1810:, which mandated that electric utilities open access to their transmission systems to enhance competition and "functionally unbundle" their transmission service from their other operations. The order also promoted the role of an independent system operator to manage power flow on the electric grid. Later, FERC Order No. 889 established an electronic information system called OASIS (open access same-time information system) which would give new users of transmission lines access to the same information available to the owner of the network. The result of these and other regulatory rulings was the eventual restructuring of the traditional monopoly-regulated regime to one in which all bulk power sellers could compete. A further step in industry restructuring, "customer choice", followed in some 19 states, giving retail electric customers the option to be served by non-utility retail power marketers.
2470:
112:
856:
43:
1016:. This school of thought holds that the most cost-efficient way of doing business is through a single firm because these are capital-intensive businesses with unusually large economies of scale and high fixed costs associated with building and operating the infrastructure, e.g. power plants, telephone lines and water treatment facilities. However, over the past several decades, traditional public utilities' monopoly position has eroded. For instance, wholesale
3441:
845:
3453:
1123:. By creating, expanding, and improving upon public utilities, a governmental body may attempt to improve its image or attract investment. Traditionally, public services have been provided by public legal entities, which operate much like corporations, but differ in that profit is not necessary for a functional business. A significant factor in government ownership has been to reduce the
1535:
In order to ensure the smooth operation of public utilities, the state also controls the investment programs of monopolistic companies. This is handled by the
Committee on Construction and Housing and Communal Services. Such a system allows you to regulate prices for utilities and direct investments
1531:
Residents of
Kazakhstan receive water, sewerage and heating from companies recognized by the state as natural monopolies. This means that there is no competition in these areas, and tariffs are set by a special state body – the Committee for Regulation of Natural Monopolies, Competition and Consumer
1074:
buy and sell the actual product and create further complex structured products, combined services and derivatives products. Depending on the product structure, these companies may provide utilities and businesses with a reliable supply of a product like electricity at a stable, predictable price, or
1777:
U.S. utilities historically operated with a high degree of financial leverage and low interest coverage ratios compared to industrial companies. Investors accepted these credit characteristics because of the regulation of the industry and the belief that there was minimal bankruptcy risk because of
1474:
The report also provides examples of cities where networks are being upgraded with the support of the EBRD. These projects demonstrate how the introduction of modern technologies can improve the efficiency, reliability and environmental friendliness of heating, water supply and sewerage systems.
1874:
regulate the utility companies in
California and Texas, respectively, on behalf of their citizens and ratepayers (customers). These public utility commissions (PUCs) are typically composed of commissioners, who are appointed by their respective governors, and dedicated staff that implement and
1790:
because the infrastructure required to produce and deliver a product such as electricity or water is very expensive to build and maintain. Once assets such as power plants or transmission lines are in place, the cost of adding another customer is small, and duplication of facilities would be
999:
Whether broadband internet access should be a public utility is a question that was being discussed with the rise of internet usage. This is a question that was being asked due to the telephone service being considered a public utility. Since arguably broadband internet access has taken over
966:
characteristics. A monopoly can occur when it finds the best way to minimize its costs through economies of scale to the point where other companies cannot compete with it. For example, if many companies are already offering electricity, the additional installation of a power plant will only
1482:
In most cases, public utilities in
Kazakhstan are state-owned, which means that their activities are directly regulated by akimats. This creates a system with an administrative nature of relations, where the authorities have the authority to issue mandatory instructions for these companies.
2274:"Об утверждении Положения о Комитете по регулированию естественных монополий, защите конкуренции и прав потребителей Министерства национальной экономики Республики Казахстан и признании утратившими силу некоторых приказов Министра национальной экономики Республики Казахстан - ИПС "Әділет""
1881:
Over the years, various changes have dramatically re-shaped the mission and focus of many public utility commissions. Their focus has typically shifted from the up-front regulation of rates and services to the oversight of competitive marketplaces and enforcement of regulatory compliance.
2346:"Об утверждении Особого порядка регулирования деятельности субъектов естественных монополий, привлекающих займы международных финансовых организаций и входящих в перечень субъектов естественных монополий, привлекающих займы международных финансовых организаций - ИПС "Әділет""
1757:
In the U.S., public utilities provide services at the consumer level, be it residential, commercial, or industrial consumer. Utilities, merchant power producers and very large consumers buy and sell bulk electricity at the wholesale level through a network of
1564:
It is important to note that the powers to regulate the activities of natural monopolies are distributed between federal and local authorities. Effective coordination of their actions is necessary to ensure coordinated work and achieve common goals.
