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166:
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1207:(DPCM) encodes the PCM values as differences between the current and the predicted value. An algorithm predicts the next sample based on the previous samples, and the encoder stores only the difference between this prediction and the actual value. If the prediction is reasonable, fewer bits can be used to represent the same information. For audio, this type of encoding reduces the number of bits required per sample by about 25% compared to PCM.
4644:
4623:
677:, the beam was swept horizontally at the sample rate while the vertical deflection was controlled by the input analog signal, causing the beam to pass through higher or lower portions of the perforated plate. The plate collected or passed the beam, producing current variations in binary code, one bit at a time. Rather than natural binary, the grid of Goodall's later tube was perforated to produce a glitch-free
4654:
1000:
1391:, in which the information to be encoded is represented by discrete signal pulses of varying width or position, respectively. In this respect, PCM bears little resemblance to these other forms of signal encoding, except that all can be used in time-division multiplexing, and the numbers of the PCM codes are represented as electrical pulses.
1054:
can apply the procedure of modulation in reverse. After each sampling period, the demodulator reads the next value and transitions the output signal to the new value. As a result of these transitions, the signal retains a significant amount of high-frequency energy due to imaging effects. To remove
1778:
787:
In 1972, Denon unveiled the first 8-channel digital recorder, the DN-023R, which used a 4-head open reel broadcast video tape recorder to record in 47.25 kHz, 13-bit PCM audio. In 1977, Denon developed the portable PCM recording system, the DN-034R. Like the DN-023R, it recorded 8 channels at
1831:
1255:
Where circuit costs are high and loss of voice quality is acceptable, it sometimes makes sense to compress the voice signal even further. An ADPCM algorithm is used to map a series of 8-bit μ-law or A-law PCM samples into a series of 4-bit ADPCM samples. In this way, the capacity of the line is
1188:
Some forms of PCM combine signal processing with coding. Older versions of these systems applied the processing in the analog domain as part of the analog-to-digital process; newer implementations do so in the digital domain. These simple techniques have been largely rendered obsolete by modern
1112:
LPCM encodes a single sound channel. Support for multichannel audio depends on file format and relies on synchronization of multiple LPCM streams. While two channels (stereo) is the most common format, systems can support up to 8 audio channels (7.1 surround) or more.
1485:
is much simpler. In some systems, no explicit filtering is done at all; as it is impossible for any system to reproduce a signal with infinite bandwidth, inherent losses in the system compensate for the artifacts — or the system simply does not require much
1011:(red curve) is sampled and quantized for PCM. The sine wave is sampled at regular intervals, shown as vertical lines. For each sample, one of the available values (on the y-axis) is chosen. The PCM process is commonly implemented on a single
1355:
will tend to move communications circuits out of their operating range. In this case, special measures are taken to keep a count of the cumulative DC bias and to modify the codes if necessary to make the DC bias always tend back to zero.
989:
container format (defined in 2007) uses LPCM and also allows non-PCM bitstream storage: various compression formats contained in the RF64 file as data bursts (Dolby E, Dolby AC3, DTS, MPEG-1/MPEG-2 Audio) can be "disguised" as PCM
1136:
shows PCM devices can operate without introducing distortions within their designed frequency bands if they provide a sampling frequency at least twice that of the highest frequency contained in the input signal. For example, in
1019:(ADC). This produces a fully discrete representation of the input signal (blue points) that can be easily encoded as digital data for storage or manipulation. Several PCM streams could also be multiplexed into a larger aggregate
1348:, but where the data can be recovered exactly by a complementary descrambler. In this case, long runs of zeroes or ones are still possible on the output but are considered unlikely enough to allow reliable synchronization.
623:
in France. He described the theory and its advantages, but no practical application resulted. Reeves filed for a French patent in 1938, and his US patent was granted in 1943. By this time Reeves had started working at the
1524:
A slight difference between the encoding and decoding clock frequencies is not generally a major concern; a small constant error is not noticeable. Clock error does become a major issue if the clock contains significant
1247:
PCM (Europe and most of the rest of the world). These are logarithmic compression systems where a 12- or 13-bit linear PCM sample number is mapped into an 8-bit value. This system is described by international standard
1178:
As samples are dependent on time, an accurate clock is required for accurate reproduction. If either the encoding or decoding clock is not stable, these imperfections will directly affect the output quality of the
1149:
to 3400 Hz. For effective reconstruction of the voice signal, telephony applications therefore typically use an 8000 Hz sampling frequency which is more than twice the highest usable voice frequency.
1322:(NRZ). For a NRZ system to be synchronized using in-band information, there must not be long sequences of identical symbols, such as ones or zeroes. For binary PCM systems, the density of 1-symbols is called
530:) is a specific type of PCM in which the quantization levels are linearly uniform. This is in contrast to PCM encodings in which quantization levels vary as a function of amplitude (as with the
1164:
Between samples no measurement of the signal is made; the sampling theorem guarantees non-ambiguous representation and recovery of the signal only if it has no energy at frequency
2273:
1367:
code, non-zero pulses alternate between being positive and negative. These rules may be violated to generate special symbols used for framing or other special purposes.
1333:
encoding, where the PCM code is expanded into a slightly longer code with a guaranteed bound on ones-density before modulation into the channel. In other cases, extra
1124:
format videos, or 44.1 kHz as used in CDs. Sampling frequencies of 96 kHz or 192 kHz can be used on some equipment, but the benefits have been debated.
