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1179:. The first 'sighting' of him was in 1837, and he was described as having a terrifying and frightful appearance, with diabolical physiognomy, clawed hands and eyes that 'resembled red balls of fire'. He was mainly sighted in London but popped up elsewhere and seems to have been a source of frightened fascination for several decades. At the height of Spring-Heeled Jack hysteria, several women reported being attacked by a clawed monster of a man breathing blue flames. The last 'sighting' was in Liverpool in 1904.
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1284:'s price-cutting 'halfpenny dreadfuller'". In reality, the serial novels were overdramatic and sensational but generally harmless. If anything, the penny dreadfuls, although not the most enlightening or inspiring of literary selections, resulted in increasingly literate youth in the Industrial period. The wide circulation of this sensationalist literature, however, contributed to an ever-greater fear of crime in mid-Victorian Britain.
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The illustration which featured at the start of each issue was an integral part of the dreadfuls' appeal, often acting as a teaser for future installments. As one reader said, "You see's an engraving of a man hung up, burning over a fire, and some go mad if they couldn't learn… all about him." One
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It is almost a daily occurrence with magistrates to have before them boys who, having read a number of 'dreadfuls', followed the examples set forth in such publications, robbed their employers, bought revolvers with the proceeds, and finished by running away from home, and installing themselves in
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serials were published in 1836 to meet this demand. Between 1830 and 1850 there were up to 100 publishers of penny-fiction, in addition to many magazines which embraced the genre. The serials were priced to be affordable to working-class readers and were considerably cheaper than the serialised
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Working class boys who could not afford a penny each week often formed clubs that would share the cost, passing the flimsy booklets from reader to reader. Other enterprising youngsters would collect several consecutive parts then rent the volume out to friends. In 1866,
1321:, Harmsworth's story papers were cheaper and, at least initially, were more respectable than the competition. Harmsworth claimed to be motivated by a wish to challenge the pernicious influence of penny dreadfuls. According to an editorial in the first number of
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became "Sexton Blake's own paper", and he appeared in every issue thereafter, up until the paper's demise in 1933. In total, Blake appeared in roughly 4,000 adventures, right up into the 1970s. Harkaway was also popular in
America and had many imitators.
1048:, and England's more fully recognizing the singular concept of reading as a form of leisure; it was, of itself, a new industry. Other significant changes included an increased capacity for travel via the invention of tracks, engines, and the corresponding
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Many people use the term "penny blood" interchangeably with "penny dreadful". Sally Powell distinguishes between these terms, however, and designates "penny bloods" as cheap sensational literature written largely for working-class adults. Powell, p.
1279:
The penny dreadfuls were influential since they were, in the words of one commentator, "the most alluring and low-priced form of escapist reading available to ordinary youth, until the advent in the early 1890s of future newspaper magnate
1345:. At first the stories were high-minded moral tales, reportedly based on true experiences, but it was not long before these papers started using the same kind of material as the publications they competed against. From 1896, the cover of
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called penny dreadfuls "a 19th-century
British publishing phenomenon". By the 1850s, there were up to a hundred publishers of penny-fiction, and in the 1860s and 1870s more than a million boys' periodicals were sold per week.
993:
in the United
Kingdom in the 18th and 19th centuries. These were often produced by printers who specialised in them. They were typically illustrated by a crude picture of the crime, a portrait of the criminal, or a generic
916:. The subject matter of these stories was typically sensational, focusing on the exploits of detectives, criminals, or supernatural entities. First published in the 1830s, penny dreadfuls featured characters such as
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make frequent references to "the blood and thunders", but as time went on the mentions disappeared. Letters sent in by parents or teachers were frequently printed, praising the papers for putting the "trash" out of
1316:
The popularity of penny dreadfuls among
British children was challenged in the 1890s by the rise of competing literature. Leading the challenge were popular periodicals published by Alfred Harmsworth. Priced at one
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adds, their "very disposability (the booklets' bargain cover price meant they were printed on exceptionally flimsy paper) has made surviving examples a rarity, despite their immense popularity at the time."
