572:
271:
684:
3371:
115:
3359:
86:
3383:
234:
The Punan (or Punan Ba) have never been nomadic. In the old days, they based their living on a mixed economy – Swidden agriculture with hill paddy as the main crop, supplemented by a range of tropical plants which include maniok, taro, sugar cane, tobacco, etc. Hunting, especially wild boar, fishing,
580:
Research on
Northeast Bornean Punan communities revealed them to display strong genetic ancestry connections to each other, and that they form an outgroup to other Austronesian-speaking groups. The results of a 2023 study "support long-term occupation of Borneo by Punan-related people" predating the
51:
261:
Punan is a stratified society of 'laja' (aristocrats), 'panyen' (commoners), and 'lipen' (slaves). This determines their historical traditions that have been preserved. Just like most of the history of
European Middle Ages is linked to and mainly concerned the various ruling monarchs, so are the
297:, the term Punan often indiscriminately used referring to the then (unknown or yet to be classified) tribes as such as Punan Busang, Penihing, Sajau Hovongan, Uheng Kareho, Merah, Aput, Tubu, Bukat, Ukit, Habongkot, Penyawung as Punan. This heritage from colonial times still remain until today.
749:
However, the late 1990s showed an increase in the number of Punan converting to
Christianity. This is partly due to more and more Punan becoming educated and modernised. As of 2006, almost half of Punan are now Christian, leaving only the elderly, less educated still remain observing "Bungan"
575:
Schematic summary of population settlement in
Insular Southeast Asia. Dispersals of ancestries associated with ancient Mainland Southeast Asian and ancestral Punan-related components (B) predating the coastal South Chinese, and hence Austronesian-related,
765:
left standing. The Punan still practise a secondary burial ceremony, whereby the dead body is kept at their longhouses for at least 3–7 days. This is partly to give more time for far-away relatives to pay their last respects to the deceased.
745:
missionaries, bringing education and modern medicine into
Sarawak. But the Punan communities remain with their traditional religion of Besavik and subsequently adopting a cult religion - Bungan brought by Jok Apui, a Kenyah from Kalimantan.
281:. This kelirieng was erected for a Punan aristocrats at Pandan or Pedan as it is known to the Punan. Kelirieng is a uniquely Punan ancient burial custom which the other ethnics namely the Kejaman, Lahanan, Kayan later adopted (copied).
814:"A Vanishing Nomadic Clan, With a Songlike Language All Their Own - New genetic research confirms the oral history of a small group of nomadic people living in Indonesia's rainforest"
254:
in search of better living. However, they didn't abandon their longhouses altogether. Many would still return home, especially during major festivities such as
2393:
2383:
2363:
2274:
2378:
2188:
2269:
1169:
300:
As a result, there are now more than 20 different tribes or ethnics with the name Punan that may be related or unrelated to one another in the island of
2916:
2786:
606:
2981:
2961:
2429:
2976:
823:
2831:
2239:
219:
people. Their name stems from two rivers along the banks of which they have been living since time immemorial. They have other names including
2841:
2229:
691:
1386:
738:
285:
There is this common misunderstanding that all the so-called Punan on the island of Borneo are related and referring to the same tribe. In
548:
Officially, as under the
Sarawak Interpretation Ordinance, Punan is group under Kajang together with Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan and Sihan.
274:
628:
into Rejang and Balui areas approximately some 200 years ago, forced the Punan communities living in these areas retreating to
2181:
687:
1990:
1162:
3262:
1970:
1985:
1871:
985:
Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Cox, Murray P.; Barker, Graeme; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J. Stephen; Jacobs, Guy S. (November 2023).
