Public-order crime

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for and against criminalization. It is also pointed out that computer games with "cruelty" to virtual mammals are legal in most Western countries while cruelty to real mammals is not, again showing that it is inner animal suffering and not outer body language that is relevant regardless of whether or not animals are formally classified as victims in courts. The notion of cruelty to animals as a predictor of violence to other humans is also criticized for lacking consistency with the evolutionary notion of empathy being gradually extended from close relatives to more distant relatives according to which cruelty to other humans should predict cruelty to animals but not the other way, explaining the appearance of cruelty to animals being a risk factor for violence to humans as a result of

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accidents resulting from drug use/misuse, loss of productivity due to absenteeism, premature death, property crime and damage, and excluding justice system costs. Conklin (1997: 100) reports the cost of illegal drug use in the U.S. in 1989 at $ 60 billion a year, a 20% increase over the estimate in 1985. The rise in cost to the state can only be met out of tax revenue, but the burden is not shared equally. Income actually spent on drugs is displaced from purchases that would otherwise have generated sales tax and income tax revenue. Similarly, the substantial profits made by the dealers is not taxed. Thus, the citizens who declare income for tax purposes must pay more to offset the cost of non-capture of drug revenue in their society.

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and only displace the drug dealing indoors, thus making it more resistant to police interventions. Police may also use their power to extract rents from the drug selling community. Further, Sampson (2002) comments that because intensive police enforcement is by its very nature temporary, the impact is often only short-term and dependent on the resiliency of the market and the buyers which has been shown to be strong. Some officers have argued that intensive enforcement shows the community that the police care about the problem; however, some of the unintended effects may, in fact, have the opposite result. For a more general exposition, see

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is not the fault of the law. If people knew that they were likely to be arrested, they would modify their behavior. That current laws criminalizing theft do not deter thieves is not an argument for decriminalizing theft (although theft is not in any way a victimless crime). Rather it is an argument in favor of devoting more resources into enforcement so that there is greater certainty of arrest and punishment. Thus, in public-order crimes, it is simply a lack of priority in current enforcement strategies that encourages such widespread public disobedience which, in all likelihood, would increase if the behavior was to be decriminalized.

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crime and moral regulation is not made clearly, as more consensual activities become crimes, ordinary citizens are criminalized for tax-evasion, illegal downloading, and other voluntary rule-breaking. A further perceptual problem emerges when laws remain in force but are obviously not enforced, i.e. the police reflect the consensus view that the activity should not be a crime. Alternatively, if the activities prohibited are consensual and committed in private, this offers incentives to the organizers to offer

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cartoons), victimlessness is questioned as circulation of pornographic images of people taken when they were too young to consent to it may injure their personal integrity. In the case of cartoons, it is pointed out that the same psychiatrists who argued for criminalization (which in most countries where it is present happened later than criminalization of pornography with real children suggesting that it was not for the same reasons) have used the same arguments to acquit or strongly reduce sentences for

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inferred that people who abuse animals, rarely stop there—and that people who possess child pornography will seek more than just mere depictions.) There are questions of the victimlessness of such supposed "exception" crimes as well as criticisms of the validity of assuming "bad tendencies" though. One example of criticism of the idea of criminalizing cruelty to animals out of a bad tendency in the people who do it instead of animal suffering is that research on

75: 1553:). When drugs are illegal, the price is higher, and maintaining the habit takes the money that would otherwise be spent on food, shelter, and clothing. The resultant neglect is a contributory factor to the addict's physical deterioration. In Australia, Walker (1991) finds a strong link between substance abuse and crime. In general, making drugs illegal results in an exponential increase in their price so that addicts must indulge in 329: 1403:

pornographic cartoons depicting minors however, including curtailment of profit from such cartoons which explains why such laws in some European countries have exceptions for cases when the creator and the possessor are the same person in which no transaction is involved. It is also argued that passive marijuana smoking de facto constitutes victimization in some cases of drug use. More generally it is argued that civilized

177: 34: 1452:. Individuals of all political stripes and background who do not have an encyclopedic knowledge of the law are vulnerable to accidentally committing crimes and suffering punishment when they were not aware that the behavior was even considered problematic. For instance individuals who violate building or zoning codes on their own property may be stuck with large expenses, life disruptions, or fines unexpectedly. 1432:). This results in the development of an apparatus of coercion, a class of "law enforcers" within society, but separate from society, in that they are tasked with enforcing laws upon the people, rather than the people enforcing their own law. This inevitably results in violations of individual freedom, as this class of "law enforcers" seeks more and more power, and turns to more and more coercive means. 1118:, there are offences that do not have a direct, immediate, and tangible victim, so crimes go largely unreported and unprosecuted because of the problem of lack of victim awareness. In short, there are no clear, unequivocal definitions of "consensus", "harm", "injury", "offender", and "victim". Such judgments are always informed by contestable, 1549:

overdose because substitution or poor quality, although this potential for harm may be operationally indistinct from the potentials for harm associated with other noncriminal behaviors, such as driving a car while tired or over-consumption of healthy foods. Some argue that if drugs were available legally, they would be less harmful (see the