2200:
P. Cummiskey, N. S. Jayant, and J. L. Flanagan, "Adaptive quantization in differential PCM coding of speech," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 52, pp. 1105–1118, Sept. 1973.
1095:
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The electronics involved in producing an accurate analog signal from the discrete data are similar to those used for generating the digital signal. These devices are
1912:
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refers to the pulses to be found in the transmission line. This perhaps is a natural consequence of this technique having evolved alongside two analog methods,
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3898:
1270:
have been developed to achieve further compression. Some of these techniques have been standardized and patented. Advanced compression techniques, such as
651:
researchers who designed the SIGSALY system became aware of the use of PCM binary coding as already proposed by Reeves. In 1949, for the
Canadian Navy's
3113:
3265:
1935:
1047:(depending on type) that represents the value presented on their digital inputs. This output would then generally be filtered and amplified for use.
2766:
448:
1613:"RFC 4856 – Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences – Registration of Media Type audio/L8"
1213:(ADPCM) is a variant of DPCM that varies the size of the quantization step, to allow further reduction of the required bandwidth for a given
4606:
4578:
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1175:); higher frequencies will not be correctly represented or recovered and add aliasing distortion to the signal below the Nyquist frequency.
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is a form of DPCM that uses one bit per sample to indicate whether the signal is increasing or decreasing compared to the previous sample.
1210:
731:
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412:
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625:
836:(SC) circuit technology, developed in the early 1970s. This led to the development of PCM codec-filter chips in the late 1970s. The
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calls sampled at 8 kHz and 8-bit resolution. This development improved capacity and call quality compared to the previous
589:. He obtained intelligible speech from channels sampled at a rate above 3500–4300 Hz; lower rates proved unsatisfactory.
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introduced time-division switching into the US telephone system in 1976, based on medium scale integrated circuit technology.
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to remove some of the aliasing, converting the signal from digital to analog at a higher sample rate such that the analog
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1958:
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983:(defined in 2002), a single-cable digital audio/video connector interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data.
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968:(since 2006) standards. It is also defined as a part of various digital video and audio storage formats (e.g.
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A PCM stream has two basic properties that determine the stream's fidelity to the original analog signal: the
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Choosing a discrete value that is near but not exactly at the analog signal level for each sample leads to
911:
860:
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497:
92:
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2529:"RFC 3108 – Conventions for the use of the Session Description Protocol (SDP) for ATM Bearer Connections"
1036:
1016:
864:
609:
235:
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RFC 4856 – Media Type
Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences
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4357:
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2281:
A Short
History of Circuits and Systems: From Green, Mobile, Pervasive Networking to Big Data Computing
1751:
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619:, unaware of previous work, conceived the use of PCM for voice communication in 1937 while working for
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1023:, generally for transmission of multiple streams over a single physical link. One technique is called
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built a working PCM radio system that was able to transmit digitized radar data over long distances.
260:
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2009:
1708:
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799:, was recorded. It was recorded in 50 kHz, 16-bit linear PCM using a 3M digital tape recorder.
553:, which determines the number of possible digital values that can be used to represent each sample.
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Sampling and quantization of a signal (red) for 4-bit LPCM over a time domain at specific frequency
954:
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and 32 kHz 13-bit resolution. In
January 1971, using NHK's PCM recording system, engineers at
666:
397:
280:
2858:– Contains information about, and specifications for the implementation of LPCM used in WAV files.
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and W.C. Black in 1980, has since been the industry standard for digital telephony. By the 1990s,
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audio container formats (defined in 1988). LPCM data may also be stored in other formats such as
696:
as the inventors of PCM, as described in "Communication System
Employing Pulse Code Modulation",
294:
173:
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4693:
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White paper Blu-ray Disc Format – 2.B Audio Visual
Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM
1384:
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sampling frequency and 16-bit resolution and stores up to 80 minutes of stereo audio per disc.
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In other cases, the long term DC value of the modulated signal is important, as building up a
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for time-division multiplexing multiple telegraph signals; he also applied this technology to
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806:(CD) brought PCM to consumer audio applications with its introduction in 1982. The CD uses a
769:
582:
581:(TDM) as early as 1853. Electrical engineer W. M. Miner, in 1903, used an electro-mechanical
326:
3623:
2842:: A description of PCM with links to information about subtypes of this format (for example
1671:"RFC 3190 – RTP Payload Format for 12-bit DAT Audio and 20- and 24-bit Linear Sampled Audio"
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RFC 3190 – RTP Payload Format for 12-bit DAT Audio and 20- and 24-bit Linear
Sampled Audio
8:
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B. M. Oliver; J. R. Pierce & C. E. Shannon (November 1948). "The
Philosophy of PCM".
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1997:
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filed in 1946 and 1952, granted in 1956. Another patent by the same title was filed by
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used telegraph signaling of characters punched in paper tape to send samples of images
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and Bob
Badgley invented multi-level PCM independently in their work at Bell Labs on
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1954:
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system, introduced in 1961, uses two twisted-pair transmission lines to carry 24 PCM
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and produced all bits simultaneously by using a fan beam instead of a scanning beam.
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are added into the stream, which guarantees at least occasional symbol transitions.
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How to control internal/external hardware using
Microsoft's Media Control Interface
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In telephony, a standard audio signal for a single phone call is encoded as 8,000
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Regardless, there are potential sources of impairment implicit in any PCM system:
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2666:"Computer-controlled PCM system for investigation of dichotic speech perception"
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The Ry Cooder Bop Till You Drop album was the first digitally recorded pop album
573:
sources and to convey them over a single telegraph cable. The American inventor
4312:
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2852:– Contains links to information about implementations and their specifications.