960:
910:
882:
616:
The Punan are believed to be one of the earliest peoples to have settled in the central part of Borneo, the Rajang River and
1956:
3403:
2174:
1084:
1155:
571:
238:
However, in the late 1980s, many Punan, notably the younger, more educated, gradually migrated to urban areas such as
3408:
1044:
935:
854:
3306:
2124:
555:– popularised by a political association known as Orang Ulu National Association or (OUNA). The association is a
2119:
1061:
761:
of 50-meter height to lay down their beloved leaders. In
Sarawak it is estimated that there are fewer than 30
2155:
1141:
813:
2135:
3349:
2197:
1178:
2264:
2145:
2074:
1276:
3326:
2301:
2049:
1995:
1296:
699:
143:
753:
The Punan have a unique burial custom. In the early days they did not bury their aristocrats or
643:) found along the Rejang, Kakus, Kemena and Jelalong river. These settlements (longhouses) are:
3331:
3279:
3242:
2140:
1376:
1251:
683:
3413:
2591:
2109:
2099:
1628:
1246:
1231:
1198:
2089:
262:
historical and mythical traditions of Punan closely connected to their rulings aristocrats.
3316:
3006:
2114:
2094:
2059:
1266:
1213:
270:
8:
3252:
3225:
2606:
2130:
2079:
1361:
1281:
508:
450:
387:
151:
3284:
2781:
2666:
2417:
2412:
2259:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1241:
928:
Nomads of the Borneo
Rainforest: The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down
818:
454:
987:"Deep ancestry of Bornean hunter-gatherers supports long-term local ancestry dynamics"
620:
areas together with the
Sekapan, Kejaman and Lahanan. However, the mass migrations of
3311:
3294:
3061:
2801:
2709:
2700:
2516:
2499:
2492:
2482:
2477:
2373:
2358:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2150:
1951:
1915:
1866:
1848:
1576:
1413:
1344:
1040:
1008:
956:
931:
906:
878:
850:
798:
Nicolaisen, Ida. 1976. "Form and
Function of Punan Ba Ethno-historical Tradition" in
662:
Punan Lovuk Lirung Belang (name by Rumah Bilong before and now as known as Rumah Ado)
504:
235:
and gathering of forest resources, are the other important factors in their economy.
155:
975:
Article 161A, Clause 6 of the Malaysia Constitution of Malaysia Federal Constitution
3375:
3321:
3237:
3073:
3056:
2836:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2601:
2581:
2574:
2531:
2521:
2434:
2224:
2005:
2000:
1885:
1658:
1561:
1398:
1319:
1208:
998:
594:
485:
481:
255:
105:
2741:
1804:
3363:
3257:
3148:
3083:
3036:
3031:
2796:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2719:
2678:
2661:
2656:
2620:
2504:
2472:
2444:
2400:
2281:
2104:
2083:
2068:
2064:
1837:
1831:
1787:
1752:
1673:
1556:
1371:
1329:
1286:
1261:
1003:
703:
610:
533:
512:
495:
440:
430:
417:
401:
391:
371:
367:
339:
329:
319:
309:
130:
126:
24:
3387:
3267:
3202:
3175:
3160:
3123:
3108:
2926:
2851:
2695:
2564:
2449:
2343:
2328:
2296:
1900:
1843:
1743:
1708:
1678:
1633:
1606:
1571:
1482:
1403:
1381:
1256:
1236:
986:
707:
621:
556:
521:
147:
101:
2039:
3397:
3230:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3182:
3153:
3066:
3046:
2986:
2971:
2936:
2921:
2856:
2826:
2766:
2683:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2596:
2551:
2509:
2467:
2439:
2353:
2311:
2166:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1809:
1794:
1762:
1703:
1683:
1638:
1616:
1566:
1492:
1475:
1366:
1334:
1271:
1012:
560:
413:
1147:
953:
Beyond the Green Myth: Borneo's Hunter-Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century
593:, Sarawak. Punan peoples can only be found at Pandan, Jelalong and Kakus in
3143:
3138:
3113:
3103:
3098:
3088:
3051:
3041:
2966:
2951:
2906:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2846:
2791:
2714:
2673:
2644:
2586:
2556:
2526:
2487:
2338:
2249:
2234:
1890:
1880:
1777:
1772:
1728:
1713:
1648:
1596:
1551:
1539:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1487:
1455:
1391:
1314:
598:
251:
183:
167:
3301:
3192:
3170:
3093:
3016:
2996:
2991:
2956:
2946:
2931:
2911:
2901:
2876:
2821:
2726:
2632:
2424:
2388:
2368:
2333:
2286:
2254:
2244:
2207:
1937:
1663:
1611:
1470:
1460:
1450:
1408:
1355:
625:
617:
581:
arrival of other Austronesian-speakers from which they diverged earlier.
