Ptolemy XII Auletes

1132: 1396: 51: 1233: 814: 657: 1055: 1761:(2016), p.218: "Having been expelled from the throne, Cleopatra IV now went to Cyprus, where she gathered an army. She may have originally hoped to use this force to march on Egypt in protest of her mother's action...instead she offered to marry the Seleucid contender for the throne, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, and, using her mercenary army to help his cause, set off to become queen of Syria (Just. 39.3.3)...Grypus took Antioch in 112 BCE and Tryphaena, Grypus' wife and Cleopatra's IV's own sister, ordered the death of Cleopatra IV (Just. 39.3.4-11)." 1203: 925: 775: 1176:(minister of finance), and so in charge of debt repayment. Perhaps Gabinius had also put pressure on Ptolemy XII to appoint Rabirius, who now had direct access to the financial resources of Egypt but exploited the land too much. The king had to imprison Rabirius to protect his life from the angry people, then allowed him to escape. Rabirius immediately left Egypt and went back to Rome at the end of 54 BC. There he was accused 936: 947: 852: 843: 3500: 3323: 3171: 3018: 1109: 800:. Ironically, their father had reclaimed the Egyptian throne around the same time. They were held by Mithridates as hostages until 80 BC. At some point during this period, probably in 81 or 80 BC, they were engaged to two of Mithridates' daughters, Mithridatis and Nyssa. Meanwhile, Ptolemy IX died in December 81 BC and was succeeded by Berenice III. In April 80 BC, Ptolemy X's son 1459: 1158:

restoration was 4 January 55 BC and the latest possible date was 24 June the same year. Upon regaining power, Ptolemy acted against Berenice, and along with her supporters, she was executed. Ptolemy XII maintained his grip on power in Alexandria with the assistance of around two thousand Roman soldiers and mercenaries, known as the

2873:: "The Ptolemaic dynasty, of which Cleopatra was the last representative, was founded at the end of the fourth century BC. The Ptolemies were not of Egyptian extraction, but stemmed from Ptolemy Soter, a Macedonian Greek in the entourage of Alexander the Great."For additional sources that describe the Ptolemaic dynasty as " 1348:(c. 63 BC – c. AD 24) stated that the king had only three daughters of whom the eldest has been referred to as Berenice IV. This suggests that the Cleopatra Tryphaena mentioned by Porphyry may not have been Ptolemy XII's daughter, but his wife. Many experts now identify Cleopatra VI with Cleopatra V. 759:. By 109 BC, Ptolemy IX had begun the process of introducing Ptolemy XII to public life. In that year, Ptolemy XII served as the Priest of Alexander and Ptolemaic kings (an office which Ptolemy IX otherwise held himself throughout his reign) and had a festival established in his honour in 1075:

in the Senate. During this time, Roman creditors realized that they would not get the return on their loans to the king without his restoration. In 57 BC, pressure from the Roman public forced the Senate's decision to restore Ptolemy. However, Rome did not wish to invade Egypt to restore the king, since the

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Ptolemy XII died sometime before 22 March 51 BC. His will stipulated that Cleopatra VII and her brother Ptolemy XIII should rule Egypt together. To safeguard his interests, he made the people of Rome executors of his will. Since the Senate was busy with its own affairs, his ally Pompey

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On his arrival in Alexandria, in April 80 BC, Ptolemy XII was proclaimed king. His reign was officially dated as having begun on the death of his father in 81 BC, thereby eliding the reigns of Berenice III and Ptolemy XI. Shortly after his accession, Ptolemy XII married one of his

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10,000 talents to invade Egypt and so recovered his throne. Gabinius defeated the Egyptian frontier forces, marched to Alexandria, and attacked the palace, where the palace guards surrendered without fighting. The exact date of Ptolemy XII's restoration is unknown; the earliest possible date of

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The bribery policy had been unpopular in Egypt for a long time, both because of its obsequiousness and because of the heavy tax burden that it entailed, but the annexation of Cyprus demonstrated its failure and enraged the people of Alexandria. The courtiers in Alexandria forced Ptolemy to step down

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was installed as Berenice III's husband and co-regent. He promptly murdered her and was himself killed by an angry Alexandrian mob. The Alexandrians then summoned Ptolemy XII to Egypt to assume the kingship; his brother, also named Ptolemy, became king of Cyprus, where he would reign until

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rejects the notion of an Egyptian mother for Ptolemy XII, with some writers speculating that would be why Cleopatra spoke Egyptian. Lefkowitz notes, however, that if Cleopatra's paternal grandmother had been Egyptian, it would have been more likely Ptolemy XII was the first speaker of the

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Throughout his long-lasting reign the principal aim of Ptolemy was to secure his hold on the Egyptian throne so as to eventually pass it to his heirs. To achieve this goal he was prepared to sacrifice much: the loss of rich Ptolemaic lands, most of his wealth and even, according to Cicero, the very

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offered him advice on how to approach the Roman aristocracy, but no tangible support. In Rome, Ptolemy XII prosecuted his restitution but met opposition from certain members of the Senate. His old ally Pompey housed the exiled king and his daughter and argued on behalf of Ptolemy's restoration