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was introduced as a new type of publication, an eight-page magazine that featured serial stories as well as articles and shorts of interest. Numerous competitors quickly followed, including
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the back streets as 'highwaymen'. This and many other evils the 'penny dreadful' is responsible for. It makes thieves of the coming generation, and so helps fill our gaols.
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Powell, Sally (2004). "Black
Markets and Cadaverous Pies: The Corpse, Urban Trade and Industrial Consumption in the Penny Blood". In Maunder, Andrew; Moore, Grace (eds.).
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which he characterized as "penny delightfuls" intended to counter the pernicious effects of the penny dreadfuls, and such as the Penny
Popular Novels launched in 1896 by
1111:. The story continued over 60 issues, each eight pages of tightly-packed text with one half-page illustration. Some of the most famous of these penny part-stories were
3020:
1623:
1169:, continued for 254 episodes and was well over 2,000 pages long. Turpin was not executed until page 2,207. Some lurid stories purported to be based on fact:
1056:, opened in 1825). These changes created both a market for cheap popular literature and the ability for it to be circulated on a large scale. The first
1836:
1654:
1373:, once said, "Harmsworth killed the penny dreadful by the simple process of producing the 'ha'penny dreadfuller'". The quality of the Harmsworth/
1253:). As the price and quality of other types of fiction works were the same, these also fell under the general definition of penny dreadfuls.
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of a hanging taking place. There would be a written account of the crime and of the trial and often the criminal's confession of guilt. A
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men. The popularity of penny dreadfuls was challenged in the 1890s by the rise of competing literature, especially the
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1198:, for instance, published numerous hugely successful penny serials derived from the works of Charles Dickens, such as
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that began to emerge in the 1870s. Describing penny dreadfuls as "a 19th-century
British publishing phenomenon", the
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While the term "penny dreadful" was originally used in reference to a specific type of literature circulating in mid-
2715:
1057:
1002:
verse warning others to not follow the executed person's example, to avoid their fate, was another common feature.
913:
2000:
Springhall, John (1994). "Disseminating Impure
Literature': The 'Penny Dreadful' Publishing Business Since 1860".
1190:, which sparked the beginning of the mass circulation of Robin Hood stories. Other serials were thinly-disguised
1053:
20:
3005:
1961:. Nineteenth Century Collections Online: British Theatre, Music, and Literature: High and Popular Culture. 1867
527:
3015:
2807:
2422:
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1107:, as well as new stories about famous criminals. The first ever penny blood, published in 1836, was called
2197:
Penny
Dreadfuls and comics : English periodicals for children from Victorian times to the present day
2507:
767:
752:
666:
1833:
1651:
912:. The term typically referred to a story published in weekly parts of 8 to 16 pages, each costing one
2886:
1986:
1938:
Christopher Banham, "England and
America Against the World": Empire and the USE in Edwin J. Brett's
1795:
The Invention of Murder: How the Victorians Revelled in Death and Detection and Created Modern Crime
3126:
2710:
2019:
Casey, Christopher (Winter 2011). "Common Misperceptions: The Press and Victorian Views of Crime".
1195:
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recognizable to modern audiences—it was the first story to refer to sharpened teeth for a vampire.
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334:
957:, it came to encompass a variety of publications that featured cheap sensational fiction, such as
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Two popular characters to come out of the penny dreadfuls were Jack Harkaway, introduced in the
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were edited and rewritten for a British audience. These appeared in booklet form, such as the
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1020:, people began to spend more money on entertainment, contributing to the popularisation of the
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258:
2098:
Penny Popular Novels (The Masterpiece Library) ("Review of Reviews" Office) - Book Series List
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2373:
1741:"Dying Speeches and Bloody Murders: Crime Broadsides Collected by Harvard Law School Library"
1708:
1701:
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782:
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207:
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Casey, Christopher (2010). "Common Misperceptions: The Press and Victorian Views of Crime".