1448:
The heating, water supply and sewerage systems of
Kazakhstan, although functioning, require urgent modernization. The technical capabilities of these networks are becoming outdated, which leads to an increase in operating costs and a decrease in their
1550:
Control over the use of funds from IFIs: Determining the specifics of regulating the activities of natural monopolies that attract financing from international financial institutions (IFIs). This allows you to track the intended use of borrowed
1362:, driving up the utility's interest expenses. If the company's debt load and interest expense becomes too large, its credit rating will deteriorate, further increasing the cost of capital and potentially limiting access to the capital markets.
1298:. For example, if the rate of return is set at five percent, then the firm can charge a higher price simply by investing more in capital than what it is actually needed (i.e., 5% of $ 10 million is greater than 5% of $ 6 million).
1304:: regulators directly set a limit on the maximum price. This method can result in a loss of service area. One benefit of this method is that it gives firms an incentive to seek cost-reducing technologies as a strategy to increase utility
1004:(FCC) in the United States in 2015 made their stance on this issue clear. Due to the telephone service having been considered a public utility, the FCC made broadband internet access a public utility in the United States.
1539:
To protect the interests of consumers from unjustified overpricing and substandard service, there are special regulatory bodies whose powers are regulated by the Law "On
Natural Monopolies" and other regulatory acts.
984:, offer multiple products, such as electricity and natural gas. Other companies specialize in one specific product, such as water. Modern public utilities may also be partially (or completely) sourced from clean and
2298:"Об утверждении Положения республиканского государственного учреждения "Комитет по делам строительства и жилищно-коммунального хозяйства Министерства по инвестициям и развитию Республики Казахстан" - ИПС "Әділет""
1491:
Proponents of such a system emphasize that it allows the authorities to directly influence the commercial activities of public utilities, ensuring their compliance with state interests. This can be expressed in:
1478:
Upgrading infrastructure is not just a matter of convenience. It is of vital importance for public health, environmental protection and ensuring the sustainable development of the economy of
Kazakhstan.
1131:
and neglected. Many utilities are essential for human life, national defense, or commerce, and the risk of public harm with mismanagement is considerably greater than with other goods. The principle of
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Investment promotion: Development of tariff calculation methods that are attractive to both consumers and private investors interested in investing in the modernization of public infrastructure.
2394:"Об утверждении Правил утверждения инвестиционных программ (проектов) субъекта естественной монополии, их корректировки, а также проведения анализа информации об их исполнении - ИПС "Әділет""
1554:
Formation of a transparent tariff policy: Establishment of rules obliging monopolistic companies to publicly disclose information about tariffs, as well as infrastructure development plans.
1536:
to infrastructure development. However, this system also has its disadvantages. For example, the lack of competition can lead to a decrease in the efficiency of monopolistic companies.
1878:
Ratemaking practice in the U.S. holds that rates paid by a utility's customers should be set at a level which assures that the utility can provide reliable service at reasonable cost.
1140:
itself would like to see these services being economically accessible to all or most of the population. Furthermore, other economic reasons based the idea: public services need huge
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As a result, the activities of the regulatory authorities of natural monopolies are aimed at ensuring a balance between the interests of consumers, utility companies and the state.
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in production. Though it can be mentioned that these natural monopolies are handled or watched by a public utilities commission, or an institution that represents the government.
2609:
2013:
1807:
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disadvantage the consumer as prices could be increased. If the infrastructure already exists in a given area, minimal benefit is gained through competing. In other words, these
1728:
in the
Republic of Ireland. Disabled community transport services may occasionally be included within the definition. They were mostly privatised in the UK during the 1980s.
1294:
does not exceed a certain rate. This method is flexible and allows for pricing freedom, forcing regulators to monitor prices. The drawback is that this method could lead to
2370:"Об утверждении Правил утверждения тарифов (цен, ставок сборов) и тарифных смет на регулируемые услуги (товары, работы) субъектов естественных монополий - ИПС "Әділет""
692:
1590:
Optimization of customs procedures: Joint efforts will be made to simplify customs processes, which should lead to stimulating trade and accelerating economic growth.
2228:
1515:
Reduced efficiency: Bureaucratic procedures and restrictions in decision-making can slow down the work of enterprises and hinder the introduction of innovations.
3484:
1950:
1557:
Analysis of investment programs: Evaluation of investment programs of natural monopolies, approval of development plans and control over their implementation.
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Despite these limitations, utilities within the framework of this system can demonstrate high efficiency in the use of labor resources and management costs.
2450:
2785:
2724:
1499:
Ensuring the quality of services: The State can influence the standards of service by ensuring the provision of public services of appropriate quality.
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In addition to these two key areas, the EBRD will continue to support other initiatives aimed at improving the well-being of citizens of
Kazakhstan.
1048:
of public utilities is growing. However, the infrastructure used to distribute most utility products and services has remained largely monopolistic.
726:
2901:
2209:
1577:
1454:
886:
1502:
Implementation of social programs: Public utilities can participate in social programs aimed at supporting vulnerable segments of the population.
