447:
755:
458:
223:
436:
4220:
4232:
2397:
1872:
1114:
was turning out at least 8,000 words per day seven days a week for the pulps, keeping two stenographers fully employed. Pulps would often have their authors use multiple pen names so that they could use multiple stories by the same person in one issue, or use a given author's stories in three or more
2179:
Many of the paperback houses that contributed to the decline of the genre–Ace, Dell, Avon, among others–were actually started by pulp magazine publishers. They had the presses, the expertise, and the newsstand distribution networks which made the success of the mass-market paperback possible. These
1077:
Later pulps began to feature interior illustrations, depicting elements of the stories. The drawings were printed in black ink on the same cream-colored paper used for the text, and had to use specific techniques to avoid blotting on the coarse texture of the cheap pulp. Thus, fine lines and heavy
135:
magazine of 1896, with about 135,000 words (192 pages) per issue, on pulp paper with untrimmed edges, and no illustrations, even on the cover. The steam-powered printing press had been in widespread use for some time, enabling the boom in dime novels; prior to Munsey, however, no one had combined
1094:
Another way pulps kept costs down was by paying authors less than other markets; thus many eminent authors started out in the pulps before they were successful enough to sell to better-paying markets, and similarly, well-known authors whose careers were slumping or who wanted a few quick dollars
771:
While the majority of pulp magazines were anthology titles featuring many different authors, characters and settings, some of the most enduring magazines were those that featured a single recurring character. These were often referred to as "hero pulps" because the recurring character was almost
47:
paper on which the magazines were printed, due to their cheap nature. In contrast, magazines printed on higher-quality paper were called "glossies" or "slicks". The typical pulp magazine had 128 pages; it was 7 inches (18 cm) wide by 10 inches (25 cm) high, and 0.5 inches (1.3 cm)
580:
The collapse of the pulp industry changed the landscape of publishing because pulps were the single largest sales outlet for short stories. Combined with the decrease in slick magazine fiction markets, writers trying to support themselves by creating fiction switched to novels and book-length
2321:
by E.A. Guest, their first contribution to a "New Pulp Era", featuring the hallmarks of pulp fiction for contemporary mature readers: violence, horror and sex. E.A. Guest was likened to a blend of pulp era icon Talbot Mundy and
Stephen King by real-life explorer David Hatcher Childress.
2355:. Explaining his vision for the project, Chabon wrote in the introduction, "I think that we have forgotten how much fun reading a short story can be, and I hope that if nothing else, this treasury goes some small distance toward reminding us of that lost but fundamental truth."
2317:. These specialist publications, printed in limited press runs, were pointedly not printed on the brittle, high-acid wood pulp paper of the old publications and were not mass market publications targeted at a wide audience. In 2004, Lost Continent Library published
576:
claimed that his company alone had published over 300, and at their peak they were publishing 42 titles per month. Many titles of course survived only briefly. While the most popular titles were monthly, many were bimonthly and some were quarterly.
2304:
After 2000, several small independent publishers released magazines which published short fiction, either short stories or novel-length presentations, in the tradition of the pulp magazines of the early 20th century. These included
2676:, Max Brand, Buffalo Bill, Frank Merriwell, Gerald Smith, Richard Duffy, Frederick Faust, dime novel, Horatio Alger, Henry Ralston, Ned Buntline, Ormond Smith, Beadle's, Edward Stratemeyer, detective fiction, Laura Jean Libbey,
1022:. Later, many artists specialized in creating covers mainly for the pulps; a number of the most successful cover artists became as popular as the authors featured on the interior pages. Among the most famous pulp artists were
215:. In 1907, the cover price rose to 15 cents and 30 pages were added to each issue; along with establishing a stable of authors for each magazine, this change proved successful and circulation began to approach that of
1095:
could bolster their income with sales to pulps. Additionally, some of the earlier pulps solicited stories from amateurs who were quite happy to see their words in print and could thus be paid token amounts.
1086:, and even that had to be limited and coarse. Usually the art was black lines on the paper's background, but Finlay and a few others did some work that was primarily white lines against large dark areas.
2226:, the annual pulp magazine convention that had begun in 1972. The magazine, devoted to the history and legacy of the pulp magazines, has published each year since. It now appears in connection with
518:, then the primary distributor of pulp magazines, has sometimes been taken as marking the end of the "pulp era"; by that date, many of the famous pulps of the previous generation, including
63:, and sensational subject matter, even though this was but a small part of what existed in the pulps. Digest magazines and men's adventure magazines were also regarded as pulps. Modern
4270:
541:
were defunct (though some of those titles have been revived in various formats in the decades since). Almost all of the few remaining former pulp magazines are science fiction or
219:. Street and Smith's next innovation was the introduction of specialized genre pulps, with each magazine focusing on a particular genre, such as detective stories, romance, etc.
2234:
was originally edited by Tony Davis and is currently edited by
William Lampkin, who also runs the website ThePulp.Net. Contributors have included Don Hutchison, Robert Sampson,
122:
gained peak popularity in the 1860s-1870s. Sensation novels focused on shocking stories that reflected modern-day anxieties, and were the direct precursors of pulp fiction.
3154:
4767:
4539:
717:
was a mainstay genre of early turn of the 20th-century novels as well as later pulp magazines, and lasted longest of all the traditional pulps. In many ways, the later
3184:
1119:
for material instead of on publication. Since a story might be accepted months or even years before publication, to a working writer this was a crucial difference in
1074:. Covers were important enough to sales that sometimes they would be designed first; authors would then be shown the cover art and asked to write a story to match.
2366:
publishes "My Weekly
Compact Novel" every week. It is literally a pulp novel, though it does not fall into the hard-edged genre most associated with pulp fiction.
507:
also drew away the readership of the pulps. In a more affluent post-war
America, the price gap compared to slick magazines was far less significant. In the 1950s,
163:
in 1903, which they billed as the "biggest magazine in the world" by virtue of its being two pages (the interior sides of the front and back cover) longer than
559:
began in pulp format, though published on good-quality paper. The old format is still in use for some lengthy serials, like the German science fiction weekly
4263:
4152:
2639:
2635:
3514:
2132:
4772:
2703:
2427:
1002:. Cover art played a major part in the marketing of pulp magazines. The early pulp magazines could boast covers by some distinguished American artists;
4560:
4462:
1157:
1137:
4256:
1147:
1126:
Some pulp editors became known for cultivating good fiction and interesting features in their magazines. Preeminent pulp magazine editors included
70:
are sometimes considered descendants of "hero pulps"; pulp magazines often featured illustrated novel-length stories of heroic characters, such as
2602:
2576:
2218:
1863:, writing filler paragraphs (brief facts or amusing anecdotes designed to fill small gaps in page layout), advertising copy and a few stories.