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Now all of the kings after the third Ptolemy, being corrupted by luxurious living, administered the affairs of government badly, but worst of all were the fourth, seventh, and the last, Auletes, who, apart from his general licentiousness, practised the accompaniment of choruses with the flute, and

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At the moment of Ptolemy XII's restoration, Roman creditors demanded the repayment of their loans, but the Alexandrian treasury could not repay the king's debt. Learning from previous mistakes, Ptolemy XII shifted popular resentment of tax increases from himself to a Roman, his main

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When Ptolemy X had died in 88 BC, his will had left Egypt to Rome in the event that he had no surviving heirs. Although the Romans had not acted on this, the possibility that they might forced the following Ptolemies to adopt a careful and respectful policy towards Rome. Ptolemy XII

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Shortly afterwards, Ptolemy XII was deposed by the Egyptian people and fled to Rome, and his eldest daughter, Berenice IV, took the throne. With Roman funding and military assistance, Ptolemy XII recaptured Egypt and had Berenice IV killed in 55 BC. He named his daughter

716:. However, the speculation of this marriage was refuted by Egyptologist Wendy Cheshire. Chris Bennett argues that Ptolemy XII's mother was Cleopatra IV and that he was considered illegitimate simply because she had never been co-regent. This theory is endorsed by the historian 1735:(2001), p.50: "Cleopatra IV had money and spirit enough to challenge this move, so she went to Cyprus...Cleopatra IV went with her army to Syria and offered her services to her cousin Antiochus Cyzicenus...Cleopatra IV married Cyzicenus to strengthen his ability to rule." 2241:

stating that Ptolemy XII traveled with one of his daughters; since Berenice IV was his ruling rival and Arsinoe IV was a toddler, Fletcher believes it must have been Cleopatra (who was later made his regent and named his successor in his will). cf Fletcher, Joann (2008),

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in the event there were no surviving heirs, making Roman annexation of Egypt a possibility. In an effort to prevent this, Ptolemy XII established an alliance with Rome late into his first reign. Rome annexed Cyprus in 58 BC, causing Ptolemy of Cyprus to commit suicide.

830:. Her parentage is uncertain – modern scholarship often interprets her as a sister, but Christopher Bennett argues that she was a daughter of Ptolemy X. The couple became co-regents and they were incorporated into the Ptolemaic dynastic cult together as the 834:(Father-loving and Sibling-loving Gods). This title was probably meant to reinforce Ptolemy XII's claim to the throne in the face of claims that his parentage meant that he was an illegitimate son of Ptolemy IX and therefore not entitled to rule. 2304: 1184:

and probably acquitted. Ptolemy also permitted a debasing of the coinage as an attempt to repay the loans. Near the end of Ptolemy's reign, the value of Egyptian coinage dropped to about fifty per cent of its value at the beginning of his first reign.

1032:, causing its ruler, Ptolemy XII's brother, to commit suicide. Ptolemy XII took no action in response to his brother's death and Cyprus remained a Roman province until returned to Ptolemaic control by Julius Caesar in 48 BC. 1748:(2008), p.80: "In Antioch, Cleopatra offered her support to Cyzicenus and married him. Grypus captured Antioch and Cleopatra in 112 B.C.E. ...her sister, fearing Cleopatra would seduce her husband, had Cleopatra killed" 993:

which is attested in a papyrus document from 61/60 BC has been interpreted as a sign of widespread discontent with this taxation. Increasingly, Ptolemy XII also had recourse to loans from Roman bankers, such as

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Generally, descriptions of Ptolemy XII portray him as weak and self-indulgent, drunk, or a lover of music. According to Strabo, his practice of playing the flute earned him the ridiculing

1051:), who was probably Ptolemy XII's former wife but may be an otherwise unattested daughter. Following Cleopatra Tryphaena's death a year later, Berenice ruled alone from 57 to 56 BC. 723:

The date of Ptolemy XII's birth is thus uncertain. If he was the son of Cleopatra IV, he was probably born around 117 BC and followed around a year later by a brother, known as

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upon this he prided himself so much that he would not hesitate to celebrate contests in the royal palace, and at these contests would come forward to vie with the opposing contestants.

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wrote that a group of one hundred men were sent as envoys from Egypt to make their case to the Romans against Ptolemy XII's restoration. Ptolemy seemingly had their leader

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mentions that Ptolemy IX left two sons behind when he fled Alexandria. Chris Bennett argues that these sons should be identified as Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus.

763:. Relations between Ptolemy IX and his mother deteriorated. In 107 BC she forced him to flee Alexandria for Cyprus and replaced him as co-regent with his younger brother, 1162:. This arrangement enabled Rome to exert power over Ptolemy, who ruled until he fell ill in 51 BC. On 31 May 52 BC his daughter Cleopatra VII was named as his coregent. 982:, Ptolemy sought to form a relationship with Pompey by sending him a golden crown. Ptolemy also provided pay and maintenance for 8,000 cavalry to Pompey for his war with 897:, and they demonstrate the extremely close and mutually reinforcing relationship that had developed between the Ptolemaic kings and the Memphite priesthood by this date. 958:

continued this pro-Roman policy in order to protect himself and secure his dynasty's fate. Egypt came under increasing Roman pressure nevertheless. In 65 BC, the

974:. In light of this crisis, however, Ptolemy XII began to expend significant resources on bribing Roman politicians to support his interests. In 63 BC, when 893:

and then went to Alexandria, where he was appointed as Ptolemy XII's 'prophet'. These encounters are described in detail on Pasherienptah's funerary stela,

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were covered over at this time. The reason for this sudden shift is unknown, but presumably she was divorced at this time. Ptolemy adopted a new royal epithet

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Cleopatra VII as his co-regent in 52 BC. He died the next year and was succeeded by Cleopatra VII and her brother Ptolemy XIII as joint rulers.