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on the data, which will tend to turn the data stream into a stream that looks
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that suppresses energy outside the expected frequency range (greater than the
708:
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PCM is the method of encoding typically used for uncompressed digital audio.
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RFC 3551 – RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control
2726:
2426:"DVD Frequently Asked Questions (and Answers) – Audio details of DVD-Video"
2224:
1400:
1360:
1267:
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these undesirable frequencies, the demodulator passes the signal through a
837:
803:
735:
674:
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that transmitted its signal using 5-bit PCM, encoded by an opto-mechanical
566:
542:
is a more general term, it is often used to describe data encoded as LPCM.
481:
422:
362:
341:
2024:
1975:
1783:. Telecommunications (Revised ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. p. 50.
549:, which is the number of times per second that samples are taken; and the
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4189:
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4084:
4044:
4004:
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3307:
3234:
2707:(2nd ed.). Carmel, Indiana: Sams/Prentice-Hall Computer Publishing.
1503:/2. In the ideal case (with a fully linear ADC and signal level >>
1334:
1027:(TDM) and is widely used, notably in the modern public telephone system.
1020:
910:
LPCM is used for the lossless encoding of audio data in the compact disc
904:
888:
616:
505:
2403:"DVD Technical Notes (DVD Video – "Book B") – Audio data specifications"
4544:
4251:
3949:
3858:
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2751:
1363:, where the pulses can be positive, negative or absent. In the typical
570:
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764:'s research facilities in Japan. The 30 kHz 12-bit device used a
4529:
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3809:
3576:
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3148:
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2536:
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2030:
1981:
1780:
Highway of Dreams: A Critical View Along the Information Superhighway
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Ones-density is often controlled using precoding techniques such as
4524:
4514:
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4256:
4079:
3523:
3513:
2133:"National Inventors Hall of Fame announces 2004 class of inventors"
1914:
Pulse Code Modulation: It all Started 75 Years Ago with Alec Reeves
1833:
Experimenting the Human: Art, Music, and the Contemporary Posthuman
154:
1669:
Bormann, C.; Casner, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Ogawa, A. (January 2002).
1231:, of 8 bits each, giving a 64 kbit/s digital signal known as
4519:
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3133:
2827:
2473:"AVCHD Information Website – AVCHD format specification overview"
1352:
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Another technique used to control ones-density is the use of a
925:
872:
777:
776:. In 1969, NHK expanded the system's capabilities to 2-channel
712:. The three of them published "The Philosophy of PCM" in 1948.
632:
2496:
EBU Tech 3306 – MBWF / RF64: An Extended File Format for Audio
4534:
4471:
3779:
3213:
3143:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2735:"The Haskins Laboratories pulse code modulation (PCM) system"
1448:
1257:
1249:
1244:
973:
934:
with digital sound have an LPCM track on the digital channel.
781:
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372:
1171:/2 or higher (one half the sampling frequency, known as the
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3411:
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2642:
1918:
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Common sample depths for LPCM are 8, 16, 20 or 24 bits per
986:
980:
921:
840:
772:) to extend the dynamic range, and stored the signals on a
112:
96:
3128:
3103:
2328:
Floyd, Michael D.; Hillman, Garth D. (October 8, 2018) .
1447:
The first recording with this new system was recorded in
1232:
1121:
1117:
961:
938:
761:
116:
100:
2602:"24/192 Music Downloads, and why they do not make sense"
2375:
1100:
1050:
To recover the original signal from the sampled data, a
843:(complementary MOS) PCM codec-filter chip, developed by
1977:
Electron Beam Deflection Tube for Pulse Code Modulation
1146:
937:
On PCs, PCM and LPCM often refer to the format used in
999:
504:
to the nearest value within a range of digital steps.
2778:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
2739:
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers
2627:
https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-039/_5829.htm
1555:
Alvestrand, Harald Tveit; Salsman, James (May 1999).
1068:
2363:
Global Networks: Engineering, Operations and Design
2279:. In Maloberti, Franco; Davies, Anthony C. (eds.).
1511:over this interval, with zero mean and variance of
1293:
2700:
1413:(SQNR), one method of measuring quantization error
1201:Linear PCM (LPCM) is PCM with linear quantization.
1089:
784:recorded the first commercial digital recordings.
3266:List of digital television deployments by country
2360:
1554:
760:In 1967, the first PCM recorder was developed by
4670:
1806:"A Brief History of the Single-Chip DSP, Part I"
16:Digital representation of sampled analog signals
2698:
824:The rapid development and wide adoption of PCM
488:and other digital audio applications. In a PCM
2022:
1948:
863:(VLSI) CMOS PCM codec-filters, widely used in
3592:
3292:
2895:
2792:
2773:
1910:
1886:U.S. patent number 1,608,527; also see p. 8,
1854:
662:PCM in the late 1940s and early 1950s used a
442:
2765:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2670:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2527:Mostafa, Mohamed; Kumar, Rajesh (May 2001).
2526:
2327:
1973:
1557:"RFC 2586 – The Audio/L16 MIME content type"
928:is based) is a particular format using LPCM.
4607:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2836:filed in 1943: N-ary Pulse Code Modulation.
2323:
2321:
2319:
2214:
1906:
1904:
1211:Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation
745:
732:adaptive differential pulse-code modulation
561:Early electrical communications started to
4643:
3599:
3585:
3299:
3285:
2902:
2888:
2846:), and references to their specifications.
