137:, and particularly government-generated information of this sort, ought to be as easy as possible for the public to access. In doing this, he identifies interesting collections of information held by organizations which have failed to grant free public access to it. Two typical circumstances are that the creator of the information has failed to make it available online in any form, or that the creator has provided the information to a private company which itself charges fees for access to the information. At this point, Malamud acquires the free information himself, publishes it in public.resource.org as a free communication channel, and then demonstrates publicly that he has made information free when otherwise it would not be and calls for pressure on the holder of the information to collaborate in developing the information release.
1620:
158:) in digital format for tax-exempt entities in MeF (modernized e-file) format. The IRS refused to provide the MeF files, claiming that the effort to edit them to conform to required privacy standards for the filers represented an unreasonable burden. On January 29, 2015, a U.S. District Court ruled against the IRS, requiring that the IRS provide the requested files within 60 days. Observers believe that this decision will result in the IRS moving more rapidly toward providing electronic versions of Form 990 to the public.
297:
this material was in fact public domain content as a work of the US federal government. A representative of C-SPAN said that "It is perfectly understandable to me that people would be confused ... (because the situation is that) when a congressman says something on the floor it is public domain, but (when) he walks down the street to a committee hearing or give a speech and (then) it is not public domain. The representative went on to say that "I think a lot of people don't understand (that) C-SPAN is a business, just like
188:... it seems fairly clear that a large part of the publication stream is tightly interwoven into the very substance of the operation of the courts, with West serving as the either contractual or de-facto sole vendor reporting on behalf of the court. ... You have already received rich rewards for the initial publication of these documents ... We wish to make this information available to (the public) ... It is crucial that the public domain data be available for anybody to build upon.
402:
the D.C. Circuit reversed and remanded the decision, holding that the fair use doctrines had been improperly applied. In March 2022 Chutkan issued an opinion that would allow Public.Resource.Org to reproduce 184 standards under fair use, partially reproduce 1 standard, and deny reproduction of 32 standards that were found to differ in substantive ways from those incorporated by law. ASTM et al. appealed the case to the D.C. Circuit. Final briefs are due
February 2023.
1196:
401:
presiding. Chutkan ruled against Public.Resource.Org and ordered
Malamud to delete all the standards from the Internet. Public.Resource.Org appealed the case to the D.C. Circuit. A number of library and public interest associations weighed in supporting the position of Public.Resource.Org. In 2018,
296:
C-SPAN confirmed that through more than 25 years of operating it had consistently asserted its copyright over all of the material which it created with its own cameras, which was 85-95% of its content. The rest of its content was produced on the House and Senate floors with government cameras, and
224:
tool helps copyright holders make requests to remove their copyrighted videos from YouTube. Malamud has complained that large media organizations are using this tool to unfairly attack and call for the removal of Public.Resource.Org's upload of US federal government videos on the improper claim of
292:
and inserted video clips from C-SPAN into her messages. Persons representing her opposing political party claimed that she was violating copyright in using the videos. C-SPAN investigated the situation and found that in some cases she was and in other cases she was not, and they clarified their
166:
In 2007 Malamud began publishing the full text of United States legal opinions dating from 1880 in an effort to begin a process intended to create a free publicly accessible database intended to hold the entirety of US Case law. Goals of the project included the creation of "an unencumbered
178:
Malamud called for increased awareness that
Westlaw was a commercial broker of the United States Federal Reporter, Federal Supplement, and Federal Appendix. While Westlaw had been adding value to the content by indexing it with their proprietary
183:
and accompanying summaries, the purchase of their products was the only way to access much of the public domain material they hosted. Malamud began to distribute these materials for free while saying in an open letter to the company
200:
Public.Resource.Org collects old and forgotten United States government video, digitizes it, and distributes it for free online in a project called FedFlix. Video is purchased or requested from government agencies such as the
167:
full-text repository of the
Federal Reporter, the Federal Supplement, and the Federal Appendix" and "an unencumbered full-text repository of all state and federal cases and codes." In describing this project, journalist
426:. The Georgia government asserts that it holds the copyright to the OCGA; further, Georgia's legislature has exempted itself from the state's open records law. While the state claims that the OCGA is easily accessible,
280:
is a private media company which records and broadcasts the discussions of the United States
Congress. The company's business model is to provide its recordings for fees to cable and satellite television broadcasters.
124:
are almost always in the public domain. Major projects conducted by the organization include the digitizing and sharing of large numbers of court records, US government-produced video, and laws of various places.