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papers began to improve throughout the early 20th century, however. By the time of the
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publisher's rallying cry to his illustrators was "more blood – much more blood!"
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1915:"Oliver Twiss and Martin Guzzlewit – the fan fiction that ripped off Dickens"
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Penny Dreadfuls and the Gothic: Investigations of Pernicious Tales of Terror
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Children's Literature and British Identity: Imagining a People and a Nation
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is the tale of the vampire Sir Francis Varney and introduced many of the
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was soon followed by other Harmsworth half-penny periodicals, such as
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described penny dreadfuls as "Britain's first taste of mass-produced
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Black Bess or, The knight of the road. A tale of the good old times
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and booklet "libraries". The penny dreadfuls were printed on cheap
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The stories were reprints, or sometimes rewrites, of the earliest
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The penny dreadfuls were also challenged by book series such as
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Robin Hood and Little John: or, The Merry Men of Sherwood Forest
28:
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1900:
Swordsmen of the Screen: From Douglas Fairbanks to Michael York
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for the young", and "the Victorian equivalent of video games".
678:
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570:
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The Penny dreadful: or, Strange, horrid and sensational tales!
1008:
Britain experienced social changes that resulted in increased
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1543: – Cheap novel published in Britain in the 19th century
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produced during the 19th century in the United Kingdom. The
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1820:. The University of Santa Cruz. Retrieved 27 September 2017
580:
106:
1624:"Penny dreadfuls: the Victorian equivalent of video games"
2404:(Bibliographic database of early Victorian penny fiction)
2374:
British Library collection of images from penny dreadfuls
1856:
Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert
1478:
936:
590:
1887:"Did Vampires Not Have Fangs in Movies Until the 1950s?"
1408:
1109:
Lives of the Most Notorious Highwaymen, Footpads, &c
2158:
Jason Baumann, Susan and Douglas Dillon (22 May 2014).
2138:"A Century Of Comic Capers For Kids At Dewsbury Museum"
1675:. Harmondsworth: Penguin University Books. p. 20.
1518:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1456:, first appeared in an 1846/1847 penny dreadful titled
1525: – Fiction magazines made from 1896 to the 1950s
2100:, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
1489:
1276:were all popular with the penny dreadful audience.
2222:(3 - Winter 2011). Cambridge: MIT Press: 367–391.
2018:
1700:
1194:of popular contemporary literature. The publisher
2067:Editorials in early issues of papers such as the
1854:"Penny Dreadful: From True Crime to Fiction >
1537: – Comics or graphic novels created in Japan
3118:
1999:
1516: – Comics originating in the United Kingdom
2385:
2122:Prest, James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett.
1186:featured in a series of penny dreadfuls titled
2388:"Price One Penny: Cheap Literature, 1837–1860"
2042:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 22.
1889:. Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 September 2017
1531: – Type of magazine for young people (UK)
1448:, the subject of both a successful musical by
2423:
2340:
2267:Penny Bloods: Gothic Tales of Dangerous Women
2199:. London: Bethnal Green Museum of Childhood.
1828:
1826:
1694:
1692:
870:
2284:Dittmer, Nicole C. and Sophie Raine (2023).
2088:, oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
1797:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 59.
1661:. British Library. Retrieved 6 February 2019
1412:Advertisement for an 1886 penny dreadful of
2178:Penny Dreadfuls and Other Victorian Horrors
1993:
39:– a popular subject in fiction. Circa 1860
2430:
2416:
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1843:. British Library. Retrieved 11 March 2020
1823:
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2390:. University of Cambridge. Archived from
2194:
1605:"The shocking tale of the penny dreadful"
1359:Weary Willie and Tired Tim, with a young
16:Sensational Victorian weekly story papers
1792:
1707:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p.