2797:(1st ed.). Boston, MA: Artech House.
2604:. Chris "Monty" Montgomery. Archived from
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2217:"The dawn of commercial digital recording"
1890:, Walter Allan Kester, ed., Newnes, 2005,
1752:"Linear Pulse Code Modulated Audio (LPCM)"
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1256:doubled. The technique is detailed in the
953:(header-less file) and various multimedia
788:47.25 kHz, but it used 14-bits "with
639:encryption equipment, conveyed high-level
612:. The machine did not go into production.
594:Bartlane cable picture transmission system
449:
435:
19:"PCM" redirects here. For other uses, see
2750:
2689:
2245:"I Can't Keep Up With All The Formats II"
2242:
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1606:
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626:Telecommunications Research Establishment
500:at uniform intervals, and each sample is
52:audio/L16, audio/L8, audio/L20, audio/L24
2909:
2316:
1901:
1183:
1145:band ranges from approximately 300
998:
734:(ADPCM) was developed, by P. Cummiskey,
600:to 5 levels. In 1926, Paul M. Rainey of
2599:
2376:Blu-ray Disc Association (March 2005),
2271:
2258:
2210:
2208:
2206:
1829:
1803:
1737:
960:LPCM has been defined as a part of the
673:having encoding perforations. As in an
4671:
3606:
3391:Differential Manchester/biphase (Bi-φ)
2423:
2361:Cambron, G. Keith (October 17, 2012).
1655:
1610:
1599:
1543:
1406:Equivalent pulse code modulation noise
795:In 1979, the first digital pop album,
792:, making it equivalent to 15.5 bits."
3580:
3371:Non-return-to-zero, level (NRZ/NRZ-L)
3280:
2883:
2864:– audio/L8 and audio/L16 (March 2007)
2365:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 345.
2330:"Pulse-Code Modulation Codec-Filters"
1804:Leibson, Steven (September 7, 2021).
1725:. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
1101:Standard sampling precision and rates
621:International Telephone and Telegraph
4653:
3376:Non-return-to-zero, inverted (NRZ-I)
2795:Pulse Code Modulation Systems Design
2581:. Library of Congress. April 6, 2022
2203:
1864:. DigicamHistory.com. Archived from
1776:
1417:
813:
2492:
2026:Television by Pulse Code Modulation
1495:Quantization error swings between -
1432:Uzu: The World Of Stomu Yamash'ta 2
1116:Common sampling frequencies are 48
881:integrated services digital network
13:
2654:
2641:, December 1984, Vol. 22, No. 12,
2369:
1862:"The Bartlane Transmission System"
1411:Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio
1272:modified discrete cosine transform
1195:modified discrete cosine transform
894:
14:
4720:
3493:Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero
3381:Non-return-to-zero, space (NRZ-S)
2819:PCM description on MultimediaWiki
2812:
2579:"PCM, Pulse Code Modulated Audio"
2285:IEEE Circuits and Systems Society
1243:PCM (North America and Japan) or
853:public switched telephone network
520:are credited with its invention.
4704:Quantized radio modulation modes
4652:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4621:
4242:Free-space optical communication
3346:
2933:Ultra-high-definition television
2776:Pulse Code Modulation Techniques
2107:National Inventor's Hall of Fame
2077:National Inventor's Hall of Fame
1294:Encoding for serial transmission
1134:Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
164:
3310:(digital baseband transmission)
2631:
2620:
2593:
2571:
2520:
2486:
2465:
2439:
2417:
2395:
2354:
2236:
2194:
2151:
2125:
2095:
2065:
2023:Goodall, W. M. (January 1951).
2016:
1967:
1942:
1924:
1880:
1838:The University of Chicago Press
1518:
1489:
1471:
1454:
1441:
1430:Among the first recordings was
1424:
1370:
1030:
924:(specified in 1985, upon which
725:frequency-division multiplexing
686:National Inventors Hall of Fame
3498:Alternate-phase return-to-zero
1953:. Beckham Publications Group.
1823:
1797:
1770:
1715:
1278:(LPC), are now widely used in
1127:
1:
2664:; Ignatius Mattingly (1969).
2340:. pp. 26–1, 26–2, 26–3.
1974:Sears, R. W. (January 1948).
1536:
994:
706:in 1945, and issued in 1948:
476:. It is the standard form of
4628:Telecommunication portal
4409:Telecommunications equipment
3467:Eight-to-fourteen modulation
2844:linear pulse-code modulation
2639:Digital Signaling Techniques
2274:"Switched Capacitor Filters"
1830:Barrett, G. Douglas (2023).
1460:Other methods exist such as
1239:encoding on a DS0 is either
1037:digital-to-analog converters
865:electronic switching systems
861:very-large-scale integration
524:Linear pulse-code modulation
40:.L16, .WAV, .AIFF, .AU, .PCM
7:
4145:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2703:Principles of Digital Audio
2334:The Communications Handbook
1911:John Vardalas (June 2013),
1394:
1017:analog-to-digital converter
635:by digital techniques, the
610:analog-to-digital converter
10:
4725:
3849:Telecommunications history
3549:Pulse-amplitude modulation
2923:High-definition television
2600:Christopher, Montgometry.
2272:Allstot, David J. (2016).