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as a replacement for legacy fossil fuel power has steadily increased since the 1980s. As the technology needed to source the necessary amount of
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53:
1717:
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the essential services they provide. In recent decades several high-profile utility company bankruptcies have challenged this perception.
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Improving the efficiency of the services so the volume of well-targeted effective services is the widest, given the available resources.
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1521:
Limiting investments: The uncertainty of government policy and the risks of interference from akimats may deter potential investors.
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The analysis conducted by the EBRD revealed a number of problems faced by heating, water supply and sewerage systems in
Kazakhstan.
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1725:
1665:
The term can refer to the set of services provided by various organizations that are used in everyday life by the public, such as:
2118:
3178:
1867:
1862:
is a governmental agency in a particular jurisdiction that regulates the commercial activities related to associated electric,
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1713:
826:
1580:(EBRD). The parties signed a three-year agreement with the aim of working together to modernize the country's infrastructure.
1179:. In 2021 a power and utilities industry outlook report by Deloitte identified a number of trends for the utilities industry:
1439:
It is provided by power plants running on various types of fuels, including coal, natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy.
1518:
Unreasonable expenses: Administrative barriers and inefficient management can lead to an increase in inappropriate expenses.
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Unreliability: Worn-out networks often fail, which leads to interruptions in the supply of water and heat, as well as leaks.
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As part of this agreement, the EBRD will allocate funds for the implementation of a number of important projects aimed at:
1273:. The equity issue is basically overcome since most of the market is being served. As a defect regulated firms do not have
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879:
2762:
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Improving urban infrastructure: Upgrading water supply, sewerage, heating and other vital facilities will be a priority.
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of utilities maintains that these services are best owned by, and operating for, the public. The government and the
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2872:"The Case for the Use of an Appropriate Capital Structure in Utility Ratemaking: The General Rule Versus Minnesota"
715:
2442:
1866:, telecommunications, water, railroad, rail transit, and/or passenger transportation companies. For example, the
872:
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303:
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Tariff control: Akimats can set tariffs for housing and communal services, making them accessible to the public.
1457:(EBRD) notes that additional investments are needed to improve the efficiency and reliability of these systems.
1191:'s Order 2222 that open up the market to smaller, innovative firms using renewable energy sources, like wind or
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17:
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Outdated technologies: In many cases, the infrastructure has exhausted its resource and needs to be replaced.
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enforce rules and regulations, approve or deny rate increases, and monitor/report on relevant activities.
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utilities may actually include territories outside of city limits or may not even serve the entire city.
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1152:; last, technical difficulties can occur in the management of plurality of networks, example in the city
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761:
2815:
2322:"Об утверждении Методики расчета тарифа с учетом стимулирующих методов тарифообразования - ИПС "Әділет""
1112:
Ensuring that health services are effectively targeted so as to improve the health of local populations;
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1068:) sell access to their networks to retail service providers, who deliver the product to the end user.
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915:(often also providing a service using that infrastructure). Public utilities are subject to forms of
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Many systems need to be upgraded to increase their efficiency and reduce their environmental impact.
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In the electric utility industry, the monopoly approach began to change in the 1990s. In 1996, the
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are usually greater than those of other stocks, so the utility sector is often part of a long-term
1248:. Such instances are often not equitable for some consumers that might be priced out of the market.
1058:
produce or collect the specific product to be used by customers: for example, electricity or water.
806:
791:
697:
323:
69:
31:
1654:, the state, private firms, and charities ran the traditional public utilities. For instance, the
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Low energy efficiency: Existing systems consume a lot of energy, which leads to unjustified costs.
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has been focused on short term alternatives such as natural gas (which still produces substantial
954:
represent much of the public utility market. The transmission lines used in the transportation of
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1900:
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672:
403:
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160:
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1017:
736:
707:
624:
619:
170:
2585:"Former FERC, DOE officials mull Texas, climate, transmission policy quandaries (28 Feb 2021)"
52:
deal primarily with the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ireland and do not represent a
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2057:
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It is necessary to increase the efficiency of water resources use and improve water quality.
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They are mainly represented by centralized networks, with the exception of some rural areas.
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wasteful. As a result, utilities were either government monopolies, or if investor-owned,
8:
3426:
3195:
3183:
3140:
2700:"Participation in electricity customer choice programs has remained unchanged since 2013"
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1831:
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1511:
However, such a system has its drawbacks. Excessive government intervention can lead to:
1106:
451:
308:
65:
2699:
2674:
2558:
1312:
Utility stocks are considered stable investments because they typically provide regular
61:
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1995:
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1305:
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Ensuring services are of the highest quality and responsive to the needs and wishes of
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Public utilities are meant to supply goods and services that are considered essential;
860:
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471:
333:
210:
175:
155:
1347:, requiring regular access to the capital markets for external financing. A utility's
1290:: regulators let the firms set and charge any price, as long as the rate of return on
1244:: Economic efficiency requires that markets be left to work by themselves with little
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that an activity, if left to private initiative, may be considered not sufficiently
3353:
3200:
3168:
3145:
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1991:
1987:
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1686:
1674:
1291:
1235:
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1119:
The management of public utilities continues to be important for local and general
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The level of wastewater treatment in some regions does not meet modern standards.