1602:
1407:
1291:
1208:
1114:The String of Pearls: A Domestic Romance
1076:
1052:distribution (the first public railway,
27:
2302:
2283:
2264:
1755:
1743:. Harvard University Law School Library
1703:Youth, Popular Culture and Moral Panics
1641:
1611:
1593:
1024:. Improvements in printing resulted in
3119:
2288:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
2160:“The True Delights of Penny Dreadfuls”
2109:
2037:
1818:"Was Dickens Really Paid By The Word?"
1772:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 20.
1764:
33:Black Bess; or, The Knight of the Road
3064:Internet Speculative Fiction Database
2411:
2343:Victorian Crime Madness and Sensation
2321:
2213:
2175:
2052:
2012:
1912:
1868:from the original on 21 February 2003
1670:
900:term is roughly interchangeable with
2216:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2021:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1673:Fiction for the Working Man, 1830–50
1664:
1163:Black Bess or the Knight of the Road
2324:Fiction for the working man 1830–50
1846:
13:
2437:
1603:Anderson, Hephzibah (1 May 2016).
1566:
14:
3158:
2360:
2121:
1510: – Short inexpensive booklet
1473:The penny dreadfuls inspired the
1390:The Penny Library of Famous Books
1256:Appearing in the 1860s, American
1072:
3098:
3087:
3086:
1650:Flanders, Judith (15 May 2014).
1492:
1385:dominated the market in the UK.
1175:was what would now be called an
846:
53:
3132:19th-century British literature
2152:
2130:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2061:
2046:
2031:
1949:
1932:
1906:
1902:. Routledge. 2014. p. 191.
1892:
1880:
1811:
1786:
1459:The String of Pearls: A Romance
1262:Boy's First Rate Pocket Library
1131:(inspired by the French serial
1054:Stockton and Darlington Railway
21:Penny dreadful (disambiguation)
2162:. The New York Public Library.
2057:. Scarecrow Press. p. 65.
1913:Flood, Alison (25 June 2019).
1733:
1583:
1560:
965:paper and were aimed at young
1:
3137:Culture of the United Kingdom
2169:
2086:Penny Library of Famous Books
2257:A Defence of Penny Dreadfuls
1944:Victorian Periodicals Review
1514:History of the British comic
1249:(a short lived companion to
7:
2345:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
2307:. London: Victor Gollancz.
2269:. London: British Library.
2265:Dittmer, Nicole C. (2023).
1485:
10:
3163:
2326:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
2002:Economic Historical Review
1351:featured the long-running
1287:
1247:Young Men of Great Britain
1061:novels of authors such as
980:
18:
3082:
3051:
2993:
2927:
2776:
2518:
2458:
2445:
2260:. London: The Daily News.
2195:Carpenter, Kevin (1983).
1793:Flanders, Judith (2011).
1699:Springhall, John (1998).
1569:"Horribles and terribles"
1403:
973:periodicals published by
35:. A romanticized tale of
1553:
1418:, "the terror of London"
1012:rates. With the rise of
2813:Fire-breathing monsters
2379:17 October 2014 at the
2303:Haining, Peter (1975).
2176:Anglo, Michael (1977).
2126:– via Wikisource.
2053:Knuth, Rebecca (2012).
1946:, 40:2, 2007, pp.151-71
1436:in 1893. In 1904, the
1128:The Mysteries of London
1121:, "the Demon Barber of
2124:"The String of Pearls"
2038:Murray, Chris (2017).
1452:and a feature film by
1419:
1334:
1313:
1304:in 1896. Published by
1223:
1216:murdering a victim in
1134:The Mysteries of Paris
1088:
989:were commonly sold at
40:
2716:Organ transplantation
2386:Marie LĂ©ger-St-Jean.
2322:James, Louis (1963).
2040:The British Superhero
1671:James, Louis (1974).
1434:the Half-penny Marvel
1411:
1337:The Half-penny Marvel
1329:
1324:The Half-penny Marvel
1295:
1212:
1161:were popular heroes;
1098:The Castle of Otranto
1080:
853:Literature portal
31:
2228:10.1162/JINH_a_00106
1839:18 June 2020 at the
1657:18 June 2020 at the
1468:Thomas Peckett Prest
1392:launched in 1896 by
1219:The String of Pearls
627:Groups and movements
19:For other uses, see
2498:Television programs
2450:Speculative fiction
2180:. London: Jupiter.
