1128:). Copulation between pairs seems to be closely related to food transfers, with this possibly serving as a trigger for intercourse. Amazons have a copulation pattern similar to that found in other parrots throughout the Americas, with the male gripping a perch with one leg while passively placing the other in the female's back. As the time for egg-laying approaches the pair spends more time in the nest, with the male providing food to the female via regurgitation. The female lays 2–4 eggs that she exclusively incubates for a period of 24 to 28 days, while the male will be present in the vicinity of the nest when providing food. Females only leave the nest on rare occasions involving repelling predators or if the male has not brought food in an extended time frame. The chicks are fed by both parents until they leave the nest, usually 60 to 65 days after they hatch. Nonetheless, they remain dependent on their parents and travel with them until the next breeding season.
837:. Estimates of the parrot's early numbers vary greatly. Some authorities claim that there were once more than a million individuals, while others suggest a more modest population of 100,000. During the first 150 years of Spanish rule the human population was small, and in 1650, when the population of the island was 880 people, the species was still abundant throughout the archipelago. After 1650, human habitation increased exponentially, and by the 18th century the Puerto Rican amazon population started to be affected. Heinrich Moritz Gaede, a German naturalist, declared that by 1836 the parrot population had noticeably declined. Even so, as late as 1864, British ornithologist Edward Cavendish Taylor noted that the parrots were still common near the island's capital,
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the nest to avoid the attention of predators. Although territorial defense is mostly composed of loud vocalizations there are instances of actual physical combat. Pairs will defend their nest sites against invading couples, sometimes focusing on the location's defense instead of egg-laying. Pairs nesting in areas uninhabited by other parrots will remain mostly silent unless other parrots enter the zone. Some pairs may display moderate territoriality even when not apparently intending to nest, with these tendencies beginning in the latter half of the breeding season. One hypothesis is that this would occur in young pairs that had still not reached full maturity, serving as "practice territoriality".
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of roads, hydroelectric development, and the adoption of young chicks as pets. Especially during the latter half of the 19th century, most of Puerto Rico's virgin forests, a historical habitat of the species, were cleared for agricultural development, primarily for the production of sugar, cotton, corn and rice. The amazon quickly came to rely on these crops as its main food source and so became seen as a pest; local farmers repelled or hunted the bird if possible. As agriculture expanded, the amazon's habitat disappeared further and its population declined.
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1105:), to a lesser extent. These trees are mature cavity-forming trees which provide protection against predators and the entry of water. Recently, the species has also nested in artificial wooden boxes designed as part of the recovery plan for the species. Nest height varies from 7–15 m (23–49 ft) above ground. The male usually leads the search for nest sites, although the final decision seems to be taken by the female. Once a site is selected, the pair will spend some time inspecting and cleaning it. No lining material is added to the
1148:(USFWS) at the Luquillo Aviary began efforts to breed parrots in captivity and yielded good results. In June 2006, it was reported by the USFWS that its birds in captivity had successfully hatched 39 chicks (the yearly average is around 16). In 2006, 22 birds were released in the Rio Abajo State Forest to initiate a second wild population, and a further 19 were released at the same site on 27 December 2008. In 2012, the total estimated population was 58–80 individuals in the wild and over 300 individuals in captivity.
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to the forest. The flight mechanism of this species is similar to the one found in other amazons, and involves strokes below the body axis, unlike most birds whose wings flow above their bodies in flight. Amazons can fly moderately fast, reaching a top speed of approximately 30 km/h (19 mph), and are fairly agile when evading predators in mid-air. When in search of food, the parrots group in pairs. Couples and their
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This was noted as a significant advance, since El Yunque is not an ideal habitat for the bird due to its humidity, which precipitates sickness in some of the individuals. This was accompanied by a second announcement, which noted that added to the known number of amazons in the wild (fluctuating between 64 and 112 specimens) there is an unmonitored population of approximately 50 birds dispersed throughout Puerto Rico.
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August 13, 2015, a group of 25 amazons was moved from the other aviaries to a repurposed installation in
Maricao. Each member was brought individually in order to ensure their safety while being transported and later placed in an acclimation program that is expected to last a year, before they are released to create a new population in the region.
1272:. As part of the conservation efforts, a captive population was established in the Luquillo Aviary in 1973. Another was established in 1993 when some individuals were transferred from the Luquillo Aviary to the Rio Abajo State Forest under the administration of the Puerto Rican Department of Natural Resources (
1227:). The thrasher was first recorded in Puerto Rico in the mid-20th century and has been a problem for the parrot population since 1973; to combat this, specially designed deep nests were prepared for the parrots in subsequent years to prevent competition from the invaders. Introduced species are a threat:
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The Puerto Rican amazon is diurnal, typically beginning its day half an hour after sunrise. It is generally secretive when inside its nest, using its green plumage as camouflage. In contrast, it may be vocal and noisy when outside the nest. Upon taking flight, its color pattern provides some contrast
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Human activity is arguably the main reason for the population decline of the Puerto Rican amazon. Early settlers of Puerto Rico, such as the TaĂno, hunted it for food consumption but managed to maintain a healthy ecological balance. Later, habitat destruction, capture of immature individuals for the
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The Puerto Rican amazon usually mates for life, with pairs only changing mates if one bird perishes or abandons the nest. A male may abandon the female if the latter is injured, re-mating with a more "physically perfect" subject. The pairing process is unknown; however, new pairs tend to participate
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At first, human activity had not posed a significant threat to the Puerto Rican amazon. The TaĂno hunted the parrot but without much effect on its population. In the past 200 years, however, many factors have led to a drastic decrease in the birds' numbers: agricultural development, the construction
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were formally announced. The following month, ten amazons were released at RĂo Abajo. 2013 set a new record for the reproduction program, which produced 51 fledglings and shattered the previous record of 34 that was established in 2011. The wild population grew by 15 chicks, an improvement from the
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sequenced the amazon's genome. On August 15, 2013, the discovery of non-assisted nests in the RĂo Abajo State Forest was announced. Experts considered this a sign of expansion, implying that the reintroduced amazon population was fully adapting to wild life and was dispersing throughout the region.
