diversity in the earliest primates".
418:-sized (6 in (15 cm) long and 1.3 ounces (about 37 grams)) and a diurnal insectivore, which burrowed through small holes in the ground. In life, it would have resembled a
414:. These deposits were once thought to be late Cretaceous, but it is now clear that they are Paleocene channels with time-averaged fossil assemblages. It is thought to have been
387:(early Paleocene, Puercan), specifically at Purgatory Hill (hence the animal's name) in deposits believed to be about 63 million years old, and at Harbicht Hill in the lower
875:
Renne, Paul R.; Deino, Alan L.; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mark, Darren F.; Mitchell, William S.; Morgan, Leah E.; Mundil, Roland; Smit, Jan (2013-02-08).
583:
Wilson
Mantilla, G. P.; Chester, S. G. B.; Clemens, W. A.; Moore, J. R.; Sprain, C. J.; Hovatter, B. T.; Mitchell, W. S.; Mans, W. W.; Mundil, R.; Renne, P. R. (2021).
567:. Similar results had been obtained in previous studies with far fewer species. But this study had been criticized and refuted by subsequent authors and their studies.
461:
is documented by 13 dentulous, fragmentary mandibles, a fragmentary maxillary and more than 50 isolated teeth from
Garbani Locality 80 km west of Purgatory Hill.
527:
the morphology of the canine and incisor alveoli suggest the derived gradient in the crown size of: I1>or = I2>I3<C. Isolated upper incisors referable from
2448:
2805:
1379:
1037:
Clemens, W. A., and W. V. Koenigswald. "Purgatorius, plesiadapiforms, and evolution of Hunter–Schreger bands." J. Vertebr. Paleontol 11 (1991). Cited by
2789:
2438:
2974:
2926:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1883:
3183:
2912:
2718:
2604:
2595:
2565:
2468:
2168:
1932:
1726:
1658:
1609:
2967:
2946:
2878:
2826:
2778:
2688:
2574:
2523:
2158:
1946:
1925:
1890:
1637:
1316:(Plesiadapiformes, Primates?, Mammalia), A Paleocene Immigrant into Northeastern Montana: Stratigraphic Occurrences and Incisor Proportions".
2905:
2840:
2812:
2639:
2458:
2238:
2048:
2041:
1953:
1939:
1897:
1876:
1838:
1810:
1803:
1782:
1768:
1630:
2833:
2667:
2625:
2581:
2544:
2500:
2245:
2178:
2034:
2027:
1817:
1775:
1682:
1668:
1623:
1602:
1581:
3247:
2988:
2771:
2757:
2704:
2653:
2618:
2611:
2551:
2537:
2530:
2290:
2269:
2013:
1990:
1983:
1852:
1789:
1644:
535:, it could be expected to be characterized as a primitive member of the primates. However, due to the specializations of its incisors of
2798:
2632:
1976:
1845:
1824:
1796:
1675:
1492:
2697:
2055:
1831:
3170:
2743:
1075:
The enigmatic evolutionary relationships of
Palaeocene mammals and their relevance for the Tertiary radiation of placental mammals
3257:
2389:
3242:
3262:
1365:
435:
1218:(Mammalia; Primatomorpha) from the lower Paleocene Bear Formation, Crazy Mountains Basin, south-central Montana".
1485:
691:
O'Leary, M. A.; et al. (2013). "The placental mammal ancestor and the post–K-Pg radiation of placentals".
531:
exhibit some typical plesiadapiform specializations. Due to general morphology of the postcanine dentition of
1090:
1329:
426:(most likely the latter, given that tree shrews are one of the closest living relatives of primates, and
1145:
142:
3252:
3108:
1478:
642:
Scott, Craig S.; Fox, Richard C.; Redman, Cory M. (2016). "A new species of the basal plesiadapiform
3076:
2374:
2310:
3237:
3214:
3125:
3024:
561:
at all, but instead falls outside crown-group placentals – specifically as the sister taxon to
503:
Bones from the ankle are similar to those of primates, and were suited for a life up in trees.