1412:, preventing it from being self-correcting and making it possible for depravity arguments to lead to anyone being classified as depraved and, as a result, a general loss of freedom. It is therefore argued that depravity arguments should be categorically avoided, as any "exception" would be a mobile goal post. 1420:, and finally, tyranny. Due to public-order crimes not having a victim, someone aside from a victim has to be used to report public-order crimes, and someone other than the sovereign people itself has to be delegated to enforce the public-order laws (for examples of direct popular enforcement of laws, see 1479:

inherent in the behaviour and the proper role for the law. Consequently, the effectiveness and scope of the law has proved limited, both creating and solving problems. The following are examples of the research findings used to construct arguments that there are victims. It is accepted that there are

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to support their habits. Those people who experience those crimes are indirect victims of the drug sale. The need to fund addiction also drives some into distribution where they are more prone to violent attack and murder. These findings are matched elsewhere. Meier and Geis (1997) confirm that drug

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principles should encourage the governments elected by those majorities to repeal the laws. Failure to do so simply undermines respect for all laws, including those laws that should, and, indeed, must be followed. Indeed, when considering the range of activities prohibited, the practical policing of

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Because most of these crimes take place in private or with some degree of secrecy, it is difficult to establish the true extent of the crime. The "victims" are not going to report it and arrest statistics are unreliable indicators of prevalence, often varying in line with local political pressure to

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and other licensed outlets. Qualitatively, there is nothing to distinguish the forms of gambling deemed illegal. A side effect of turning too many people into criminals is that the concept of crime becomes blurred and genuine criminality becomes less unacceptable. If the key distinction between real

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In the terms adopted by Schur (1965), drug dealing is now victimless because neither the buyer nor the seller is likely to report it. The consumption of some drugs can damage the health of users causing indirect societal cost due to increased hospitalizations and, in some cases, cause death through

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Those who oppose decriminalization believe that the morality of individuals collectively affects the good of the society and, without enforcement, the society will be damaged and lead to decadence. They believe that law shapes morality and builds a national character. If laws are not enforced, that

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by studies of animal brains is often used to determine what animals should be covered by laws against cruelty to animals, as shown in controversies about extending such laws to fish and invertebrates in which animal brain studies (not forensic psychiatry on humans) are the main cited arguments both

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As with prostitution, crime related to drug dealing also affects the amenity of a neighbourhood, destroying property values and causing the flight of the middle class to the "safer" suburbs. If the police do intervene, they may alienate law-abiding community members who are stopped and questioned,

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infection through using the same needles. In Australia, for example, the National Campaign against Drug Abuse (see Collins & Lapsley 1991) gives a figure of just over $ 1.2 billion for total costs of the abuse of illicit drugs in Australia in 1988, including treatment of drug-related illness,

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Meier and Geis (1997) contrast the view that prostitution and drug offenses are crimes without victims, with the view that the participants involved are victims without crimes. The use of the term "public-order crime" grew out of the research to test the hypothesis underlying the term "victimless

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Public enforcement of morality will inevitably lead to individuals with underdeveloped moral compasses of their own, instead resulting in external restraint substituting for internal restraint, and, thus, greater immorality, deviance, and societal decadence. Or, they may give up on their internal

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Public-order crimes often pertain to behavior engaged in especially by discernible classes of individuals within society (racial minorities, women, youth, poor people), and result in the criminalization or stigmatization of those classes, as well as resentment from those classes against the laws,

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should be based on deterrence, while basing punishment on assumptions of depravity leads to inhumane and uncivilized punishment as the assumption that some people are inherently bad leads to an appearance of persecution being "necessary". It is also argued that since higher priorities of criminal

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is criminal, in most civilized nations; however, there is no direct victim (except the animal, whose rights are not cognizable by law); the reason for its criminalization is the "bad tendency" of these acts; persons who derive pleasure from acts such as these often have depraved desires—it can be

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and the human/natural rights of the individual. The right of the individual to do what they will, so long as they harm no other, or society as a whole, is a generally accepted principle within free and democratic societies; criminalization of acts that others feel are immoral, but are not clearly

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The presence of public-order crimes encourages a climate of general disrespect for the law. Many individuals choose to violate public-order laws, because they are easily violable, and there is no victim to complain. This encourages disrespect for the law, including disrespect for laws involving

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Those who favor decriminalization or legalization contend that government should be concerned with matters affecting the common good, and not seek to regulate morality at an individual level. Indeed, the fact that the majority ignore many of the laws, say on drug-taking, in countries founded on

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spending more resources investigating people known to abuse animals for human violence while people with no history of animal abuse or animal neglect more easily get away with violence to other humans due to being less investigated. In the case of child pornography depicting real children (not

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in cases where they deemed the victim to "look older", which critics cite as an example of it being counterproductive to protecting children, arguing that a societal transition from visual age guessing to ID checking would reduce statutory rape. There are other arguments than depravity to ban

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and are therefore more likely to remain hidden. These factors are used to argue for decriminalization. Low or falling arrest statistics are used to assert that the incidence of the relevant crimes is low or now under control. Alternatively, keeping some of these "vices" as crimes simply keeps