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In response to the Puerto Rican amazon's low population and endangered status, a recovery plan was drafted and implemented in 1968. Its main objective was to downlist the species to threatened status by the year 2020. Other objectives included establishing two separate viable wild populations (each
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feathers are dark blue. The color of the feathers on the underside varies depending on the body part: the feathers on the underside of the wings, which can be seen during flight, are bright blue; those in the tail have yellow-green tone. Their underparts are paler and yellow-tinged, their foreheads
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Like other amazons, the Puerto Rican amazon is gregarious while performing daily activities, but territorial around its nest. The size of the territory around the nest is usually around 50 meters (164 feet). Pairs are extremely cautious near their nest, usually moving in a slow manner when leaving
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and the Puerto Rican amazon. Subsequent studies showed that size and color patterns were not sufficient to assess evolutionary relationships, and that patterns changed with relative ease even within members of the same species. The research concluded that the Puerto Rican amazon may share a common
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began during the spring of 2015 and extended throughout the summer, benefitting the breeding of the amazons in El Yunque by extending their reproductive season. However, this weather pattern also increased the number of mongooses present in the forest, representing a risk for the population. On
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struck the northeast coast of Puerto Rico inflicting heavy casualties on the remaining birds. In the aftermath of the hurricane the population was estimated at 23 individuals. In 2004, the wild population was 30–35 individuals, and the long-term trend appears to be stable albeit with some
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are red, and they have white ovals around the eyes. The iris is brown, the bill a horn color, and the legs yellow-tan. Aside from DNA tests, males and females can only be distinguished by behavioral differences during the breeding season. Immature birds have plumage similar to adults.
1334:, this was carried out as a uniquely community-funded project. The research budget raised by student organized art and fashion shows dedicated to the effort plus small personal donations from Puerto Rican citizens who wanted to support the work. And from this data producing
1063:). It normally selects the fruits positioned directly in front of its eyes, picking them one at a time with some rare exceptions. When feeding, it uses a foot to pick up the food. The amazon feeds in a slow, paused manner taking 8–60 seconds to consume separate items.
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young display a tendency to stay together. The amazon makes two flight calls, a take-off squawk which consist of a pattern of long squawks, and a loud "bugle", commonly used in flight and which may have several meanings depending on the circumstances when it is used.
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at some point. Some small species would have encountered problems traversing large bodies of water, but parrots have flight strength and various behavioral characteristics that would facilitate "over-water" dispersion. Most
Caribbean bird species originate from
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Afanador, Y.; Velez-ValentĂn, J.; ValentĂn de la Rosa, R.; MartĂnez-Cruzado, J.-C.; vonHoldt, B.; K. Oleksyk, T. (1 December 2014). "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the critically endangered Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata)".
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Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, were not a threat to the Puerto Rican parrot population when it was more readily self-maintaining, but as a result of the fragmentation and reduction of the population these disasters are now a threat as well.
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The Puerto Rican amazon measures 28–30 cm (11.0–11.8 in) and weighs 250–300 g (8.8–10.6 oz), or 275 g (9.7 oz) on average. Although small compared to amazons in general, it is similar in size to other
Greater Antilles
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By the 1950s, there were only 200 parrots in the wild, and in 1975 the population reached an absolute low of 13 individuals. Numbers then recovered, and in August 1989 there were an estimated minimum of 47 individuals. But on
September 18, 1989,
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Human activity once again threatened the amazon during the following years. In 2012, it was reported that the unsanctioned flight of light aircraft from adjacent islands was disrupting the reproductive and social behaviors of the species.
709:. All the Greater Antillean amazons display characteristics leading to suppositions of relatedness, including predominantly green-toned color patterns and white rings around the eyes. Russello and Amato conclude that all Greater Antillean
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The creation of another aviary and captive reproduction center was considered throughout 2013, with the municipalities of
Maricao and Isabela being analyzed. In November 2013, plans for the establishment of a third population in the
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Captive specimens at the Iguaca Aviary of El Yunque
National Forest (2011). Located in the vicinity of Luquillo, Puerto Rico, this was the first facility of the reproduction program and currently serves as one of three specialized
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The species was historically found in mature or old-growth forests in Puerto Rico at all elevations, and in holes, cliffs, and other diverse habitats at lower elevations. The species could be found at medium elevations in the
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of which would consist of 500 or more individuals for a period of at least five years), protecting habitat for those populations, and controlling predators, parasites and competitors. A third site was planned in 2011 by the
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administration, raised concerns among conservationists due to further deforestation of the regions where the birds feed. New conservation efforts have also begun during this timeframe. In 2011, a research team of the
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it was estimated only 3 of the 50 parrots survived in the wild, representing a loss of 90%. Recovery programs continue and as of 2021 the total population is around 500 including those in captivity and in the wild.