1067:
179:
did introduce color covers to pulp publishing, and the magazine began to take off when in 1905 the publishers acquired the rights to serialize
136:
cheap printing, cheap paper and cheap authors in a package that provided affordable entertainment to young working-class people. In six years,
488:: smaller, sometimes thicker magazines. In 1949, Street & Smith closed most of their pulp magazines in order to move upmarket and produce
478:
paper shortages had a serious impact on pulp production, starting a steady rise in costs and the decline of the pulps. Following the model of
4623:
4378:
374:
Although pulp magazines were primarily an
American phenomenon, there were also a number of British pulp magazines published between the
2227:
2223:
3106:
3561:
2327:
4455:
2297:
which began in 1960. It ran for 75 issues and featured articles about the content and selected fiction from the pulps. It became
3158:
4722:
4706:
3530:
3132:
2180:
pulp-oriented paperback houses mined the old magazines for reprints. This kept pulp literature, if not pulp magazines, alive.
4651:
4195:
3519:
3387:
3372:
3335:
2832:
2765:
2734:
2612:
2586:
3180:
1115:
successive issues, while still appearing to have varied content. One advantage pulps provided to authors was that they paid
242:
At their peak of popularity in the 1920s–1940s, the most successful pulps sold up to one million copies per issue. In 1934,
4693:
1098:
There were also career pulp writers, capable of turning out huge amounts of prose on a steady basis, often with the aid of
2670:
The
Fiction Factory ; Or, From Pulp Row to Quality Street: The Story of 100 Years of Publishing at Street & Smith
270:, collectively described by some pulp historians as "The Big Four". Among the best-known other titles of this period were
4504:
3214:
1948:
3629:
2916:
2559:
1884:
480:
4236:
3471:
3432:
3417:
3402:
3357:
3321:
3307:
3293:
3279:
3265:
3251:
3237:
3011:
2940:
2891:
2853:
2812:
2792:
788:
422:
had a similar format to
American pulp magazines, in that it was printed on rough pulp paper and heavily illustrated.
4329:
3847:
2673:
848:
306:
363:, pulps provided affordable content to the masses, and were one of the primary forms of entertainment, along with
4343:
1198:
808:
551:
4279:
3037:
4137:
17:
2695:
93:
in reference to run-of-the-mill, low-quality literature. Successors of pulps include paperback books, such as
4637:
4147:
2955:, edited by Doug Ellis, John Locke, and John Gunnison. Silver Spring, MD, Adventure House, 2000. (p. xi–xii).
2519:
962:
927:
3075:
4793:
4581:
4546:
3939:
3554:
2117:
994:
Pulp covers were printed in color on higher-quality (slick) paper. They were famous for their half-dressed
2491:
467:
Pulp magazines began to decline during the 1940s, giving way to paperbacks, comics and digest-sized novels
3509:
1920:
1051:
191:
3230:
Uncovered: The Hidden Art of the Girlie Pulps – Gold Medal Winner for Best
Popular Culture Book BEA 2004
2175:
is often used for massmarket paperbacks since the 1950s. The Browne
Popular Culture Library News noted:
4700:
4658:
4630:
4420:
3639:
2551:
2067:
1773:
364:
4574:
4525:
4483:
4441:
4350:
4322:
4018:
1954:
1854:
1743:
1643:
294:
98:
4808:
4476:
4283:
3842:
3534:
2444:
2247:
1974:
1308:
1293:
1152:
1127:
266:
446:
4803:
4686:
4469:
4448:
4413:
4406:
4392:
4364:
4224:
4116:
4096:
3783:
3773:
3619:
3612:
3547:
2126:
1011:
818:
489:
59:
Although many respected writers wrote for pulps, the magazines were best known for their lurid,
4490:
4315:
3944:
2084:
1942:
1898:
1753:
1603:
1338:
1142:
384:
352:
288:
3212:
From Pulp Hero to
Superhero: Culture, Race, and Identity in AmericanPopular Culture, 1900–1940
2261:
reprinting old classics. It came out regularly until 2001, and then started up again in 2014.
503:
further eroded the pulps' market share, but it has been suggested the widespread expansion of
4798:
4644:
4609:
4511:
4497:
4385:
4248:
2339:, it is a collection of "pulp fiction" stories written by such current well-known authors as
2283:
1969:
1937:
1843:
1778:
1723:
1658:
1468:
1172:
858:
843:
803:
760:
742:
529:
523:
515:
394:
278:
83:
1423:
4736:
4567:
4427:
4101:
3862:
3714:
3597:
2465:
2090:
1859:
1458:
1443:
1418:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1253:
1167:
1162:
1132:
1099:
838:
586:
573:
260:
254:
231:
200:
159:
60:
2286:, and it embodied the seedy, violent, often crime-related spirit found in pulp magazines.
1871:
8:
4750:
4336:
3949:
3815:
3581:
3098:
2438:
1523:
1433:
1323:
1023:
942:
912:
754:
725:
706:
418:
368:
300:
4715:
4588:
4518:
4086:
3976:
3961:
3830:
3746:
1828:
1818:
1758:
1628:
1498:
1373:
1204:
995:
917:
765:
718:
508:
340:
2980:"Forgotten Giant: Hoffman's Adventure". Purple Prose Magazine, November 1998, p. 3-12.