1549:- Russian variation
1464:James Malcolm Rymer
1363:among its readers.
1204:Nickelas Nicklebery
892:were cheap popular
246:Short prose fiction
149:Major written forms
2615:Zombie pornography
1832:Flanders, Judith.
1420:
1415:Spring-heeled Jack
1314:
1239:Boys' Leisure Hour
1224:
1172:Spring-Heeled Jack
1140:Varney the Vampire
1095:thrillers such as
1089:
1087:publication (1845)
1084:Varney the Vampire
930:Spring-heeled Jack
926:Varney the Vampire
740:Lists and outlines
216:Long prose fiction
41:
3114:
3113:
3069:Bram Stoker Award
2808:Extraterrestrials
2768:Zombie apocalypse
2726:Postmodern horror
2333:978-0-14-060037-7
2252:Chesterton, G. K.
1834:“Penny dreadfuls”
1804:978-1-250-04853-0
1770:Boys Will be Boys
1718:978-0-312-21394-7
1652:“Penny dreadfuls”
1381:, papers such as
1375:Amalgamated Press
1348:Illustrated Chips
1308:, it cost just a
1306:Alfred Harmsworth
1298:Illustrated Chips
1282:Alfred Harmsworth
1018:industrialisation
991:public executions
975:Alfred Harmsworth
955:Victorian Britain
894:serial literature
887:
886:
639:
638:
494:
493:
301:
300:
3154:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3043:Vulgar auteurism
2711:Occult detective
2652:Southern Ontario
2578:Dark Romanticism
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1370:Winnie-the-Pooh
1361:Charlie Chaplin
1290:
1251:Boys of England
1234:Boys of England
1153:vampire fiction
1075:
1065:, which cost a
1063:Charles Dickens
983:
948:popular culture
890:Penny dreadfuls
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778:Literary awards
644:Dramatic genres
385:science fiction
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2394:on 28 May 2014
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2985:Urban legend
2970:Supernatural
2935:Black comedy
2756:Weird menace
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2684:Lovecraftian
2593:Splatterpunk
2573:Dark fantasy
2396:. Retrieved
2392:the original
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2144:10 September
2142:. Retrieved
2140:. Culture 24
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2073:Boys' Friend
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2014:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1963:. Retrieved
1957:
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1922:. Retrieved
1919:The Guardian
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1628:The Guardian
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412:Encyclopedic
390:supernatural
306:Prose genres
162:closet drama
32:
25:
3033:Horror host
3016:LGBT themes
3011:Conventions
2940:Fantastique
2855:Sea monster
2803:Evil clowns
2563:Creepypasta
2503:Video games
2069:Union Jack
1983:|work=
1965:20 December
1942:, 1866-99,
1633:22 November
1541:Yellow-back
1529:Story paper
1398:W. T. Stead
1365:A. A. Milne
1353:comic strip
1266:Frank Reade
1258:dime novels
1192:plagiarisms
1167:Dick Turpin
1151:present in
1143:(1845–47).
1081:Cover of a
922:Dick Turpin
910:penny blood
906:penny awful
817:Composition
694:Tragicomedy
533:Verse novel
421:Non-fiction
325:Speculative
264:Short story
134:spoken word
124:Performance
97:heroic epic
37:Dick Turpin
3121:Categories
3038:Horrorcore
3021:characters
2955:Paranormal
2875:Werewolves
2840:Killer toy
2761:Weird West
2170:References
1872:9 November
1454:Tim Burton
1438:Union Jack
1383:Union Jack
1319:half-penny
1310:half-penny
1184:Robin Hood
1177:urban myth
1159:Highwaymen
1069:per part.