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the strong bull, the lord who lights up Egypt like the living Apis, to whom many great Sed festivals will be given through Ptah-Tatenen, the father of the Gods

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from the throne and leave Egypt. He was replaced by his daughter Berenice IV, who ruled jointly with Cleopatra Tryphaena (known to modern historians as

1322:, is also uncertain. One hypothesis contends that possibly they (and perhaps Cleopatra VII) were Ptolemy XII's children with a theoretical half 8664: 3002: 708:

that Ptolemy XII's mother was an unknown woman belonging to the Egyptian elite, based upon a speculated earlier marriage between Psenptais II,

3031: 3027: 4704: 998:. This gave the Romans even more leverage over his regime and meant that the fate of Egypt became an increasingly immediate issue in Roman politics. 700:

wrote that Ptolemy IX had no legitimate sons at all. Some scholars have therefore proposed that his mother was a concubine – if so, probably an

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probably in 88 BC, around the time Ptolemy IX returned to the Egyptian throne. After their father died in 81 BC, Ptolemy XII's half-sister

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The money required for these bribes was enormous. Initially, Ptolemy XII funded them by raising taxes. A strike by farmers of royal land in

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Sensenensehnuemhaawminedjetitef Tjehenmesuthernesetitefmihorkanakht Itypesedjemtamerimihapuankh Redienefhebusedashauwerumiptahtatjenenitnetjeru

4961: 3768: 1306:. Cleopatra V disappears from court records a few months after the birth of Ptolemy XII's second known child, and probably hers, 3575: 1079:

stated that if an Egyptian king asked for help and Rome proceeded with military intervention, great dangers and difficulties would occur.

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snsn.n-sḥnw-m-ḥꜤꜤw-mi-Nḏ-it.f ṯḥn-msw(t)-ḥr-nst-it.f-mi-ḥr-kꜢ-nḫt ity-psḏ-m-tꜢmri-mi-ḥpw-Ꜥnḫ rdi-n.f-ḥꜢbw-sd-ꜤšꜢw-wrw-mi-Ptḥ-tꜢṯnn-it-nṯrw

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Meadows, Andrew (2001), "Sins of the fathers; the inheritance of Cleopatra, last queen of Egypt", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.),

277: 8773: 986:. He also asked Pompey to come to Alexandria and help to put down a revolt which had apparently broken out in Egypt; Pompey refused. 8679: 8674: 228:

The one great of strength and foremost one of the sea forever, perfect of mind, who has raised perfection like the twice-great Thoth

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Egyptians heard rumours of Rome's possible intervention and disliked the idea of their exiled king's return. The Roman historian

2318: 1009:, had just taken power, in order to negotiate official recognition of his kingship. Ptolemy paid Pompey and Caesar six thousand 8659: 1021:

recognised Ptolemy as king and Caesar passed a law that added Ptolemy to the list of friends and allies of the people of Rome (

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upon the death of his father, Ptolemy VIII. At this point, Ptolemy IX became the junior co-regent of his grandmother

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along with her treasure in order to protect them. There, Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus seem to have been captured by

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who the wonderful Khnum praises so that he receives the crown of kingship, who unites himself with the works (of his father)

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In August 69 BC, Cleopatra V ceases to be mentioned as co-regent. The images of her that had been carved on the main

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Probably taking his daughter Cleopatra VII with him, Ptolemy fled for the safety of Rome. On the way, he stopped in

1131: 916:(New Dionysus) at some time after this; Chris Bennett proposes that the epithet was linked to the break with Cleopatra. 8623: 7384: 7100: 5968: 5228: 5202: 3362: 3339: 3161: 3098: 182:

The perfect youth, pleasant in his popularity, whom the Two Ladies and the common folk have elevated along with his ka,

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The one great of strength and foremost one of the sea forever, who has established laws like the twice-great Thoth

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dignity on which the mystique of kingship rested when he appeared before the Roman people as a mere supplicant.

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in joy like that which his father protects, who is shining at birth on the throne of his father like Horus,

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in 112 BC. Ptolemy IX meanwhile had been remarried to Cleopatra Selene, with whom he had a daughter,

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The one great of mind who is beloved of the gods of Baqet, a sovereign like Ra and ruler of the two crowns

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describe the Ptolemies as "Greco-Macedonian", or rather Macedonians who possessed a Greek culture, as in

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Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004.

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who ruled from 80 to 58 BC and then again from 55 BC until his death in 51 BC. He was commonly known as

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Bennett, Christopher J. (1997). "Cleopatra V Tryphæna and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies".