2172:10.1109/JRPROC.1948.231941
1303:
1297:
1025:time-division multiplexing
914:(informally also known as
849:telecommunication networks
817:
749:
684:In the United States, the
631:The first transmission of
579:time-division multiplexing
556:
358:Capacity-approaching codes
18:
4616:
4558:
4495:
4457:Public Switched Telephone
4417:
4381:
4338:
4279:
4269:telecommunication circuit
4230:Fiber-optic communication
4213:
3975:Francis Blake (telephone)
3922:
3770:Optical telecommunication
3614:
3506:
3485:
3399:
3355:
3344:
3315:
3258:
3222:
3112:
3091:
3055:
3019:
2987:
2941:
2915:
1777:Noll, A. Michael (1997).
1611:Casner, S. (March 2007).
1451:during April 24–26, 1972.
1389:pulse-position modulation
879:applications such as the
830:metal–oxide–semiconductor
136:
123:
88:
77:
67:
57:
45:
33:
4368:Orbital angular-momentum
3805:Satellite communications
3644:Communications satellite
3544:Pulse modulation methods
3427:Alternate mark inversion
2876:– L8 and L16 (July 2003)
2699:Ken C. Pohlmann (1985).
1888:Data conversion handbook
1673:. The Internet Society.
1559:. The Internet Society.
1462:pulse-density modulation
1365:alternate mark inversion
1359:Many of these codes are
1276:linear predictive coding
855:(PSTN) had been largely
746:Digital audio recordings
496:of the analog signal is
47:Internet media type
4689:Digital audio recording
4247:Molecular communication
4070:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3899:Undersea telegraph line
3634:Cable protection system
3539:Ethernet physical layer
2646:Communications Magazine
1949:Porter, Arthur (2004).
1090:{\displaystyle f_{s}/2}
1039:(DACs). They produce a
295:Hierarchical modulation
4389:Communication protocol
4175:Charles Sumner Tainter
3990:Walter Houser Brattain
3935:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3743:Information revolution
2793:Bill Waggener (1999).
2774:Bill Waggener (1995).
2559:Cite journal requires
2160:Proceedings of the IRE
1951:So Many Hills to Climb
1703:Cite journal requires
1643:Cite journal requires
1587:Cite journal requires
1385:pulse-width modulation
1091:
1004:
941:(defined in 1991) and
918:), introduced in 1982.
569:samples from multiple
468:) is a method used to
4684:Computer file formats
4363:Polarization-division
4095:Narinder Singh Kapany
4060:Erna Schneider Hoover
3980:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3960:Alexander Graham Bell
3691:online video platform
3555:Pulse-code modulation
3472:Delay/Miller encoding
2928:High-definition video
2840:Information about PCM
2833:U.S. patent 3,912,868
2304:on September 30, 2021
2251:on October 20, 2002.
1509:uniformly distributed
1381:pulse-code modulation
1215:signal-to-noise ratio
1184:Processing and coding
1092:
1057:reconstruction filter
1002:
709:U.S. patent 2,437,707
699:U.S. patent 2,801,281
641:Allied communications
462:Pulse-code modulation
29:Pulse-code modulation
4205:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4165:Almon Brown Strowger
4135:Charles Grafton Page
3790:Prepaid mobile phone
3718:Electrical telegraph
3561:Serial communication
3534:Digital transmission
3437:Coded mark inversion
2979:8640p (16K Ultra HD)
2910:High-definition (HD)
2637:Stallings, William,
2608:on September 6, 2014
2509:on November 22, 2009
2287:. pp. 105–110.
2215:Thomas Fine (2008).
1868:on February 10, 2010
1483:anti-aliasing filter
1264:Audio coding formats
1193:techniques, such as
1066:
877:digital transmission
875:and a wide range of
577:conceived telegraph
565:signals in order to
63:"AIFF" for L16, none
21:PCM (disambiguation)
4155:Johann Philipp Reis
3914:Wireless revolution
3876:The Telephone Cases
3733:Hydraulic telegraph
3566:Category:Line codes
3447:Hybrid ternary code
3407:Conditioned diphase
3400:Extended line codes
3366:Return to zero (RZ)
3092:Filming and storage
2974:4320p (8K Ultra HD)
2969:2160p (4K Ultra HD)
2682:1969ASAJ...46..115C
2453:on December 6, 2007
2139:. February 11, 2004
2113:on December 6, 2010
2083:on December 5, 2010
1756:Library of Congress
1723:"Audio Media Types"
885:cordless telephones
869:telephone exchanges
774:video tape recorder
770:DBX Noise Reduction
30:
4353:Frequency-division
4330:Telephone exchange
4200:Charles Wheatstone
4130:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4105:Innocenzo Manzetti
4040:Reginald Fessenden
3775:Optical telegraphy
3608:Telecommunications
3486:Optical line codes
2752:10.3758/BF03204440
2731:Franklin S. Cooper
2662:Franklin S. Cooper
1836:. Chicago London:
1615:. The IETF Trust.
1331:run-length limited
1320:non-return-to-zero
1314:PCM can be either
1237:signal compression
1229:samples per second
1159:quantization error
1087:
1013:integrated circuit
1007:In the diagram, a
1005:
834:switched capacitor
217:Digital modulation
35:Filename extension
28:
4709:Telephony signals
4666:
4665:
4404:Store and forward
4399:Data transmission
4313:Network switching
4264:Transmission line
4110:Guglielmo Marconi
4075:Internet pioneers
3940:Mohamed M. Atalla
3909:Whistled language
3574:
3573:
3432:Modified AMI code
3323:Unipolar encoding
3274:
3273:
3020:Digital broadcast
2804:978-0-89006-776-5
2785:978-0-442-01436-0
2714:978-0-672-22634-2
2691:10.1121/1.1972688
2493:EBU (July 2009),
2166:(11): 1324–1331.
