583:
282:
695:
3382:
126:
3370:
97:
3394:
245:
The Punan (or Punan Ba) have never been nomadic. In the old days, they based their living on a mixed economy – Swidden agriculture with hill paddy as the main crop, supplemented by a range of tropical plants which include maniok, taro, sugar cane, tobacco, etc. Hunting, especially wild boar, fishing,
591:
Research on
Northeast Bornean Punan communities revealed them to display strong genetic ancestry connections to each other, and that they form an outgroup to other Austronesian-speaking groups. The results of a 2023 study "support long-term occupation of Borneo by Punan-related people" predating the
62:
272:
Punan is a stratified society of 'laja' (aristocrats), 'panyen' (commoners), and 'lipen' (slaves). This determines their historical traditions that have been preserved. Just like most of the history of
European Middle Ages is linked to and mainly concerned the various ruling monarchs, so are the
308:, the term Punan often indiscriminately used referring to the then (unknown or yet to be classified) tribes as such as Punan Busang, Penihing, Sajau Hovongan, Uheng Kareho, Merah, Aput, Tubu, Bukat, Ukit, Habongkot, Penyawung as Punan. This heritage from colonial times still remain until today.
760:
However, the late 1990s showed an increase in the number of Punan converting to
Christianity. This is partly due to more and more Punan becoming educated and modernised. As of 2006, almost half of Punan are now Christian, leaving only the elderly, less educated still remain observing "Bungan"
586:
Schematic summary of population settlement in
Insular Southeast Asia. Dispersals of ancestries associated with ancient Mainland Southeast Asian and ancestral Punan-related components (B) predating the coastal South Chinese, and hence Austronesian-related,
776:
left standing. The Punan still practise a secondary burial ceremony, whereby the dead body is kept at their longhouses for at least 3–7 days. This is partly to give more time for far-away relatives to pay their last respects to the deceased.
756:
missionaries, bringing education and modern medicine into
Sarawak. But the Punan communities remain with their traditional religion of Besavik and subsequently adopting a cult religion - Bungan brought by Jok Apui, a Kenyah from Kalimantan.
292:. This kelirieng was erected for a Punan aristocrats at Pandan or Pedan as it is known to the Punan. Kelirieng is a uniquely Punan ancient burial custom which the other ethnics namely the Kejaman, Lahanan, Kayan later adopted (copied).
825:"A Vanishing Nomadic Clan, With a Songlike Language All Their Own - New genetic research confirms the oral history of a small group of nomadic people living in Indonesia's rainforest"
265:
in search of better living. However, they didn't abandon their longhouses altogether. Many would still return home, especially during major festivities such as
2404:
2394:
2374:
2285:
2389:
2199:
2280:
1180:
311:
As a result, there are now more than 20 different tribes or ethnics with the name Punan that may be related or unrelated to one another in the island of
2927:
2797:
617:
2992:
2972:
2440:
2987:
834:
2842:
2250:
230:
people. Their name stems from two rivers along the banks of which they have been living since time immemorial. They have other names including
2852:
2240:
702:
1397:
749:
296:
There is this common misunderstanding that all the so-called Punan on the island of Borneo are related and referring to the same tribe. In
559:
Officially, as under the
Sarawak Interpretation Ordinance, Punan is group under Kajang together with Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan and Sihan.
285:
639:
into Rejang and Balui areas approximately some 200 years ago, forced the Punan communities living in these areas retreating to
2192:
698:
2001:
1173:
3273:
1981:
1996:
1882:
996:
Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Cox, Murray P.; Barker, Graeme; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J. Stephen; Jacobs, Guy S. (November 2023).