3289:
3272:
2941:
2868:
2736:
2731:
2569:
2348:
1931:
1823:
1799:
1767:
1643:
1465:
1440:
1427:
1188:
950:
872:
742:
710:, Punan is closer to the language spoken by the Sekapans and Kejamans.
675:
The total Punan population is estimated to be around 3000–5000 people.
647:
208:
56:
215:. The Punan Bah people are distinct and unrelated to the semi-nomadic
3247:
3131:
1757:
1623:
640:
602:
552:
537:
516:
499:
489:
458:
444:
434:
421:
405:
395:
375:
343:
333:
323:
313:
212:
120:
551:
Unofficially, they are also included in the politically coined term
50:
3165:
3026:
2753:
2405:
1733:
529:
472:
363:
353:
204:
91:
3382:
778:
Persatuan Kebangsaan Punan (Punan National Association), Malaysia.
2615:
2216:
1738:
1601:
1588:
1529:
1291:
734:
590:
525:
468:
359:
349:
286:
278:
247:
239:
200:
171:
97:
1142:
A Vanishing Nomadic Clan, With a Songlike Language All Their Own
2543:
2019:
1782:
1718:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1499:
633:
464:
301:
294:
3336:
3021:
2291:
1723:
1695:
1546:
1351:
1339:
1324:
1109:
629:
290:
216:
55:
An elderly Punan man performing Bungan rites. Photo taken at
20:
723:
4. Tupu koman si - Do you have your lunch/dinner/breakfast?
3078:
2459:
243:
1114:
Form and Function of Punan Bah Ethno-historical Tradition
781:
Yayasan Adat Punan (Punan Culture Foundation), Indonesia.
289:, for example, there is the confusion between Punan and
812:
Borrell, Brendan; Irwandi, Joshua (19 September 2023).
639:
As of 2006, there were more than 10 Punan settlements (
1037:
The Old Kayan Religion and the Bungan Religious Reform
563:
dominated association which they established in 1969.
3347:
984:
774:
There are two Punan associations in existence today:
1123:
690:
Gathering of Bungan followers at Punan Sama. Belaga
1136:
671:
Punan Lo'o Buong (Jelalong also known as Rumah Adi.
668:Punan Lovuk Pandan (also Rumah Nyipa Tingang), and
3395:
1034:
951:Bernard Sellato & Peter G. Sercombe (2008).
873:Peter G. Sercombe & Bernard Sellato (2008).
265:
1082:
925:
258:or Bungan festival as it is known among Punan.
2196:
811:
293:. On the other hand, throughout the island of
2182:
1177:
1163:
1059:
900:
1035:Lake' Baling (2002). Jérôme Rousseau (ed.).
844:
1039:. Institute of East Asian Studies, UNIMAS.
901:Vandana Shiva (2014). Wendell Berry (ed.).
805:
231:but those are used only ritually nowadays.
111:
2189:
2175:
1170:
1156:
930:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18.
82:
1002:
733:Punan traditional religion was a form of
624:, subsequently followed by the warfaring
2014:
1924:
682:
570:
543:
269:
769:
728:
3396:
1120:Vol XXIV No. 45 (New Series). Kuching.
896:
894:
868:
866:
826:from the original on 19 September 2023
802:Vol XXIV No. 45 (New Series). Kuching.