457:
unanimously struck down the previous ruling, finding that the OCGA is "intrinsically public domain material". The government of
Georgia appealed to the Supreme Court. Both PRO and the state of Georgia urged the
213:
and Public.Resource.Org's servers. Most of these videos were produced with federal government funding and intended for educational purposes. There is also a collection of videos from FedFlix at the
372:
121:
1657:
1279:
Amicus Brief of Sixty-Six
Library Associations, Nonprofit Organizations, Legal Technology Companies, Former Senior Government Officials, Librarians, Innovators, and Professors of Law
450:
332:
without sufficient public disclosure. Under the contract
Showtime would be able to deny permission to other media producers wishing access to Smithsonian collections. Documentarian
34:
356:. The project raised various ethical issues including the right to the public to share in knowledge versus the right of publishers to restrict access to their copyrighted works.
1498:
344:
Public.Resource.org supports research to identify knowledge within the body of academic publications. A profile in 2019 reported that the organization had collaborated with
1409:
233:"Yes We Scan" is a phrase used as a name for various Public.Resource.Org projects which have the goal of digitizing and making available large collections of documents.
442:
150:
In 2013, Public.Resource.Org filed a
Freedom of Information Act request with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requesting copies of nine annual information reports (
1472:
454:
1560:
1210:
289:
466:
to the government's appeal. The
Supreme Court agreed to review the case (No. 18-1150). In 2020, the Court ruled 5–4 that the OCGA cannot be copyrighted.
1383:
664:
120:
Public.Resource.Org takes particular interest in digitizing and making accessible the works of the United States Federal Government, which because of
397:
which these organizations consider their copyrighted property. The case was heard in the District Court of the District of Columbia, with Judge
542:
Between 2012 and 2014, PRO uploaded hundreds of technical standards, which, collectively, were downloaded tens of thousands of times.
171:
described this information to be "clearly public data" yet also "the crown jewels of public data available for profit", as companies including
1331:
1313:
496:
336:
said of this deal "I find this deal terrifying ... It feels like the Smithsonian has essentially optioned America's attic to one company".
192:
In 2010 Google awarded the project US$ 2 million in funding through their Project 10^100 challenge to submit ideas for changing the world.
860:
1278:
258:
In 2013 Public.Resource.Org organized a fundraiser for a Yes We Scan project to collect, digitize, and make available all government
435:
1581:
1314:"AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS et al v. PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC., No. 1:2013cv01215 - Document 239 (D.D.C. 2022)"
202:
1147:
526:
1291:
247:
In 2011 Public.Resource.org submitted a "YesWeScan.org" proposal to the United States federal government petitioning system
1551:
1169:
413:
382:
1438:
631:
606:
1246:
1221:
241:
459:
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ruled in favor of the state, writing that PRO did not " its burden of proving fair use". PRO immediately appealed. The
419:
248:
1524:
776:
965:
802:
1499:"The State of Georgia wins its suit against Carl Malamud for publishing official annotations to the law of the land"
723:
692:
301:
is, ... (and) If we don't have a revenue stream, we wouldn't have six crews ready to cover Congressional hearings."
1662:
1387:
835:"AOTUS: Collector in Chief – Yes We Scan Again! The Archives chats with voters on a "We the People" teleconference"
225:
their copyright over them, when in fact these works are purported by the US government to be public domain works.
973:
305:
66:
441:
Malamud purchased a 186-volume hard copy of the OCGA and published the contents on Public.Resource.Org. The
1652:
262:
in every country. In 2010 Public.Resource.Org managed a smaller project to free the public safety codes in
345:
180:
1410:"'If you don't know what the law is, can you obey it?': Ga. fights to keep state laws off the internet"
579:
449:
sued PRO for copyright infringement, demanding that the OCGA be taken offline. A federal court in the
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524:
446:
929:
1058:
504:
325:
58:
1357:
1667:
114:
54:
998:
886:
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responded to the petition describing efforts to increase availability of government archives.
1564:
1029:
861:"Public Safety Codes of the World: Stand Up For Safety! by Carl Malamud, Public.Resource.Org"
312:
of C-SPAN to their agreement in 2007 to make congressional recordings much more accessible.
1556:
1111:
423:
364:
329:
8:
527:"American Society for Testing v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc., No. 17-7035 (D.C. Cir. 2018)"
1619:
1191:
1115:
1672:
1529:
1063:
934:
378:
1129:
1068:
939:
584:
525:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (July 17, 2018).
