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and other public or collectivist forms of government because of their 'tax and spend' policies to achieve long-term economic improvement. However, in the private sector, entrepreneurs bear their own losses and so private-sector firms are generally unwilling to undertake projects that could result in
412:. Public works programmes are activities which entail the payment of a wage (in cash or in kind) by the state, or by an Agent (or cash-for work/CFW). One particular form of public works, that of offering a short-term period of employment, has come to dominate practice, particularly in regions such as
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Generally, contracts awarded by public tenders include a provision for unexpected expenses (cost overruns), which typically amount to 10% of the value of the contract. This money is spent during the course of the project only if the construction managers judge that it is necessary, and the
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losses or would not develop a revenue stream. Governments will invest in public works because of the overall benefit to society when there is a lack of private sector benefit (a project that does generate revenue) or the risk is too great for a private company to accept on its own.
310:, touching on multiple arenas including: recreation (parks, beaches, trails), aesthetics (trees, green space), economy (goods and people movement, energy), law (police and courts), and neighborhood (community centers, social services buildings). It represents any
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are at times used interchangeably. However, critical infrastructure includes public works (dams, waste water systems, bridges, etc.) as well as facilities like hospitals, banks, and telecommunications systems and views them from a
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While it is argued that capital investment in public works can be used to reduce unemployment, opponents of internal improvement programs argue that such projects should be undertaken by the
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Investing in public works projects in order to stimulate the general economy has been a popular policy measure since the economic crisis of the 1930s. Spearheaded by U.S. Secretary of Labor
357:, the first nationwide digital public works project is an effort to create an open source software platform for e-voting (created and managed by the Open Source Digital Voting Foundation).
280:, public works does not necessarily carry an economic component, thereby being a broader term. Construction may be undertaken either by directly employed labour or by a private operator.
474:, because public works projects are often inefficient and costly to taxpayers. Further, some argue that public works, when used excessively by a government, are characteristic of
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Projects in which more people were directly and indirectly affected by the project turned out to be more susceptible to cost overruns.
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Furthermore, the term public works has recently been expanded to include digital public infrastructure projects. For example, in the
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A public employment programme or public works programme is the provision of employment by the creation of predominantly
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The woman behind the New Deal : the life of
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416:. Applied in the short term, this is appropriate as a response to transient shocks and acute labour market crises.
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Technically difficult projects were not more likely to exceed the budget than less difficult projects.
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at a prescribed wage for those unable to find alternative employment. This functions as a form of
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439:, among others, all of which created public goods through labor and infrastructure investments.
264:, preservation and restoration of forests and wetlands) and other, usually long-term, physical
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viewpoint and the impact on the community that the loss of such facilities would entail.
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Project managers generally did not learn from similar projects attempted in the past.
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Broad category of infrastructure projects, financed and constructed by the government
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encouraged the construction of various infrastructure projects during widespread
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body for recreational, employment, and health and safety uses in the greater
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Transactions and
Proceedings of the American Philological Association
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usually represent the same concept but imply either large cities or
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Flyvbjerg, Bent; Skamris Holm, Mette; Buhl, Søren (Summer 2002).
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423:, the first female Cabinet member in the United States, the
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Thornton, Mary
Elizabeth Kelly (1971). "Nero's New Deal".
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object that augments a nation's physical infrastructure.
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Public works has been encouraged since antiquity. The
802:"The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects"
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expenditure must typically be justified in writing.
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Public works in Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
749:
Natuurwetenschap & Techniek
Magazine April 2009
538:, one of the first public works projects in America
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
427:resulted in the creation of programs such as the
145:A US government poster from 1940 summarizing the
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761:"Underestimating Costs in Public Works Projects"
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302:Public works is a multi-dimensional concept in
456:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
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634:. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 629.
396:to move municipalities in that direction).
840:
826:
399:
694:"A typology for Public Works Programming"
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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482:According to research conducted at the
442:More recent examples are the 2008–2009
14:
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374:sustainable municipal infrastructure
329:' concerns respectively. The terms
272:. Though often interchangeable with
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
847:
806:Journal of Evolution and Technology
24:
360:Reflecting increased concern with
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606:American Public Works Association
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452:2008 European Union stimulus plan
444:Chinese economic stimulus program
172:. They include public buildings (
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448:National Infrastructure Pipeline
392:provides an officially mandated
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800:Hickman, John (November 1999).