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include heating, water supply, sewerage, electricity and communications systems.
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areas. Publicly owned utilities are non-profit. Private utilities, also called
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1647:
1356:
1329:
1285:
1269:: the utility calculates the break-even point and then set the prices equal to
1172:
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Sewerage systems need to be expanded and upgraded to protect the environment.
1325:
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1207:
1176:
1168:
1045:
968:
634:
408:
2029:"Electricity customer choice program participation examined (Nov, 15, 2019)"
1762:(RTO) and independent system operators (ISO) within one of three grids, the
111:
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3331:
3283:
3278:
3210:
3087:
3082:
2650:"Electricity customer choice program participation examined (Nov, 5, 2019)"
1747:
1333:
1270:
1082:
1041:
989:
980:
There are many different types of public utilities. Some, especially large
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781:
604:
556:
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It is necessary to modernize the power grid and increase their efficiency.
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Various types of fuels are used, including coal, natural gas and fuel oil.
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3223:
3057:
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1576:
2017 was marked by a new round of cooperation between Kazakhstan and the
1317:
1192:
1184:
993:
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516:
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2170:"Utilities Sector Definition & Meaning in Stock Market with Example"
2146:"How the Utilities Sector is Used by Investors for Dividends and Safety"
2058:"How the Utilities Sector is Used by Investors for Dividends and Safety"
1826:. Publicly owned utilities include cooperative and municipal utilities.
1339:
Utilities require expensive critical infrastructure which needs regular
1210:
and other traditional-energy players entering the renewable-energy field
855:
3421:
3303:
3243:
3032:
1999:
1975:
1843:
1792:
1743:
1376:
1120:
920:
801:
741:
551:
541:
413:
343:
200:
2725:"investor-owned utility (IOU), private utility, private power company"
1895:
1827:
1694:
1355:. Should rates rise, the company must offer higher yields to attract
1274:
831:
526:
145:
2417:
1351:
may have a significant debt component, which exposes the company to
1254:: Equity requires that all citizens get the service at a fair price.
1197:
Expansions in infrastructure, to manage new renewable energy sources
2675:"Can electric utility customers choose their electricity supplier?"
1697:
1359:
1313:
1241:
1086:
963:
667:
586:
486:
433:
255:
185:
2939:
2786:"Investor-Owned Utilities: Asleep at the Switch or Above the Law?"
2512:. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company. pp. 120–121.
1423:
Wastewater is diverted from residential and industrial facilities.
3386:
2080:
Public Utilities e Infrastrutture. Profili economici e gestionali
1834:
are owned by the customers they serve. They are usually found in
1651:
1442:
There are problems with power outages, especially in rural areas.
1251:
1204:
of transportation, and longer-range batteries for cars and trucks
1153:
1137:
981:
418:
135:
1036:
have become competitive in some countries and the trend towards
1404:
They provide the population with drinking and industrial water.
1164:
1097:
Public utilities must pursue the following objective given the
1090:
476:
260:
140:
2819:
2487:(Fifth ed.). New York NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 392–393.
1976:"Natural Monopoly in Principles Textbooks: A Pedagogical Note"
2918:
World Bank report on Water, Electricity and Utility subsidies
2840:
2485:
Handbook of Fixed Income Securities; Frank J. Fabozzi, editor
1835:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1486:
771:
195:
150:
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need to balance the economic needs of the companies and the
3128:
2876:
William Mitchell Law Review, Mitchell Hamline School of Law
1278:
1124:
1033:
1012:
Public utilities have historically been considered to be a
285:
245:
215:
205:
1000:
telephone service, perhaps it should be a public utility.
2193:
1410:
The level of water quality in some regions is of concern.
811:
165:
1089:. In some markets, final consumers can choose their own
2236:
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
1407:
The sources of water are rivers, lakes and groundwater.
988:
in order to produce sustainable electricity. Of these,
923:
ranging from local community-based groups to statewide
2229:"Commercialising the utilities sector in Kazakhstan"
1742:
The first public utility in the United States was a
1167:
from renewable sources is still under study, public
2923:
Latest News in Utilities and Information Technology
2116:
27:
Entity which operates public service infrastructure
1927:"What is a public utility? Definition and meaning"
1051:Key players in the public utility sector include:
2870:Louiselle, Bruce M. and Heilman, Jane E. (1982).
1846:, and operate for profit, often referred to as a
1064:(grid operators, regional network operators, and
3471:
2526:
2449:. Salina, Kansas. November 6, 1922. p. 13.