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Public-order crimes will end up being selectively prosecuted, since it is not possible to prosecute them all. This creates or reinforces class, gender, or race based criminalization or stigmatization. It also is a very powerful tool for political persecution and suppression of dissent (see

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and political costs, i.e., the use of the word "victimless" implies that there are no injuries caused by these crimes (Robertson 1989:125) and, if that is true, then there is no need to create or retain the criminal offences. This may reflect a limited form of reality that, in the so-called

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When deciding whether harm to innocent individuals should be prohibited, the moral and political beliefs held by those in power interact and inform the decisions to create or repeal crimes without apparent victims. These decisions change over time as moral standards change. For example,

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Maguire and Radosh (1999: 146/7) accept that the public-order crimes that cause the most controversy are directly related to the current perceptions of morality. The most fundamental question remains whether the government has the right to enforce laws prohibiting private behaviour.

1444:). It produces a situation in which otherwise upstanding citizens are committing "crimes" but in the absence of mens rea (guilty mind) and without even being aware of the fact that their behavior is or was illegal until it becomes convenient to the state to prosecute them for it. 1250:

should regulate public morals in the interest of the public good, Meier & Geis (1997) identify which social problems might be deemed appropriate for legal intervention and the extent to which the criminal law should enforce moral positions which may lack societal consensus.

1304:) would consume an enormous amount of resources. It is therefore convenient for the law enforcement agencies to classify a crime as victimless because that is used as a justification for devoting fewer resources as against crimes where there are "real" victims to protect; and 1475:

crime". So-called victimless crimes or crimes without victims were tested to determine whether a case could be argued that the behaviour produced harmful consequences for innocent people (p19) recognising that there was substantial disagreement both about the degree of

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The natural variation in internal moral compass, which often turns out to be beneficial to society, or to stem from variations of understanding which will always be with us to some degree, leads to individuals committing "crimes" in the absence of

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qualities, tobacco is not a prohibited substance. Similarly, the excessive consumption of alcohol can have severe physical consequences, but it is not a crime to consume it. This is matched in gambling. The state and its institutions often rely on

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is expensive and ineffective. Those who favor decriminalization also point to experience in those countries which permit activities such as recreational drug use. There is clear evidence of lower levels of substance abuse and disruptive behavior.

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is defined by Siegel (2004) as "crime which involves acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently", i.e., it is behaviour that has been labelled criminal because it is contrary to shared

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sense. Public-order crime is now the preferred term by proponents as against the use of the word "victimless" based on the idea that there are secondary victims (family, friends, acquaintances, and society at large) that can be identified.

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For example, in cases where a criminal act subverts or undermines the commercial effectiveness of normative business practices, the negative consequences extend beyond those at whom the specific immediate harm was intended. Similarly, in

1206:; and the offences involving substance abuse which may or may not involve some element of public disorder or danger to the public as in driving while intoxicated. Since 1965, however, societal views have changed greatly, for example, 1408:

investigation of people considered depraved can find statistical correlations by higher percentages of criminals in profiled groups being caught compared to non-profiled groups no matter if there is a link or not as a

1243: 1317:"do something" about a local problem rather than reflecting the true incidence of criminal activity. In addition to the issue of police resources and commitment, many aspects of these activities are controlled by 1528:

was promoted as a cough medication and a treatment for lung diseases. But problems flowing from addiction led many to perceive the drug element of medications to be morally destructive. In the United States, the

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The cost of enforcing public-order crimes is too high to individual and societal freedom, and will inevitably result in coercion, force, brutality, usurpation of the democratic process, the development of a

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In public-order crimes, there are many instances of criminality where a person is accused because he/she has made a personal choice to engage in an activity of which society disapproves, e.g., private

1292:"victimless crimes", there are no immediate victims to make police reports and those who engage in the given behaviour regard the law as inappropriate, not themselves. This has two consequences: 1187:

to enforce the various public policies that regulate the nominated behaviours. After all, society could deal with unpopular behaviour without invoking criminal or other legal processes.

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The use of drugs for religious and recreational purposes is historically verified among a wide range of cultures. In more modern times, Inciardi (1992: 1–17) reports that the use of

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More generally, political parties find it easier to talk dismissively about crimes if they are classified as victimless because their abolition or amendment looks to have fewer

413: 1093:. In the former, although the identity of the "victim" may be indirect and sometimes diffuse, it is cumulatively the community that suffers, whereas in a political crime, the 2284: 1570:, and the costs of enforcing drug laws and of treating addiction, and the public health costs for treating illness and disease consequent on the addiction, e.g., 1829:. (1997). "On the Disutility and Discounting of Imprisonment and the Theory of Deterrence," NBER Working Papers 6259, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. 2767: 2707: 2294: 1048: 1857: 2717: 2098: 1254:

This reflects a more fundamental problem of legal consistency. People have the right to engage in some self-destructive activities. For all its

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proven to be harmful, is generally violative of that principle; although exceptions may—and do—apply. (For example, the simple possession of

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perceives itself to be the victim and criminalizes the behaviour it considers threatening. Thus, public-order crime includes