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Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques
1144:. At the time of inclusion the population was estimated at 70 individuals. In 1968, recovery efforts began to increase the population in the wild. In 1972, when the estimated population was 16 individuals, the
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Martinez-Cruzado, Juan-Carlos; Valentin, Ricardo; Figueroa, Luis; Dean, Michael; Logue, David M.; Nickerson, Michael L.; Ruiz-Rodriguez, Christina T.; Afanador, Yashira; Guiblet, Wilfried (1 December 2012).
901:. The species is currently found at elevations between 396 and 823 m (1,299 and 2,700 ft). Since the species requires mature forests with open-cavity trees for reproduction, it does not occur in
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since 1994. Once widespread and abundant, the population declined drastically in the 19th and early 20th centuries with the removal of most of its native habitat; the species has completely vanished from
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sets to aid the captive breeding efforts and population monitoring studies by providing unique identifiers for individual birds. In early 2020, 30 parrots were released into the El Yunque rainforest.
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pet industry, hunting and predation contributed to the sharp population decline. The clearing of mature forests for agricultural development is the main reason for the decline of population.
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To assist in improving the understanding of the overall population health of this species and aid in captive breeding programs the genome was sequenced by researchers at
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2131:"Federal and State Agencies Reaffirm their Commitment to the Recovery of the Endangered Puerto Rican Parrot". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
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12 born during the previous year. During this time frame, the known number of amazon specimens rounded 500 individuals. A severe drought caused by the emergence of
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Russello, Michael A. & George Amato (2004). "A molecular phylogeny of
Amazona: implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation".
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at 4 years of age in the wild and at 3 years in captivity. The species usually reproduces once a year between the months of
January and July (the
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327:. Once the female lays eggs she will remain in the nest and continuously incubate them until hatching. The chicks are fed by both parents and will
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studies show that the Puerto Rican amazon is more closely related to the
Hispaniolan amazon and the Cuban amazon than to the black-billed amazon.
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3020:"A locally funded Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) genome sequencing project increases avian data and advances young researcher education"
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977:. The species has been recorded to consume more than 60 different materials, although its diet was historically more varied due to its larger
825:, but the species was apparently widespread and abundant. There is also evidence the species may have inhabited other nearby islands, such as
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60 to 65 days after hatching. This parrot's diet is varied and consists of flowers, fruits, leaves, bark and nectar obtained from the forest
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to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist
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2613:"USFWS Seeks Comments to Begin an Environmental Assessment to Select Site for a Third Puerto Rican Parrot Population in Puerto Rico"
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fluctuations. The current range of the species is 16 km (6.2 sq mi), 0.2% of what it once was. In the aftermath of
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The Puerto Rican amazon reaches sexual maturity at between three and four years of age. It reproduces once a year and is a
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is not present. Both males and females have predominantly green plumage, though their feathers have blue edges. The
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in mutual mating dances characterised by coordinated bows, partial extension of the wings and full tail expansion.
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towards the main island's coast to find food. The species was extirpated from
Culebra by the early 20th century. A
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colonialists is uncertain, because of a lack of contemporary records and then the extermination of the indigenous
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1087:, nesting in tree trunk cavities, both naturally occurring and excavated by other species. It prefers to nest in
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in the northwestern part of Puerto Rico was identified as a haven for the species. In particular, a region named
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were inaugurated and dedicated to the late Priscilla Stubbe, who was a major fundraiser for the new facility.
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passed through the species' range in September 1989, and reduced the population from 47 to 23 individuals.
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and is now extinct. It is unclear whether it was substantially different from the nominate subspecies.
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with a red forehead and white rings around the eyes. Its closest relatives are believed to be the
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869:(until the 1930s). Accounts from the early 1900s describe the parrots traveling away from the
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species found in the Caribbean are divided in two groups: five mid-sized species found in the
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Puerto Rican amazon historical range at left (in red) and current range at right (in green)
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The species is the only remaining native parrot to Puerto Rico and has been listed as
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The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural History and Conservation of the Puerto Rican Parrot
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considered that the Puerto Rican amazon had evolved from the Hispaniolan amazon (
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300:. Measuring 28–30 cm (11.0–11.8 in), the bird is a predominantly green
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2806:"Investigadores estiman que cotorra puertorriqueña está en vĂa de recuperaciĂłn"
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
1600:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 218.
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
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was created from a revision of this article dated 24 October 2010
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2958:"SequĂa extrema en El Yunque podrĂa beneficiar a la cotorra puertorriqueña"
1967:"Technical/Agency Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Puerto Rican Parrot (
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355:. Conservation efforts commenced in 1968 to save the bird from extinction.
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The precise distribution of the Puerto Rican amazon before the arrival of
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constituting a complex, a cluster of species so closely related that they
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are assumed to be descended from a singular group that immigrated to the
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and only extant subspecies, inhabiting Puerto Rico and formerly nearby
227:
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: "Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Program"
1525:(in French). Vol. 11. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 339.
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30:
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2723:"Gasoducto presenta una nueva amenaza para la cotorra puertorriqueña"
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371:. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by
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2990:"Bosque estatal de Maricao recibe grupo de cotorras puertorriqueñas"
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The Puerto Rican amazon in flight, showing distinctive blue feathers
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Snyder, Noel F. R.; James W. Wiley & Cameron B. Kepler (1987).