2465:"Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 1310:

in 69 BC. The identity of the mother of the last three of Ptolemy XII's children, in birth order

8505: 6276: 4802: 4787: 4690: 4647: 4473: 4226: 3870: 3717: 3677: 677: 607: 1013:– an enormous sum, equivalent to the total annual revenue of Egypt. In return, a formal alliance or 6350: 6121: 5983: 5117: 5049: 5035: 5030: 5021: 5007: 4993: 4983: 4850: 4772: 4700: 4685: 4652: 4642: 4518: 4231: 967: 793: 778: 587: 3604:

in English translation, ed. H. L. Jones (1924), at LacusCurtius (Bill Thayer's Web Site)

8190: 8105: 8082: 6399: 6261: 6198: 5987: 5787: 5603: 5097: 5064: 5017: 5003: 4895: 4762: 4709: 4675: 4667: 4616: 4611: 4297: 4121: 4000: 3934: 3842: 3809: 3200:(2001). "Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit 332–30 v. Chr. (Egypt in Hellenistic times 332–30 BC)". 1232: 1167: 1099: 1041: 995: 963: 685: 676:

from around 119 BC until he was forced to divorce her in 115 BC, and secondly to another sister,

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The one great of mind, the sovereign, the possessor of bravery and strength like the son of Isis

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expresses little doubt that Cleopatra VII accompanied her father, noting an ancient Greek

1545: 1337: 1147: 697: 689: 480: 3313: 2434: 1961: 869: 656: 8743: 8704: 8180: 8145: 8125: 8115: 8077: 6677: 6581: 5935: 5158: 5153: 5137: 5107: 4973: 4739: 4695: 4632: 4428: 4418: 4365: 4360: 4216: 4196: 4186: 4181: 4166: 4156: 4116: 3995: 3990: 3970: 3960: 3944: 3939: 3804: 3309: 2917:, p. 3) describes them as a "Macedonian, Greek-speaking" dynasty. Other sources such as 1759:

Postcolonial Amazons: Female Masculinity and Courage in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit Literature

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Bust of Ptolemy XII housed at the Department of Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antiquities at the

3579: 672:. The identity of his mother is uncertain. Ptolemy IX was married twice, to his sister 637:– were born to an unknown mother. Ptolemy XII's uncle Ptolemy X had left Egypt to 8699: 8205: 8160: 7533: 7161: 7096: 6949: 6944: 6651: 6646: 6499: 5925: 5713: 5592: 5143: 5122: 4925: 4744: 4596: 4171: 4151: 4068: 4058: 4025: 3975: 3880: 3852: 3832: 3794: 3587: 1489: 1054: 1010: 901: 680:, from 115 BC until he abandoned her during his flight from Alexandria in 107 BC. However, 8: 8170: 8135: 8072: 7447: 7422: 6626: 6621: 6045: 5476: 5092: 5044: 5039: 4930: 4734: 4627: 4621: 4483: 4201: 4136: 4078: 3985: 3949: 3895: 3890: 3799: 2874: 1326: 990: 878: 709: 560: 552: 501: 88: 8758: 8485: 8472: 8049: 7059: 6631: 6606: 5673: 5448: 5112: 4543: 4395: 4106: 4096: 4063: 3900: 3819: 3777: 3485: 3427: 3373: 3352: 3269: 3220: 3125: 3069: 1425:

Queen of Cyprus in 48 BC, claimed queenship of Egypt from late 48 BC until expelled by

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Hununefer Benermerut Tjenisunebtrekhyethenakaf Duaenefkhnmushepesershesepenefkha'emnesu

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Ptolemy IX made an attempt to reclaim the Ptolemaic throne in 103 BC by invading

617:, who was likely one of his sisters or cousins; they had at least one child together, 8540: 8519: 8413: 8380: 8092: 7427: 7049: 6929: 6551: 6479: 6137: 5940: 5930: 5862: 5188: 5148: 5127: 5082: 4729: 4657: 4503: 4141: 4101: 3916: 3862: 3847: 3641: 3555: 3536: 3517: 3511: 3473: 3449: 3404: 3379: 3358: 3335: 3275: 3248: 3227: 3205: 3183: 3157: 3133: 3094: 3061: 2440: 1577: 1135: 1121: 1087: 1002: 886: 885:

died and Ptolemy XII travelled to Memphis to appoint his fourteen-year-old son,

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by an uncertain mother. In 116 BC, Ptolemy IX became co-regent with his mother,

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in English translation by Cary (1914–1927), at LacusCurtius (Bill Thayer's Web Site)

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proposed that Rome annex Egypt. This proposal failed in the face of opposition from

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Egyptian-style statue of Ptolemy XII found at the Temple of the Crocodile in

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Not out of Africa: How Afrocentrism became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History

3209: 3065: 1426: 1389: 1307: 1239: 1217: 1139: 1006: 889:, as the new High Priest. In turn, Pasherienptah III crowned Ptolemy as 760: 740: 622: 575: 522: 392: 136: 3477: 3197: 953:, which Ptolemy XII decorated with figures of himself smiting the enemy 924: 705: 8351: 8185: 8175: 8150: 8002: 7952: 7911: 7637: 7549: 7437: 7350: 7330: 7249: 7214: 7209: 7095: 7034: 6744: 6566: 6556: 6519: 6474: 6388: 6378: 6368: 6284: 6000: 5877: 5686: 5627: 5487: 5434: 5339: 4988: 4951: 4915: 4568: 4553: 4468: 4408: 4370: 4350: 4335: 4010: 3736: 3691: 3396: 3057: 1434: 1341: 1315: 1143: 1090:

poisoned and most of the other protesters killed before they reached Rome.