2702: 2324: 2289: 1222:, where it is illegal to pay for sex, but not to be a prostitute (the client commits a crime, but not the prostitute), see 398: 118: 2319: 92: 47: 1929: 1015: 869: 2558: 2144: 2108: 2052: 1890: 1876: 1843: 1807: 1789: 1761: 1737: 1723: 1034: 300: 282: 260: 220: 158: 61: 253: 202: 125: 3555: 3477: 2677: 2090: 1078:. Robertson (1989:123) maintains a crime is nothing more than "an act that contravenes a law". Generally speaking, 1190:

Following the work of Schur (1965), the types of crime usually referred to include the sexually based offences of

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dealing is an area where victims are third parties who experience harm only indirectly through, say, losses from

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is a police division whose focus is stopping public-order crimes like gambling, narcotics, prostitution, and

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Note that under English and Welsh law, a "public-order offence" is a different category of crime related to

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in exchange for diverting enforcement resources or to overlooking discovered activity, thereby encouraging

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Garoupa, Nuno & Klerman, Daniel. (2002). "Optimal Law Enforcement with a Rent-Seeking Government".

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These crimes usually involve something desirable where large profits can be made, e.g., drugs or sex.

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Ericsson, Lars O. (1980). "Charges Against Prostitution; An Attempt at a Philosophical Assessment".

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Crimes Without Victims: Deviant Behavior and Public Policy: Abortion, Homosexuality, Drug Addiction

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258 U.S. 280 (1922) drove the use of narcotics underground and consolidated their criminal status.

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The War on Drugs II: The Continuing Epic of Heroin, Cocaine, Crack, Crime AIDS, and Public Policy

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Because these crimes often take place in private, comprehensive law enforcement (often including

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compass and turn to a more Machiavellian approach if they are punished for following it.

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would be accepted even if history showed such high-profile enforcement to be effective.

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who founded the first birth-control clinic in New York City was accused of distributing

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when it is too disruptive and has proved uncontrollable through informal sanctions.

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use. Thus, there is continuing political debate on criminalization versus

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other arguments that many consider equally convincing (as an example).

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Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence

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arguably did not prevent the consumption of alcohol, and the present

1341: 1288: 1235: 591: 527: 2962: 205:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 74: 3530: 3500: 3421: 3365: 3317: 3292: 3274: 3210: 3175: 3146: 3128: 3123: 3106: 3069: 3049: 2785: 2747: 2651: 2553: 2013: 1562: 1509: 1449: 1123: 1106: 731: 678: 328: 320: 1246:). Within the context of a discussion (Feinberg: 1984) on whether 3630: 3472: 3438: 3406: 3375: 3322: 3297: 3245: 3225: 3220: 3200: 3170: 3133: 3118: 3029: 2994: 2854: 2672: 2667: 2641: 2533: 2489: 2329: 2279: 2113: 1558: 1505: 1350: 1349:

intruding into every aspect of the peoples' lives, no matter how

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To criminalize behavior that harms no other or society violates

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Victimless Crime? Prostitution, Drugs, Homosexuality, Abortion

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The Politics of Redress: Crime, Punishment and Penal Abolition

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History of English criminal law § Public order offences

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For a full discussion from a criminology perspective, see

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Estimating the Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in Australia

1694:"Criminal Justice" Anthea Hucklesby, Azrini Wahidin 2013 19:"Public order" redirects here. Not to be confused with 1460: 1149:

and other breaches of the peace. See the following:

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Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty

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Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty

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Drug Dealing in Privately Owned Apartment Complexes

99:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1885:, 9th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. 1754:Harm to Self: The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law 1164: 2703:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension 2290:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension 1883:Criminology: Theories, Patterns, & Typologies 1345:all these crimes would require the creation of a 1154:English criminal law § Public order offences 3685: 1899:. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. 1852:Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series No. 4 1089:Public-order crime should be distinguished from 1780:Maguire, Brenan & Radosh, Polly F. (1999). 1183:, focusing on whether it is appropriate to use 16:Type of crime; running contrary to social order 2870: 1930: 1711:Canberra: Dept. Of Comm. Health and Services. 1198:(i.e., sexual practices considered deviant), 1042: 1436:against the government, or against society. 62:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2877: 2863: 1937: 1923: 1707:Collins, D.J. & Lapsley, H.M. (1991). 1581:arguments for and against drug prohibition 1353:. It is unlikely that this application of 1311: 1049: 1035: 1910:Patterns and Trends in Public Order Crime 301:Learn how and when to remove this message 283:Learn how and when to remove this message 221:Learn how and when to remove this message 159:Learn how and when to remove this message 2257:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm 1944: 1326:Decriminalization of public-order crimes 246:This article includes a list of general 1819:, Vol. IX, No. 1, (January), pp105–127. 1335:Arguments in favor of decriminalization 3686: 2450:Preventing the lawful burial of a body 2262:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm 1648:Picking quarrels and provoking trouble 2858: 2418:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred 1918: 1756:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2325:Offences Against the Person Act 1861 1469: 1140: 232: 170: 97:adding citations to reliable sources 68: 27: 1461:Arguments against decriminalization 13: 2884: 1718:. 6th edition. Allyn & Bacon. 1126:assumptions (de Haan, 1990: 154). 252:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 3715: 1903: 1768:American Law and Economics Review 43:This article has multiple issues. 3478:Perverting the course of justice 2961: 2952: 2900:. Not all types are listed here. 2718:Encouraging or assisting a crime 2678:Perverting the course of justice 2099:Encouraging or assisting a crime 1390:the ability of animals to suffer 404:Risk & actuarial criminology 327: 237: 175: 73: 32: 3216:Intellectual property violation 2842:History of English criminal law 2733:Obstruction of a police officer 2396:Fear or provocation of violence 1784:. Belmont, CA: West Wadsworth. 1483: 1165:Crimes without apparent victims 84:needs additional citations for 51:or discuss these issues on the 2743:Refusing to assist a constable 2559:Taking without owner's consent 1838:. New York: Worth Publishing. 1777:. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield. 1688: 1679: 1660: 1551:drug policy of the Netherlands 1: 2763:Fabrication of false evidence 2475:Misconduct in a public office 2401:Harassment, alarm or distress 1975:Regulatory (lowered mens rea) 1836:Society: A Brief Introduction 1701: 1322:organized crime in business. 2480:Misfeasance in public office 2080:Ignorantia juris non excusat 1817:The Journal of Legal Studies 7: 2647:Cheating the public revenue 2439:Effecting a public mischief 2285:Assault with intent to rape 1782:Introduction to Criminology 1773:Inciardi, James A. (1992). 1618:Anti-social behaviour order 1586: 1512:were common ingredients of 201:the claims made and adding 10: 3720: 3241:Possessing stolen property 2723:Escape from lawful custody 2609:Fraud by abuse of position 2275:Assault with intent to rob 2199:Category:Criminal defences 1673:, for a discussion of the 1487: 1168: 384:Expressive function of law 18: 3655: 3620: 3520: 3487: 3436: 3390: 3284: 3144: 2978: 2950: 2906: 2893: 2839:For obsolete aspects see 2828: 2776: 2660: 2632: 2574:Misappropriation of funds 2506:Offences against property 2504: 2366: 2338: 2208: 2188:Diminished responsibility 2127: 2089: 2061: 1993: 1952: 1881:Siegel, Larry J. (2006). 1770:Vol. 4, No. 1. pp116–140. 1728:de Haan, Willem. (1990). 1714:Conklin, John E. (1997). 3340:(such as prohibition of 2661:Offences against justice 2434:Outraging public decency 2358:Sexual Offences Act 2003 2159:inc. participation in a 2069:Lesser included offences 2025:Intention in English law 2020:Intention (criminal law) 1802:. Los Angeles: Roxbury. 1653: 1638:Islamic religious police 1495: 1410:self-fulfilling prophecy 1135:illegal sales of alcohol 374:Differential association 1848:Sampson, Rana. (2002). 1834:Robertson, Ian. (1989) 1794:Meier, Robert F. & 1732:. Boston: Unwin Hyman. 1539:249 U.S. 96 (1919) and 1312:The hidden crime factor 1238:material and violating 434:Symbolic interactionism 267:more precise citations. 3458:Miscarriage of justice 2778:Other common law areas 2728:Obstruction of justice 2470:Accessory (legal term) 2232:Corporate manslaughter 1895:Walker, John. (1991). 