2170:
1151:
757:. Instead they built a pole known as
719:2. Nu ngaro no? - What is your name?
713:Here are some words spoken in Punan:
1085:"Nenek Renta Itu Berubah Jadi Kodok"
1062:"Independent body for natives urged"
721:3. Piro umun no? - How old are you?
77:Regions with significant populations
891:
863:
584:
13:
14:
3425:
1137:The Official Punan Community site
1103:
1083:Severianus Endi (12 March 2010).
3381:
3369:
3357:
1025:Punan Ba longhouse razed in fire
905:. University Press of Kentucky.
113:
84:
49:
1076:
1060:Jonathan Chia (11 April 2013).
1053:
1028:
1019:
847:Adventure Guides: East Malaysia
706:. Although often confused with
978:
969:
944:
919:
838:
792:
589:Punan are mostly found around
522:Punan Ukit / Bukitan / Beketan
1:
1131:Mapping the People of Sarawak
785:
266:Relation to sub-ethnic Punans
186:, Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan'
1836:Peranakan Eropah (including
1004:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113346
717:1. Nu denge? - How are you?
199:is an ethnic group found in
27:, the Semai ethical concept.
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
955:. NIAS Press. p. 121.
678:
605:dotted areas spanning from
566:
505:Punan Uheng Kereho / Keriau
308:Punan Aoheng or Pnihing of
10:
3430:
3404:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
2198:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
1124:Punan National Association
277:or burial pole at Pandan,
18:
3218:
3122:
3005:
2867:
2752:
2542:
2458:
2215:
2204:
2048:
2030:
1950:
1865:
1822:
1694:
1587:
1439:
1426:
1305:
1222:
1207:
1196:
1185:
1179:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
182:
177:
166:
161:
142:
137:
81:
76:
69:
64:
48:
3409:Ethnic groups in Sarawak
1252:Negeri Sembilanese Malay
926:Bernard Sellato (1994).
903:The Vandana Shiva Reader
737:known as "Besavik". The
304:. These tribes include:
16:Ethnic group from Borneo
3263:Bangka Belitung Chinese
1320:Christmas Island Malays
700:Bah-Biau Punan language
412:Punan Kelay / Kelai of
1129:Leigh, Micheal. 2002.
1118:Sarawak Museum Journal
800:Sarawak Museum Journal
726:
695:
577:
429:Punan Merah (Siau) of
282:
875:Beyond the Green Myth
849:. Tuttle Publishing.
845:Wendy Hutton (2000).
715:
686:
574:
544:Ethnic classification
273:
178:Related ethnic groups
2090:China/Taiwan Chinese
1133:. UNIMAS. Samarahan.
770:Current associations
729:Religion and beliefs
659:Punan Lovuk Meluyou,
632:and subsequently to
2050:Foreign ethnicities
1433:Indigenous peoples)
741:saw the arrival of
509:Kapuas Hulu Regency
388:Kapuas Hulu Regency
45:
1991:Indians in Sarawak
1282:Terengganuan Malay
819:The New York Times
696:
609:District to lower
578:
455:Central Kalimantan
386:Punan Hovongan of
283:
35:
3345:
3344:
2164:
2163:
2026:
2025:
1946:
1945:
1916:Penangite Chinese
1861:
1860:
1818:
1817:
1422:
1421:
1277:Selangorian Malay
1242:Kelantanese Malay
1144:, New York Times.