321:
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1119:
754:
728:
650:
625:
398:
259:
214:
172:
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were "unable to find a complete set of current law books at three branches of the
251:
asking for the creation of a plan to scan all public federal government holdings.
1630:
1025:
575:
168:
1358:"American Society for Testing and Materials, et al v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc"
1124:
1099:
830:
252:
803:"Carl Malamud: Yes We Scan: Why I Want To Lead The Government Printing Office"
665:"$ 2M Google Grant Puts Struggling Legal Document Access Project in the Black"
1646:
1072:
994:
943:
390:
134:
106:
221:
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had collected billions of dollars in fees for granting access to this data.
1133:
834:
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In 2007 Malamud petitioned for more open access to some C-SPAN recordings.
285:
274:
In 2007 Malamud petitioned for more open access to some C-SPAN recordings.
237:
110:
44:
1582:"The Law Must Be Free and Accessible to All -- Not Secret and Profitable"
1577:
1188:
1003:
669:
641:(Court Filing), no. 3:13-cv-02789, Docket 97, N.D.C.A., Nov 20, 2015
616:(Court Filing), no. 3:13-cv-02789, Docket 62, N.D.C.A., Jan 29, 2015
474:
387:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers
353:
373:
American Society for Testing and Materials et al. v. Public.Resource.Org
366:
American Society for Testing and Materials et al. v. Public.Resource.Org
1256:(Court Filing), no. 1:13-cv-01215, Docket 176, D.D.C., Feb 2, 2017
1231:(Court Filing), no. 1:13-cv-01215, Docket 175, D.D.C., Feb 2, 2017
1211:"Federal Court Basically Says It's Okay To Copyright Parts Of Our Laws"
463:
427:
309:
263:
750:
109:
materials in the United States and internationally. It was founded by
33:
394:
333:
102:
1384:"Federal court: Let people probe the depths of Georgia law for free"
206:
151:
751:"FedFlix: Free Movies: Download & Streaming: Internet Archive"
1413:
451:
United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia
431:
349:
210:
1613:
1473:"U.S. high court to rule on scope of copyright for legal codes"
386:
277:
1245:
1220:
1168:
639:
Public.Resource.org v. United States Internal Revenue Service
614:
Public.Resource.org v. United States Internal Revenue Service
81:
1658:
Non-profit organizations based in the San Francisco Bay Area
724:"Nonprofit Fedflix Smoothes Access to Federal Video Archive"
1525:"Accused of 'Terrorism' for Putting Legal Materials Online"
1148:"Public.Resource.Org Fights Back Against Copyright Lawsuit"
630:
605:
145:
105:
non-profit corporation dedicated to publishing and sharing
1292:"American Society for Testing v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc"
161:
1625:
352:
to gather a collection of research literature for use in
298:
1432:
1430:
518:
1174:(Docket Report), D.D.C., Aug 6, 2013, no. 1:13-cv-01215
999:"Dear C-SPAN: you're not Disney, Congress isn't Mickey"
455:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
1466:
1464:
1462:
1427:
1408:
Keefe, Brendan; Basye, Lindsey (September 20, 2019).
290:
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
133:
Malamud works on the premise that information in the
1544:
1516:
930:"Which Videos Are Protected? Lawmakers Get a Lesson"
1459:
1439:"Code Revision Commission vs. Public.Resource.Org"
1401:
1195:
1093:
1091:
1089:
315:
405:
1644:
887:"California's safety codes are now open source!"
825:
823:
320:In 2006 Malamud complained that private company
1375:
1086:
205:. These videos are digitized and uploaded with
1100:"The plan to mine the world's research papers"
966:"C-SPAN Unchains Congressional Hearing Videos"
570:
122:US government licensing rules for its own work
1490:
820:
607:"Order On Cross-Motions For Summary Judgment"
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
377:In 2013, Public.Resource.Org was sued by the
156:Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax
1052:
1050:
1024:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
717:
715:
713:
574:
963:
491:
489:
308:credited Malamud's efforts and a letter to
1618:
1407:
547:
379:American Society for Testing and Materials
32:
1123:
1059:"Smithsonian Agreement Angers Filmmakers"
1047:
904:
710:
693:"$ 10 million for Project 10^100 winners"
269:
1496:
1284:
993:
884:
829:
774:
486:
146:Access to IRS Form 990 in digital format
1208:
1030:"Smithsonian Sunshine – O'Reilly Radar"
858:
800:
691:Twohill, Lorraine (24 September 2010).