1395:criminal investigation 1244:U.S. case law examples 1224:Prostitution in Sweden 414:Social disorganization 3694:Anti-social behaviour 3453:Malfeasance in office 2896:Note: Crimes vary by 2693:Misprision of treason 2614:Conspiracy to defraud 2569:Handling stolen goods 2413:Public Order Act 1986 2368:Public order offences 1823:Polinsky, A. Mitchell 1813:Polinsky, A. Mitchell 1623:Broken windows theory 1603:Public Order Act 1986 1593:Anti-social behaviour 1442:Selective enforcement 1074:, social values, and 923:Biosocial criminology 630:Uniform Crime Reports 349:Biosocial criminology 3546:Cybersex trafficking 3308:Censorship violation 2713:Harboring a fugitive 2683:Witness intimidation 2633:Forgery, personation 2252:Concealment of birth 1946:English criminal law 1643:Wisdom of repugnance 1371:crimes with victims. 798:Solitary confinement 108:"Public-order crime" 93:improve this article 3338:Illegal consumption 3010:Criminal negligence 2768:Rescuing a prisoner 2738:Wasting police time 2496:Dereliction of duty 2455:Breach of the peace 2173:Prevention of crime 2035:Criminal negligence 988:Radical criminology 359:Collective efficacy 3541:Child sexual abuse 3506:Wildlife smuggling 3496:Cruelty to animals 3285:Against the public 3114:Negligent homicide 3025:False imprisonment 2980:Against the person 2834:English law portal 2820:Criminal procedure 2485:Abuse of authority 2315:False imprisonment 2166:Medical procedures 1994:Elements of crimes 1897:Crime in Australia 1598:Drug-related crime 1568:drug-related crime 1536:Webb et al. v U.S. 1376:individual freedom 1302:agent provocateurs 1147:disorderly conduct 1067:public-order crime 186:possibly contains 3681: 3680: 3664:Wikimedia Commons 3622:Inchoate offenses 3566:Indecent exposure 3055:Human trafficking 3020:Domestic violence 2852: 2851: 2758:Contempt of court 2688:Witness tampering 2406:intent aggravates 2391:Unlawful assembly 2247:Child destruction 2091:Inchoate offences 1953:Classes of crimes 1871:. Prentice Hall. 1470:Specific examples 1381:child pornography 1282:police corruption 1181:decriminalization 1177:recreational drug 1141:England and Wales 1116:environmental law 1059: 1058: 805: 804: 742:Prisoners' rights 646:Positivist school 311: 310: 303: 293: 292: 285: 231: 230: 223: 188:original research 169: 168: 161: 143: 66: 3711: 3328:Ethnic cleansing 3266:Trespass to land 3161:Arms trafficking 2971: 2966: 2965: 2956: 2879: 2872: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2624:Webcam blackmail 2445:disorderly house 2381:Violent disorder 2242:Unlawful killing 2210:Offences against 2048:Strict liability 1939: 1932: 1925: 1916: 1915: 1866: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1667:John Stuart Mill 1664: 1608:Victimless crime 1514:patent medicines 1490:Prostitution law 1171:Victimless crime 1103:victimless crime 1099:consensual crime 1051: 1044: 1037: 684: 683: 641:Crime statistics 567: 331: 313: 312: 306: 299: 288: 281: 277: 274: 268: 263:this article by 254:inline citations 241: 240: 233: 226: 219: 215: 212: 206: 203:inline citations 179: 178: 171: 164: 157: 153: 150: 144: 142: 101: 77: 69: 58: 36: 35: 28: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3596:Sex trafficking 3522:Sexual offenses 3516: 3515: 3514: 3488:Against animals 3483: 3482: 3481: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3196:False pretenses 3140: 3139: 3138: 3102:Preterintention 2974: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2948: 2902: 2889: 2883: 2853: 2848: 2824: 2772: 2656: 2634: 2628: 2544:Criminal damage 2500: 2429:Public nuisance 2362: 2340:Sexual offences 2334: 2310:Child abduction 2211: 2204: 2150:Loss of control 2123: 2085: 2057: 1989: 1948: 1943: 1906: 1860: 1858:Schur, Edwin M. 1827:Shavell, Steven 1704: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1589: 1498: 1493: 1486: 1472: 1463: 1426:posse comitatus 1383:or engaging in 1337: 1328: 1319:organized crime 1314: 1300:and the use of 1232:Margaret Sanger 1173: 1167: 1143: 1120:epistemological 1091:political crime 1055: 1026: 1025: 1001: 993: 992: 918:Anthropological 908: 900: 899: 815: 807: 806: 681: 671: 670: 620:Critical theory 605: 597: 596: 577:State-corporate 565: 488: 477: 476: 472:Archibald Reiss 467:Cesare Lombroso 452: 451:Major theorists 444: 443: 419:Social learning 399:Rational choice 389:Labeling theory 369:Criminalization 339: 307: 296: 295: 294: 289: 278: 272: 269: 259:Please help to 258: 242: 238: 227: 216: 210: 207: 192: 180: 176: 165: 154: 148: 145: 102: 100: 90: 78: 37: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3717: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3606:Sexual slavery 3603: 3601:Sexual assault 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3323:Hostage-taking 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3087: 3082: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2837: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2698:Jury tampering 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2604:Fraud Act 2006 2601: 2599:Theft Act 1978 2596: 2594:Theft Act 1968 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2524:Cheating (law) 2521: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2465:Forcible entry 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2353:Sexual assault 2350: 2344: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2267:Common assault 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2216: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2161:sporting event 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2119:Common purpose 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2005: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1904:External links 1902: 1901: 1900: 1893: 1879: 1855: 1846: 1832: 1820: 1810: 1792: 1778: 1771: 1764: 1750:Feinberg, Joel 1747: 1740: 1726: 1712: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1687: 