396:
3188:
3209:
3201:
3157:
1413:
1276:
1227:
1174:
951:
888:
822:
769:
700:
655:
596:
403:
392:
3071:
8:
3047:
2381:
1163:"New Paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates"
1417:
1280:
1231:
1178:
955:
892:
826:
773:
704:
659:
600:
2327:
1456:
1437:
1333:
1300:
1251:
1243:
1197:
1162:
1118:
1041:"Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)"
1020:
975:
920:
846:
790:
757:
734:
619:
584:
137:
876:
3196:
1429:
1361:
1337:
1292:
1202:
1123:
1057:
1040:
1024:
967:
912:
904:
838:
795:
738:
726:
624:
384:
1441:
1304:
1255:
979:
850:
3098:
2141:
1737:
1552:
1501:
1421:
1325:
1284:
1235:
1192:
1182:
1113:
1105:
1052:
1012:
959:
924:
896:
830:
785:
777:
716:
708:
671:
663:
614:
604:
368:
194:
539:
434:
date back to ~65.921 mya, or between 105 thousand to 139 thousand years after the
2185:
2082:
1866:
1425:
1288:
1073:
963:
834:
516:
407:
272:
227:
1387:
Van Valen, L. (1994). "The origin of the plesiadapid primates and the nature of
2865:
2283:
2231:
2075:
2004:
1239:
1016:
3231:
3148:
3013:
2937:
2889:
2514:
2483:
2259:
2200:
1355:
1354:
Lillegraven, Jason A.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; Clemens, William A. (1979).
908:
758:"Earliest Palaeocene purgatoriids and the initial radiation of stem primates"
585:"Earliest Palaeocene purgatoriids and the initial radiation of stem primates"
563:
466:
364:
207:
72:
1187:
900:
712:
2898:
2727:
2421:
2408:
2342:
2320:
2221:
1206:
1127:
916:
799:
730:
667:
628:
236:
1433:
1296:
971:
842:
3093:
2960:
2953:
2919:
2121:
1967:
1715:
1698:
1571:
1537:
877:"Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary"
47:
781:
609:
3175:
3036:
2847:
2819:
2736:
2674:
2660:
2646:
2276:
2209:
2148:
2098:
1752:
1616:
1247:
550:
546:
430:
is considered to be the progenitor to primates). The oldest remains of
423:
350:
92:
57:
1457:"Oldest primate fossils indicate our ancestors walked with dinosaurs "
1109:
721:
676:
2981:
2750:
2132:
2108:
1595:
411:
388:
154:
97:
41:
30:
3119:
1161:
Bloch, Jonathon; Silcox, M. T.; Boyer, D. M.; Sargis, E. J. (2006).
3142:
2764:
2020:
1588:
1519:
1470:
1353:
863:
558:
446:
419:
353:
174:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
754:
582:
465:
is represented by an isolated lower molar found at
Harbicht Hill,
3004:
1761:
380:
360:
356:
259:
121:
102:
77:
3162:
1089:
Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2017).
1039:
Tabuce, Rodolphe; Delmer, Cyrille; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2007).
2301:
2066:
1531:
1525:
1513:
515:
is a primitive member of the primates or a basal member of the
371:, dating to as old as 66 million years ago. The first remains (
184:
164:
34:
346:
1091:"Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals"
1404:
Van Valen, L.; Sloan, R. (1965). "The earliest primates".
1357:
Mesozoic
Mammals The First two-thirds of Mammalian History
813:
Van Valen, L.; Sloan, R. (1965). "The earliest primates".
1007:
Kaplan, M. (2012). "Primates were always tree-dwellers".