971:
921:
893:
627:
The Punan are believed to be one of the earliest peoples to have settled in the central part of Borneo, the Rajang River and
1967:
3414:
2185:
1095:
1166:
582:
249:
However, in the late 1980s, many Punan, notably the younger, more educated, gradually migrated to urban areas such as
3419:
1055:
946:
865:
17:
3317:
2135:
566:– popularised by a political association known as Orang Ulu National Association or (OUNA). The association is a
2130:
1072:
772:
of 50-meter height to lay down their beloved leaders. In
Sarawak it is estimated that there are fewer than 30
2166:
1152:
824:
2146:
3360:
2208:
1189:
2275:
2156:
2085:
1287:
3337:
2312:
2060:
2006:
1307:
710:
154:
764:
The Punan have a unique burial custom. In the early days they did not bury their aristocrats or
654:) found along the Rejang, Kakus, Kemena and Jelalong river. These settlements (longhouses) are:
3342:
3290:
3253:
2151:
1387:
1262:
694:
3424:
2602:
2120:
2110:
1639:
1257:
1242:
1209:
2100:
273:
historical and mythical traditions of Punan closely connected to their rulings aristocrats.
3327:
3017:
2125:
2105:
2070:
1277:
1224:
281:
8:
3263:
3236:
2617:
2141:
2090:
1372:
1292:
519:
461:
398:
162:
3295:
2792:
2677:
2428:
2423:
2270:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1252:
939:
Nomads of the Borneo
Rainforest: The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down
829:
465:
998:"Deep ancestry of Bornean hunter-gatherers supports long-term local ancestry dynamics"
631:
areas together with the
Sekapan, Kejaman and Lahanan. However, the mass migrations of
3322:
3305:
3072:
2812:
2720:
2711:
2527:
2510:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2384:
2369:
2332:
2327:
2317:
2161:
1962:
1926:
1877:
1859:
1587:
1424:
1355:
1051:
1019:
967:
942:
917:
889:
861:
809:
Nicolaisen, Ida. 1976. "Form and
Function of Punan Ba Ethno-historical Tradition" in
673:
Punan Lovuk Lirung Belang (name by Rumah Bilong before and now as known as Rumah Ado)
515:
246:
and gathering of forest resources, are the other important factors in their economy.
166:
986:
Article 161A, Clause 6 of the Malaysia Constitution of Malaysia Federal Constitution
3386:
3332:
3248:
3084:
3067:
2847:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2612:
2592:
2585:
2542:
2532:
2445:
2235:
2016:
2011:
1896:
1669:
1572:
1409:
1330:
1219:
1009:
605:
496:
492:
266:
116:
2752:
1815:
3374:
3268:
3159:
3094:
3047:
3042:
2807:
2787:
2782:
2772:
2730:
2689:
2672:
2667:
2631:
2515:
2483:
2455:
2411:
2292:
2115:
2094:
2079:
2075:
1848:
1842:
1798:
1763:
1684:
1567:
1382:
1340:
1297:
1272:
1014:
714:
621:
544:
523:
506:
451:
441:
428:
412:
402:
382:
378:
350:
340:
330:
320:
141:
137:
35:
3398:
3278:
3213:
3186:
3171:
3134:
3119:
2937:
2862:
2706:
2575:
2460:
2354:
2339:
2307:
1911:
1854:
1754:
1719:
1689:
1644:
1617:
1582:
1493:
1414:
1392:
1267:
1247:
997:
718:
632:
567:
532:
158:
112:
2050:
3408:
3241:
3218:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3164:
3077:
3057:
2997:
2982:
2947:
2932:
2867:
2837:
2777:
2694:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2607:
2562:
2520:
2478:
2450:
2364:
2322:
2177:
1921:
1916:
1906:
1820:
1805:
1773:
1714:
1694:
1649:
1627:
1577:
1503:
1486:
1377:
1345:
1282:
1023:
571:
424:
1158:
964:
Beyond the Green Myth: Borneo's Hunter-Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century
604:, Sarawak. Punan peoples can only be found at Pandan, Jelalong and Kakus in
3154:
3149:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3099:
3062:
3052:
2977:
2962:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2857:
2802:
2725:
2684:
2655:
2597:
2567:
2537:
2498:
2349:
2260:
2245:
1901:
1891:
1788:
1783:
1739:
1724:
1659:
1607:
1562:
1550:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1498:
1466:
1402:
1325:
609:
262:
194:
178:
3312:
3203:
3181:
3104:
3027:
3007:
3002:
2967:
2957:
2942:
2922:
2912:
2887:
2832:
2737:
2643:
2435:
2399:
2379:
2344:
2297:
2265:
2255:
2218:
1948:
1674:
1622:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1419:
1366:
636:
628:
592:
arrival of other Austronesian-speakers from which they diverged earlier.