1678: 1675:Harm Principle 1658: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1588: 1585: 1542:U.S. v Behrman 1524:and, in 1900, 1508:, and, later, 1497: 1494: 1485: 1482: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1418:carceral state 1413: 1400:statutory rape 1385:animal cruelty 1372: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1169:Main article: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1142: 1139: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1039: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1002: 999: 998: 995: 994: 991: 990: 985: 980: 975: 973:Organizational 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 896: 895: 890: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 803: 802: 801: 800: 795: 790: 785: 783:Transformative 780: 775: 767: 766: 759: 758: 757: 756: 751: 749:Rehabilitation 746: 745: 744: 739: 737:Prisoner abuse 729: 728: 727: 722: 717: 707: 702: 700:Incapacitation 697: 692: 682: 677: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 595: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 536: 535: 525: 524: 523: 518: 510: 509: 508: 503: 498: 489: 483: 482: 479: 478: 475: 474: 469: 464: 459: 457:Émile Durkheim 453: 450: 449: 446: 445: 442: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 409:Social control 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 364:Crime analysis 361: 356: 354:Broken windows 351: 346: 340: 337: 336: 333: 332: 324: 323: 309: 308: 291: 290: 245: 243: 236: 229: 228: 183: 181: 174: 167: 166: 81: 79: 72: 67: 41: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3716: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3699:Crime by type 3697: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3556:Homosexuality 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3356:Miscegenation 3354: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3236:Pickpocketing 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3143: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3040:Home invasion 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2990:Assassination 2988: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2178:Lawful excuse 2176: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1891:0-495-00572-X 1888: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1877:0-13-192930-5 1874: 1870: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1844:0-87901-548-9 1841: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1808:0-935732-46-2 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:Geis, Gilbert 1793: 1791: 1790:0-534-53784-7 1787: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1762:0-19-505923-9 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1738:0-04-445442-2 1735: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1724:0-205-26478-6 1721: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1691: 1682: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1613:Sumptuary law 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1533:decisions of 1532: 1531:Supreme Court 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1491: 1481: 1478: 1467: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1332: 1323: 1320: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:public morals 1237: 1233: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1122:, moral, and 1121: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1016:Organizations 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 997: 996: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 963:Environmental 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 904: 903: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 883: 881: 880:Postmodernist 878: 876: 873: 871: 870:Neo-classical 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 845:Environmental 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 817: 811: 810: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 773:Participatory 771: 770: 769: 768: 764: 761: 760: 755: 752: 750: 747: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 733: 730: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 687: 686: 685: 680: 675: 674: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 636: 635:Crime mapping 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 601: 600: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 582:Transnational 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 550:International 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 534: 531: 530: 529: 526: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 511: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 491: 490: 487: 481: 480: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 454: 448: 447: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 335: 334: 330: 326: 325: 322: 318: 315: 314: 305: 302: 287: 284: 276: 273:November 2013 266: 262: 256: 255: 249: 244: 235: 234: 225: 222: 214: 204: 200: 196: 190: 189: 184:This article 182: 173: 172: 163: 160: 152: 141: 138: 134: 131: 127: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: – 109: 105: 104:Find sources: 98: 94: 88: 87: 82:This article 80: 76: 71: 70: 65: 63: 56: 55: 50: 49: 44: 39: 30: 29: 26: 22: 3646:Solicitation 3581:Prostitution 3571:Masturbation 3402:Lèse-majesté 3391:Against the 3186:Embezzlement 3075:Manslaughter 3060:Intimidation 2898:jurisdiction 2895: 2840: 2832: 2635:and cheating 2619:Fare evasion 2367: 2228:Manslaughter 2197: 2193:Intoxication 2135:Self-defence 2078: 2030:Recklessness 2012: 2000: 1896: 1882: 1868: 1849: 1835: 1816: 