415:
1349:(5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
1330:
10.2992/0145-9058(2004)36[3:PPPMAP]2.0.CO;2
1088:
1160:
1038:
874:
511:
For many years, there has been debate as to whether
2862:
2715:
2685:
2592:
2562:
2511:
2480:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2316:
2256:
2218:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2001:
1964:
1863:
1749:
1733:
1722:
1711:
1655:
1568:
243:
1078:(Doctoral thesis). UCL (University College London).
545:A phylogenetic analysis of 177 mammal taxa (mostly
359:typically believed to be the earliest example of a
690:
684:
379:) were reported in 1965, from what is now eastern
1347:Lab Manual and Workbook for Physical Anthropology
864:Lillegraven, Kielan-Jaworowska & Clemens 1979
478:shows that the lower dental formula was 3.1.4.3.
3229:
1463:, a newly described species of early primate.
1403:
1318:Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History
812:
641:
1486:
406:and widely discovered in the early Paleocene
2419:
553:fossils), published in 2015, suggests that
1493:
1479:
750:
748:
120:
1386:
1196:
1186:
1117:
1056:
1045:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
789:
720:
675:
618:
608:
519:. Several characters of the dentition of
441:
1071:
445:
1311:
1262:
1213:
995:
991:
989:
937:
745:
3230:
1344:
1214:Buckley, G. (1997). "A New Species of
1006:
931:
3124:
3123:
2406:
1550:
1474:
1551:
1500:
1459:. Includes artist's illustration of
986:
474:from the Garbani Channel fauna from
13:
3248:Paleocene mammals of North America
1263:Clemens, William (May 24, 1974). "
938:Clemens, William (May 24, 1974). "
648:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
469:. The report of the occurrence of
14:
3274:
1450:
1072:Halliday, T. J. D. (2015-07-28).
402:They have also been found in the
3104:
3103:
3075:
3070:
2407:
2388:
2380:
2373:
1267:, an Early Paromomyid Primate".
1146:"Animal Armageddon: Purgatorius"
1058:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00272.x
942:, an Early Paromomyid Primate".
141:
45:
1082:
1065:
1031:
1000:
506:
868:
857:
806:
635:
576:
557:may not be closely related to
498:
1:
3258:Fossil taxa described in 1965
1137:
1426:10.1126/science.150.3697.743
1360:. University of California.
1289:10.1126/science.184.4139.903
964:10.1126/science.184.4139.903
835:10.1126/science.150.3697.743
481:
7:
3243:Paleocene genus extinctions
1376:"Mikko's Phylogeny Archive"
453:emerging from within a tree
331:Van Valen & Sloan, 1965
10:
3279:
3263:Prehistoric primate genera
1312:Clemens, William (2004). "
762:Royal Society Open Science
589:Royal Society Open Science
3132:
3088:
3068:
3035:
3012:
3002:
2936:
2888:
2873:
2861:
2788:
2726:
2714:
2684:
2591:
2561:
2510:
2479:
2430:
2415:
2402:
2371:
2341:
2300:
2255:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2131:
2116:
2107:
2096:
2065:
2000:
1963:
1862:
1748:
1707:
1696:
1654:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1508:
1240:10.1017/S0022336000039032
1017:10.1038/nature.2012.11423
265:
258:
242:
235:
138:Scientific classification
136:
128:
119:
23:
1345:France, Diane L (2004).
570:
457:Postcanine dentition of
395:. Both locations are in
16:Extinct genus of mammals
1393:Evolutionary Monographs
1220:Journal of Paleontology
1188:10.1073/pnas.0610579104
901:10.1126/science.1230492
713:10.1126/science.1229237
253:Valen & Sloan, 1965
1148:. Animal Planet Videos
668:10.1139/cjes-2015-0238
454:
442:Description of remains
397:McCone County, Montana
3210:Paleobiology Database
1461:Purgatorius mckeeveri
486:The type specimen of
449:
283:Fox & Scott, 2011
404:Ravenscrag Formation
393:Hell Creek Formation
129:Life restoration of
1418:1965Sci...150..743V
1281:1974Sci...184..903C
1232:1997JPal...71..149B
1179:2007PNAS..104.1159B
956:1974Sci...184..903C
893:2013Sci...339..684R
827:1965Sci...150..743V
782:10.1098/rsos.210050
774:2021RSOS....810050W
705:2013Sci...339..662O
660:2016CaJES..53..343S
610:10.1098/rsos.210050
601:2021RSOS....810050W
525:Purgatorius janisae
476:Purgatorius janisae
363:or protoprimate, a
1098:Biological Reviews
455:
3225:
3224:
3197:Open Tree of Life
3126:Taxon identifiers
3117:
3116:
3084:
3083:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
2998:
2997:
2857:
2856:
2398:
2397:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2337:
2336:
2195:
2194:
2092:
2091:
1692:
1691:
1412:(3697): 743–745.