568:
Over the course of their evolution, there were a huge number of pulp magazine titles;
4616:
4231:
4200:
4142:
4033:
3899:
3857:
3634:
3467:
3428:
3413:
3398:
3383:
3368:
3353:
3331:
3317:
3303:
3289:
3275:
3261:
3247:
3233:
3007:
2936:
2912:
2887:
2849:
2828:
2808:
2788:
2761:
2730:
2608:
2582:
2555:
2369:
From 2006 through 2019, Anthony Tollin's imprint Sanctum Books has reprinted all 182
2265:
2138:
2004:
1738:
1733:
1678:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1378:
1177:
1031:
952:
882:
714:
613:
328:
248:
222:
143:
131:
457:
4665:
4532:
4434:
4371:
4174:
4106:
3835:
3825:
3793:
3709:
3677:
3128:
2381:
novels from the original pulp series and all but three novels of the entire run of
2015:
1838:
1563:
1558:
1513:
1483:
1473:
1448:
1413:
1353:
1343:
1248:
1193:
1188:
1071:
957:
947:
833:
475:
400:
360:
312:
204:
186:
67:
43:
that were published from 1896 until around 1955. The term "pulp" derives from the
4679:
4357:
4308:
4091:
4081:
3867:
3805:
3788:
3778:
3741:
3218:
2977:
2432:
2251:
2043:
2021:
1960:
1833:
1823:
1783:
1768:
1728:
1718:
1713:
1698:
1588:
1573:
1543:
1533:
1478:
1438:
1348:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1027:
828:
736:
671:
617:
605:
542:
272:
119:
118:(1840s-1860s) fictionalized the exploits of real-life criminals. Later, British
4743:
4595:
4553:
4028:
3852:
3768:
3624:
3570:
3181:"Ten Years in the Shadow's Sanctum — Anthony Tollin's Sanctum Books – PulpFest"
2332:
2049:
2038:
1993:
1850:
1748:
1668:
1663:
1633:
1578:
1518:
1493:
1428:
1408:
1393:
1388:
1278:
1243:
1111:
863:
853:
798:
648:
334:
318:
181:
49:
3350:
The Pulp Western: A Popular History of the Western Fiction Magazine in America
3211:
246:
said there were some 150 pulp titles. The most successful pulp magazines were
4787:
4602:
4132:
3996:
3877:
3872:
3810:
3731:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3602:
2825:
Transformations: The Story of the Science Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970
2643:
2524:
2416:
2402:
2275:
2010:
1988:
1808:
1693:
1688:
1593:
1548:
1538:
1508:
1488:
1398:
1363:
1358:
1298:
1263:
1233:
1043:
1039:
902:
793:
682:
598:
569:
375:
115:
2758:
Danger Is My Business: an illustrated history of the Fabulous Pulp Magazines
4399:
4066:
3887:
3798:
3724:
3704:
3662:
3440:
Yesterday's Faces: A Study of Series Characters in the Early Pulp Magazines
3002:
Locke, John ed. "Editors You Want to Know: Daisy Bacon" by Joa Humphrey in
2348:
2340:
2270:
2243:
2239:
1999:
1803:
1788:
1683:
1653:
1618:
1568:
1453:
1403:
1368:
1333:
1283:
1268:
1258:
1238:
1103:
972:
967:
698:
676:
656:
582:
561:
435:
379:
243:
208:
126:
71:
44:
4729:
4301:
4205:
4164:
4071:
3986:
3758:
3753:
3694:
3667:
3607:
3014:(p. 77). Daisy Bacon (1899?–1986) was nicknamed "Queen of the Woodpulps".
2785:
The Age of the Storytellers: British Popular Fiction Magazines, 1880–1950
2352:
2344:
2235:
2057:
1813:
1763:
1703:
1673:
1638:
1583:
1553:
1383:
1303:
1273:
1209:
1182:
1107:
1083:
1035:
1007:
937:
922:
907:
888:
823:
730:
622:
546:
536:
485:
346:
168:
3524:
3272:
Pulp Art: Original Cover Paintings for the Great American Pulp Magazines
4169:
4050:
3971:
3934:
3892:
3657:
2753:
2496:
2422:
2363:
1798:
1793:
1708:
1648:
1528:
1079:
1063:
932:
873:
868:
813:
777:
773:
709:
is particularly known for his sketches of the covers of such magazines.
504:
496:
212:
196:
147:
94:
79:
75:
53:
3484:
3038:"They Came from the Newsstand: Pulp Magazines from the Browne Library"
48:
thick, with ragged, untrimmed edges. Pulps were the successors to the
4672:
4111:
3882:
3699:
3499:
3045:
1463:
1288:
1120:
642:
500:
64:
3504:
2230:, the summer pulp convention that grew out of and replaced Pulpcon.
4006:
3736:
3719:
2359:
1503:
702:
694:
632:
40:
2396:
140:
went from a few thousand copies per month to over half a million.
4159:
4076:
4038:
4001:
3991:
3909:
3820:
3539:
3067:
2410:
897:
880:
Popular pulp characters who appeared in anthology titles such as
627:
3314:
It's a Man's World: Men's Adventure Magazines, the Postwar Pulps
4043:
4013:
3954:
3763:
2578:
The American Imperial Gothic: Popular Culture, Empire, Violence
977:
783:
Popular pulp characters that headlined in their own magazines:
652:
4278:
3044:. Bowling Green State University. May 31, 1994. Archived from
2548:
American Pulp: How Paperbacks Brought Modernism to Main Street
724:
Many classic science fiction and crime novels were originally
4023:
3966:
3927:
3922:
3917:
2385:(most of his publications featuring two novels in one book).
982:
641:", also called "saucy/spicy pulps" or "sex pulps" (including
4768:
History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950
3981:
999:
230:
vol. 2, #6 (April 1935) featuring "Bullet from Nowhere" by
150:
and boys' weekly publisher, was next on the market. Seeing
3515:
Mt. St. Vincent University Lesbian Pulp Fiction Collection
3286:
Pulp Fictioneers – Adventures in the Storytelling Business
2696:"Pulp Illustration: Pulp Magazines – Illustration History"
2690:
2688:
2686:
581:
anthologies of shorter pieces. Some ex-pulp writers like
2257:
In 1992, Rich W. Harvey came out with a magazine called
3489:
3380:
Cheap Thrills: An Informal History of the Pulp Magazine
2803:"Orchideengarten, Der". in: M.B. Tymn and Mike Ashley,
2683:
2646:. Silver Spring, MD, Adventure House, 2000. (p. ii–iv).
511:
magazines also began to draw some former pulp readers.
171:
however, the magazine had substantially less text than
3494:
2805:
Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines
2212:. But note that mass market paperbacks are not pulps.
589:
had moved on to writing for television by the 1950s.
199:
genre influenced several key pulp writers, including
2392:
4773:
George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection
2672:. Random House, 1955. (Covers: Street & Smith,
2428:
George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection
2313:and a short-lived magazine which revived the title
56:, and short-fiction magazines of the 19th century.
2991:Yesterday's Faces:Dangerous Horizons Popular Press
2760:. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. pp. 62–65.
2159:Courtland Young's C.H. Young Publishing published
1078:detail were usually not an option. Shading was by
425:
2604:Acting with the Voice: The Art of Recording Books
2492:"When Classic Detective Novels Became Sexy Pulps"
2055:J. C. Henneberger's Rural Publications published
597:Pulp magazines often contained a wide variety of
4785:
3096:
1228:Well-known authors who wrote for pulps include:
3300:Pulpwood Days – Vol. 1 Editors You Want To Know
2909:The Blood 'n' Thunder Guide to Collecting Pulps
2727:The Blood 'n' Thunder Guide to Collecting Pulps
2337:McSweeney's Mammoth Treasury of Thrilling Tales
1899:Better/Standard/Thrilling (The Thrilling Group)
2968:. McFarland, 1998, ISB0786404817 (pp. 130–32).
2520:"The Erotic Nostalgia of Lesbian Pulp Fiction"
772:always a larger-than-life hero in the mold of
749:
4264:
3555:
2848:. Vintage Books, a division of Random House.
2725:Hulse, Ed (2009). "The Big Four (Plus One)".
2539:
2301:in 2013 and continues quarterly publication.
721:("the sweats") was the replacement of pulps.
27:Fiction magazines made from 1896 to the 1950s
2931:Robinson, Frank M., and Davidson, Lawrence.