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You may see a listing of the Puerto Rican amazon vocal repertoire
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437:. They have also been given the generic epithet of "parrot" by the
123:
3071:"Genome empowerment for the Puerto Rican parrot – Amazona vittata"
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since 1994. The species is regulated under Appendix I of the
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United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species
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in Puerto Rico, is a natural predator of the Puerto Rican amazon.
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2756:"Comunidad universitaria se une por la cotorra puertorriqueña"
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The Puerto Rican amazon was described by the French polymath
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2926:"Liberan 10 cotorras puertorriqueñas en Bosque de RĂo Abajo"
1620:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: F.G. Levrault. p. 189.
1276:). In 2007, expanded facilities at the Iguaca Aviary at the
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On March 11, 1967, the Puerto Rican amazon entered the
1049:; the bark of bejuco de rana, cupeillo, and cachimbo cumun (
2902:(in Spanish). NotiCel.com. 26 December 2013. Archived from
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1895:
Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives
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A pair of Puerto Rican amazons which usually mate for life
1726:"Captive-bred Puerto Rican Parrots released in El Yunque"
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Natural predators of the Puerto Rican amazon include the
1054:
2900:"Liberan 10 cotorras puertorriqueñas a estado silvestre"
2482:"Species Profile: Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata)"
1559:. Vol. 8. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 792.
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1439:
1097:), but uses other trees, including the laurel sabino (
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Like almost all amazons, the Puerto Rican amazon is a
406:. The Puerto Rican amazon is now placed in the large
3198:"Liberan a 30 cotorras puertorriqueñas en el Yunque"
2867:"Cotorras puertorriqueñas alzarĂan vuelo en Maricao"
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1893:Charles A. Woods & Florence E. Sergile (2001).
1753:. Conservation Management Institute. Archived from
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2484:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from
2148:"Puerto Rican Parrot – BirdLife Species Factsheet"
1465:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22686239A179276011.en
1270:Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex
2634:Thomas H. White Jr. & Fernando Nuñez-Garcia.
1925:(in Spanish). Washington: Humanitas. p. 13.
865:(until the 1920s), and at high elevations in the
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2171:"MarĂa eliminĂł 90% de las cotorras en El Yunque"
2074:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
1274:Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales
16:Parrot endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico
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2786:(in Spanish). Metro Puerto Rico. 15 August 2013
2198:"Liberan cotorras puertorriqueñas en El Yunque"
2133:http://www.fws.gov/caribbean/ParrotMoU2012.html
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
2590:"Hurricane Effects on Wildlife and Ecosystems"
2527:(in Spanish). 27 December 2008. Archived from
1897:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC. p. 183.
1728:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 28 June 2000
1023:); the flowers of bejuco de rana, achiotillo (
812:
453:name that resembled the parrots' flight call.
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2784:"Descubren anidaje de cotorra puertorriqueña"
1976:. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. April 1999
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1580:(in French). Utrecht. p. 49, Number 792.
418:that was introduced by the French naturalist
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2196:elvocero.com, RedacciĂłn (11 February 2020).
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2125:
2123:
2121:
1952:
1664:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1617:Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique
379:which was produced under the supervision of
3981:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
2951:
2949:
2721:Gerardo E. Alvarado NegrĂłn (9 March 2012).
2669:(in Spanish). 30 April 2007. Archived from
2513:
2142:
2140:
2099:
1630:
1135:
3383:
3369:
2988:Cristina del Mar Quiles (13 August 2015).
2661:"Con casa nueva la cotorra puertorriqueña"
2573:
2427:
1858:
1702:. National Audubon Society. Archived from
1155:(IUCN) lists the Puerto Rican amazon as a
236:
48:
29:
3096:
3086:
3045:
3035:
2978:
2592:. U.S. Geological Survey. 8 December 1998
2454:
2452:
2325:
2323:
2118:
1916:
1914:
1463:
885:(Valley of the Parrots), located between
674:The various native parrot species in the
358:
3339:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
3322:
3273:Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology
2946:
2137:
2102:Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World
1690:
1688:
1569:
1557:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
1509:
1507:
1282:
1170:
1111:
1070:
847:
782:
377:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
3221:(2nd ed.). Melbourne: Landsdowne.
3069:O’Brien, Stephen J. (1 December 2012).
3068:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2692:Cynthia López Cabán (27 January 2012).
2610:
2268:
2095:
2093:
2034:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1988:
1939:
1875:
1873:
1825:
1823:
1800:
1798:
1660:
1146:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1083:The Puerto Rican amazon is a secondary
489:
4011:Species endangered by invasive species
3973:
2833:Sandra CaquĂas Cruz (16 August 2013).
2754:Keila LĂłpez Alicea (10 October 2012).
2694:"En peligro la cotorra puertorriqueña"
2465:
2449:
2436:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2375:
2362:
2349:
2336:
2320:
1923:Las aves de Puerto Rico en fotografĂas
1920:
1911:
1745:
1743:
1610:
1590:
1513:
1299:, a gas pipeline grid proposed by the
981:. Among the items it consumes are the
365:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
3679:
3678:
3364:
3239:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2500:
2307:
2294:
2281:
2255:
2242:
2229:
1685:
1642:. International Ornithologists' Union
1504:
1306:University of Puerto Rico at MayagĂĽez
456:There are two recognized subspecies:
2887:
2216:
2090:
2047:
2021:
2001:
1870:
1836:
1820:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1667:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
1479:
1407:List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
1031:; the leaves and twigs of cupeillo (
4016:Species endangered by the pet trade
2611:Serrano, Lilibeth (9 August 2011).