1110:10.1111/brv.12242
887:(6120): 684–687.
821:(3697): 743–745.
699:(6120): 662–667.
385:Tullock Formation
367:precursor to the
338:
337:
275:& Sloan, 1965
231:
230:& Sloan, 1965
3270:
3253:Hell Creek fauna
3218:
3217:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3121:
3120:
3107:
3106:
3099:Plesiadapiformes
3079:
3074:
3010:
3009:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2687:
2594:
2564:
2513:
2482:
2466:
2456:
2446:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2318:
2258:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2176:
2166:
2156:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2003:
1966:
1865:
1751:
1738:Zalambdalestidae
1735:
1724:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1657:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1553:Euarchontoglires
1548:
1547:
1502:Euarchontoglires
1495:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:, March 01, 2021
1445:
1400:
1383:
1378:. Archived from
1371:
1350:
1341:
1308:
1275:(4139): 903–05.
1259:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1173:(4): 1159–1164.
1157:
1155:
1153:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1004:
998:
993:
984:
983:
950:(4139): 903–05.
935:
929:
928:
872:
866:
861:
855:
854:
810:
804:
803:
793:
752:
743:
742:
724:
688:
682:
681:
679:
639:
633:
632:
622:
612:
580:
369:Plesiadapiformes
332:
324:
316:
308:P. pinecreeensis
304:
299:Wilson Mantilla
292:
284:
276:
248:Purgatorius unio
245:
226:
219:
206:
195:Plesiadapiformes
146:
145:
124:
114:
44:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3128:
3118:
3113:
3080:
3054:
3031:
2994:
2932:
2884:
2853:
2790:Palaechthonidae
2784:
2710:
2680:
2587:
2557:
2506:
2475:
2439:Asioplesiadapis
2424:
2411:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2357:
2333:
2296:
2251:
2191:
2127:
2101:
2088:
2083:Simplicidentata
2061:
1996:
1959:
1867:Arctostylopidae
1858:
1744:
1701:
1688:
1650:
1555:
1542:
1504:
1499:
1453:
1448:
1374:
1368:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1070:
1066:
1036:
1032:
1005:
1001:
994:
987:
936:
932:
873:
869:
862:
858:
811:
807:
753:
746:
689:
685:
640:
636:
581:
577:
573:
517:Plesiadapiforms
509:
501:
484:
444:
408:Bug Creek Group
391:section of the
330:
322:
310:
298:
291:Van Valen, 1994
290:
282:
271:
254:
251:
225:
217:
204:
140:
115:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3154:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2975:Elphidotarsius
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2927:Pronothodectes
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2874:
2868:
2866:Plesiadapoidea
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2431:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2314:
2306:
2304:
2302:Cynocephalidae
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2284:Planetetherium
2280:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2232:Dracontolestes
2227:
2225:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2076:Duplicidentata
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2005:Pseudictopidae
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1919:Kazachostylops
1915:
1912:Enantiostylops
1908:
1905:Bothriostylops
1901:
1894:
1887:
1884:Anatolostylops
1880:
1872:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1720:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1557:
1556:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1452:
1451:External links
1449:
1447:
1446:
1401:
1384:
1382:on 2006-05-04.