1048: 1029: 1018: 959: 865: 756: 748: 736: 713: 673: 638: 630: 591: 582:, leading to his exile in 107 BC. Cleopatra III sent her grandsons to 567: 402: 140: 123: 3294:"What's New in Demotic Studies? An Overview of the Publications 2010-2013" 621:, and Cleopatra V was likely also the mother of his second daughter, 8455: 8400: 8251: 8200: 8120: 7992: 7884: 7866: 7824: 7735: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7570: 7554: 7527: 7492: 7482: 7417: 7370: 7360: 7345: 7335: 7282: 7244: 7219: 7199: 7189: 6955: 6939: 6914: 6909: 6709: 6636: 6546: 6529: 6484: 6459: 6393: 6373: 6358: 6340: 6070: 6065: 5872: 5699: 5679: 5493: 5427: 5418: 5302: 4528: 4523: 4463: 4448: 4385: 4330: 4307: 4302: 4277: 4015: 3702: 3687: 3620: 2979: 2262: 2164: 1452: 1371: 1344:, who reigned alongside her sister Berenice IV. The Greek historian 1319: 1303: 1299: 1083: 861: 827: 634: 618: 614: 598:, who was then killed. At this point, Ptolemy XII was recalled from 407: 387: 374: 100: 3073: 774: 693: 8572: 8526: 8479: 8434: 8406: 8227: 8110: 8035: 7962: 7851: 7666: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7576: 7564: 7544: 7517: 7487: 7467: 7412: 7365: 7340: 7272: 7234: 7204: 7194: 6934: 6734: 6724: 6494: 6489: 6454: 6363: 6335: 6156: 6060: 6055: 6040: 6025: 5833: 5827: 5741: 5469: 5287: 5224: 5087: 5054: 4920: 4578: 4438: 4325: 4292: 4254: 4246: 3670: 3431: 1412: 1311: 801: 732: 669: 660: 626: 595: 571: 458: 420: 397: 118: 3418:

Siani-Davies, Mary (1997). "Ptolemy XII Auletes and the Romans".

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took the throne. She was soon murdered by her husband and co-regent,

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The god who is beloved of his father and brother, the youthful Osiris

8582: 8577: 8566: 8533: 8448: 8441: 8395: 8367: 8361: 8326: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 7906: 7846: 7689: 7661: 7254: 7184: 6996: 6982: 6962: 6924: 6836: 6781: 6739: 6571: 6541: 6504: 6449: 6294: 6171: 6076: 6020: 5915: 5822: 5816: 5805: 5771: 5655: 5641: 5634: 5621: 5585: 5325: 4533: 4458: 4443: 3111:

Cheshire, Wendy (2011), "The Phantom Sister of Ptolemy Alexander",

2168: 2039: 2015: 1843: 1059: 946: 935: 744: 540: 507: 76: 8559: 8498: 8341: 8025: 7836: 7830: 7818: 7699: 7694: 7631: 7610: 7455: 7407: 7307: 7297: 7022: 6919: 6889: 6871: 6860: 6843: 6795: 6788: 6719: 6641: 6289: 6097: 6083: 5995: 5946: 5852: 5795: 5746: 5579: 5569: 5549: 5482: 5332: 5211: 5102: 4498: 1243: 1221: 1001:

Finally, in 60 BC, Ptolemy XII travelled to Rome, where the

978:

was reorganising Syria and Anatolia following his victory in the

890: 851: 842: 68: 5223: 2586: 2516: 2514: 2212:, p.22, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5. 8466: 8336: 7973: 7856: 7461: 7432: 7302: 7277: 7069: 7003: 6829: 6822: 6749: 6704: 6698: 6524: 6444: 6030: 5857: 5810: 5764: 5736: 5662: 5540: 5499: 5381: 5346: 5318: 4513: 3024: 2988: 2622: 2381: 2255: 2246:, pp=76–77, 80, 84–85, New York: Harper, ISBN 978-0-06-058558-7 2091: 2082: 2031: 1883: 1538: 1345: 1302:, who was with certainty the mother of his eldest known child, 1213: 1209: 1181: 1117: 1067: 983: 975: 971: 939: 818: 785: 728: 681: 445: 56: 2410: 2408: 1458: 1108: 8552: 8331: 8321: 8299: 7957: 6866: 6854: 6767: 6684: 6535: 6469: 6131: 5800: 5758: 5752: 5544: 5503: 5374: 5367: 5353: 2511: 1599: 1490:"Ptolemy XII Auletes | Macedonian king of Egypt | Britannica" 536: 530: 307:...who brings forth the order of Ra, the living image of Amun 60: 40: 3445:

Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs

3247:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1701: 297:— The heir of the saviour god, who is the chosen of Ptah... 8304: 8294: 7684: 7559: 6760: 6090: 5910: 5892: 5777: 5559: 5554: 5388: 5180: 2947:

harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFPfrommerTowne-Markus2001 (