1064:. The Borneo Post
962:978-87-769-4018-8
912:978-0-8131-4699-7
884:978-87-7694-018-8
665:Punan Lovuk Mina,
656:Punan Lovuk Biau,
190:
189:
44:
3421:
3386:
3385:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3353:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2020:Peranakan Chitty
2012:
2011:
1986:Indians in Sabah
1971:Penangite Indian
1922:
1921:
1437:
1436:
1297:Sarawakian Malay
1220:
1219:
1205:
1204:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1006:
982:
976:
973:
967:
966:
948:
942:
941:
923:
917:
916:
898:
889:
888:
870:
861:
860:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
809:
803:
796:
698:Punan speak the
648:Punan Lovuk Sama
595:Bintulu Division
585:Punan longhouses
486:North Kalimantan
482:Bulungan Regency
463:Punan Nibong of
449:Punan Murung of
400:Punan Bungan of
348:Punan Batu 1 of
256:Harvest Festival
221:Mikuang Bungulan
133:
123:
119:
117:
116:
109:
106:Bintulu Division
94:
90:
88:
87:
65:Total population
53:
46:
40:
34:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3214:
3118:
3008:
3001:
2863:
2748:
2538:
2454:
2211:
2200:
2195:
2165:
2160:
2051:
2044:
2033:(non-Peranakan)
2032:
2022:
2010:
1954:
1942:
1920:
1869:
1857:
1854:Peranakan Turki
1814:
1690:
1583:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1418:
1301:
1257:Penangite Malay
1211:
1192:
1181:
1176:
1110:Nicolaisen, IDA
1106:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
983:
979:
974:
970:
963:
949:
945:
938:
924:
920:
913:
899:
892:
885:
871:
864:
857:
843:
839:
829:
827:
810:
806:
797:
793:
788:
772:
731:
724:
722:
720:
718:
704:Punan languages
681:
653:Punan Lovuk Ba,
587:
569:
546:
534:East Kalimantan
513:West Kalimantan
496:East Kalimantan
480:Punan Sajau of
477:Punan Panyawung
441:East Kalimantan
439:Punan Merap of
431:East Kalimantan
418:East Kalimantan
402:West Kalimantan
392:West Kalimantan
383:Punan Habongkot
372:West Kalimantan
368:East Kalimantan
358:Dayak Bukat of
340:East Kalimantan
330:East Kalimantan
328:Punan Basap of
320:East Kalimantan
310:East Kalimantan
268:
131:East Kalimantan
127:West Kalimantan
125:
124:
114:
112:
110:
96:
95:
85:
83:
60:
39:
37:Punan Ba people
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3427:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3391:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3268:Maluku Chinese
3265:
3260:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3231:Black Dutchmen
3222:
3220:
3219:Non-indigenous
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3128:
3126:
3124:Maluku Islands
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
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2237:
2232:
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2213:
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2205:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2031:Mixed ancestry
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1932:Peranakan Cina
1928:
1926:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1849:Peranakan Siam
1846:
1844:Jawi Peranakan
1841:
1834:
1832:Peranakan Arab
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1463:
1458:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:Burmese Malays
1401:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:Bruneian Malay
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:Perlisan Malay
1264:
1262:Perakian Malay
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:Malaccan Malay
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Johorean Malay
1228:
1226:
1217:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1105:
1104:External links
1102:
1099:
1098:
1075:
1052:
1045:
1027:
1018:
997:(11): 113346.
977:
968:
961:
943:
936:
918:
911:
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883:
877:. NIAS Press.