1578:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1455:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1320:and have more stable demand. Even in periods of
30:"Utilities" redirects here. For other uses, see
1786:Public utilities were historically regarded as
1506:
1343:and replacement. Consequently, the industry is
1075:a shorter term supply at a more volatile price.
2551:
2120:Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure
1894:, form of public utility regulation common in
1234:needed to guarantee to everyone the access to
1148:, crucial for competitiveness but with a slow
3485:Economics of transport and utility industries
2955:
2117:Yescombe, E. R.; Farquharson, Edward (2018).
1641:
880:
50:The examples and perspective in this article
2900:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2507:
2208:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2808:
2094:"2021 Power and Utilities Industry Outlook"
1781:
2962:
2948:
2250:"О естественных монополиях - ИПС "Әділет""
1487:The influence of the state on the activity
1222:Issues faced by public utilities include:
887:
873:
2818:. Cpuc.ca.gov. 2007-03-23. Archived from
2077:
1020:markets, electric transmission networks,
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
2816:"California Public Utilities Commission"
2508:Tomain, Joseph; Cudahy, Richard (2004).
1726:Commission for Communications Regulation
1213:A greater emphasis on disaster readiness
907:) is an organization that maintains the
2162:
1973:
1398:
14:
3472:
2841:"Public Utilities Commission of Texas"
2704:U.S. Energy Information Administration
2679:U.S. Energy Information Administration
2582:
2435:
1868:California Public Utilities Commission
1813:
1722:Commission for Regulation of Utilities
1714:Water Industry Commission for Scotland
2943:
2647:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2026:
1328:, such stocks are attractive because
1258:Alternative pricing methods include:
1002:The Federal Communications Commission
3452:
2845:Public Utilities Commission of Texas
2783:
2765:from the original on 27 October 2017
2735:from the original on 2 February 2017
2614:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
2482:
2073:
2071:
2051:
2049:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1804:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
36:
2969:
2851:from the original on 14 August 2012
2833:
2583:Melvin, Jasmin (26 February 2021).
1951:"Public Utility | Encyclopedia.com"
1760:regional transmission organizations
1417:
24:
2935:Latest in UK business utility news
2453:from the original on April 2, 2015
2216:
2194:Berg, Sanford, Tschirhart (1998).
2143:
2055:
1872:Public Utility Commission of Texas
1382:
1101:their services attribute to them:
25:
3511:
2911:
2796:from the original on 29 July 2017
2068:
2046:
1980:The Journal of Economic Education
1912:
1770:, which is a single ISO, and the
1561:Interaction at different levels:
1187:, sparked by regulations such as
3451:
3440:
3439:
2468:
1731:
1700:services. They are regulated by
1662:in 1875 and in Ireland in 1878.
1085:, selling directly to the final
996:are those used most frequently.
854:
844:
843:
110:
41:
2863:
2777:
2747:
2717:
2692:
2667:
2648:Clark, Doug (5 November 2019).
2641:
2627:
2602:
2576:
2565:from the original on 2011-09-28
2540:from the original on 2011-11-05
2501:
2476:
2424:from the original on 2011-11-04
2410:
2386:
2362:
2338:
2314:
2290:
2266:
2242:
2187:
2137:
2027:Clark, Doug (5 November 2019).
1720:in the United Kingdom, and the
1433:
1079:Service providers and retailers
817:Spanish autovias and autopistas
2536:. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
2110:
2086:
2020:
2006:
1992:10.1080/00220485.1991.10844706
1967:
1943:
1066:distribution network operators
13:
1:
3239:Needle and syringe programmes
3093:Universal access to education
2534:"Public utility - Definition"
1906:
1853:
1597:
1370:
1365:
1007:
827:Power transmission in the USA
678:Brazilian energy independence
339:European green infrastructure
1986:(2 (Spring 1991)): 179–182.
1626:Public utilities in Colombia
1507:Limitations of State control
1081:are the last segment in the
567:Transit-oriented development
7:
3322:Publicly funded health care
2559:"public utility definition"
2196:natural monopoly regulation
1974:Ulbrich, Holley H. (1991).
1885:
1860:public utilities commission
1797:public utilities commission
1619:
1571:
727:British offshore wind-power
64:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3516:
2447:The Salina Evening Journal
1735:
1642:United Kingdom and Ireland
1634:
1623:
1612:
1601:
1532:Protection (CRNM and CP).
1217:
389:Public–private partnership
29:
3435:
3379:
3347:National health insurance
3312:
3299:Supervised injection site
3209:
3159:
3106:
3000:
2977:
2759:www.utilityconnection.com
2483:Howe, Jane Tripp (1997).