2935:

harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFPfrommerTowne-Markus2001 (

2501: 2499: 2405: 2336: 2292: 2268: 2178: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2105: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1769: 1767: 909: 494: 1623: 1340:(c. 234 – c. 305 AD) wrote of Ptolemy XII's daughter 1329:, half Egyptian woman belonging to a priestly family from 1093: 684:

and other ancient sources refer to Ptolemy XII as an

6509: 2280: 1853: 1662: 1284:

Mary Siani-Davies, "Ptolemy XII Auletes and the Romans",

789: 583: 7730: 3334:, Princeton, NJ: British Museum Press), pp. 14–31, 2667:

Strabo, Geography, Book XVII, pp. 45–47, accessed online

2610: 2496: 2393: 2141: 2117: 1980: 1917: 1865: 1764: 1691: 1689: 1674: 535:, "the Flautist"), referring to his love of playing the 1640: 1638: 225:

Werpehty Khenteshneheh Neferib Wetjesneferumidjehutia'a

3182:. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 222–230. 2475: 2369: 2324: 2190: 2049: 1893: 1713: 602:

and proclaimed pharaoh, while his brother, also named

3001:]. Latin Texts & Translations. Archived from 2966:

Egyptian language, instead of his daughter Cleopatra.

2598: 2574: 2550: 2538: 1938: 1686: 1551: 751:, but she was murdered by his half-brother and rival 2942: 2930: 2562: 2348: 2129: 1905: 1635: 1611: 356:

Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Ptah and Isis

3318:. Vol. IV. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 3226:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 3219: 2526: 1650: 3629:entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith 2458: 2456: 1333:in northern Egypt, but this is only speculation. 8730: 2436:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 2244:Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend 2225:, p.76, New York: Harper, ISBN 978-0-06-058558-7 2223:Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend 868:), 1st century BC, from Lower Egypt, now in the 2923:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBurstein2004 ( 2895:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFJeffreys1999 ( 2863:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFSouthern2009 ( 1470:Co-regent with Cleopatra VII (47 – 44 BC) 1447:Co-regent with Cleopatra VII (51 – 47 BC) 221:wr-pḥti ḫntš-nḥḥ nfr-ib wṯz-nfrw-mi-ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ 3472:. Vol. 1 & 2, and 3 & 4. Athens. 3315:A History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty 2907:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFJohnson1999 ( 2453: 5196: 3762: 2642:"Eusebius: Chronicle p. 167, accessed online" 1958:"Portrait féminin (mère de Cléopâtre ?)" 727:. In 117 BC, Ptolemy IX was governor of 3417: 2414: 2387: 2342: 2298: 2274: 2184: 2111: 2003: 1744:Lightman, Marjorie, and Lightman, Benjamin, 649: 317:...who has brings forth the order of Amun-Ra 214:Werpehty Khenteshneheh Semenhepumidjehutia'a 3627:Ptolemy XII Auletes (ca. 112 - 51 BCE) 3124: 2829: 2628: 1707: 1596:(Toronto: The Penguin Groups, 2000), p. 28. 1562:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSullivan1990 ( 1274:According to the author Mary Siani-Davies: 1238:Ptolemy XII before Isis and Osiris, at the 1035: 265:A'a-ib Merynetjerubaqet Itimire Heqawadjety 42:Neos Dionysos Theos Philopator Philadelphos 5203: 5189: 3769: 3755: 3549: 3490:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1859: 1733:Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World 1384:Queen of Egypt (June 58 BC – early 55 BC) 49: 3530: 3506: 3264: 2962: 2592: 2505: 1629: 1605: 1192: 808: 8613: 3462: 3441: 3332:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 3110: 3083: 2918: 2890: 2858: 2481: 2330: 2310: 2286: 2196: 2055: 1899: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1719: 1668: 1557: 1130: 1107: 1053: 945: 934: 923: 812: 773: 655: 3469:Ta nomismata tou kratous ton Ptolemaion 3347: 3329: 3308: 3291: 3240: 3043: 2902: 2886: 2616: 2604: 2580: 2544: 1944: 1746:A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women 1695: 1680: 1515:"Ptolemaic Dynasty -- Ptolemy XII root" 1094:Restoration and second reign (55–51 BC) 625:. The king's three youngest children – 261:ꜤꜢ-ib mri-nṯrw-BꜢḳt ity-mi-rꜤ ḥḳꜢ-wꜢḏti 210:wr-pḥti ḫntš-nḥḥ smn-hpw-mi-ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ 14: 8731: 7760: 7125: 6227: 5253: 3776: 3617:The House of Ptolemy, Chapter XII 3395: 3371: 3156:. Edison, NJ: Barnes and Noble Books. 2987: 2878: 2568: 2520: 2463:mondial, UNESCO Centre du patrimoine. 2425: 2423: 2399: 2354: 2135: 1911: 1617: 919: 8612: 7729: 7094: 6196: 5222: 5184: 4701:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 3750: 3217: 3177: 3146: 2999:In Defense of Gaius Rabirius Postumus 2914: 2882: 2775: 2749: 2648:from the original on 12 December 2010 2556: 2532: 2152: 2123: 1991: 1932: 1871: 1793: 1773: 1644: 1293: 942:, Ptolemy XII's key ally in Rome 547:, he was a descendant of its founder 8265: 5169:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 3578:by Christopher Bennett (part of his 3037: 2723: 2697: 2671: 2429: 928:Relief of Ptolemy XII from the 3202:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 3196: 2781: 2755: 2729: 2703: 2677: 2469:UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial 2462: 2420: 2375: 1804: 1656: 1124:in 53 BC, depicting him instead of 1005:, composed of Pompey, Crassus, and 832:Theoi Philopatores kai Philadelphoi 134:Cleopatra V and Berenice IV (58 BC) 24: 3357:. New York: Walker & Company. 3301:The Journal of Juristic Papyrology 2973: 668:Ptolemy XII was the oldest son of 295:Iwa'enpanetjernehem Setepenptah... 25: 8790: 8774:Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty 3569: 3180:A History of the Ptolemaic Empire 2943:Pfrommer & Towne-Markus (2001 2931:Pfrommer & Towne-Markus (2001 2839:father-loving, sibling-loving god 1570: 796:in 88 BC, at the outbreak of the 613:Ptolemy XII married his relative 586:in 103 BC. They were captured by 325:Pa Netjermery It Senet Usiri Hunu 3513:Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt 3498: 3321: 3169: 3016: 1832:Epitome of the Philippic History 1457: 1394: 1231: 1201: 850: 841: 254:A'a-ib Ity Nebqenunakhtmiza'aset 3516:. London: Thames & Hudson. 2956: 2660: 2634: 2487: 2360: 2249: 2228: 2215: 2202: 2158: 2076: 2061: 2025: 2009: 1950: 1877: 1837: 1824: 1779: 1751: 1738: 1725: 1401:December 70 BC or January 69 BC 731:, but in 116 BC he returned to 41: 8749:2nd-century BC Egyptian people 3442:Stanwick, Paul Edmund (2010). 2852: 2811: 1586: 1532: 1507: 1482: 1116:of Ptolemy XII minted at 353:Petulemis Ankdjet Meriptahaset 288:First Praenomens, variants of: 250:ꜤꜢ-ib ity nb-ḳnw-nḫt-mi-zꜢ-Ꜣst 13: 1: 8223:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 5173:in most of their territories. 3971:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 3448:. University of Texas Press. 3241:Kleiner, Diana E. E. (2005). 3085:Bradford, Ernle Dusgate Selby 2889:, pp. 9, 19, 106, 183), 2819:Theos Philopator Philadelphos 2317:(n°1838), & vol. III-IV, 1476: 794:Mithridates VI of Pontus 588:Mithridates VI of Pontus 511: 438: 344: 304:...Irimaatenre Sekhemankhimen 291:iwꜤ-n-pꜢ-nṯr-nḥm stp-n-ptḥ... 284: 244: 204: 166: 105: 93: 5210: 3403:. New York: Back Bay Books. 2983:39.12 – 39.14, 39.55 – 39.58 1594:Classic Biography: Cleopatra 1407:Queen of Egypt (51 - 30 BC) 1023:amici et socii populi Romani 704:. It had been speculated by 495: 321:pꜢ nṯr-mri it snt wsiri ḥwnw 300:...iri-mꜢꜤt-n-rꜤ sḫm-Ꜥnḫ-imn 7: 8156:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 3966:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 3533:Cleopatra: Fact and Fiction 3531:Watterson, Barbara (2020). 3378:. Oxford University Press. 3218:Jones, Prudence J. (2006). 1298:Ptolemy married his sister 606:, was installed as king of 543:festivals. A member of the 517:– 51 BC) was a king of the 10: 8795: 7055:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 6439:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 6203:Second Intermediate Period 2885:, pp. xiii, 3, 279), 2439:. Routledge. p. 252. 