2870:Uncovered: The Hidden Art of the Girlie Pulp
3510:CNN: "Girls, Guns and Money," November 2005
3365:The Pulps: 50 Years of American Pop Culture
2933:Pulp Culture – The Art of Fiction Magazines
2293:, a continuation of his Hugo Award-winning
1887:(Periodical House/Ace Magazines) published
484:in 1941, some magazines began to switch to
4271:
4257:
3562:
3548:
3466:. Bowling Green University Popular Press.
3367:. Bonanza Books (Crown Publishers, Inc.).
3210:Chambliss, Julian and William Svitavsky, "
2545:
3408:Hamilton, Frank and Hullar, Link (1988).
2881:
2875:
2837:
3326:Robinson, Frank and Davidson, Lawrence.
2630:"A Two-Minute History of the Pulps", in
2626:
2624:
1870:
753:
221:
4456:Flash Gordon Strange Adventure Magazine
3187:from the original on September 23, 2020
3004:Pulpwood Days: Editors You Want to Know
2843:
2574:
14:
4786:
4723:Vargo Statten Science Fiction Magazine
3495:PEAPS – Pulp Era Amateur Press Society
2953:The Adventure House Guide to the Pulps
2807:. Westport: Greenwood, 1985. pp. 866.
2779:
2777:
2752:
2706:from the original on February 14, 2022
2632:The Adventure House Guide to the Pulps
2489:
1089:
545:magazines, now in formats similar to "
4252:
4196:Internet Speculative Fiction Database
3543:
2906:
2748:
2746:
2724:
2621:
2517:
2483:
2463:
2184:reprints material first published in
555:, though the most durable revival of
359:During the economic hardships of the
237:
4694:Two Complete Science-Adventure Books
3129:"Pulp Fiction (1994) – Release Info"
2657:Encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers
2518:Sharp, Sarah Rose (August 4, 2021).
2511:
2373:pulp novels, all 24 of Paul Ernst's
2192:contains stories first published in
4505:Miracle Science and Fantasy Stories
3135:from the original on March 12, 2019
3042:Browne Popular Culture Library News
2911:. Muriana Press. pp. 26, 163.
2774:
2289:In 1997 C. Cazadessus Jr. launched
1223:
24:
3569:
3342:
3244:Adventure House Guide to the Pulps
3109:from the original on July 10, 2018
3078:from the original on March 4, 2023
2743:
2198:The Pocket Book of Science Fiction
2024:'s Culture Publications published
25:
4820:
3478:
3157:. Dcthomson.co.uk. Archived from
2729:. Murania Press. pp. 19–47.
2607:. Hal Leonard Corporation. 2004.
2575:Hoglund, Johan (March 16, 2016).
2490:Romney, Rebecca (April 6, 2018).
601:, including, but not limited to:
4400:Dusty Ayres and His Battle Birds
4230:
4219:
4218:
3025:Sinclair Lewis: An American Life
2395:
2182:The Return of the Continental Op
565:(over 3,000 issues as of 2019).
456:
445:
434:
189:, a sequel to his popular novel
89:The pulps gave rise to the term
3427:(six volumes). Starmont House.
3302:(Off-Trail Publications, 2007)
3173:
3147:
3121:
3097:Stephensen-Payne, Phil (2018).
3090:
3060:
3030:
3017:
2996:
2983:
2971:
2958:
2946:
2925:
2900:
2862:
2817:
2797:
2718:
2464:Davis, Tony (October 1, 2021).
1885:A. A. Wyn's Magazine Publishers
1853:, first American winner of the
1110:. Before he became a novelist,
989:
809:Dan Turner, Hollywood Detective
552:Analog Science Fiction and Fact
481:Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine
426:World War II and market decline
4673:Terence X. O'Leary's War Birds
3027:, pp. 3–22. McGraw-Hill, 1961.
2662:
2649:
2595:
2568:
2457:
998:, usually awaiting a rescuing
416:. The German fantasy magazine
13:
1:
4330:A. Merritt's Fantasy Magazine
3531:Clark Pulp Fiction Collection
3155:"DC Thomson Shop – Home Page"
2450:
1866:
4582:Scientific Detective Monthly
4547:Out of This World Adventures
3423:Robbins, Leonard A. (1988).
2966:Sports in the Pulp Magazines
2325:In 2002, the tenth issue of
2087:, main publisher of UK pulps
514:The 1957 liquidation of the
410:Hutchinson's Adventure-Story
382:. Notable UK pulps included
39:") were inexpensive fiction
7:
3520:"Pulp Winds", December 2009
3242:Gunnison, Locke and Ellis.
3223:Studies in American Culture
2388:
1970:Doubleday, Page and Company
1875:Cover of the pulp magazine
750:Notable original characters
226:Cover of the pulp magazine
10:
4825:
4652:Tales of Magic and Mystery
4421:Famous Fantastic Mysteries
3527:at the Library of Congress
3485:The Pulp Magazines Project
3330:(Collector's Press, 2007)
3203:
2935:. Collectors Press, 2007.
2678:Astounding Science Fiction
2552:Princeton University Press
2546:Rabinowitz, Paula (2014).
2319:Secret of the Amazon Queen
2284:pulp magazine of that name
2206:Astounding Science Fiction
1877:Dime Mystery Book Magazine
1857:, worked as an editor for
1199:Astounding Science Fiction
728:in pulp magazines such as
414:Hutchinson's Mystery-Story
109:
104:
4760:
4575:Science Fiction Quarterly
4442:Fantastic Story Quarterly
4323:Amazing Stories Quarterly
4293:
4214:
4183:
4125:
4059:
3908:
3650:
3590:
3577:
3232:(Adventure House, −2003)
2827:, Volume 2 (2005), pg. 3
2550:. Princeton, New Jersey:
2166:
1955:Science Fiction Quarterly
1855:Nobel Prize in Literature
1744:Bertrand William Sinclair
1644:Frederick Ferdinand Moore
1014:contributed cover art to
844:Lord Lister (aka Raffles)
592:
157:s success, they launched
4624:Stirring Science Stories
3535:Cleveland Public Library
3438:Sampson, Robert (1983).
3363:Goodstone, Tony (1970).
3288:(Adventure House, 2004)
3260:(Adventure House, 2003)
3246:(Adventure House, 2000)
2872:, Adventure House, 2003.
2783:Ashley, Michael (2006).
2466:"Pulps: the early years"
2445:Science fiction magazine
2248:Jessica Amanda Salmonson
2202:Thrilling Wonder Stories
2190:Five Sinister Characters
1218:Detective Story Magazine
1128:Arthur Sullivant Hoffman
335:Thrilling Wonder Stories
167:. Due to differences in
4687:Tops in Science Fiction
4470:G-8 and His Battle Aces
4414:Dynamic Science Stories
4407:Dynamic Science Fiction
3945:Fire-breathing monsters
3525:Pulp Fiction Collection
3425:The Pulp Magazine Index
3348:Dinan, John A. (1983).