1740:
1451:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1328:University of Puerto Rico, MayagĂĽez
13:
4006:Species endangered by habitat loss
3309:
2168:
2100:Parr, Mike; Juniper, Tony (2003).
1624:
14:
4032:
3290:
2956:Frances Rosario (4 August 2015).
2641:. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
3321:
3217:& William T. Cooper (1978).
2104:. A & C Black. p. 529.
1597:Check-list of Birds of the World
1537:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
1515:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
1376:
1362:
1348:
1262:
1120:The Puerto Rican amazon reaches
939:
668:after Russello and Amato, 2004.
90:
3190:
3148:Conservation Genetics Resources
3138:
3113:
3062:
3010:
2918:
2859:
2835:"Coge vuelo la cotorra boricua"
2826:
2798:
2776:
2747:
2714:
2685:
2653:
2627:
2604:
2582:
2543:
2474:
2189:
2162:
2060:
1886:
1849:
1811:
1751:"Taxonomy: Puerto Rican Parrot"
1718:
1634:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
1440:BirdLife International (2020).
705:and seven large species in the
402:(modern Haiti), rather than in
2934:(in Spanish). 26 December 2013
2875:(in Spanish). 25 November 2013
2615:. US Fish and Wildlife Service
1654:
1604:
1584:
1563:
1529:
1523:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
1330:. As an emblematic species of
778:
439:American Ornithologists' Union
422:in 1830. The specific epithet
369:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
1:
4021:Taxa named by Pieter Boddaert
3252:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00192-1
2169:GarcĂa, VerĂłnica B. Fonseca.
1157:critically endangered species
985:of the seeds of sierra palm (
278:), is the only extant parrot
3996:Endemic birds of Puerto Rico
3208:General and cited references
2843:(in Spanish). Archived from
2814:(in Spanish). 15 August 2013
2731:(in Spanish). Archived from
1553:"Perroquet, de St. Domingue"
1519:"Le papegai Ă bandeau rouge"
1422:
1402:List of birds of Puerto Rico
7:
2521:"Liberan otras 19 cotorras"
1640:World Bird List Version 9.2
1549:Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie
1341:
1251:) may eat eggs and chicks.
1066:
926:
813:Population and distribution
767:ancestor with the Jamaican
10:
4037:
2579:Forshaw and Cooper, p. 540
2551:"Appendices I, II and III"
2433:Forshaw and Cooper, p. 541
1867:Forshaw and Cooper, p. 538
1855:Russello and Amato, p. 428
1817:Russello and Amato, p. 433
1661:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1541:Martinet, François-Nicolas
1412:List of Puerto Rican birds
1166:
1043:Micropholis garciniaefolia
804:of the wings and the main
3687:
3649:
3633:
3608:
3422:Vinaceous-breasted amazon
3407:
3168:10.1007/s12686-014-0232-6
2636:"From Cage to Rainforest"
1458:: e.T22686239A179276011.
1278:El Yunque National Forest
938:
933:
899:El Yunque National Forest
606:
591:
584:
569:
562:
547:
540:
533:
518:
503:
373:François-Nicolas Martinet
235:
216:
211:
192:
185:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
3548:Yellow-shouldered amazon
2202:El Vocero de Puerto Rico
2150:. BirdLife International
1153:World Conservation Union
1136:Threats and conservation
394:in his catalogue of the
344:World Conservation Union
3991:Birds described in 1783
964:
802:primary flight feathers
426:is Latin for "banded".
4001:ESA endangered species
3664:List of amazon parrots
3317:
3297:Listen to this article
3088:10.1186/2047-217X-1-13
3037:10.1186/2047-217X-1-14
2068:"Puerto Rican Parrot (
1696:"Puerto Rican Parrot (
1289:
1245:small Indian mongooses
1188:
1117:
1076:
879:karst-limestone region
863:Rio Abajo State Forest
859:Guajataca State Forest
853:
788:
742:British ornithologist
433:are commonly known as
359:Taxonomy and evolution
266:cotorra puertorriqueña
3573:Southern mealy amazon
3568:Northern mealy amazon
3536:Yellow-crowned amazon
3432:Red-spectacled amazon
3316:
2471:Snyder et al., p. 139
1921:Oberle, Mark (2003).
1545:Daubenton, Edme-Louis
1417:List of Vieques birds
1336:microsatellite marker
1286:
1174:
1115:
1074:
1051:Psychotria berteriana
1047:Piptocarpha tetrantha
1041:), caimitillo verde (
1029:Piptocarpha tetrantha
1021:Rheedia portoricensis
1005:Marcgravia sintenisii
883:Valle de las Cotorras
861:(until 1910) and the
851:
786:
340:critically endangered
290:, and belongs to the
256:), also known as the
55:Critically Endangered
3595:Orange-winged amazon
3519:Yellow-headed amazon
3467:Lilac-crowned amazon
3447:Yellow-billed amazon
3442:White-fronted amazon
3348:More spoken articles
3219:Parrots of the World
2072:) – Species account"
1706:on 27 September 2006
1636:"Parrots, cockatoos"
1487:"Appendices | CITES"
1392:Fauna of Puerto Rico
1315:Maricao State Forest
1221:pearly-eyed thrasher
1033:Clusia grisebachiana
1011:), cupey de altura (
726:Amazona leucocephala
490:Evolutionary history
381:Edme-Louis Daubenton
310:Amazona leucocephala
24:Puerto Rican amazon
3654:Neotropical parrots
3553:Blue-fronted amazon
3531:Yellow-naped amazon
3499:Blue-cheeked amazon
3462:Puerto Rican amazon
3437:Black-billed amazon
3200:. 11 February 2020.