1799: 1781: 1774: 1767: 1753: 1743: 1729: 1715: 1708: 1690: 1681: 1662: 1633:Signal crime 1628:Moral police 1577: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1499: 1484:Prostitution 1473: 1464: 1363:War on Drugs 1347:police state 1338: 1329: 1315: 1286: 1256:carcinogenic 1253: 1228: 1208:prostitution 1200:underage sex 1192:prostitution 1189: 1174: 1144: 1128: 1112: 1088: 1084:criminalized 1066: 1060: 968:Experimental 690:Denunciation 656:Quantitative 566:Public-order 564: 521:White-collar 462:Hans Eysenck 297: 279: 270: 251: 217: 208: 185: 155: 146: 136: 129: 122: 115: 103: 91:Please help 86:verification 83: 59: 52: 46: 45:Please help 42: 25: 21:Ordre public 3704:Criminology 3551:Fornication 3468:Obstruction 3448:Compounding 3256:Tax evasion 3005:Child abuse 2919:Misdemeanor 2236:Infanticide 2074:Concurrence 1861: [ 1716:Criminology 1477:culpability 1422:hue and cry 1359:Prohibition 1248:governments 1204:pornography 1063:criminology 958:Development 933:Criminology 855:Integrative 793:Utilitarian 788:Retributive 778:Restorative 765:in penology 651:Qualitative 625:Ethnography 610:Comparative 516:Blue-collar 439:Victimology 394:Psychopathy 317:Criminology 265:introducing 3688:Categories 3659:WikiSource 3641:Incitement 3636:Conspiracy 3511:Bestiality 3463:Misprision 3427:Subversion 3381:War crimes 3376:Usurpation 3303:Corruption 3181:Cybercrime 3065:Kidnapping 3045:Hate crime 3035:Harassment 3015:Defamation 2969:Law portal 2944:Corruption 2934:Indictable 2914:Infraction 2589:Cybercrime 2519:Dishonesty 2443:Keeping a 2320:Harassment 2305:Kidnapping 2212:the person 2104:Conspiracy 2002:Actus reus 1985:Common law 1965:Either way 1960:Indictable 1798:. (1997). 1746:90:335-66. 1702:References 1671:On Liberty 1518:opium dens 1405:punishment 1342:democratic 1298:entrapment 1196:paraphilia 1185:punishment 1131:vice squad 953:Demography 875:Positivist 754:Recidivism 695:Deterrence 587:Victimless 429:Subculture 248:references 195:improve it 119:newspapers 48:improve it 3669:Wikiquote 3611:Voyeurism 3591:Pederasty 3576:Obscenity 3417:Secession 3412:Espionage 3371:Terrorism 3333:Smuggling 3271:Vandalism 3251:Smuggling 3191:Extortion 3166:Blackmail 3079:corporate 2885:Types of 2753:Espionage 2584:Extortion 2579:Blackmail 2564:Deception 2549:Squatting 2145:Necessity 2109:Accessory 2062:Doctrines 2053:Omissions 2044:Vicarious 2040:Corporate 2008:Causation 1980:Statutory 1522:Coca-Cola 1278:political 1261:lotteries 1124:political 978:Political 907:Subfields 830:Classical 820:Anarchist 715:abolition 615:Profiling 560:Political 555:Organized 540:Corporate 528:Cold case 484:Types of 199:verifying 54:talk page 3674:Wikinews 3531:Adultery 3501:Poaching 3437:Against 3422:Sedition 3366:Regicide 3318:Genocide 3293:Apostasy 3275:Mischief 3211:Gambling 3176:Burglary 3147:property 3145:Against 3129:Stabbing 3124:Stalking 3107:Homicide 3070:Menacing 3050:Homicide 2815:Evidence 2796:Property 2786:Contract 2748:Sedition 2652:Uttering 2554:Trespass 2529:Burglary 2427:Causing 2423:Nuisance 2220:Homicide 2183:Insanity 2128:Defences 2014:Mens rea 1752:(1984). 1587:See also 1563:burglary 1510:morphine 1450:mens rea 1289:economic 1080:deviancy 1011:Journals 938:Critical 928:Conflict 913:American 884:Realism 850:Feminist 840:Critical 835:Conflict 732:Prisoner 679:Penology 545:Juvenile 496:Humanity 492:Against 379:Deviance 321:penology 211:May 2010 149:May 2010 3631:Attempt 3473:Perjury 3439:justice 3407:Treason 3350:smoking 3346:alcohol 3313:Dueling 3298:Begging 3246:Robbery 3226:Looting 3221:Larceny 3201:Forgery 3171:Bribery 3134:Torture 3119:Robbery 3077: ( 3030:Frameup 3000:Battery 2995:Assault 2929:Summary 2907:Classes 2810:estates 2673:Perjury 2668:Bribery 2642:Forgery 2534:Robbery 2492:of oath 2490:Perjury 2330:Treason 2300:Battery 2280:Robbery 2155:Consent 2114:Attempt 1970:Summary 1867:(1965) 1559:robbery 1516:, and " 1506:cocaine 1351:private 1269:casinos 1265:raffles 1236:obscene 1220:Iceland 1076:customs 943:Culture 865:Marxist 860:Italian 825:Chicago 814:Schools 763:Justice 604:Methods 533:Perfect 261:improve 193:Please 133:scholar 3561:Incest 3536:Bigamy 3361:Piracy 3348:, and 3231:Payola 3095:felony 3090:Murder 3085:Mayhem 2939:Hybrid 2924:Felony 2806:Trusts 2386:Affray 2224:Murder 2140:Duress 1889: 1875: 1842: 1825:& 1806: 1788: 1760: 1744:Ethics 1736: 1722: 1561:, and 1526:heroin 1274:bribes 1218:, and 1216:Norway 1212:Sweden 1202:, and 1021:People 1000:Browse 983:Public 725:reform 710:Prison 512:Class 501:Person 424:Strain 344:Anomie 338:Theory 250:, but 135: 128: 121: 114: 106: 3393:state 3342:drugs 3261:Theft 3206:Fraud 3156:Arson 2887:crime 2844:table 2801:Wills 2539:Theft 2514:Arson 1865:] 1654:Notes 1555:theft 1502:opium 1496:Drugs 1355:power 1107:moral 1095:state 1072:norms 1006:Index 948:Cyber 893:Right 705:Trial 666:NIBRS 572:State 506:State 486:crime 140:JSTOR 126:books 3586:Rape 2808:and 2791:Tort 2460:Rout 2376:Riot 2348:Rape 1887:ISBN 1873:ISBN 1840:ISBN 1804:ISBN 1786:ISBN 1758:ISBN 1734:ISBN 1720:ISBN 1430:jury 1280:and 1101:and 888:Left 720:open 319:and 112:news 1572:HIV 1082:is 1061:In 661:BJS 592:War 197:by 95:by 3690:: 3344:, 3273:, 2234:/ 2230:/ 2226:/ 2046:/ 2042:/ 1863:de 1669:, 1583:. 1557:, 1504:, 1424:, 1263:, 1226:. 1214:, 1194:, 1137:. 1129:A 1065:, 57:. 3352:) 3081:) 2878:e 2871:t 2864:v 2238:) 2222:( 1938:e 1931:t 1924:v 1492:. 1050:e 1043:t 1036:v 637:] 304:) 298:( 286:) 280:( 275:) 271:( 257:. 224:) 218:( 213:) 209:( 191:. 162:) 156:( 151:) 147:( 137:· 130:· 123:· 116:· 89:. 64:) 60:( 23:.

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