3300:
3283:
2952:
2879:
2747:
2742:
2580:
2359:
1942:
1834:
1810:
1778:
1654:
1476:
1451:
1438:
1199:
961:
883:
753:
721:, Punan is closer to the language spoken by the Sekapans and Kejamans.
686:
The total Punan population is estimated to be around 3000–5000 people.
658:
219:
67:
226:. The Punan Bah people are distinct and unrelated to the semi-nomadic
3258:
3142:
1768:
1634:
651:
613:
563:
548:
527:
510:
500:
469:
455:
445:
432:
416:
406:
386:
354:
344:
334:
324:
223:
131:
562:
Unofficially, they are also included in the politically coined term
61:
3176:
3037:
2764:
2416:
1744:
540:
483:
374:
364:
215:
102:
3393:
789:
Persatuan Kebangsaan Punan (Punan National Association), Malaysia.
2626:
2227:
1749:
1612:
1599:
1540:
1302:
745:
601:
536:
479:
370:
360:
297:
289:
258:
250:
211:
182:
108:
1153:
A Vanishing Nomadic Clan, With a Songlike Language All Their Own
2554:
2030:
1793:
1729:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1510:
644:
475:
312:
305:
3347:
3032:
2302:
1734:
1706:
1557:
1362:
1350:
1335:
1120:
640:
301:
227:
66:
An elderly Punan man performing Bungan rites. Photo taken at
31:
734:
4. Tupu koman si - Do you have your lunch/dinner/breakfast?
3089:
2470:
254:
1125:
Form and Function of Punan Bah Ethno-historical Tradition
792:
Yayasan Adat Punan (Punan Culture Foundation), Indonesia.
300:, for example, there is the confusion between Punan and
823:
Borrell, Brendan; Irwandi, Joshua (19 September 2023).
650:
As of 2006, there were more than 10 Punan settlements (
1048:
The Old Kayan Religion and the Bungan Religious Reform
574:
dominated association which they established in 1969.
3358:
995:
785:
There are two Punan associations in existence today:
1134:
701:
Gathering of Bungan followers at Punan Sama. Belaga
1147:
682:
Punan Lo'o Buong (Jelalong also known as Rumah Adi.
679:Punan Lovuk Pandan (also Rumah Nyipa Tingang), and
3406:
1045:
962:Bernard Sellato & Peter G. Sercombe (2008).
884:Peter G. Sercombe & Bernard Sellato (2008).
276:
1093:
936:
269:or Bungan festival as it is known among Punan.
2207:
822:
304:. On the other hand, throughout the island of
2193:
1188:
1174:
1070:
911:
1046:Lake' Baling (2002). Jérôme Rousseau (ed.).
855:
1050:. Institute of East Asian Studies, UNIMAS.
912:Vandana Shiva (2014). Wendell Berry (ed.).
816:
242:but those are used only ritually nowadays.
122:
2200:
2186:
1181:
1167:
941:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18.
93:
1013:
744:Punan traditional religion was a form of
635:, subsequently followed by the warfaring
2025:
1935:
693:
581:
554:
280:
780:
739:
14:
3407:
1131:Vol XXIV No. 45 (New Series). Kuching.
907:
905:
879:
877:
837:from the original on 19 September 2023
813:Vol XXIV No. 45 (New Series). Kuching.
2181:
1162:
768:. Instead they built a pole known as
730:2. Nu ngaro no? - What is your name?
724:Here are some words spoken in Punan:
1096:"Nenek Renta Itu Berubah Jadi Kodok"
1073:"Independent body for natives urged"
732:3. Piro umun no? - How old are you?