3160:2014ConGR...6..885A
3125:www.bio-itworld.com
2673:on 6 September 2012
2531:on 12 February 2009
1116:Newly hatched chick
1094:Cyrilla racemiflora
1025:Alchornea latifolia
997:Matayba domingensis
995:), and negra lora (
867:Carite State Forest
756:black-billed amazon
429:Birds in the genus
396:Planches Enluminées
258:Puerto Rican parrot
248:Puerto Rican amazon
40:Conservation status
3641:Blue-winged amazon
3600:St. Vincent amazon
3558:Scaly-naped amazon
3524:Tres MarĂas amazon
3489:Red-crowned amazon
3457:Hispaniolan amazon
3318:
3215:Forshaw, Joseph M.
2906:on 16 January 2014
1397:El Toro Wilderness
1356:Puerto Rico portal
1290:
1225:Margarops fuscatus
1189:
1118:
1099:Magnolia splendens
1077:
1038:Magnolia splendens
1035:), laurel sabino (
1009:Miconia sintenisii
895:Cordillera Central
854:
789:
771:. However, recent
392:Psittacus vittatus
314:Hispaniolan amazon
3968:
3967:
3927:Open Tree of Life
3681:Taxon identifiers
3672:
3671:
3625:Martinique amazon
3620:Guadeloupe amazon
3590:Red-tailed amazon
3509:Red-necked amazon
3504:Red-browed amazon
3314:
2847:on 21 August 2013
2735:on 21 August 2013
2111:978-1-4081-3575-4
2078:on 4 January 2006
1757:on 8 October 1999
1678:978-1-4081-2501-4
1592:Peters, James Lee
1249:Urva auropunctata
1209:Buteo platypterus
1205:broad-winged hawk
1201:Buteo jamaicensis
1181:B. j. jamaicensis
1103:Dacryodes excelsa
1013:Clusia gundlachii
999:); the fruits of
992:Dacryodes excelsa
953:
952:
907:secondary forests
798:Sexual dimorphism
732:Amazona ventralis
716:Amazona albifrons
672:
671:
663:Greater Antillean
661:Phylogeny of the
655:
654:
646:
645:
637:
636:
628:
627:
619:
618:
318:Amazona ventralis
244:
243:
80:
63:
4028:
3961:
3960:
3948:
3947:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3895:
3883:
3882:
3870:
3869:
3857:
3856:
3844:
3843:
3831:
3830:
3818:
3817:
3805:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3746:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3676:
3675:
3634:Disputed species
3514:St. Lucia amazon
3472:Red-lored amazon
3385:
3378:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3338:
3336:
3325:
3324:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3286:
3263:
3232:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3090:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3039:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2896:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2557:. Archived from
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2517:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2456:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2012:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1963:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1865:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1571:Boddaert, Pieter
1567:
1561:
1560:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1437:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1217:Falco peregrinus
1213:peregrine falcon
1101:) and tabonuco (
987:Prestoea montana
943:
942:
931:
930:
703:Greater Antilles
587:
586:
565:
564:
543:
542:
536:
535:
499:
498:
494:
493:
479:A. v. gracilipes
240:
225:A. v. gracilipes
198:
95:
94:
74:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4025:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3958:Amazona-vittata
3956:
3951:
3943:
3938:
3930:
3925:
3917:
3914:Observation.org
3912:
3904:
3899:
3891:
3886:
3878:
3873:
3865:
3860:
3852:
3847:
3839:
3834:
3826:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3749:
3741:
3739:
3733:Amazona_vittata
3731:
3726:
3719:Amazona vittata
3717:
3716:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3689:Amazona vittata
3683:
3673:
3668:
3645:
3629:
3612:extinct species
3611:
3604:
3585:Imperial amazon
3580:Kawall's amazon
3484:Diademed amazon
3477:Lilacine amazon
3403:
3389:
3352:
3351:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3329:This audio file
3326:
3319:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3283:
3271:. Los Angeles:
3229:
3210:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3067:
3063:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2986:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2954:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2782:
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2767:
2765:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2367:
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2350:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2119:
2112:
2098:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2070:Amazona vittata
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:Amazona vittata
1965:
1964:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1698:Amazona vittata
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1629:
1625:
1609:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1568:
1564:
1534:
1530:
1512:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1444:Amazona vittata
1438:
1429:
1425:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1265:
1197:red-tailed hawk
1177:red-tailed hawk
1169:
1138:
1122:sexual maturity
1069:
967:
940:
929:
920:Hurricane MarĂa
875:Sierra de Cayey
873:forest and the
815:
781:
721:Amazona vittata
707:Lesser Antilles
656:
647:
638:
629:
620:
594:A. leucocephala
492:
385:Pieter Boddaert
367:in 1780 in his
361:
253:Amazona vittata
207:
200:
196:Amazona vittata
194:
181:
178:A. vittata
89:
81:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4034:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3986:Amazon parrots
3983:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3949:
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3923:
3910:
3897:
3884:
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3494:Yucatan amazon
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3469:
3464:
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3454:
3449:
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3429:
3427:Tucumán amazon
3424:
3419:
3417:Festive amazon
3413:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3392:Amazon parrots
3388:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3341:
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3294:
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3291:External links
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3287:
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3264:
3246:(2): 421–437.