1372:
1366:
1351:
1342:
1309:
1260:
1226:(1): 149–155.
1211:
1158:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1104:(1): 521–550.
1081:
1064:
1030:
999:
985:
930:
867:
856:
805:
744:
683:
654:(4): 343–354.
634:
574:
572:
569:
508:
505:
500:
497:
483:
480:
443:
440:
336:
335:
334:
333:
325:
317:
305:
293:
285:
277:
263:
262:
256:
255:
252:
240:
239:
233:
232:
215:
211:
210:
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182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
126:
125:
117:
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108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3275:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Purgatoriidae
3236:
3235:
3233:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3078:
3073:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3025:Strepsirrhini
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3014:Strepsirrhini
3011:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2938:Carpolestidae
2935:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2913:Platychoerops
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2890:Plesiadapidae
2887:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Paromomyoidea
2713:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2605:Arctodontomys
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2596:Microsyopidae
2590:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2566:Picromomyidae
2560:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2515:Micromomyidae
2509:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:Purgatoriidae
2478:
2471:
2470:
2469:Picrodontidae
2463:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2376:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:Plagiomenidae
2254:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Primatomorpha
2198:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2169:Prodendrogale
2163:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1933:Palaeostylops
1930:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:Picrodontidae
1721:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:Picrodontidae
1653:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1610:Frugivastodon
1607:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1367:9780520035829
1363:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1051:(4): 611–28.
1050:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
997:
992:
990:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
865:
860:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
801:
797:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:(2): 210050.
767:
763:
759:
751:
749:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
630:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
602:
598:
595:(2): 210050.
594:
590:
586:
579:
575:
568:
566:
565:
564:Protungulatum
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
504:
496:
493:
489:
479:
477:
472:
468:
467:McCone County
464:
460:
452:
448:
439:
437:
436:K-Pg boundary
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:, along with
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
352:
348:
344:
343:
329:
326:
323:Buckley, 1997
321:
318:
314:
309:
306:
302:
297:
294:
289:
286:
281:
278:
274:
270:
267:
266:
264:
261:
257:
250:
249:
241:
238:
234:
229:
224:
223:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:Purgatoriidae
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
132:
127:
123:
118:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
3133:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2968:Carpomegodon
2966:
2959:
2952:
2947:Carpocristes
2945:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2899:Chiromyoides
2897:
2879:Chronolestes
2877:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2827:Plesiolestes
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2779:Phenacolemur
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:Paromomyidae
2703:
2696:
2689:Toliapinidae
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2580:
2575:Alveojunctus
2573:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2524:Chalicomomys
2522:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2422:Pan-Primates
2409:Pan-Primates
2378:
2343:Pan-Primates
2326:
2321:Dermotherium
2319:
2311:Cynocephalus
2309:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2222:Mixodectidae
2184:
2177:
2167:
2159:Palaeotupaia
2157:
2147:
2140:
2120:
2081:
2074:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1952:
1947:Stenostylops
1945:
1938:
1931:
1926:Migrostylops
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1891:Arctostylops
1889:
1882:
1875:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1736:
1725:
1714:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1643:
1638:Sinclairella
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1536:Infraclass:
1464:
1460:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1380:the original
1356:
1346:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1170:
1166:
1150:. Retrieved
1101:
1097:
1084:
1074:
1067:
1048:
1044:
1033:
1008:
1002:
996:Clemens 2004
947:
943:
939:
933:
884:
880:
870:
859:
818:
814:
808:
765:
761:
696:
692:
686:
651:
647:
643:
637:
592:
588:
578:
562:
554:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
510:
507:Relationship
502:
491:
487:
485:
475:
470:
462:
458:
456:
450:
431:
427:
401:
376:
372:
365:primatomorph
341:
340:
339:
327:
319:
312:
307:
300:
296:P. mckeeveri
295:
287:
279:
268:
247:
246:
237:Type species
221:
220:
130:
24:
18:
3134:Purgatorius
3094:Anagaloidea
2961:Carpolestes
2954:Carpodaptes
2920:Plesiadapis
2906:Nannodectes
2841:Talpohenach
2813:Palenochtha
2806:Palaechthon
2640:Megadelphus
2494:Purgatorius
2459:Russellodon
2449:Pandemonium
2328:Galeopterus
2239:Eudaemonema
2122:Ptilocercus
2049:Pseudictops
2042:Paranictops
1968:Astigalidae
1954:Wanostylops
1940:Sinostylops
1898:Asiostylops
1877:Allostylops
1839:Stenanagale
1811:Huaiyangale
1804:Hsiuannania
1783:Chianshania
1769:Anagalopsis
1716:Apatemyidae
1699:Gliriformes
1631:Labidolemur
1572:Apatemyidae
1538:Placentalia
1389:Purgatorius
1314:Purgatorius
1265:Purgatorius
1216:Purgatorius
940:Purgatorius
644:Purgatorius
555:Purgatorius
541:sensu lato.