52:needs additional citations for
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698:Overseas Development Institute
692:McCord, Anna (December 2008).
685:
654:
619:
13:
1:
1117:Needle and syringe programmes
971:Universal access to education
612:
595:The dictionary definition of
437:Works Progress Administration
262:wildlife habitat preservation
147:Works Progress Administration
30:For the 2015 Dutch film, see
516:Department of transportation
7:
1200:Publicly funded health care
721:. Nan A. Talese/Doubleday.
580:Public Works Administration
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433:Public Works Administration
429:Civilian Conservation Corps
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10:
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372:, efforts to move towards
317:Municipal infrastructure,
260:, soil erosion reduction,
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1225:National health insurance
1190:
1177:Supervised injection site
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1037:
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715:Downey, Kirstin. (2009).
258:drinking water protection
1220:Single-payer health care
1029:Universal basic services
976:Universal basic services
549:, an economic discussion
254:environmental protection
186:transport infrastructure
156:are a broad category of
1378:Public works ministries
921:Public good (economics)
661:snelson (15 May 2009).
400:Public works programmes
335:critical infrastructure
160:projects, financed and
608:- Professional society
394:best practice exchange
350:
150:
1069:Public infrastructure
906:Public administration
891:Free-culture movement
565:Egyptian Public Works
531:Internal improvements
462:Utility of investment
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331:public infrastructure
274:public infrastructure
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781:on 14 September 2009
667:TrustTheVote Project
380:, especially in the
319:urban infrastructure
232:), public services (
61:improve this article
1305:Public viewing area
1074:Public water system
1062:Municipal broadband
1019:Public broadcasting
774:(3). Archived from
559:Individual programs
174:municipal buildings
32:Public Works (film)
1270:Government auction
956:Public procurement
511:Contingencies fund
484:Aalborg University
414:Sub-Saharan Africa
351:
327:developing nations
151:
1358:Civil engineering
1345:
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1172:Public university
1152:Public open space
1097:Drinking fountain
1057:Telecommunication
728:978-0-385-51365-4
704:on 30 April 2010.
410:social safety net
378:developed nations
340:national security
323:rural development
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16:(Redirected from
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1373:Public economics
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1232:Social insurance
1079:Waste management
1047:Electric utility
1024:Public transport
941:Public ownership
860:Municipalization
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242:sewage treatment
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1285:Public offering
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1192:Social services
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1142:Public hospital
1137:Public computer
1132:Public bookcase
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1002:Law enforcement
997:Fire department
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931:Public interest
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865:Nationalization
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468:private sector
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390:FCM InfraGuide
382:European Union
376:are common in
362:sustainability
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278:public capital
222:public squares
158:infrastructure
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76:"Public works"
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542:Make-work job
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536:Madaket Ditch
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521:E-procurement
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77:
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72:Find sources:
66:
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56:
55:
50:This article
48:
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39:
38:
33:
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1334:
1322:
1275:Public float
1210:Job creation
1162:Public space
1089:Public works
1088:
966:Public value
961:Public trust
809:
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783:. Retrieved
776:the original
771:
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671:the original
666:
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234:water supply
154:Public works
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
18:Public Works
1127:Public bank
1102:Free clinic
936:Public land
886:Common good
768:APA Journal
547:Public good
388:(where the
312:constructed
1352:Categories
1300:Public use
1182:Urban park
1122:Public art
911:Public bad
613:References
470:, not the
454:, and the
446:, India's
435:, and the
270:facilities
166:government
87:newspapers
737:231162915
677:6 January
476:socialism
304:economics
298:Overview
292:deflation
238:treatment
202:pipelines
194:railroads
182:hospitals
170:community
117:June 2017
1324:Category
1258:See also
879:Concepts
570:New Deal
505:See also
425:New Deal
308:politics
214:airports
162:procured
1336:Commons
1265:Commons
648:2935958
230:beaches
198:bridges
178:schools
101:scholar
785:4 June
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386:Canada
321:, and
266:assets
248:, and
228:, and
212:, and
206:canals
180:, and
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779:(PDF)
764:(PDF)
644:JSTOR
226:parks
210:ports
190:roads
164:by a
108:JSTOR
94:books
787:2009
733:OCLC
723:ISBN
679:2010
384:and
368:and
306:and
288:Nero
276:and
268:and
250:dams
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636:doi
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