88:Regions with significant populations
902:
874:
595:
24:
25:
3436:
1148:The Official Punan Community site
1114:
1094:Severianus Endi (12 March 2010).
3392:
3380:
3368:
1036:Punan Ba longhouse razed in fire
916:. University Press of Kentucky.
124:
95:
60:
1087:
1071:Jonathan Chia (11 April 2013).
1064:
1039:
1030:
858:Adventure Guides: East Malaysia
717:. Although often confused with
989:
980:
955:
930:
849:
803:
600:Punan are mostly found around
533:Punan Ukit / Bukitan / Beketan
13:
1:
1142:Mapping the People of Sarawak
796:
277:Relation to sub-ethnic Punans
197:, Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan'
1847:Peranakan Eropah (including
1015:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113346
728:1. Nu denge? - How are you?
210:is an ethnic group found in
38:, the Semai ethical concept.
30:Not to be confused with the
7:
966:. NIAS Press. p. 121.
689:
616:dotted areas spanning from
577:
516:Punan Uheng Kereho / Keriau
319:Punan Aoheng or Pnihing of
10:
3441:
3415:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
2209:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
1135:Punan National Association
288:or burial pole at Pandan,
29:
3229:
3133:
3016:
2878:
2763:
2553:
2469:
2226:
2215:
2059:
2041:
1961:
1876:
1833:
1705:
1598:
1450:
1437:
1316:
1233:
1218:
1207:
1196:
1190:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
193:
188:
177:
172:
153:
148:
92:
87:
80:
75:
59:
3420:Ethnic groups in Sarawak
1263:Negeri Sembilanese Malay
937:Bernard Sellato (1994).
914:The Vandana Shiva Reader
748:known as "Besavik". The
315:. These tribes include:
27:Ethnic group from Borneo
3274:Bangka Belitung Chinese
1331:Christmas Island Malays
711:Bah-Biau Punan language
423:Punan Kelay / Kelai of
1140:Leigh, Micheal. 2002.
1129:Sarawak Museum Journal
811:Sarawak Museum Journal
737:
706:
588:
440:Punan Merah (Siau) of
293:
886:Beyond the Green Myth
860:. Tuttle Publishing.
856:Wendy Hutton (2000).
726:
697:
585:
555:Ethnic classification
284:
189:Related ethnic groups
2101:China/Taiwan Chinese
1144:. UNIMAS. Samarahan.
781:Current associations
740:Religion and beliefs
670:Punan Lovuk Meluyou,
643:and subsequently to
2061:Foreign ethnicities
1444:Indigenous peoples)
752:saw the arrival of
520:Kapuas Hulu Regency
399:Kapuas Hulu Regency
56:
2002:Indians in Sarawak
1293:Terengganuan Malay
830:The New York Times
707:
620:District to lower
589:
466:Central Kalimantan
397:Punan Hovongan of
294:
46:
3356:
3355:
2175:
2174:
2037:
2036:
1957:
1956:
1927:Penangite Chinese
1872:
1871:
1829:
1828:
1433:
1432:
1288:Selangorian Malay
1253:Kelantanese Malay
1155:, New York Times.