3233:
3227:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3189:
3154:(4): 885–889.
3137:
3121:"Bio-IT World"
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2886:
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2561:on 14 May 2008
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1594:, ed. (1937).
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1370:Biology portal
1359:
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1257:Hurricane Hugo
1233:Apis mellifera
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1001:bejuco de rana
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934:External audio
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502:
497:
491:
488:
487:
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483:Culebra Island
476:
469:Vieques Island
445:called it the
400:Saint-Domingue
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141:
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3610:Hypothetical
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3282:0-935868-27-5
3278:
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3257:
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1089:Palo colorado
1086:
1085:cavity nester
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989:), tabonuco (
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887:San Sebastián
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713:descend from
712:
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693:South America
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512:
511:
508:
507:
501:
500:
496:
495:
484:
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477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:A. v. vittata
459:
458:
457:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
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421:
417:
416:
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397:
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389:binomial name
386:
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378:
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366:
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354:
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345:
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334:
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326:
325:cavity nester
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267:
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223:
221:
220:A. v. vittata
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188:
187:Binomial name
184:
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72:
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61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3688:
3563:Mealy amazon
3461:
3452:Cuban amazon
3399:
3268:
3243:
3237:
3218:
3192:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3124:
3115:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3027:
3023:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2998:(in Spanish)
2995:El Nuevo DĂa
2993:
2968:. Retrieved
2966:(in Spanish)
2963:El Nuevo DĂa
2961:
2936:. Retrieved
2931:El Nuevo DĂa
2929:
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2904:the original
2877:. Retrieved
2872:Primera Hora
2870:
2861:
2849:. Retrieved
2845:the original
2840:El Nuevo DĂa
2838:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2811:El Nuevo DĂa
2809:
2800:
2788:. Retrieved
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2764:(in Spanish)
2761:El Nuevo DĂa
2759:
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2733:the original
2728:El Nuevo DĂa
2726:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2702:(in Spanish)
2699:El Nuevo DĂa
2697:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2671:the original
2666:Primera Hora
2664:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2584:
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2559:the original
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:the original
2524:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2486:the original
2476:
2467:
2459:
2443:
2438:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2395:
2390:
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2275:
2270:
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2257:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2223:
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2204:(in Spanish)
2201:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2177:(in Spanish)
2174:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2101:
2080:. Retrieved
2076:the original
2069:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
1995:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1968:
1946:
1941:
1922:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1851:
1843:
1838:
1830:
1813:
1805:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1730:. Retrieved
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1697:
1663:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1639:
1626:
1616:
1612:Lesson, René
1606:
1596:
1586:
1575:
1565:
1556:
1531:
1522:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1455:
1449:
1443:
1384:Birds portal
1325:
1311:
1301:Luis Fortuño
1294:
1291:
1273:
1266:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1183:), known as
1180:
1150:
1139:
1130:
1119:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:palo de cruz
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:), camasey (
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
986:
968:
954:
946:
911:
882:
855:
843:
823:TaĂno people
816:
793:
790:
773:phylogenetic
768:
759:
748:A. ventralis
747:
741:
730:
724:
720:
714:
710:
696:
673:
665:
608:
607:
593:
592:
572:A. ventralis
571:
570:
549:
548:
520:
519:
506:A. albifrons
505:
504:
478:
460:
455:
451:onomatopoeic
446:
443:TaĂno people
430:
428:
423:
413:
395:
391:
376:
368:
362:
337:
322:
317:
309:
306:Cuban amazon
295:
270:
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265:
257:
252:
251:
247:
245:
224:
219:
195:
193:
177:
176:
164:
18:
3901:Neotropical
3836:iNaturalist
3713:Wikispecies
3075:GigaScience
3024:GigaScience
2535:21 February
2278:, pp. 81–83
2175:www.wapa.tv
2044:, pp. 29–36
1998:, pp. 21–22
1949:, pp. 18–19
1632:Gill, Frank
1471:12 November
1332:Puerto Rico
1053:); and the
779:Description
750:) found in
676:West Indies
550:A. collaria
473:Mona Island
420:René Lesson
408:Neotropical
404:Puerto Rico
387:coined the
353:Mona Island
292:Neotropical
288:Puerto Rico
284:archipelago
212:Subspecies
154:Psittacidae
3975:Categories
3953:Xeno-canto
3344:Audio help
3335:2010-10-24
2938:14 January
2910:14 January
2879:14 January
1496:14 January
1237:black rats
1219:) and the
1126:dry season
1057:of cuaba (
752:Hispaniola
744:David Lack
737:intergrade
609:A. vittata
481:inhabited
312:) and the
73:Appendix I
3176:1877-7260
3081:(1): 13.
3030:(1): 14.
3002:13 August
2970:13 August
2851:21 August
2818:21 August
2790:21 August
2768:21 August
2739:21 August
2706:21 August
2677:13 August
2525:El Vocero
1646:11 August
1577:enluminés
1491:cites.org
1423:Citations
1296:Via Verde
1288:reserves.
1229:honeybees
1185:Guaraguao
1060:Inga vera
971:herbivore
796:species.