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519:
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494:Punan Tubu of
492:
478:
475:
461:
447:
437:
427:
424:
410:
409:
408:
384:
381:
378:
356:
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338:Punan Batu of
336:
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318:Punan Aput of
316:
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3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3009:Sunda Islands
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
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2890:
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2885:
2883:
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2878:
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2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:East Timorese
2093:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1936:
1934:(Baba-Nyonya)
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:Kadazan-Dusun
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:Orang Seletar
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Patani Malays
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:Kedahan Malay
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1086:
1079:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1046:983-9257-23-4
1042:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
972:
964:
958:
954:
947:
939:
937:08-248-1566-1
933:
929:
922:
914:
908:
904:
897:
895:
886:
880:
876:
869:
867:
858:
856:962-593-180-5
852:
848:
841:
825:
821:
820:
815:
808:
801:
795:
791:
780:
777:
776:
775:
767:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
744:
740:
736:
725:
714:
711:
709:
705:
702:, one of the
701:
693:
689:
685:
676:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
644:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
582:
573:
564:
562:
558:
554:
549:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
501:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
436:
432:
428:
425:
423:
419:
415:
414:Berau Regency
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
355:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
306:
305:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
280:
276:
272:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
185:
181:
176:
173:
169:
165:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
122:
107:
103:
99:
93:
80:
75:
72:
71:approx. 5,000
68:
63:
58:
52:
47:
43:
38:
30:
26:
22:
3414:Dayak people
2847:Tau Taa Wana
2690:
2275:Talang Mamak
2206:
2146:Singaporeans
2052:/expatriates
1778:Orang Sungai
1653:
1315:Cocos Malays
1306:
1272:Pahang Malay
1223:
1197:
1187:
1130:
1117:
1113:
1089:. Retrieved
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1055:
1036:
1030:
1021:
994:
991:Cell Reports
990:
980:
971:
952:
946:
927:
921:
902:
874:
846:
840:
830:19 September
828:. Retrieved
817:
807:
799:
794:
773:
762:
758:
754:
752:
748:
732:
716:
712:
697:
674:
638:
615:
599:Rajang River
597:; along the
588:
579:
550:
547:
380:Punan Busang
299:
284:
260:
252:Kuala Lumpur
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
196:
192:
191:
184:Dayak people
168:Christianity
70:
42:Punan people
41:
36:
32:Ethnic group
29:
3193:Tanimbarese
2907:Ekari (Mee)
2782:Gorontaloan
2418:Aneuk Jamee
2413:Minangkabau
2369:Bugis-Malay
2260:Orang Rimba
2255:Orang Kuala
2208:Indonesians
2075:Bangladeshi
1938:Sino-Native
1471:Orang Kuala
1461:Orang Kanaq
1451:Proto-Malay
1377:Minangkabau
1356:Bugis-Malay
1307:Anak Dagang
692:Punan tribe
576:ancestries.
451:Murung Raya
426:Punan Lisum
229:Aveang Buan
23:people, or
3398:Categories
3332:Portuguese
3290:Klingalese
2732:Orang Laut
2570:Lun Bawang
2544:Kalimantan
2500:Kangeanese
2493:Tenggerese
2483:Banyumasan
2478:Cirebonese
2322:Toba Batak
2317:Simalungun
2307:Mandailing
2270:Petalangan
2225:Aboriginal
2156:Vietnamese
2110:Indonesian
1996:Sri Lankan
1800:Sama-Bajau
1768:Lun Bawang
1644:Lun Bawang
1577:Semaq Beri
1466:Orang Laut
1441:Peninsular
1428:Orang Asal
1345:Mandailing
1199:Bumiputera
1189:Malaysians
1091:5 November
1068:5 November
786:References
750:religion.