3258:The New Pulpwood Editor
3217:March 30, 2012, at the
2882:Hutchison, Don (1995).
2844:Haining, Peter (1975).
2700:illustrationhistory.org
2238:, Al Tonik, Nick Carr,
2222:debuted at that year's
2200:collects material from
1012:Edgar Franklin Wittmack
758:November 1927 issue of
228:Spicy Detective Stories
114:Before pulp magazines,
4491:Marvel Science Stories
4463:Future Science Fiction
4316:Amazing Stories Annual
3312:Parfrey, Adam, et al.
3068:"About "The Pulpster""
2989:Sampson,Robert.(1991)
2214:
2080:Marvel Science Stories
1943:Future Science Fiction
1880:
1754:Arthur D. Howden Smith
1604:William Colt MacDonald
1058:, (who specialized in
768:
406:The Sovereign Magazine
385:The Pall Mall Magazine
353:Western Story Magazine
234:
97:detective stories and
35:(also referred to as "
4645:Super Science Stories
3848:Organ transplantation
3500:Pulp Illustration Art
3393:Goulart, Ron (1988).
3378:Goulart, Ron (1972).
3225:30 (1) (October 2008)
2884:The Great Pulp Heroes
2328:McSweeney's Quarterly
2177:
1938:Columbia Publications
1911:The Phantom Detective
1874:
1724:Charles Alden Seltzer
1659:Philip Francis Nowlan
859:The Phantom Detective
757:
516:American News Company
225:
125:The first "pulp" was
84:The Phantom Detective
4568:Science-Fiction Plus
4428:Fantastic Adventures
3397:. Mysterious Press.
3316:(Feral House, 2003)
3298:Locke, John-editor.
3284:Locke, John-editor.
2331:was guest edited by
2254:, and many others.
2127:Everybody's Magazine
2091:Popular Publications
1444:Erle Stanley Gardner
1419:George Allan England
1319:William S. Burroughs
1314:Edgar Rice Burroughs
1254:Robert Leslie Bellem
1004:The Popular Magazine
587:Robert Leslie Bellem
574:Popular Publications
232:Robert Leslie Bellem
201:Edgar Rice Burroughs
177:The Popular Magazine
160:The Popular Magazine
4794:Magazine publishing
4751:Wonder Story Annual
4337:Astonishing Stories
3630:Television programs
3582:Speculative fiction
3410:Amazing Pulp Heroes
3395:The Dime Detectives
3382:. Arlington House.
3274:(Book Sales, 2003)
3006:. Off-Trail, 2007.
2846:The Fantastic Pulps
2787:. British Library.
2668:Reynolds, Quentin.
2439:Il Giallo Mondadori
2282:, in homage to the
2118:The Ridgway Company
2000:Frank A. Munsey Co.
1579:Elmore John Leonard
1434:F. Scott Fitzgerald
1324:Ellis Parker Butler
1214:Love Story Magazine
1090:Authors and editors
1024:Walter M. Baumhofer
996:damsels in distress
943:John Carter of Mars
913:Conan the Barbarian
707:Arthur Roy Mitchell
419:Der Orchideengarten
301:Love Story Magazine
4344:Astounding Stories
3747:Zombie pornography
3505:Pulp International
3460:Dangerous Horizons
3452:From the Dark Side
3161:on August 18, 2010
3103:Magazine Data File
3048:on October 6, 2011
2907:Hulse, Ed (2009).
2268:directed the film
2139:Street & Smith
1881:
1829:Tennessee Williams
1819:Henry S. Whitehead
1759:Clark Ashton Smith
1629:Eldred Kurtz Means
1499:Robert A. Heinlein
1424:Philip José Farmer
918:The Continental Op
769:
766:The Continental Op
395:Cassell's Magazine
390:The Novel Magazine
238:Peak of popularity
235:
195:(1887). Haggard's
144:Street & Smith
4781:
4780:
4737:The Witch's Tales
4617:Startling Stories
4246:
4245:
4201:Bram Stoker Award
3940:Extraterrestrials
3900:Zombie apocalypse
3858:Postmodern horror
3412:. Gryphon Books.
3388:978-0-87000-172-7
3373:978-0-394-44186-3
3336:978-1-933112-30-5
3143:– via IMDb.
3099:"Pulp Adventures"
3074:. March 5, 2021.
2833:978-0-85323-779-2
2823:Ashley, Michael.
2767:978-0-8118-0112-6
2736:978-0-9795955-0-9
2614:978-0-87910-301-9
2588:978-1-317-04519-9
2266:Quentin Tarantino
1907:Startling Stories
1739:Robert Silverberg
1734:Richard S. Shaver
1679:E. Hoffmann Price
1624:Johnston McCulley
1614:F. Van Wyck Mason
1609:Elmer Brown Mason
1599:John D. MacDonald
1459:L. Patrick Greene
1379:Carroll John Daly
1178:Farnsworth Wright
1032:Margaret Brundage
953:Khlit the Cossack
715:American Old West
495:Competition from
468:
329:Startling Stories
16:(Redirected from
4816:
4666:10 Story Fantasy
4533:Oriental Stories
4435:Fantastic Novels
4273:
4266:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4234:
4222:
4221:
4175:Vulgar auteurism
3843:Occult detective
3784:Southern Ontario
3710:Dark Romanticism
3564:
3557:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3270:Lesser, Robert.
3256:Hersey, Harold.
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2886:. Mosaic Press.
2879:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2841:
2835:
2821:
2815:
2801:
2795:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2692:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2655:See Lee Server,
2653:
2647:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2461:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2307:Blood 'N Thunder
2278:of the film was
2246:, Joseph Wrzos,
2016:Gangster Stories
1839:Cornell Woolrich
1564:Margery Lawrence
1514:Robert E. Howard
1484:Dashiell Hammett
1474:H. Rider Haggard
1449:Walter B. Gibson
1414:Arthur Guy Empey
1354:Arthur C. Clarke
1344:Raymond Chandler
1249:H. Bedford-Jones
1224:Authors featured
1194:John W. Campbell
1189:Oriental Stories
1158:Donald Kennicott
1143:All-Story Weekly
1072:Rudolph Belarski
1062:illustrations),
948:Jules de Grandin
834:Hopalong Cassidy
501:paperback novels
476:Second World War
466:
460:
449:
438:
401:The Story-Teller
361:Great Depression
313:Oriental Stories
205:Robert E. Howard
187:H. Rider Haggard
156:
120:sensation novels
21:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4809:Magazine genres
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4756:
4701:Uncanny Stories
4680:The Thrill Book
4659:Tales of Wonder
4631:Strange Stories
4561:Science Fiction
4358:Captain Hazzard
4309:Amazing Stories
4289:
4280:Science fiction
4277:
4247:
4242:
4210:
4179:
4121:
4092:Science fiction
4077:Fantasy fiction
4055:
3904:
3742:Monster erotica
3646:
3586:
3573:
3568:
3481:
3352:. Borgo Press.