690:
477:endorses the work of the organization.
244:the campaign slogan was "Yes we scan!"
162:Access to United States legal resources
1645:
1522:
1381:
1332:"NOTICE OF APPEAL TO DC CIRCUIT COURT"
721:
339:
328:were entering a contract to establish
203:National Technical Information Service
1576:
1470:
1436:
1097:
1056:
927:
632:"Order On Motion For Attorney's Fees"
128:
1552:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
1437:Story, Richard W. (March 23, 2017).
1294:. Stanford University. July 17, 2018
662:
414:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
383:National Fire Protection Association
775:Doctorow, Cory (12 December 2011).
722:Badger, Emily (30 September 2010).
242:Public Printer of the United States
13:
1497:Reichley, Simon (April 12, 2017).
1209:Masnick, Mike (February 3, 2017).
964:von Lohmann, Fred (7 March 2007).
885:Doctorow, Cory (9 December 2010).
801:Malamud, Carl (26 February 2009).
663:Neil, Martha (24 September 2010).
420:Official Code of Georgia Annotated
389:for scanning and making available
14:
1684:
1605:
1382:Rankin, Bill (October 24, 2018).
217:which contains over 8,700 items.
1388:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1194:
1098:Pulla, Priyanka (17 July 2019).
928:Cohen, Noam (26 February 2007).
1570:
1350:
1324:
1306:
1271:
1202:
1162:
1140:
1018:
987:
957:
878:
852:
794:
580:"Carl Malamud Takes on WestLaw"
316:Smithsonian Institution protest
1057:Wyatt, Edward (1 April 2006).
974:Electronic Frontier Foundation
768:
743:
684:
656:
599:
422:(OCGA) is the official law of
407:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org
359:
306:Electronic Frontier Foundation
288:was publishing on her blog as
228:
1:
1523:Liptak, Adam (May 13, 2019).
480:
1471:Wolfe, Jan (June 24, 2019).
1362:Justia Dockets & Filings
1336:Justia Dockets & Filings
503:. 2021-03-23. Archived from
469:
436:Fulton County Public Library
7:
1281:, submitted Sept. 22, 2017.
1254:ASTM v. Public.Resource.org
1229:ASTM v. Public.Resource.org
1171:ASTM v. Public.Resource.org
346:Jawaharlal Nehru University
181:West American Digest System
140:
16:U.S. nonprofit organization
10:
1689:
1125:10.1038/d41586-019-02142-1
411:
370:
195:
497:"PUBLIC RESOURCE ORG INC"
430:for Atlanta news channel
240:petitioned to become the
76:
64:
50:
40:
31:
24:
1222:"Memorandum And Opinion"
777:"The pirates of YouTube"
447:Georgia General Assembly
443:Code Revision Commission
1663:501(c)(3) organizations
697:googleblog.blogspot.com
326:Smithsonian Institution
324:and the publicly owned
293:position in the media.
59:charitable organization
859:Malamud, Carl (2013).
270:C-SPAN video licensing
266:in the United States.
190:
115:Sebastopol, California
186:
330:Smithsonian Networks
1653:Public.Resource.Org
1632:Public.Resource.Org
1580:(7 February 2014).
1446:Public.Resource.Org
1116:2019Natur.571..316P
833:(6 February 2012).
340:Academic publishing
95:Public.Resource.Org
26:Public.Resource.Org
21:
20:Public.Resource.Org
1586:huffingtonpost.com
1530:The New York Times
1064:The New York Times
935:The New York Times
839:blogs.archives.gov
807:huffingtonpost.com
578:(19 August 2007).
284:In February 2007,
129:Operation strategy
19:
1110:(7765): 316–318.
1034:radar.oreilly.com
585:radar.oreilly.com
322:Showtime Networks
92:
91:
1680:
1633:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1614:Official website
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1150:. 20 August 2013
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1028:(5 April 2006).
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997:(1 March 2007).
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729:Pacific Standard
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399:Tanya S. Chutkan
260:safety standards
215:Internet Archive
113:and is based in
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1567:___ (2020).
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1338:. 28 April 2022
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865:kickstarter.com
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831:Ferriero, David
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1606:External links
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1602:& 53-6-1;
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1503:Melville House
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1004:boingboing.net
995:Doctorow, Cory
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891:boingboing.net
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412:Main article:
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391:building codes
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1668:Public domain
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