1630:
822:Transcontinental Railroad
703:Curtiba rapid bus transit
3342:Single-payer health care
3151:Universal basic services
3098:Universal basic services
2635:Tomain and Cudahy op cit
2510:Energy Law in a Nutshell
1840:investor-owned utilities
1818:Public utilities can be
1782:Monopoly vs. competition
792:San Francisco Bay Bridge
32:Utility (disambiguation)
3043:Public good (economics)
2198:. Cambridge University.
1901:Public utility building
1772:Western Interconnection
1764:Eastern Interconnection
1608:
1604:Utilities in Azerbaijan
807:Spanish high-speed rail
747:Hong Kong Int'l Airport
732:Nuclear power in France
698:China's high-speed rail
673:Bicycle parking station
161:Critical infrastructure
2443:"Where Growth Centers"
2098:Deloitte United States
1667:electricity generation
1018:electricity generation
901:public utility company
861:Engineering portal
737:Solar power in Germany
708:Cycling infrastructure
625:Mechanical engineering
319:Build–operate–transfer
3191:Public infrastructure
3028:Public administration
3013:Free-culture movement
2589:S&P Global Platts
2561:. Investorwords.com.
2078:Gilardoni, A (2015).
1832:Cooperative utilities
1768:Texas Interconnection
1752:Dedham, Massachusetts
1671:electricity retailing
1637:Utilities in Istanbul
1525:Resource efficiency:
1324:characterized by low
1099:social responsibility
1072:Traders and marketers
1024:and customer choice,
1022:electricity retailing
971:are characterized by
952:communication systems
925:government monopolies
663:Trans-Alaska pipeline
419:Replacement (upgrade)
369:Life-cycle assessment
349:Engineering contracts
3495:Monopoly (economics)
2755:"Electric Utilities"
2729:www.energyvortex.com
2654:Daily Energy Insider
2418:"Utilities Websites"
2123:. Elsevier Science.
2033:Daily Energy Insider
1955:www.encyclopedia.com
1931:Market Business News
1892:Building block model
1738:Utilities of Seattle
1658:were established in
1399:Water supply systems
1375:Public utilities in
1302:Price cap regulation
1159:Public pressure for
767:Kansai Int'l Airport
658:Akashi Kaikyō Bridge
610:Chemical engineering
512:Mobile data terminal
364:Green infrastructure
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
3427:Public viewing area
3196:Public water system
3184:Municipal broadband
3141:Public broadcasting
2784:Pentland, William.
2637:. pp. 278–279.
1814:Ownership structure
757:Interstate highways
587:Wireless technology
452:Air traffic control
3392:Government auction
3078:Public procurement
2928:2016-04-10 at the
1806:(FERC) issued its
1788:natural monopolies
1656:Sanitary Districts
1353:interest rate risk
1322:economic downturns
1296:overcapitalization
974:economies of scale
777:Offshore wind port
693:Chicago wastewater
562:Traffic congestion
472:Congestion pricing
211:Pipeline transport
191:Irrigation schemes
156:Coastal management
3467:
3466:
3294:Public university
3274:Public open space
3219:Drinking fountain
3179:Telecommunication
2144:Murphy, Chris B.
2056:Murphy, Chris B.
1718:Utility Regulator
1660:England and Wales
1615:Utilities in Chad
1349:capital structure
1345:capital intensive
1150:return of capital
1093:service provider.
1062:Network operators
1026:telecommunication
897:
896:
762:Jamnagar Refinery
752:Intercity Express
722:Danish wind-power
522:Rapid bus transit
507:Land-use planning
271:Telecommunication
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3507:
3480:Public utilities
3455:
3454:
3443:
3442:
3354:Social insurance
3201:Waste management
3169:Electric utility
3146:Public transport
3063:Public ownership
2982:Municipalization
2964:
2957:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2781:
2775:
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2770:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2645:
2639:
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2631:
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2624:
2622:
2620:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2530:
2524:
2523:
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2474:
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2466:
2460:
2458:
2439:
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2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2390:
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2294:
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2287:
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2261:
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2246:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2225:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2174:kalkinemedia.com
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:"FERC Order 888"
2010:
2004:
2003:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1923:
1543:Main functions:
1453:A report by the
1418:Sewerage systems
1292:invested capital
1236:primary services
1161:renewable energy
1028:, some types of
1014:natural monopoly
986:renewable energy
889:
882:
875:
859:
858:
847:
846:
797:Three Gorges Dam
787:Port of Shanghai
630:Public economics
467:Containerization
462:Carbon footprint
446:Issues and ideas
324:Design–bid–build
304:Asset management
251:Sewage treatment
117:Grand Coulee Dam
114:
100:
99:
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3500:Public services
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3431:
3417:Public security
3407:Public offering
3375:
3364:Social security
3314:Social services
3308:
3264:Public hospital
3259:Public computer
3254:Public bookcase
3205:
3155:
3124:Law enforcement
3119:Fire department
3102:
3053:Public interest
2996:
2992:Progressive tax
2987:Nationalization
2973:
2971:Public services
2968:
2930:Wayback Machine
2914:
2909:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2610:"Order No. 888"
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2456:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2420:. Uk250.co.uk.