769:A. agilis
760:A. agilis
680:Caribbean
521:A. agilis
172:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
3940:Species+
3880:22686239
3854:11428823
3756:22686239
3751:BirdLife
3740:BioLib:
3698:Wikidata
3660:: Arini)
3346: ·
3260:14715233
3184:15255988
3107:23587407
3056:23587420
2510:, p. 225
2462:, p. 136
2446:, p. 157
2424:, p. 156
2411:, p. 155
2398:, p. 148
2385:, p. 150
2372:, p. 149
2359:, p. 141
2346:, p. 132
2333:, p. 131
2208:6 August
2181:6 August
1614:(1831).
1573:(1783).
1517:(1780).
1342:See also
1067:Breeding
983:pericarp
927:Behavior
871:Luquillo
839:San Juan
833:and the
465:nominate
424:vittatus
415:Amazona
204:Boddaert
150:Family:
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
3906:purpar1
3828:2479642
3792:purpar1
3766:purpar1
3704:Q510792
3409:Species
3400:Amazona
3333: (
3304:minutes
3156:Bibcode
3130:12 July
3098:3626504
3047:3626513
2619:2 March
2565:14 July
2506:Snyder
2492:18 June
2458:Snyder
2442:Snyder
2420:Snyder
2407:Snyder
2394:Snyder
2381:Snyder
2368:Snyder
2355:Snyder
2342:Snyder
2329:Snyder
2317:, p. 82
2313:Snyder
2304:, p. 81
2300:Snyder
2291:, p. 79
2287:Snyder
2274:Snyder
2265:, p. 70
2261:Snyder
2252:, p. 68
2248:Snyder
2239:, p. 67
2235:Snyder
2226:, p. 71
2222:Snyder
2154:18 June
2057:, p. 22
2053:Snyder
2040:Snyder
2031:, p. 21
2027:Snyder
2018:, p. 16
2014:Snyder
1994:Snyder
1980:18 June
1945:Snyder
1883:, p. 15
1879:Snyder
1846:, p. 52
1842:Snyder
1833:, p. 47
1829:Snyder
1808:, p. 46
1804:Snyder
1792:, p. 44
1788:Snyder
1779:, p. 42
1775:Snyder
1761:18 June
1710:18 June
1320:El Niño
1211:), the
1203:), the
1167:Threats
1091:trees (
1045:), and
1027:), and
1015:), and
958:fledged
891:Morovis
831:Barbuda
827:Antigua
819:Spanish
794:Amazona
764:Jamaica
711:Amazona
698:Amazona
685:Central
666:Amazona
463:is the
435:amazons
431:Amazona
375:in the
349:Vieques
342:by the
297:Amazona
282:to the
280:endemic
262:Spanish
206:, 1783)
165:Amazona
160:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
3932:256853
3893:241585
3867:177807
3815:913268
3799:ECOS:
3279:
3258:
3225:
3182:
3174:
3105:
3095:
3054:
3044:
2645:4 June
2596:18 May
2508:et al.
2460:et al.
2444:et al.
2422:et al.
2409:et al.
2396:et al.
2383:et al.
2370:et al.
2357:et al.
2344:et al.
2331:et al.
2315:et al.
2302:et al.
2289:et al.
2276:et al.
2263:et al.
2250:et al.
2237:et al.
2224:et al.
2108:
2082:4 June
2055:et al.
2042:et al.
2029:et al.
2016:et al.
1996:et al.
1947:et al.
1929:
1901:
1881:et al.
1844:et al.
1831:et al.
1806:et al.
1790:et al.
1777:et al.
1732:2 June
1675:
1243:) and
975:canopy
806:covert
729:, and
695:. The
447:iguaca
333:canopy
329:fledge
302:parrot
294:genus
271:Iguaca
3919:71645
3849:IRMNG
3841:19006
3787:eBird
3763:BOW:
3743:22225
3658:tribe
3396:genus
3180:S2CID
2639:(PDF)
1974:(PDF)
979:range
903:dwarf
762:) of
719:with
689:North
449:, an
411:genus
276:TaĂno
268:) or
77:CITES
71:CITES
3945:9524
3888:NCBI
3875:IUCN
3862:ITIS
3823:GBIF
3802:3067
3779:CKFB
3277:ISBN
3256:PMID
3223:ISBN
3172:ISSN
3132:2019
3103:PMID
3052:PMID
3004:2015
2972:2015
2940:2014
2912:2014
2881:2014
2853:2013
2820:2013
2792:2013
2770:2013
2741:2013
2708:2013
2679:2012
2647:2008
2621:2012
2598:2008
2567:2008
2537:2009
2494:2008
2210:2021
2183:2021
2156:2008
2106:ISBN
2084:2008
1982:2008
1927:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1763:2008
1734:2008
1712:2008
1673:ISBN
1648:2019
1498:2022
1473:2021
1456:2020
1175:The
1151:The
1107:nest
1055:buds
965:Diet
947:here
905:and
889:and
691:and
471:and
351:and
246:The
134:Aves
3810:EoL
3774:CoL
3728:ADW
3248:doi
3164:doi
3093:PMC
3083:doi
3042:PMC
3032:doi
1669:404
1460:doi
320:).
286:of
3977::
3955::
3942::
3929::
3916::
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3890::
3877::
3864::
3851::
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3789::
3776::
3753::
3730::
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3398::
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3275:.
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3178:.
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3101:.
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