1847:978-0-226-82340-9
1790:978-0-8058-2557-2
1479:digital filtering
1477:Some systems use
1418:Explanatory notes
1191:audio compression
1173:Nyquist frequency
1061:Nyquist frequency
964:(since 1995) and
955:container formats
912:Red Book standard
826:digital telephony
820:Digital telephony
814:Digital telephony
797:Bop till You Drop
756:Digital recording
740:James L. Flanagan
690:Bernard M. Oliver
615:British engineer
606:facsimile machine
486:digital telephony
459:
458:
174:Analog modulation
149:
148:
119:, and many others
89:Contained by
4716:
4656:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4497:Notable networks
4487:Wireless network
4427:Cellular network
4419:Types of network
4394:Computer network
4281:Network topology
4195:Thomas A. Watson
4050:Oliver Heaviside
4035:Philo Farnsworth
4010:Daniel Davis Jr.
3985:Charles Bourseul
3945:John Logie Baird
3654:Data compression
3649:Computer network
3601:
3594:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3462:64b/66b encoding
3350:
3328:Bipolar encoding
3301:
3294:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3199:Ultra HD Blu-ray
3011:MUSE (Hi-Vision)
2994:
2989:Analog broadcast
2904:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2835:
2808:
2789:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2718:
2706:
2695:
2693:
2648:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2537:10.17487/RFC3108
2524:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2502:, archived from
2501:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2449:. Archived from
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2336:(2nd ed.).
2325:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2297:. Archived from
2278:
2269:
2256:
2255:
2247:. Archived from
2240:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2212:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2109:. Archived from
2103:"Claude Shannon"
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2079:. Archived from
2073:"Bernard Oliver"
2069:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2033:. pp. 33–49
2029:. Vol. 30.
2020:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1984:. pp. 44–57
1980:. Vol. 27.
1971:
1965:
1964:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1908:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1758:. April 19, 2022
1748:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:10.17487/RFC3190
1666:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1621:10.17487/RFC4856
1608:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1565:10.17487/RFC2586
1552:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1493:
1487:
1475:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1428:
1221:Delta modulation
1205:Differential PCM
1189:transform-based
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1077:
979:LPCM is used by
951:raw audio format
711:
701:
602:Western Electric
451:
444:
437:
168:
151:
150:
142:
129:
31:
27:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4622:
4620:
4612:
4554:
4491:
4413:
4377:
4334:
4283:
4275:
4216:
4209:
4115:Robert Metcalfe
3970:Tim Berners-Lee
3918:
3738:Information Age
3610:
3605:
3575:
3570:
3502:
3481:
3457:8b/10b encoding
3395:
3351:
3342:
3311:
3305:
3275:
3270:
3254:
3218:
3115:
3108:
3087:
3051:
3015:
3001:819 line system
2992:
2991:
2983:
2964:1440p (Quad HD)
2959:1080p (Full HD)
2954:1080i (Full HD)
2937:
2911:
2908:
2850:Summary of LPCM
2831:
2815:
2805:
2786:
2758:
2757:
2727:Philip E. Rubin
2725:, E. R. Wiley,
2715:
2657:
2655:Further reading
2652:
2651:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2405:. July 21, 1996
2401:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2326:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2276:
2270:
2259:
2243:Roger Nichols.
2241:
2237:
2219:
2213:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2021:
2017:
2005:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1909:
1902:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:. p. 102.
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1667:
1656:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1609:
1600:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1519:
1494:
1490:
1476:
1472:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1397:
1373:
1312:
1302:
1296:
1288:streaming media
1197:(MDCT) coding.
1186:
1169:
1143:voice frequency
1130:
1103:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1033:
997:
897:
895:Implementations
845:David A. Hodges
828:was enabled by
822:
816:
758:
750:Main articles:
748:
707:
697:
671:plate electrode
657:Ferranti Canada
575:Moses G. Farmer
559:
536:μ-law algorithm
532:A-law algorithm
455:
318:Spread spectrum
137:
124:
53:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4722:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4640:
4630:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:Space-division
4344:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4185:Camille Tissot
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4160:Claude Shannon
4157:
4152:
4150:Tivadar Puskás
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4120:Antonio Meucci
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4090:Charles K. Kao
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:Harold Hopkins
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Emile Berliner
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:Videotelephony
3901:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3802:
3800:Radiotelephone
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
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3686:Internet video
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3529:Digital signal
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3452:6b/8b encoding
3449:
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3442:MLT-3 encoding
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3338:Mark and space
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3194:Super Audio CD
3191:
3186:
3184:MUSE LaserDisc
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2870:(January 2002)
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2814:
2813:External links
2811:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2790:
2784:
2771:
2745:(6): 550–559.