2416:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2069:
2054:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1913:
1909:
1888:
1870:(CPUC) and the
1856:
1842:, are owned by
1820:privately owned
1816:
1784:
1740:
1734:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1574:
1509:
1489:
1436:
1420:
1401:
1385:
1383:Heating systems
1373:
1368:
1330:dividend yields
1220:
1202:electrification
1146:infrastructures
1034:postal services
1010:
962:, have natural
893:
853:
836:
812:French TGV rail
683:Brooklyn Bridge
654:
653:
644:
601:
600:
599:Fields of study
591:
577:Waste-to-energy
572:Fuel efficiency
537:Reverse osmosis
502:Hybrid vehicles
497:High-speed rail
448:
447:
438:
359:Government debt
300:
299:
290:
181:Hazardous waste
132:
131:
119:
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3449:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3402:Public holiday
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3371:Youth services
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3359:Social pension
3351:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3327:Public housing
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:Public library
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:Infrastructure
3231:
3229:Free education
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3161:Public utility
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3134:Savings system
3129:Postal service
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3107:Basic services
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Product sample
3020:
3018:Free newspaper
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2920:
2913:
2912:External links
2910:
2908:
2907:
2862:
2832:
2807:
2776:
2746:
2716:
2691:
2666:
2640:
2626:
2601:
2575:
2550:
2525:
2518:
2500:
2493:
2475:
2463:Newspapers.com
2434:
2409:
2385:
2361:
2337:
2313:
2289:
2265:
2241:
2215:
2186:
2161:
2136:
2129:
2109:
2085:
2067:
2045:
2019:
2005:
1966:
1942:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1887:
1884:
1855:
1852:
1848:rate of return
1824:publicly owned
1815:
1812:
1783:
1780:
1733:
1730:
1648:United Kingdom
1643:
1640:
1632:
1629:
1624:Main article:
1621:
1618:
1613:Main article:
1610:
1607:
1602:Main article:
1599:
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1592:
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1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1326:interest rates
1310:
1309:
1299:
1286:Rate of return
1282:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1239:
1226:Service area:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1173:carbon dioxide
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1095:
1094:
1076:
1069:
1059:
1038:liberalization
1030:public transit
1009:
1006:
948:waste disposal
917:public control
913:public service
909:infrastructure
903:(usually just
895:
894:
892:
891:
884:
877:
869:
866:
865:
864:
863:
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838:
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690:
688:Channel Tunnel
685:
680:
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650:
649:
646:
645:
643:
642:
640:Urban planning
637:
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597:
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593:
592:
590:
589:
584:
582:Weatherization
579:
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399:Public finance
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394:Public capital
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288:
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278:
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268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
226:Public housing
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
130:and facilities
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
107:
106:
104:Infrastructure
96:
95:
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
18:Public Utility
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3512:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
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3488:
3486:
3483:
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3478:
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3448:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:Public sector
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
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3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Job guarantee
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:Public toilet
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Public school
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
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3250:
3247:
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3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
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3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Oil & gas
3172:
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3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
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3114:Civil service
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3048:Public health
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3038:Public domain
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2822:on 2011-10-10
2821:
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2015:
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1808:Order No. 888
1805:
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1732:United States
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1208:Oil companies
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1177:nuclear power
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1046:privatization
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1005:
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990:wind turbines
987:
983:
978:
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960:gas pipelines
958:, or natural
957:
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635:Public policy
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409:Public sector
407:
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312:
310:
309:Appropriation
307:
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294:
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236:Public spaces
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231:State schools
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92:
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81:
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3456:
3444:
3397:Public float
3332:Job creation
3284:Public space
3211:Public works
3160:
3088:Public value
3083:Public trust
2896:cite journal
2884:. Retrieved
2879:
2875:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2844:
2835:
2824:. Retrieved
2820:the original
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2789:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2758:
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2728:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2703:
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2678:
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2653:
2643:
2634:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:
2578:
2567:. Retrieved
2553:
2542:. Retrieved
2528:
2509:
2503:
2484:
2478:
2461:– via
2455:. Retrieved
2446:
2437:
2426:. Retrieved
2412:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:
2388:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:
2364:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:
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2325:
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2305:. Retrieved
2301:
2292:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:
2244:
2235:
2195:
2189:
2179:December 14,
2177:. Retrieved
2173:
2164:
2153:. Retrieved
2150:Investopedia
2149:
2139:
2119:
2112:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:
2088:
2079:
2062:Investopedia
2061:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:
2022:
2008:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:
1880:
1877:
1857:
1817:
1801:
1785:
1776:
1756:
1748:Mother Brook
1741:
1693:systems and
1687:sewage works
1664:
1645:
1593:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1510:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1459:
1452:
1449:reliability.