3345:
3343:Further reading
3340:
3219:Wayback Machine
3206:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3018:
3001:
2997:
2993:, 1991, (p.87).
2988:
2984:
2978:Bleiler,Richard
2976:
2972:
2964:John A. Dinan,
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2880:
2876:
2868:Douglas Ellis,
2867:
2863:
2856:
2842:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2802:
2798:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2684:
2667:
2663:
2659:(2002), pg.131.
2654:
2650:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2433:Hard Case Crime
2401:
2394:
2391:
2377:novels, the 14
2335:. Published as
2259:Pulp Adventures
2252:Chet Williamson
2210:Amazing Stories
2169:
2103:Horror Stories,
2044:Amazing Stories
2034:Spicy Adventure
2026:Spicy Detective
2022:Harry Donenfeld
1961:Dell Publishing
1949:Science Fiction
1921:William Clayton
1869:
1848:
1834:P. G. Wodehouse
1824:Raoul Whitfield
1784:Thomas Thursday
1774:T. S. Stribling
1769:Mickey Spillane
1729:Stephen Shadegg
1719:Rafael Sabatini
1714:Theodore Roscoe
1699:Arthur B. Reeve
1589:H. P. Lovecraft
1574:Murray Leinster
1544:Rudyard Kipling
1534:Ardyth Kennelly
1479:Edmond Hamilton
1439:Arthur O. Friel
1349:Agatha Christie
1294:William Brandon
1226:
1138:Robert H. Davis
1117:upon acceptance
1092:
1056:Nick Eggenhofer
1048:Norman Saunders
1028:Earle K. Bergey
992:
987:
878:
752:
737:Amazing Stories
719:men's adventure
672:science fiction
595:
509:men's adventure
472:
471:
470:
469:
463:
462:
461:
452:
451:
450:
441:
440:
439:
428:
324:Spicy Detective
273:Amazing Stories
240:
213:Abraham Merritt
154:
112:
107:
50:penny dreadfuls
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4822:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4804:Pulp magazines
4801:
4796:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4744:Wonder Stories
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4596:Secret Agent X
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4554:Planet Stories
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4484:Jungle Stories
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4379:Cosmic Stories
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4351:Captain Future
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4287:pulp magazines
4276:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4228:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4060:Related genres
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3997:Therianthropes
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3853:Penny dreadful
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3571:Horror fiction
3567:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3479:External links
3477:
3476:
3475:
3436:
3421:
3406:
3391:
3376:
3361:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3324:
3310:
3296:
3282:
3268:
3254:
3240:
3226:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3172:
3146:
3120:
3089:
3059:
3029:
3016:
2995:
2982:
2970:
2957:
2945:
2924:
2918:978-0979595509
2917:
2899:
2892:
2874:
2861:
2854:
2836:
2816:
2796:
2773:
2766:
2742:
2735:
2717:
2682:
2680:, Edith Evans)
2661:
2648:
2620:
2613:
2594:
2587:
2567:
2561:978-0691150604
2560:
2538:
2510:
2482:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2390:
2387:
2333:Michael Chabon
2311:High Adventure
2299:Pulpdom Online
2194:Dime Detective
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2161:Breezy Stories
2157:
2136:
2115:
2088:
2082:
2068:Martin Goodman
2065:
2063:Oriental Tales
2053:
2050:Wonder Stories
2039:Hugo Gernsback
2036:
2019:
2008:
1997:
1994:Planet Stories
1986:
1967:
1958:
1935:
1933:Snappy Stories
1925:Ginger Stories
1918:
1903:Captain Future
1896:
1889:Secret Agent X
1879:, January 1933
1868:
1865:
1851:Sinclair Lewis
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1749:Upton Sinclair
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1669:Hugh Pendexter
1666:
1664:Fulton Oursler
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1634:Merriam Modell
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1519:L. Ron Hubbard
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:Victor Headley
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:C. S. Forester
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1409:C. M. Eddy Jr.
1406:
1401:
1396:
1394:Philip K. Dick
1391:
1389:August Derleth
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1279:Leigh Brackett
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1244:Charles Beadle
1241:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1148:Harry E. Maule
1112:Upton Sinclair
1106:, machines or
1091:
1088:
1006:had covers by
991:
988:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
894:
877:
876:
871:
866:
864:Secret Agent X
861:
856:
854:Operator No. 5
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
799:Captain Future
796:
791:
785:
751:
748:
711:
710:
692:
689:
686:
674:
669:
666:
663:
660:
646:
635:
630:
625:
620:
611:
608:
594:
591:
465:
464:
455:
454:
453:
444:
443:
442:
433:
432:
431:
430:
429:
427:
424:
319:Planet Stories
295:Horror Stories
284:Dime Detective
239:
236:
116:Newgate novels
111:
108:
106:
103:
99:erotic fiction
33:Pulp magazines
26:
18:Pulp magazines
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4821:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4708:Uncanny Tales
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4638:Strange Tales
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4603:Space Stories
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4477:Ghost Stories
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4207:
4206:Video nasties
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:Pulp magazine
4189:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Grand Guignol
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:Weird fiction
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Psychological
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3473:
3472:0-87972-217-7
3469:
3465:
3464:Violent Lives
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3444:Glory Figures
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:1-55742-111-0
3430:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:0-936071-09-5
3415:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:0-89296-191-0
3400:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:0-89370-161-0
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:0-922915-81-4
3319:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:0-9786836-2-5
3305:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:1-886937-83-4
3291:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:0-7858-1707-7
3277:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:1-886937-68-0
3263:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:1-886937-45-1
3249:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:1-886937-74-5
3235:
3231:
3228:Ellis, Doug.
3227:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3026:
3020:
3013:
3012:0-9786836-2-5
3009:
3005:
2999:
2992:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2941:1-933112-30-1
2938:
2934:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2893:0-88962-585-9
2889:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2857:
2855:0-394-72109-8
2851:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2813:0-313-21221-X
2810:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2793:1-58456-170-X
2790:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2644:John Gunnison
2641:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2584:
2581:. Routledge.