1075:. The Borneo Post
973:978-87-769-4018-8
923:978-0-8131-4699-7
895:978-87-7694-018-8
676:Punan Lovuk Mina,
667:Punan Lovuk Biau,
201:
200:
55:
16:(Redirected from
3432:
3397:
3396:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3364:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2031:Peranakan Chitty
2023:
2022:
1997:Indians in Sabah
1982:Penangite Indian
1933:
1932:
1448:
1447:
1308:Sarawakian Malay
1231:
1230:
1216:
1215:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1017:
993:
987:
984:
978:
977:
959:
953:
952:
934:
928:
927:
909:
900:
899:
881:
872:
871:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
820:
814:
807:
709:Punan speak the
659:Punan Lovuk Sama
606:Bintulu Division
596:Punan longhouses
497:North Kalimantan
493:Bulungan Regency
474:Punan Nibong of
460:Punan Murung of
411:Punan Bungan of
359:Punan Batu 1 of
267:Harvest Festival
232:Mikuang Bungulan
144:
134:
130:
128:
127:
120:
117:Bintulu Division
105:
101:
99:
98:
76:Total population
64:
57:
51:
45:
21:
18:Punan Bah people
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3225:
3129:
3019:
3012:
2874:
2759:
2549:
2465:
2222:
2211:
2206:
2176:
2171:
2062:
2055:
2044:(non-Peranakan)
2043:
2033:
2021:
1965:
1953:
1931:
1880:
1868:
1865:Peranakan Turki
1825:
1701:
1594:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1429:
1312:
1268:Penangite Malay
1222:
1203:
1192:
1187:
1121:Nicolaisen, IDA
1117:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
994:
990:
985:
981:
974:
960:
956:
949:
935:
931:
924:
910:
903:
896:
882:
875:
868:
854:
850:
840:
838:
821:
817:
808:
804:
799:
783:
742:
735:
733:
731:
729:
715:Punan languages
692:
664:Punan Lovuk Ba,
598:
580:
557:
545:East Kalimantan
524:West Kalimantan
507:East Kalimantan
491:Punan Sajau of
488:Punan Panyawung
452:East Kalimantan
450:Punan Merap of
442:East Kalimantan
429:East Kalimantan
413:West Kalimantan
403:West Kalimantan
394:Punan Habongkot
383:West Kalimantan
379:East Kalimantan
369:Dayak Bukat of
351:East Kalimantan
341:East Kalimantan
339:Punan Basap of
331:East Kalimantan
321:East Kalimantan
279:
142:East Kalimantan
138:West Kalimantan
136:
135:
125:
123:
121:
107:
106:
96:
94:
71:
50:
48:Punan Ba people
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3402:
3401:
3389:
3377:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3279:Maluku Chinese
3276:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3242:Black Dutchmen
3233:
3231:
3230:Non-indigenous
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3139:
3137:
3135:Maluku Islands
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:
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2835:
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2800:
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2709:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2623:
2622:
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2615:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2565:
2559:
2557:
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2548:
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2546:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
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2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
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2421:
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2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2042:Mixed ancestry
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1943:Peranakan Cina
1939:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:Peranakan Siam
1857:
1855:Jawi Peranakan
1852:
1845:
1843:Peranakan Arab
1839:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1697:
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1687:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1458:
1456:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:Burmese Malays
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1298:Bruneian Malay
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1278:Perlisan Malay
1275:
1273:Perakian Malay
1270:
1265:
1260:
1258:Malaccan Malay
1255:
1250:
1245:
1243:Johorean Malay
1239:
1237:
1228:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1116:
1115:External links
1113:
1110:
1109:
1086:
1063:
1056:
1038:
1029:
1008:(11): 113346.
988:
979:
972:
954:
947:
929:
922:
901:
894:
888:. NIAS Press.