2719:
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2561:|journal=
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2464:
2447:"How DV works"
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2015:
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1959:
1941:
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1466:Super Audio CD
1453:
1440:
1436:Stomu Yamashta
1422:
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1419:
1416:
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1403:
1396:
1393:
1372:
1369:
1316:return-to-zero
1298:Main article:
1295:
1292:
1241:μ-law (mu-law)
1235:. The default
1225:
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1218:
1208:
1202:
1185:
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929:
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818:Main article:
815:
812:
747:
744:
704:John R. Pierce
694:Claude Shannon
647:. In 1943 the
558:
555:
518:John R. Pierce
510:Claude Shannon
480:in computers,
474:analog signals
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78:Type of format
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4374:
4373:Code-division
4371:
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4358:Time-division
4356:
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4351:
4349:
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4307:
4304:
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4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:and switching
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4262:
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4235:optical fiber
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4225:Coaxial cable
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4140:Radia Perlman
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4031:
4030:Lee de Forest
4028:
4026:
4025:Thomas Edison
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Donald Davies
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
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4000:Claude Chappe
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3845:
3844:Smoke signals
3842:
3838:
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3833:
3830:
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3825:
3824:
3823:
3822:Semiconductor
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3816:
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3681:Digital media
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3333:On-off keying
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3320:
3318:
3316:Main articles
3314:
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3124:Archival Disc
3122:
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3105:
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3063:Dolby Digital
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3018:
3012:
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2993:(All defunct)
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2347:9781420041163
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2019:
2011:
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1815:September 19,
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1464:used also on
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1402:
1399:
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1392:
1390:
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1382:
1378:
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1362:
1361:bipolar codes
1357:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1346:pseudo-random
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1291:
1289:
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1284:voice over IP
1281:
1280:mobile phones
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1141:, the usable
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1120:as used with
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547:sampling rate
543:
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514:Barney Oliver
511:
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482:compact discs
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81:Uncompressed
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
60:
56:
50:
48:
44:
38:
36:
32:
26:
22:
4699:Multiplexing
4679:Audio codecs
4340:Multiplexing
4215:Transmission
4180:Nikola Tesla
4170:Henry Sutton
4125:Samuel Morse
4055:Robert Hooke
4020:Amos Dolbear
3955:John Bardeen
3874:
3854:Telautograph
3758:Mobile phone
3713:Edholm's law
3696:social media
3629:Broadcasting
3554:
3510:
3204:Uncompressed
3114:HD media and
2824:Ralph Miller
2794:
2775:
2761:cite journal
2742:
2738:
2723:D. H. Whalen
2702:
2673:
2669:
2633:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2595:
2585:September 5,
2583:. Retrieved
2573:
2552:cite journal
2540:. Retrieved
2522:
2511:, retrieved
2504:the original
2495:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2451:the original
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2424:Jim Taylor.
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2397:
2386:, retrieved
2378:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2333:
2308:November 29,
2306:. Retrieved
2299:the original
2280:
2252:
2249:the original
2238:
2229:
2225:ARSC Journal
2223:
2196:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2137:Science Blog
2136:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2106:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2081:the original
2076:
2067:
2035:. Retrieved
2025:
2018:
1986:. Retrieved
1976:
1969:
1950:
1944:
1926:
1913:
1887:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1856:
1832:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:
1799:
1779:
1772:
1762:September 5,
1760:. Retrieved
1727:. Retrieved
1717:
1696:cite journal
1684:. Retrieved
1636:cite journal
1624:. Retrieved
1580:cite journal
1568:. Retrieved
1520:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1473:
1456:
1443:
1431:
1426:
1401:Beta encoder
1380:
1379:in the term
1376:
1374:
1371:Nomenclature
1358:
1350:
1339:
1335:framing bits
1328:
1324:ones-density
1323:
1313:
1268:audio codecs
1262:
1254:
1226:
1187:
1165:
1152:
1131:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1051:
1049:
1034:
1031:Demodulation
1006:
976:since 2006).
972:since 1995,
915:
898:
851:such as the
838:silicon-gate
823:
804:compact disc
801:
794:
786:
768:(similar to
759:
736:Nikil Jayant
729:
714:
688:has honored
683:
675:oscilloscope
661:
645:World War II
630:
614:
591:
560:
544:
539:
527:
523:
522:
465:
461:
460:
423:Multiplexing
392:
363:Demodulation
69:Magic number
25:
4540:NPL network
4252:Radio waves
4190:Alfred Vail
4100:Hedy Lamarr
4085:Dawon Kahng
4045:Elisha Gray
4005:Yogen Dalal
3930:Nasir Ahmed
3864:Teleprinter
3728:Heliographs
3308:Line coding
3259:Deployments
3235:DisplayPort
3116:compression
2942:Resolutions
2676:(1A): 115.
2513:January 19,
2143:February 6,
2117:February 6,
2087:February 6,
2055:|work=
2006:|work=
1286:(VoIP) and
1274:(MDCT) and
1128:Limitations
1052:demodulator
1021:data stream
905:4ESS switch
889:cell phones
871:, user-end
667:coding tube
664:cathode-ray
617:Alec Reeves
604:patented a
506:Alec Reeves
368:Line coding
139:Free format
126:Open format
4673:Categories
4586:Antarctica
4545:Toasternet
4467:Television
3950:Paul Baran
3882:Television
3866:(teletype)
3859:Telegraphy
3837:transistor
3815:Phryctoria
3785:Photophone
3763:Smartphone
3753:Mass media
3386:Manchester
3358:line codes
3223:Connectors
2232:(1): 1–17.
1932:US 2272070
1872:January 7,
1537:References
1529:, however.
1486:precision.
1304:See also:
1260:standard.