739:Brooke era
641:longhouses
603:longhouses
209:Kalimantan
152:Indonesian
57:Punan Sama
3376:Indonesia
3327:Pakistani
3322:Mardijker
3273:Peranakan
3074:Manggarai
3057:Lamaholot
2917:Ketengban
2837:Sangirese
2817:Mongondow
2812:Minahasan
2807:Mandarese
2787:Kalumpang
2720:Pontianak
2691:Punan Bah
2607:Uma Baka'
2582:Apo Kayan
2561:Apo Duat
2532:Bantenese
2522:Sundanese
2435:Palembang
2141:Pakistani
2040:Chindians
2015:Peranakan
1925:Peranakan
1896:Hainanese
1886:Cantonese
1851:(Sam-Sam)
1824:Peranakan
1729:Mangka'ak
1624:Orang Ulu
1562:Cheq Wong
1399:Sundanese
1367:Baweanese
1335:Banjarese
1224:Anak Jati
1013:2211-1247
763:kelirieng
759:kelirieng
743:Christian
553:Orang Ulu
538:Indonesia
517:Indonesia
500:Indonesia
490:Indonesia
459:Indonesia
445:Indonesia
435:Indonesia
422:Indonesia
406:Indonesia
396:Indonesia
376:Indonesia
344:Indonesia
334:Indonesia
324:Indonesia
314:Indonesia
275:Kelirieng
213:Indonesia
193:Punan Bah
144:Punan Bah
138:Languages
121:Indonesia
3364:Malaysia
3307:Japanese
3280:Filipino
3248:Chindian
3243:Armenian
3166:Ambonese
3149:Manusela
3132:Moluccan
3084:Rotenese
3037:Bimanese
3032:Balinese
3027:Bali Aga
2797:Makassar
2777:Bonerate
2772:Butonese
2762:Buginese
2754:Sulawesi
2679:Bakumpai
2667:Ma'anyan
2662:Lawangan
2657:Ot Danum
2621:Kendayan
2505:Madurese
2473:Javanese
2445:Simeulue
2406:Sakuddei
2401:Mentawai
2282:Acehnese
2127:(former)
2120:Japanese
2100:Filipino
2084:Rohingya
2069:Hadhrami
1981:Malayali
1966:Gujarati
1838:Kristang
1788:Tambanuo
1734:Maragang
1557:Mah Meri
1443:Malaysia
1372:Makassar
1362:Javanese
1330:Acehnese
1112:. 1976.
1087:. Kompas
824:Archived
679:Language
601:, their
567:Genetics
530:Malaysia
473:Malaysia
364:Malaysia
354:Malaysia
205:Malaysia
162:Religion
92:Malaysia
59:village.
3388:Society
3350:Portals
3258:Benteng
3253:Chinese
3226:African
3203:Togutil
3176:Wai Apu
3161:Ambelau
3109:Sumbawa
3007:Lesser
2982:Waropen
2962:Sentani
2927:Korowai
2897:Damalme
2882:Amungme
2852:Torajan
2696:Bukitan
2684:Meratus
2638:Mualang
2616:Bidayuh
2565:Kelabit
2450:Singkil
2430:Haloban
2394:Serdang
2384:Langkat
2344:Lampung
2329:Enggano
2297:Angkola
2217:Sumatra
2115:Iranian
2080:Burmese
2060:African
1976:Punjabi
1911:Henghua
1906:Foochow
1901:Teochew
1881:Hokkien
1867:Chinese
1763:Illanun
1744:Rumanau
1739:Minokok
1709:Kadazan
1679:Melanau
1670:Others
1634:Kelabit
1607:Bukitan
1602:Bidayuh
1589:Sarawak
1572:Jah Hut
1530:Mendriq
1483:Semelai
1414:Siamese
1382:Kerinci
1292:Kedayan
735:animist
636:basin.
591:Bintulu
526:Sarawak
469:Sarawak
360:Sarawak
350:Sarawak
287:Sarawak
279:Bintulu
248:Kuching
240:Bintulu
225:Mikuang
207:and in
201:Sarawak
172:Animism
156:English
98:Sarawak
3317:Korean
3312:Jewish
3285:Indian
3208:Wemale
3198:Tobelo
3188:Lisela
3183:Kayeli
3154:Nuaulu
3067:Loloan
3047:Helong
2987:Wolani
2977:Wambon
2972:Tobati
2937:Marind
2922:Kombai
2857:Mamasa
2827:Pamona
2767:Bungku
2650:Tidung
2626:Selako
2602:Lebbo'
2597:Kenyah
2575:Sa'ban
2552:Banjar
2510:Bawean
2468:Betawi
2440:Rejang
2364:Asahan
2354:Lembak
2312:Pakpak
2136:Nepali
2131:Korean
2125:Jewish
2105:Indian
2006:Telugu
1952:Indian
1810:Tidong
1795:Rungus
1783:Dumpas
1758:Ida'an
1753:Bisaya
1719:Kwijau
1684:Miriek
1674:Bisaya
1659:Sa'ban
1639:Kenyah
1617:Selako
1567:Temiar
1535:Mintil
1525:Kintaq
1520:Kensiu
1500:Semang
1493:Temuan
1431:(Other
1043:
1011:
959:
934:
909:
881:
853:
688:Bungan
634:Kemena
622:Kayans
613:town.