873:
866:
848:
815:
801:
800:
798:
795:
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793:
790:
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779:
741:
738:
691:
688:
684:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
597:
594:
579:
576:
556:
553:
552:
551:
530:
513:
505:Punan Tubu of
503:
489:
486:
472:
458:
448:
438:
435:
421:
420:
419:
395:
392:
389:
367:
357:
349:Punan Batu of
347:
337:
329:Punan Aput of
327:
278:
275:
199:
198:
191:
190:
186:
185:
175:
174:
170:
169:
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150:
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90:
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84:
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72:
65:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3148:
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3146:
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3141:
3140:
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3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
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3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
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3056:
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3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3020:Sunda Islands
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
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2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:East Timorese
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1947:
1945:(Baba-Nyonya)
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:Kadazan-Dusun
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:Orang Seletar
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Patani Malays
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:Kedahan Malay
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1097:
1090:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1057:983-9257-23-4
1053:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
983:
975:
969:
965:
958:
950:
948:08-248-1566-1
944:
940:
933:
925:
919:
915:
908:
906:
897:
891:
887:
880:
878:
869:
867:962-593-180-5
863:
859:
852:
836:
832:
831:
826:
819:
812:
806:
802:
791:
788:
787:
786:
778:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
755:
751:
747:
736:
725:
722:
720:
716:
713:, one of the
712:
704:
700:
696:
687:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
655:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
593:
584:
575:
573:
569:
565:
560:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
512:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
457:
453:
449:
447:
443:
439:
436:
434:
430:
426:
425:Berau Regency
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
366:
362:
358:
356:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
326:
322:
318:
317:
316:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
291:
287:
283:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
196:
192:
187:
184:
180:
176:
171:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
133:
118:
114:
110:
104:
91:
86:
83:
82:approx. 5,000
79:
74:
69:
63:
58:
54:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3425:Dayak people
2858:Tau Taa Wana
2701:
2286:Talang Mamak
2217:
2157:Singaporeans
2063:/expatriates
1789:Orang Sungai
1664:
1326:Cocos Malays
1317:
1283:Pahang Malay
1234:
1208:
1198:
1141:
1128:
1124:
1100:. Retrieved
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1066:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1005:
1002:Cell Reports
1001:
991:
982:
963:
957:
938:
932:
913:
885:
857:
851:
841:19 September
839:. Retrieved
828:
818:
810:
805:
784:
773:
769:
765:
763:
759:
743:
727:
723:
708:
685:
649:
626:
610:Rajang River
608:; along the
599:
590:
561:
558:
391:Punan Busang
310:
295:
271:
263:Kuala Lumpur
248:
244:
239:
235:
231:
207:
203:
202:
195:Dayak people
179:Christianity
81:
53:Punan people
52:
47:
43:Ethnic group
40:
3204:Tanimbarese
2918:Ekari (Mee)
2793:Gorontaloan
2429:Aneuk Jamee
2424:Minangkabau
2380:Bugis-Malay
2271:Orang Rimba
2266:Orang Kuala
2219:Indonesians
2086:Bangladeshi
1949:Sino-Native
1482:Orang Kuala
1472:Orang Kanaq
1462:Proto-Malay
1388:Minangkabau
1367:Bugis-Malay
1318:Anak Dagang
703:Punan tribe
587:ancestries.
462:Murung Raya
437:Punan Lisum
240:Aveang Buan
34:people, or
3409:Categories
3343:Portuguese
3301:Klingalese
2743:Orang Laut
2581:Lun Bawang
2555:Kalimantan
2511:Kangeanese
2504:Tenggerese
2494:Banyumasan
2489:Cirebonese
2333:Toba Batak
2328:Simalungun
2318:Mandailing
2281:Petalangan
2236:Aboriginal
2167:Vietnamese
2121:Indonesian
2007:Sri Lankan
1811:Sama-Bajau
1779:Lun Bawang
1655:Lun Bawang
1588:Semaq Beri
1477:Orang Laut
1452:Peninsular
1439:Orang Asal
1356:Mandailing
1210:Bumiputera
1200:Malaysians
1102:5 November
1079:5 November
797:References
761:religion.