2580:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2527:
2526:
2525:Hyperallergic
2521:
2514:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:Crimefighters
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:Novels portal
2398:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2276:working title
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:Spicy Mystery
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:Harold Hersey
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:Fiction House
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:Short Stories
1971:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:The Black Bat
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Edgar Wallace
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:John H. Reese
1692:
1690:
1689:Seabury Quinn
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Giles A. Lutz
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:Louis L'Amour
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Henry Kuttner
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:Donald Keyhoe
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:Frank Herbert
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Margie Harris
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:J. Allan Dunn
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:Stephen Crane
1362:
1360:
1359:Joseph Conrad
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Paul Chadwick
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:F. R. Buckley
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Fredric Brown
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:Alfred Bester
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Poul Anderson
1232:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1153:Short Stories
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:stenographers
1101:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:crosshatching
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:Emmett Watson
1049:
1045:
1044:Frank R. Paul
1041:
1040:Virgil Finlay
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:Short Stories
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:Bran Mak Morn
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
891:
890:
885:
884:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
794:The Black Bat
792:
790:
787:
786:
784:
781:
779:
775:
767:
763:
762:
756:
747:
745:
744:
739:
738:
733:
732:
727:
722:
720:
716:
708:
704:
700:
699:dime Westerns
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
683:crime fiction
680:
679:
675:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
654:
650:
647:
644:
640:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
615:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
600:
599:genre fiction
590:
588:
584:
578:
575:
571:
570:Harry Steeger
566:
564:
563:
558:
554:
553:
548:
544:
540:
538:
533:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
459:
448:
437:
423:
421:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
397:
396:
391:
387:
386:
381:
377:
376:Edwardian era
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
354:
349:
348:
343:
342:
337:
336:
331:
330:
325:
321:
320:
315:
314:
309:
308:
303:
302:
297:
296:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
275:
274:
269:
268:
267:Short Stories
263:
262:
257:
256:
251:
250:
245:
233:
229:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:
153:
149:
145:
141:
139:
134:
133:
128:
123:
121:
117:
102:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
4799:Pulp fiction
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4589:The Scorpion
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4540:Other Worlds
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4393:Doctor Death
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4365:Captain Zero
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4286:
4235:
4223:
4190:
4117:Urban legend
4102:Supernatural
4067:Black comedy
3888:Weird menace
3816:Lovecraftian
3725:Splatterpunk
3705:Dark fantasy
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3448:Strange Days
3447:
3443:
3439:
3424:
3409:
3394:
3379:
3364:
3349:
3328:Pulp Culture
3327:
3313:
3299:
3285:
3271:
3257:
3243:
3229:
3222:
3191:February 11,
3189:. Retrieved
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3159:the original
3149:
3137:. Retrieved
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3102:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3072:The Pulpster
3071:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:the original
3041:
3032:
3024:
3023:Schorer, M.
3019:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2973:
2965:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2932:
2927:
2908:
2902:
2883:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2845:
2839:
2824:
2819:
2804:
2799:
2784:
2757:
2726:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2699:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2634:, edited by
2631:
2603:
2597:
2577:
2570:
2547:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2523:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2495:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:
2459:
2437:
2415:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2357:
2349:Aimee Bender
2341:Stephen King
2336:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2271:Pulp Fiction
2269:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2244:Hugh B. Cave
2240:Mike Resnick
2232:The Pulpster
2231:
2219:The Pulpster
2217:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2173:pulp fiction
2172:
2170:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2079:
2076:Marvel Tales
2075:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2003:
1992:
1984:The Frontier
1983:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1888:
1876:
1858:
1849:
1844:Gordon Young
1804:E. C. Vivian
1789:W. C. Tuttle
1779:Jim Thompson
1684:Ellery Queen
1654:Talbot Mundy
1619:Horace McCoy
1569:Fritz Leiber
1469:Frank Gruber
1454:David Goodis
1404:Lord Dunsany
1369:Ray Cummings
1334:Hugh B. Cave
1284:Ray Bradbury
1269:Robert Bloch
1259:E. F. Benson
1239:Isaac Asimov
1227:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1197:
1187:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1097:
1093:
1076:
1068:George Rozen
1064:Hugh J. Ward
1019:
1015:
1003:
993:
990:Illustrators
973:Solomon Kane
968:Sexton Blake
887:
881:
879:
819:Doctor Death
782:
770:
764:, featuring
759:
741:
735:
729:
723:
712:
677:
657:weird menace
655:(including "
639:girlie pulps
638:
596:
583:Hugh B. Cave
579:
567:
562:Perry Rhodan
560:
556:
550:
535:
528:
522:
519:
513:
494:
479:
473:
417:
413:
409:
405:
399:
393:
389:
383:
380:World War II
373:
358:
351:
345:
339:
333:
327:
323:
317:
311:
307:Marvel Tales
305:
299:
293:
287:
283:
277:
271:
265:
259:
253:
247:
244:Frank Gruber
241:
227:
216:
209:Talbot Mundy
190:
180:
176:
172:
164:
158:
151:
142:
137:
130:
129:'s revamped
127:Frank Munsey
124:
113:
91:pulp fiction
90:
88:
72:Flash Gordon
61:exploitative
58:
36:
32:
31:
29:
4730:Weird Tales
4526:Operator #5
4519:The Octopus
4302:Ace Mystery
4165:Horror host
4148:LGBT themes
4143:Conventions
4072:Fantastique
3987:Sea monster
3935:Evil clowns
3695:Creepypasta
3635:Video games
3490:ThePulp.Net
3456:The Solvers
3442:. Volume 1
3165:December 8,
3139:January 21,
3052:October 22,
2754:Server, Lee
2710:January 22,
2674:Nick Carter
2470:ThePulp.Net
2353:Dave Eggers
2345:Nick Hornby
2236:Will Murray
2106:Black Mask,
2058:Weird Tales
1929:Pep Stories
1893:Flying Aces
1814:H. G. Wells
1764:E. E. Smith
1704:Tod Robbins
1674:Emil Petaja
1639:C. L. Moore
1584:Jack London
1554:Harold Lamb
1524:Carl Jacobi
1384:Lester Dent
1304:John Buchan
1274:B. M. Bower
1210:Daisy Bacon
1183:Weird Tales
1168:Joseph Shaw
1084:pointillism
1036:Edd Cartier
1008:N. C. Wyeth
938:Jim Anthony
923:Domino Lady
908:Buck Rogers
889:Weird Tales
849:Nick Carter
824:Dr. Yen Sin
789:The Avenger
731:Weird Tales
678:série noire
557:Weird Tales
549:", such as
547:digest size
537:Weird Tales
520:Black Mask,
497:comic-books
486:digest size
474:During the
347:Weird Tales
289:Flying Aces
185:(1905), by
169:page layout
68:comic books
54:dime novels
4788:Categories
4710:(Canadian)
4610:The Spider
4512:New Worlds
4498:Mind Magic
4386:Doc Savage
4170:Horrorcore
4153:characters
4087:Paranormal
4007:Werewolves
3972:Killer toy
3893:Weird West
3462:. Vol. 6.