611:Belaga
561:Kenyah
465:Brunei
302:Borneo
295:Borneo
118:
89:
3337:Totok
3295:Tamil
3144:Alune
3139:Alfur
3114:Tetum
3104:Sumba
3099:Sikka
3089:Sasak
3062:Malay
3052:Kemak
3042:Bunak
3022:Atoni
2967:Tehit
2952:Nduga
2892:Bauzi
2887:Asmat
2869:Papua
2832:Rampi
2802:Malay
2792:Lindu
2742:Suluk
2737:Bajau
2715:Berau
2710:Malay
2674:Ngaju
2645:Murut
2592:Kayan
2587:Bahau
2557:Dayak
2527:Baduy
2517:Malay
2488:Osing
2379:Lahat
2359:Malay
2339:Kluet
2292:Batak
2265:Sakai
2250:Mante
2240:Bonai
2235:Batin
2001:Tamil
1891:Hakka
1805:Suluk
1773:Murut
1724:Lotud
1714:Dusun
1696:Sabah
1654:Punan
1649:Penan
1629:Kayan
1597:Dayak
1552:Semai
1547:Senoi
1515:Jahai
1510:Lanoh
1505:Batek
1488:Temoq
1456:Jakun
1352:Bugis
1340:Batak
1325:Chams
1209:Malay
755:lajar
708:Penan
630:Kakus
626:Ibans
618:Balui
607:Merit
557:Kayan
291:Penan
217:Penan
197:Punan
148:Malay
102:Kapit
25:Punan
21:Penan
3302:Indo
3238:Arab
3171:Buru
3094:Savu
3079:Nage
3017:Abui
2997:Yaur
2992:Yali
2957:Sawi
2947:Moni
2932:Lani
2912:Fayu
2902:Dani
2877:Abun
2842:Seko
2822:Muna
2727:Moro
2701:Krio
2633:Iban
2460:Java
2425:Nias
2389:Riau
2374:Deli
2349:Laut
2334:Gayo
2302:Karo
2287:Alas
2245:Lubu
2230:Akit
2151:Thai
2065:Arab
1957:list
1872:list
1664:Ukit
1612:Iban
1392:Rawa
1214:list
1093:2016
1070:2016
1041:ISBN
1009:ISSN
957:ISBN
932:ISBN
907:ISBN
879:ISBN
851:ISBN
832:2023
559:and
532:and
467:and
370:and
250:and
244:Sibu
227:and
170:and
129:and
104:and
2942:Mek
1540:Mos
1387:Ocu
1116:in
999:doi
524:of
507:of
374:of
362:of
223:or
195:or
3400::
1007:.
995:42
993:.
989:.
893:^
865:^
822:.
816:.
536:,
528:,
515:,
511:,
498:,
488:,
484:,
471:,
457:,
453:,
443:,
433:,
420:,
416:,
404:,
394:,
390:,
366:,
352:,
342:,
332:,
322:,
312:,
246:,
242:,
211:,
203:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
3352::
2190:e
2183:t
2176:v
2086:)
2082:(
2071:)
2067:(
1959:)
1955:(
1874:)
1870:(
1840:)
1358:)
1354:(
1216:)
1212:(
1171:e
1164:t
1157:v
1126:.
1095:.
1072:.
1049:.
1015:.
1001::
965:.
940:.
915:.
887:.
859:.
834:.
694:.
650:,
108:)
100:(
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