1026:newspapers
1014:capitalism
987:broadsides
971:half-penny
898:pejorative
732:Postmodern
667:historical
606:Villanelle
487:Travelogue
482:Persuasive
462:Journalism
440:philosophy
407:Historical
375:paranormal
335:Children's
208:Electronic
82:fairy tale
47:Literature
2980:Tokusatsu
2902:Skeletons
2830:Gargoyles
2751:New weird
2662:Tasmanian
2546:Christmas
2488:Magazines
2076:business.
1985:ignored (
1975:cite book
1327:in 1893:
1222:(1846–47)
1182:In 1838,
963:wood pulp
827:Narrative
812:Magazines
807:Sociology
798:criticism
768:Movements
727:Modernist
717:Classical
509:Narrative
345:adventure
289:Religious
259:Novelette
224:Anthology
179:narrative
129:audiobook
87:folk play
3093:Category
2975:Thriller
2907:Vampires
2870:Werecats
2778:Monsters
2736:Survival
2704:Werewolf
2694:Jiangshi
2689:Monsters
2674:Japanese
2657:Suburban
2647:Southern
2642:American
2588:Grimdark
2583:Faustian
2541:Cannibal
2493:Podcasts
2377:Archived
2254:(1901).
2244:20046373
2236:21141651
1866:Archived
1837:Archived
1768:(1975).
1727:38206817
1655:Archived
1508:Chapbook
1486:See also
1104:The Monk
1067:shilling
1028:such as
1010:literacy
1000:doggerel
822:Language
753:Glossary
722:Medieval
657:Libretto
586:Limerick
538:National
528:Dramatic
518:Children
447:Anecdote
430:Academic
370:military
191:Nonsense
92:folksong
72:Folklore
3052:Related
3028:Macabre
3006:Writers
2950:Mystery
2919:Witches
2912:Zombies
2897:Mummies
2860:Piranha
2845:Mutants
2823:Dragons
2818:Chimera
2699:Vampire
2481:History
1862:KQED-TV
1747:8 March
1355:of the
1288:Decline
1137:), and
1050:railway
996:woodcut
981:Origins
763:Writers
748:Outline
712:Ancient
703:History
689:Tragedy
566:Epigram
452:Epistle
435:history
395:western
380:romance
365:fantasy
330:Realist
316:Fiction
284:Parable
269:Drabble
254:Novella
238:romance
203:Ergodic
119:Oration
112:proverb
3105:Portal
2965:Shenmo
2892:Ghosts
2882:Undead
2796:Ghouls
2791:Devils
2786:Demons
2741:Techno
2679:Korean
2637:Gothic
2632:Giallo
2600:Erotic
2568:Cosmic
2556:Zombie
2551:Comedy
2471:Comics
2398:3 July
2349:
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1924:4 July
1801:
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1145:Varney
1093:Gothic
1045:Tatler
985:Crime
928:, and
908:, and
837:Estate
794:Theory
783:poetry
773:Cycles
684:Script
679:Satire
652:Comedy
601:Sonnet
596:Qasida
571:Ghazal
556:Ballad
477:Nature
467:Letter
400:horror
360:erotic
294:Wisdom
274:Sketch
229:Serial
169:Poetry
141:Saying
102:legend
2994:Other
2887:Death
2850:Ogres
2835:Kaiju
2667:Urban
2627:Ghost
2531:Black
2519:Types
2476:Films
2466:Anime
2459:Media
2240:S2CID
1554:Notes
1547:Lubok
1535:Manga
1058:penny
1022:novel
914:penny
758:Books
672:moral
632:Poets
614:Lists
576:Haiku
561:Elegy
547:Lyric
457:Essay
355:crime
340:Genre
234:Novel
196:verse
186:Prose
174:lyric
157:Drama
77:fable
2622:Folk
2605:Guro
2536:Body
2508:list
2400:2014
2347:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2271:ISBN
2232:PMID
2201:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2146:2020
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1926:2020
1874:2015
1799:ISBN
1774:ISBN
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832:Feud
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