750:Brooke era
652:longhouses
614:longhouses
220:Kalimantan
163:Indonesian
68:Punan Sama
3387:Indonesia
3338:Pakistani
3333:Mardijker
3284:Peranakan
3085:Manggarai
3068:Lamaholot
2928:Ketengban
2848:Sangirese
2828:Mongondow
2823:Minahasan
2818:Mandarese
2798:Kalumpang
2731:Pontianak
2702:Punan Bah
2618:Uma Baka'
2593:Apo Kayan
2572:Apo Duat
2543:Bantenese
2533:Sundanese
2446:Palembang
2152:Pakistani
2051:Chindians
2026:Peranakan
1936:Peranakan
1907:Hainanese
1897:Cantonese
1862:(Sam-Sam)
1835:Peranakan
1740:Mangka'ak
1635:Orang Ulu
1573:Cheq Wong
1410:Sundanese
1378:Baweanese
1346:Banjarese
1235:Anak Jati
1024:2211-1247
774:kelirieng
770:kelirieng
754:Christian
564:Orang Ulu
549:Indonesia
528:Indonesia
511:Indonesia
501:Indonesia
470:Indonesia
456:Indonesia
446:Indonesia
433:Indonesia
417:Indonesia
407:Indonesia
387:Indonesia
355:Indonesia
345:Indonesia
335:Indonesia
325:Indonesia
286:Kelirieng
224:Indonesia
204:Punan Bah
155:Punan Bah
149:Languages
132:Indonesia
3375:Malaysia
3318:Japanese
3291:Filipino
3259:Chindian
3254:Armenian
3177:Ambonese
3160:Manusela
3143:Moluccan
3095:Rotenese
3048:Bimanese
3043:Balinese
3038:Bali Aga
2808:Makassar
2788:Bonerate
2783:Butonese
2773:Buginese
2765:Sulawesi
2690:Bakumpai
2678:Ma'anyan
2673:Lawangan
2668:Ot Danum
2632:Kendayan
2516:Madurese
2484:Javanese
2456:Simeulue
2417:Sakuddei
2412:Mentawai
2293:Acehnese
2138:(former)
2131:Japanese
2111:Filipino
2095:Rohingya
2080:Hadhrami
1992:Malayali
1977:Gujarati
1849:Kristang
1799:Tambanuo
1745:Maragang
1568:Mah Meri
1454:Malaysia
1383:Makassar
1373:Javanese
1341:Acehnese
1123:. 1976.
1098:. Kompas
835:Archived
690:Language
612:, their
578:Genetics
541:Malaysia
484:Malaysia
375:Malaysia
365:Malaysia
216:Malaysia
173:Religion
103:Malaysia
70:village.
3399:Society
3361:Portals
3269:Benteng
3264:Chinese
3237:African
3214:Togutil
3187:Wai Apu
3172:Ambelau
3120:Sumbawa
3018:Lesser
2993:Waropen
2973:Sentani
2938:Korowai
2908:Damalme
2893:Amungme
2863:Torajan
2707:Bukitan
2695:Meratus
2649:Mualang
2627:Bidayuh
2576:Kelabit
2461:Singkil
2441:Haloban
2405:Serdang
2395:Langkat
2355:Lampung
2340:Enggano
2308:Angkola
2228:Sumatra
2126:Iranian
2091:Burmese
2071:African
1987:Punjabi
1922:Henghua
1917:Foochow
1912:Teochew
1892:Hokkien
1878:Chinese
1774:Illanun
1755:Rumanau
1750:Minokok
1720:Kadazan
1690:Melanau
1681:Others
1645:Kelabit
1618:Bukitan
1613:Bidayuh
1600:Sarawak
1583:Jah Hut
1541:Mendriq
1494:Semelai
1425:Siamese
1393:Kerinci
1303:Kedayan
746:animist
647:basin.
602:Bintulu
537:Sarawak
480:Sarawak
371:Sarawak
361:Sarawak
298:Sarawak
290:Bintulu
259:Kuching
251:Bintulu
236:Mikuang
218:and in
212:Sarawak
183:Animism
167:English
109:Sarawak
3328:Korean
3323:Jewish
3296:Indian
3219:Wemale
3209:Tobelo
3199:Lisela
3194:Kayeli
3165:Nuaulu
3078:Loloan
3058:Helong
2998:Wolani
2988:Wambon
2983:Tobati
2948:Marind
2933:Kombai
2868:Mamasa
2838:Pamona
2778:Bungku
2661:Tidung
2637:Selako
2613:Lebbo'
2608:Kenyah
2586:Sa'ban
2563:Banjar
2521:Bawean
2479:Betawi
2451:Rejang
2375:Asahan
2365:Lembak
2323:Pakpak
2147:Nepali
2142:Korean
2136:Jewish
2116:Indian
2017:Telugu
1963:Indian
1821:Tidong
1806:Rungus
1794:Dumpas
1769:Ida'an
1764:Bisaya
1730:Kwijau
1695:Miriek
1685:Bisaya
1670:Sa'ban
1650:Kenyah
1628:Selako
1578:Temiar
1546:Mintil
1536:Kintaq
1531:Kensiu
1511:Semang
1504:Temuan
1442:(Other
1054:
1022:
970:
945:
920:
892:
864:
699:Bungan
645:Kemena
633:Kayans
624:town.