1015:called an
995:Modulation
932:LaserDiscs
583:commutator
571:telegraphy
538:). Though
472:represent
158:modulation
4570:Americas
4559:Locations
4530:Internet2
4291:Bandwidth
3995:Vint Cerf
3892:streaming
3870:Telephone
3810:Semaphore
3701:streaming
3511:See also:
3230:Component
3149:DVD-Audio
2949:720p (HD)
2612:March 16,
2542:March 16,
2478:March 21,
2457:March 21,
2431:March 20,
2409:March 16,
2338:CRC Press
2180:0096-8390
2057:ignored (
2047:cite book
2031:Bell Labs
2008:ignored (
1998:cite book
1982:Bell Labs
1810:EEJournal
1729:March 16,
1686:March 16,
1626:March 16,
1570:March 16,
1375:The word
1342:scrambler
1310:E-carrier
1306:T-carrier
1300:Line code
1139:telephony
1009:sine wave
857:digitized
808:44,100 Hz
766:compander
730:In 1973,
727:schemes.
721:telephone
717:T-carrier
679:Gray code
649:Bell Labs
598:quantized
587:telephony
567:multiplex
551:bit depth
502:quantized
494:amplitude
470:digitally
59:Type code
4638:Category
4525:Internet
4515:CYCLADES
4432:Ethernet
4382:Concepts
4306:terminal
4257:wireless
4080:Bob Kahn
3923:Pioneers
3748:Internet
3639:Cable TV
3524:Bit rate
3514:Baseband
2916:Concepts
2733:(1990).
2388:July 26,
2188:51663786
1507:) it is
1395:See also
1318:(RZ) or
916:Audio CD
883:(ISDN),
790:emphasis
655:system,
350:See also
155:Passband
93:Audio CD
4658:Commons
4648:Outline
4601:Oceania
4520:FidoNet
4505:ARPANET
4318:circuit
3887:digital
3616:History
3134:Blu-ray
3032:DMB-T/H
2828:SIGSALY
2678:Bibcode
2037:May 14,
1988:May 14,
1499:/2 and
1353:DC bias
1179:device.
1045:current
1041:voltage
990:linear.
966:Blu-ray
669:with a
643:during
637:SIGSALY
557:History
534:or the
498:sampled
4596:Europe
4566:Africa
4550:Usenet
4510:BITNET
4447:Mobile
4323:packet
3832:MOSFET
3827:device
3624:Beacon
3477:TC-PAM
3356:Basic
3179:MPEG-2
3174:HD VMD
3169:HD DVD
3006:HD MAC
2801:
2782:
2729:, and
2711:
2344:
2291:
2186:
2178:
1957:
1937:
1894:
1844:
1787:
1527:jitter
1107:sample
926:S/PDIF
873:modems
832:(MOS)
778:stereo
633:speech
563:sample
492:, the
490:stream
276:SC-FDE
73:Varies
4579:South
4574:North
4535:JANET
4472:Telex
4462:Radio
4301:Nodes
4296:Links
4217:media
3795:Radio
3780:Pager
3708:Drums
3674:video
3669:image
3659:audio
3557:(PCM)
3551:(PAM)
3214:W-VHS
3164:H.266
3159:H.265
3154:H.264
3144:D-VHS
3056:Audio
3047:SBTVD
2507:(PDF)
2500:(PDF)
2383:(PDF)
2302:(PDF)
2277:(PDF)
2220:(PDF)
2184:S2CID
1449:Tokyo
1377:pulse
1258:G.726
1250:G.711
1245:A-law
974:AVCHD
859:with
782:Denon
653:DATAR
373:Modem
83:audio
4591:Asia
4477:UUCP
4437:ISDN
3519:Baud
3422:2B1Q
3417:4B5B
3412:4B3T
3245:HDMI
3209:VC-1
3139:CBHD
3042:ISDB
3027:ATSC
2799:ISBN
2780:ISBN
2767:link
2709:ISBN
2643:IEEE
2614:2013
2587:2022
2565:help
2544:2010
2515:2010
2480:2010
2459:2010
2433:2010
2411:2010
2390:2009
2342:ISBN
2310:2019
2289:ISBN
2176:ISSN
2145:2011
2119:2011
2089:2011
2059:help
2039:2017
2010:help
1990:2017
1955:ISBN
1919:IEEE
1892:ISBN
1874:2010
1842:ISBN
1817:2024
1785:ISBN
1764:2022
1731:2010
1709:help
1688:2010
1649:help
1628:2010
1593:help
1572:2010
1515:/12.
1387:and
1308:and
1266:and
1132:The
987:RF64
981:HDMI
943:AIFF
922:AES3
903:The
887:and
867:for
841:CMOS
802:The
754:and
738:and
715:The
692:and
528:LPCM
516:and
413:OFDM
342:THSS
337:FHSS
332:DSSS
246:MFSK
231:APSK
113:M2TS
105:AIFF
97:AES3
4482:WAN
4452:NGN
4442:LAN
3723:Fax
3664:DCT
3250:VGA
3240:DVI
3189:MVC
3129:AV1
3104:HDV
3099:DCI
3083:DTS
3078:DXD
3073:DSD
3037:DVB
2747:doi
2686:doi
2533:doi
2168:doi
1675:doi
1617:doi
1561:doi
1434:by
1233:DS0
1122:DVD
1118:kHz
1097:).
1043:or
962:DVD
939:WAV
762:NHK
540:PCM
466:PCM
418:FDM
408:ΔΣM
403:PWM
398:PDM
393:PCM
388:PAM
383:PoM
378:AnM
327:CSS
309:WDM
304:QAM
286:WDM
281:TCM
271:QAM
266:PSK
261:PPM
256:OOK
251:MSK
241:FSK
236:CPM
226:ASK
208:SSB
198:QAM
145:Yes
132:Yes
117:VOB
101:WAV
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