1434:Power supply
1374:
1338:
1334:buy-and-hold
1318:shareholders
1311:
1301:
1284:
1277:to minimize
1262:
1257:
1246:intervention
1221:
1158:
1134:universality
1118:
1096:
1083:supply chain
1078:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1042:deregulation
1011:
998:
994:solar panels
979:
972:
950:, and other
929:
904:
900:
898:
782:Panama Canal
605:Architecture
557:Urban sprawl
547:Smart growth
482:Ethanol fuel
429:Supply chain
384:Property tax
329:Design–build
281:Water supply
275:
221:Mass transit
84:
75:
51:
3490:Flow meters
3249:Public bank
3224:Free clinic
3058:Public land
3008:Common good
2855:17 February
1864:natural gas
1754:, in 1640.
1746:erected on
1679:natural gas
1675:electricity
1341:maintenance
1193:solar power
1185:competition
1142:investments
1121:governments
956:electricity
940:electricity
517:Pork barrel
492:Groundwater
404:Public good
374:Maintenance
354:Externality
314:Lindahl tax
266:Solid waste
201:Lighthouses
171:Electricity
3474:Categories
3422:Public use
3304:Urban park
3244:Public art
3033:Public bad
2826:2011-10-11
2790:forbes.com
2569:2011-10-11
2544:2011-10-11
2428:2011-10-11
2403:2024-04-26
2379:2024-04-26
2355:2024-04-26
2331:2024-04-26
2307:2024-04-26
2283:2024-04-26
2259:2024-04-26
2155:2021-04-27
2103:2021-04-29
1960:2021-04-27
1936:2023-04-25
1907:References
1854:Regulation
1744:grist mill
1736:See also:
1685:supplies,
1681:supplies,
1677:supplies,
1635:See also:
1598:Azerbaijan
1377:Kazakhstan
1371:Kazakhstan
1366:By country
1336:strategy.
1288:regulation
1275:incentives
1265:production
1228:regulators
1129:profitable
1056:Generators
1008:Management
969:industries
921:regulation
802:Shinkansen
742:Hoover Dam
620:Electrical
552:Stormwater
542:Smart grid
532:Renewables
457:Brownfield
414:Renovation
344:Fixed cost
78:April 2016
2457:March 17,
2204:cite book
1896:Australia
1844:investors
1828:Municipal
1793:regulated
1695:broadband
1360:investors
1314:dividends
1183:Enhanced
982:companies
944:telephone
832:Wind farm
527:Recycling
424:Spillover
276:Utilities
186:Hospitals
146:Broadband
66:talk page
3446:Category
3380:See also
3001:Concepts
2926:Archived
2882:(2): 426
2849:Archived
2794:Archived
2763:Archived
2733:Archived
2563:Archived
2538:Archived
2451:Archived
2422:Archived
2082:. Agici.
1886:See also
1724:and the
1716:and the
1698:internet
1620:Colombia
1572:The EBRD
1263:Average
1242:Autonomy
1200:Greater
1107:patients
1087:consumer
964:monopoly
849:Category
668:Autobahn
652:Examples
487:Fuel tax
434:Taxation
379:Monopoly
298:Concepts
256:Sewerage
136:Airports
60:You may
3458:Commons
3387:Commons
2000:1182423
1652:Ireland
1646:In the
1306:profits
1252:Pricing
1218:Finance
1154:subsoil
1138:society
905:utility
712:history
334:Earmark
261:Sluices
141:Bridges
2886:12 May
2709:14 May
2684:14 May
2659:14 May
2619:14 May
2594:15 May
2516:
2491:
2127:
2038:14 May
1998:
1766:, the
1712:, the
1691:sewage
1631:Turkey
1551:funds.
1165:energy
1091:retail
911:for a
716:safety
477:Ecotax
196:Levees
176:Energy
151:Canals
128:Assets
2800:8 May
2769:8 May
2739:8 May
2232:(PDF)
1996:JSTOR
1836:rural
1795:by a
1710:Ofcom
1706:Ofwat
1702:Ofgem
1683:water
1279:costs
1267:costs
1175:) or
932:water
772:Levee
615:Civil
286:Weirs
246:Roads
216:Ports
206:Parks
68:, or
2902:link
2888:2021
2857:2017
2802:2018
2771:2018
2741:2018
2711:2021
2686:2021
2661:2021
2621:2021
2596:2021
2514:ISBN
2489:ISBN
2459:2015
2210:link
2181:2022
2125:ISBN
2040:2021
1650:and
1609:Chad
1357:bond
1189:FERC
1125:risk
1044:and
1032:and
992:and
919:and
241:Rail
166:Dams
1988:doi
1822:or
1750:in
1316:to
1144:in
936:gas
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