2640:John Locke
2636:Doug Ellis
2497:CrimeReads
2451:References
2423:Dime novel
2383:The Shadow
2371:Doc Savage
2364:DC Thomson
2362:publisher
2280:Black Mask
2186:Black Mask
2155:The Shadow
2151:Doc Savage
2143:Astounding
2141:published
2120:published
2111:and later
2095:The Spider
2093:published
2085:Hutchinson
2070:published
2041:published
2013:published
2002:published
1991:published
1972:published
1963:published
1940:published
1923:published
1901:published
1895:and others
1867:Publishers
1799:Jack Vance
1794:Mark Twain
1709:Sax Rohmer
1649:Walt Morey
1529:John Jakes
1173:Black Mask
933:Green Lama
874:The Spider
869:The Shadow
814:Doc Savage
778:The Shadow
774:Doc Savage
761:Black Mask
743:Black Mask
726:serialized
697:(also see
530:Doc Savage
524:The Shadow
505:television
279:Black Mask
197:Lost World
148:dime novel
95:hardboiled
80:Doc Savage
76:The Shadow
4294:Magazines
4112:Tokusatsu
4034:Skeletons
3962:Gargoyles
3883:New weird
3794:Tasmanian
3678:Christmas
3620:Magazines
3458:. Vol 5.
3454:. Vol. 4
3450:. Vol. 3
3446:. Vol. 2
2475:March 23,
2379:Whisperer
2264:In 1994,
2216:In 1991,
2171:The term
2122:Adventure
2109:True Love
1965:I Confess
1860:Adventure
1464:Zane Grey
1374:Tom Curry
1329:Paul Cain
1289:Max Brand
1163:Blue Book
1133:Adventure
1121:cash flow
1100:dictation
883:All-Story
804:El Coyote
643:soft porn
623:espionage
614:detective
606:adventure
261:Blue Book
255:Adventure
65:superhero
45:wood pulp
41:magazines
37:the pulps
4225:Category
4107:Thriller
4039:Vampires
4002:Werecats
3910:Monsters
3868:Survival
3836:Werewolf
3826:Jiangshi
3821:Monsters
3806:Japanese
3789:Suburban
3779:Southern
3774:American
3720:Grimdark
3715:Faustian
3673:Cannibal
3625:Podcasts
3215:Archived
3185:Archived
3133:Archived
3113:July 10,
3107:Archived
3082:March 5,
3076:Archived
2756:(1993).
2704:Archived
2531:July 23,
2503:July 23,
2389:See also
2360:Scottish
2228:PulpFest
1504:O. Henry
963:Moon Man
703:Colorado
695:Westerns
681:(French
665:railroad
633:gangster
610:aviation
4761:Related
4716:Unknown
4449:Fantasy
4284:fantasy
4184:Related
4160:Macabre
4138:Writers
4082:Mystery
4051:Witches
4044:Zombies
4029:Mummies
3992:Piranha
3977:Mutants
3955:Dragons
3950:Chimera
3831:Vampire
3613:History
3204:Sources
2943:(p.42).
2411:B movie
2375:Avenger
2295:ERB-dom
2291:Pulpdom
2224:Pulpcon
2147:Unknown
2133:Romance
1205:Unknown
1108:typists
1060:Western
928:The Eel
898:Biggles
705:artist
701:); the
668:romance
628:fantasy
618:mystery
543:mystery
341:Unknown
110:Origins
105:History
4237:Portal
4097:Shenmo
4024:Ghosts
4014:Undead
3928:Ghouls
3923:Devils
3918:Demons
3873:Techno
3811:Korean
3769:Gothic
3764:Giallo
3732:Erotic
3700:Cosmic
3688:Zombie
3683:Comedy
3603:Comics
3470:
3431:
3416:
3401:
3386:
3371:
3356:
3334:
3320:
3306:
3292:
3278:
3264:
3250:
3236:
3010:
2939:
2915:
2890:
2852:
2831:
2811:
2791:
2764:
2733:
2642:, and
2611:
2585:
2558:
2315:Argosy
2274:. The
2196:; and
2167:Legacy
2113:Argosy
2072:Ka-Zar
2005:Argosy
1952:, and
1913:, and
1208:) and
1070:, and
1016:Argosy
1010:, and
978:Tarzan
839:Ka-Zar
740:, and
688:sports
653:occult
649:horror
593:Genres
490:slicks
249:Argosy
217:Argosy
182:Ayesha
173:Argosy
165:Argosy
152:Argosy
138:Argosy
132:Argosy
82:, and
4372:Comet
4126:Other
4019:Death
3982:Ogres
3967:Kaiju
3799:Urban
3759:Ghost
3663:Black
3651:Types
3608:Films
3598:Anime
3591:Media
983:Zorro
662:humor
369:radio
155:'
4282:and
3754:Folk
3737:Guro
3668:Body
3640:list
3468:ISBN
3429:ISBN
3414:ISBN
3399:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3369:ISBN
3354:ISBN
3332:ISBN
3318:ISBN
3304:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3234:ISBN
3193:2020
3167:2010
3141:2020
3115:2018
3084:2021
3054:2009
3008:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2888:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2809:ISBN
2789:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2731:ISBN
2712:2020
2609:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2533:2023
2505:2023
2477:2024
2358:The
2351:and
2208:and
2153:and
2130:and
2078:and
2061:and
2047:and
2032:and
1982:and
1980:West
1931:and
1018:and
1000:hero
958:Kull
713:The
585:and
534:and
499:and
412:and
378:and
367:and
365:film
350:and
264:and
211:and
146:, a
3658:Art
3533:at
3221:,"
2099:G-8
1220:).
1192:),
1176:),
1166:),
1156:),
1146:),
1136:),
1102:to
1082:or
886:or
829:G-8
776:or
691:war
572:of
192:She
4790::
3183:.
3131:.
3105:.
3101:.
3070:.
3040:.
2776:^
2745:^
2702:.
2698:.
2685:^
2638:,
2623:^
2554:.
2522:.
2494:.
2468:.
2347:,
2343:,
2309:,
2250:,
2242:,
2204:,
2188:;
2149:,
2145:,
2124:,
2101:,
2097:,
2074:,
2028:,
1978:,
1946:,
1927:,
1909:,
1905:,
1891:,
1216:,
1202:,
1186:,
1123:.
1066:,
1054:,
1050:,
1046:,
1042:,
1038:,
1034:,
1030:,
1026:,
892::
780:.
746:.
734:,
659:")
492:.
408:,
404:,
398:,
392:,
388:,
371:.
356:.
344:,
338:,
332:,
326:,
322:,
316:,
310:,
304:,
298:,
292:,
286:,
282:,
276:,
258:,
252:,
207:,
203:,
175:.
101:.
86:.
78:,
74:,
52:,
4272:e
4265:t
4258:v
3563:e
3556:t
3549:v
3474:.
3435:.
3420:.
3405:.
3390:.
3375:.
3360:.
3195:.
3169:.
3117:.
3086:.
3056:.
2921:.
2896:.
2858:.
2770:.
2739:.
2714:.
2617:.
2591:.
2564:.
2535:.
2507:.
2479:.
1917:.
1212:(
1196:(
1180:(
1170:(
1160:(
1150:(
1140:(
1130:(
685:)
651:/
645:)
637:"
616:/
539:,
532:,
526:,
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.