533:Purgatorius
521:Purgatorius
513:Purgatorius
499:Ankle bones
471:Purgatorius
463:P. ceratops
451:Purgatorius
432:Purgatorius
428:Purgatorius
377:P. ceratops
342:Purgatorius
269:P. ceratops
222:Purgatorius
40:66–63
25:Purgatorius
3232:Categories
3092:See also:
3048:Haplorhini
3037:Haplorhini
2848:Torrejonia
2834:Premnoides
2820:Phoxomylus
2737:Acidomomys
2675:Uintasorex
2668:Niptomomys
2661:Navajovius
2647:Microsyops
2626:Choctawius
2582:Picromomys
2545:Micromomys
2501:Ursolestes
2352:see below↓
2277:Plagiomene
2246:Mixodectes
2210:Dermoptera
2179:Sivatupaia
2149:Dendrogale
2109:Scandentia
2099:Euarchonta
2035:Haltictops
2028:Cartictops
1818:Interogale
1776:Anaptogale
1753:Anagalidae
1683:Zanycteris
1669:Draconodus
1624:Jepsenella
1617:Heterohyus
1603:Carcinella
1582:Aethomylos
1530:Subclass:
1138:References
722:11336/7302
677:1807/71784
551:Palaeocene
547:Cretaceous
537:P. janisae
529:P. janisae
424:tree shrew
412:leptictids
288:P. janisae
280:P. coracis
2989:Subengius
2982:Saxonella
2772:Paromomys
2758:Elwynella
2751:Edworthia
2705:Toliapina
2654:Nanomomys
2619:Berruvius
2612:Bartelsia
2552:Tinimomys
2538:Foxomomys
2531:Dryomomys
2291:Worlandia
2270:Ellesmene
2133:Tupaiidae
2014:Allictops
1991:Zhujegale
1984:Yupingale
1853:Zofiagale
1790:Diacronus
1645:Unuchinia
1596:Asiapator
1512:Kingdom:
1465:New Atlas
1338:131115333
1025:180601236
909:0036-8075
739:206544776
482:Dentition
389:Paleocene
354:eutherian
349:of seven
320:P. titusi
273:Van Valen
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
31:Paleocene
3143:Wikidata
3109:Category
3005:Primates
2799:Anasazia
2765:Ignacius
2633:Craseops
2142:Anathana
2021:Anictops
1977:Astigale
1846:Wanogale
1825:Linnania
1797:Eosigale
1676:Picrodus
1589:Apatemys
1526:Mammalia
1520:Chordata
1518:Phylum:
1514:Animalia
1442:22055105
1324:: 3–13.
1305:32382611
1256:89463377
1207:17229835
1128:28075073
980:32382611
917:23393261
851:22055105
800:33972886
731:23393258
629:33972886
559:primates
420:squirrel
201:Family:
185:Mammalia
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
3202:3607773
3189:1222176
3176:4827521
3163:4523644
3149:Q136654
2698:Avenius
2056:Suyinia
1832:Qipania
1762:Anagale
1524:Class:
1434:5891702
1414:Bibcode
1406:Science
1399:: 1–79.