622:Belaga
572:Kenyah
476:Brunei
313:Borneo
306:Borneo
129:
100:
3348:Totok
3306:Tamil
3155:Alune
3150:Alfur
3125:Tetum
3115:Sumba
3110:Sikka
3100:Sasak
3073:Malay
3063:Kemak
3053:Bunak
3033:Atoni
2978:Tehit
2963:Nduga
2903:Bauzi
2898:Asmat
2880:Papua
2843:Rampi
2813:Malay
2803:Lindu
2753:Suluk
2748:Bajau
2726:Berau
2721:Malay
2685:Ngaju
2656:Murut
2603:Kayan
2598:Bahau
2568:Dayak
2538:Baduy
2528:Malay
2499:Osing
2390:Lahat
2370:Malay
2350:Kluet
2303:Batak
2276:Sakai
2261:Mante
2251:Bonai
2246:Batin
2012:Tamil
1902:Hakka
1816:Suluk
1784:Murut
1735:Lotud
1725:Dusun
1707:Sabah
1665:Punan
1660:Penan
1640:Kayan
1608:Dayak
1563:Semai
1558:Senoi
1526:Jahai
1521:Lanoh
1516:Batek
1499:Temoq
1467:Jakun
1363:Bugis
1351:Batak
1336:Chams
1220:Malay
766:lajar
719:Penan
641:Kakus
637:Ibans
629:Balui
618:Merit
568:Kayan
302:Penan
228:Penan
208:Punan
159:Malay
113:Kapit
36:Punan
32:Penan
3313:Indo
3249:Arab
3182:Buru
3105:Savu
3090:Nage
3028:Abui
3008:Yaur
3003:Yali
2968:Sawi
2958:Moni
2943:Lani
2923:Fayu
2913:Dani
2888:Abun
2853:Seko
2833:Muna
2738:Moro
2712:Krio
2644:Iban
2471:Java
2436:Nias
2400:Riau
2385:Deli
2360:Laut
2345:Gayo
2313:Karo
2298:Alas
2256:Lubu
2241:Akit
2162:Thai
2076:Arab
1968:list
1883:list
1675:Ukit
1623:Iban
1403:Rawa
1225:list
1104:2016
1081:2016
1052:ISBN
1020:ISSN
968:ISBN
943:ISBN
918:ISBN
890:ISBN
862:ISBN
843:2023
570:and
543:and
478:and
381:and
261:and
255:Sibu
238:and
181:and
140:and
115:and
2953:Mek
1551:Mos
1398:Ocu
1127:in
1010:doi
535:of
518:of
385:of
373:of
234:or
206:or
3411::
1018:.
1006:42
1004:.
1000:.
904:^
876:^
833:.
827:.
547:,
539:,
526:,
522:,
509:,
499:,
495:,
482:,
468:,
464:,
454:,
444:,
431:,
427:,
415:,
405:,
401:,
377:,
363:,
353:,
343:,
333:,
323:,
257:,
253:,
222:,
214:,
165:,
161:,
157:,
3363::
2201:e
2194:t
2187:v
2097:)
2093:(
2082:)
2078:(
1970:)
1966:(
1885:)
1881:(
1851:)
1369:)
1365:(
1227:)
1223:(
1182:e
1175:t
1168:v
1137:.
1106:.
1083:.
1060:.
1026:.
1012::
976:.
951:.
926:.
898:.
870:.
845:.
705:.
661:,
119:)
111:(
20:)
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