1297:4825891
1277:Bibcode
1269:Science
1248:1306549
1228:Bibcode
1198:1783133
1175:Bibcode
1119:6849585
972:4825891
952:Bibcode
944:Science
925:6112274
889:Bibcode
881:Science
843:5891702
823:Bibcode
815:Science
791:8074693
770:Bibcode
701:Bibcode
693:Science
656:Bibcode
620:8074693
597:Bibcode
492:P. unio
488:P. unio
459:P. unio
381:Montana
373:P. unio
361:primate
357:species
351:extinct
328:P. unio
260:Species
214:Genus:
191:Order:
181:Class:
131:P. unio
109:↓
3003:Crown-
2744:Arcius
2186:Tupaia
2067:Glires
1532:Theria
1440:
1432:
1364:
1336:
1303:
1295:
1254:
1246:
1205:
1195:
1152:20 May
1126:
1116:
1023:
1009:Nature
978:
970:
923:
915:
907:
849:
841:
798:
788:
737:
729:
627:
617:
315:, 2016
313:et al.
311:Scott
303:, 2021
301:et al.
35:Danian
3215:40704
3184:IRMNG
1438:S2CID
1334:S2CID
1301:S2CID
1252:S2CID
1244:JSTOR
1094:(PDF)
1021:S2CID
976:S2CID
921:S2CID
847:S2CID
735:S2CID
571:Notes
422:or a
347:genus
345:is a
228:Valen
3171:GBIF
3046:see
3023:see
1430:PMID
1362:ISBN
1293:PMID
1203:PMID
1167:PNAS
1154:2010
1124:PMID
968:PMID
913:PMID
905:ISSN
839:PMID
796:PMID
727:PMID
625:PMID
549:and
375:and
48:PreꞒ
3158:EoL
1422:doi
1410:150
1391:".
1326:doi
1285:doi
1273:184
1236:doi
1193:PMC
1183:doi
1171:104
1114:PMC
1106:doi
1053:doi
1049:149
1013:doi
960:doi
948:184
897:doi
885:339
831:doi
819:150
786:PMC
778:doi
717:hdl
709:doi
697:339
672:hdl
664:doi
615:PMC
605:doi
416:rat
383:'s
37:),
3234::
3212::
3199::
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3160::
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1408:.
1397:15
1395:.
1332:.
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1320:.
1299:.
1291:.
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1250:.
1242:.
1234:.
1224:71
1222:.
1201:.
1191:.
1181:.
1169:.
1165:.
1122:.
1112:.
1102:92
1100:.
1096:.
1047:.
1043:.
1019:.
1011:.
988:^
974:.
966:.
958:.
946:.
919:.
911:.
903:.
895:.
883:.
879:.
845:.
837:.
829:.
817:.
794:.
784:.
776:.
764:.
760:.
747:^
733:.
725:.
715:.
707:.
695:.
670:.
662:.
652:53
650:.
623:.
613:.
603:.
591:.
587:.
438:.
399:.
98:Pg
42:Ma
2863:†
2716:†
2686:†
2593:†
2563:†
2512:†
2486:?
2481:†
2472:?
2465:†
2455:†
2445:†
2435:†
2317:†
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2257:†
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2219:†
2175:†
2165:†
2155:†
2002:†
1965:†
1869:?
1864:†
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1734:†
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1656:†
1574:?
1569:†
1494:e
1487:t
1480:v
1444:.
1424::
1416::
1370:.
1340:.
1328::
1307:.
1287::
1279::
1258:.
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1185::
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962::
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899::
891::
853:.
833::
825::
802:.
780::
772::
766:8
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719::
711::
703::
680:.
674::
666::
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631:.
607::
599::
593:8
244:†
218:†
205:†
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
33:(
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