1097: 1039: 531: 484: 349:ptwlmys Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mri-ptḥ-Ꜣst 278:Prenomen (Praenomen) 8717: 8619: 8608: 8506:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 8250: 8196:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 8091: 8063: 8048: 8011: 7983: 7943: 7925: 7875: 7808: 7793: 7751: 7747: 7725: 7675: 7652: 7585: 7508: 7446: 7398: 7383: 7316: 7263: 7175: 7160: 7116: 7112: 7101:Third Intermediate Period 7090: 7013: 6972: 6880: 6812: 6660: 6428: 6413: 6349: 6323: 6275: 6260: 6218: 6214: 6192: 6147: 6107: 5982: 5967: 5901: 5843: 5786: 5727: 5712: 5602: 5531: 5516: 5417: 5301: 5286: 5244: 5240: 5229:First Intermediate Period 5218: 5167: 5073: 4904: 4811: 4753: 4666: 4587: 4394: 4316: 4268: 4245: 4087: 4044: 3915: 3871:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 3861: 3818: 3785: 3733: 3715: 3709: 3697: 3675: 3667: 3662: 3635: 3550:Whitehorne, John (1994). 3372:Roller, Duane W. (2010). 3274:. New York: Basic Books. 3126:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 3093:. London: Penguin Books. 2827:Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλάδελφος 2826: 2208:Roller, Duane W. (2010), 1224:, which he built in 54 BC 1062:of Pompey minted 49–48 BC 930:double temple at Kom Ombo 650:Background and early life 477:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus 464: 452: 434: 426: 416: 380: 370: 343: 336: 283: 276: 259:Second Golden Horus name: 243: 236: 203: 196: 165: 158: 147: 130: 114: 87: 74: 67: 48: 39: 34: 8779:1st-century BC musicians 8218:Cleopatra VII Philopator 6475:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 5233: (<3150–2040 BC) 4232:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 4031:Cleopatra VII Philopator 3623:(Bill Thayer's Web Site) 3588:Ptolemy XII Auletes 3581:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 3292:Lippert, Sandra (2013), 2804: 2788:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2762:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2736:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2710:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2684:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2221:Fletcher, Joann (2008), 1811:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 1036:Exile in Rome (58–55 BC) 968:Quintus Lutatius Catulus 779:Mithridates VI of Pontus 496:Ptolemaios Neos Dionysos 485:Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Διόνυσος 248:First Golden Horus name: 8764:Ancient Greek flautists 8754:1st-century BC pharaohs 8191:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 8106:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 6400:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 5029:'s attempted rule with 4710:Mithridates V Euergetes 4122:Antiochus III the Great 3935:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 3876:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 3800:Alexander III the Great 3593:Encyclopædia Britannica 3535:. Amberley Publishing. 3437:(registration required) 3391:(registration required) 3287:(registration required) 3260:(registration required) 3222:Cleopatra: a sourcebook 3178:Hölbl, Günther (2001). 3106:(registration required) 3079:(registration required) 2595:, pp. 30, 235–236. 2523:, pp. 16, 19, 159. 2044:Antiquities of the Jews 1848:Antiquities of the Jews 1757:Penrose, Walter Duval, 1168:Gaius Rabirius Postumus 1153:In 55 BC, Ptolemy paid 1100:Early life of Cleopatra 1042:Early life of Cleopatra 996:Gaius Rabirius Postumus 964:Marcus Licinius Crassus 27:King of Egypt, 80–51 BC 8233:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 8212:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 8206:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 8161:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 8131:Arsinoe III Philopator 7045:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 6515:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 6455:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 6046:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 4813:Monarchs of Cappadocia 4715:Mithridates VI Eupator 4237:Philip II Philoromaeus 4222:Antiochus XII Dionysus 4212:Demetrius III Eucaerus 4207:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 4192:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 4132:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 4127:Seleucus IV Philopator 4112:Seleucus II Callinicus 4011:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 3886:Demetrius II Aetolicus 3496:(in Greek and German) 3375:Cleopatra: a Biography 3310:Mahaffy, John Pentland 3058:10.2143/AS.28.0.630068 2989:Cicero, Marcus Tullius 2210:Cleopatra: a biography 1291: 1272: 1193:Legacy and assessments 1150: 1148:Antikensammlung Berlin 1128: 1063: 1030:took control of Cyprus 954: 943: 932: 887:Pasherienptah III 860:A likely sculpture of 822: 809:First reign (80–58 BC) 781: 663: 8739:2nd-century BC births 8181:Ptolemy X Alexander I 8146:Ptolemy VI Philometor 8126:Ptolemy IV Philopator 8121:Berenice II Euergetes 8116:Ptolemy III Euergetes 8078:Philip III Arrhidaeus 6587:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 6582:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 5936:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 4755:Monarchs of Commagene 4676:Mithridates I Ctistes 4217:Philip I Philadelphus 4197:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 4187:Antiochus VIII Grypus 4182:Seleucus V Philometor 4167:Antiochus VII Sidetes 4157:Antiochus VI Dionysus 4117:Seleucus III Ceraunus 4016:Berenice IV Epiphanea 3961:Ptolemy VI Philometor 3945:Ptolemy IV Philopator 3940:Ptolemy III Euergetes 3805:Philip III Arrhidaeus 3621:E. R. Bevan 2071:Life of Julius Caesar 1731:Salisbury, Joyce E., 1608:, pp. 44–45, 50. 1276: 1269:Strabo, XVII, 1, 11, 1261: 1134: 1111: 1098:Further information: 1057: 1040:Further information: 1028:In 58 BC, the Romans 980:Third Mithridatic War 949: 938: 927: 816: 798:First Mithridatic War 777: 659: 506:'Ptolemy the new 456:before 22 March 51 BC 8614:Dynastic genealogies 8238:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 7534:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 7448:High Priests of Amun 6950:Merankhre Mentuhotep 6652:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 6647:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 6500:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 6207: (2040–1550 BC) 5926:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 4589:Monarchs of Bithynia 4172:Alexander II Zabinas 4152:Demetrius II Nicator 4069:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 4036:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 4001:Ptolemy XI Alexander 3976:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 3881:Antigonus II Gonatas 3637:Ptolemy XII Auletes 3354:Cleopatra and Antony 3130:Antony and Cleopatra 3005:on 27 September 2020 2945:, pp. 9–11, 20) 2706:"Cleopatra VII" 2631:, pp. 127, 128. 1968:on 20 September 2015 1467:June–September 44 BC 1170:, whom he appointed 8136:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 8073:Alexander the Great 7105: (1550–664 BC) 6627:Mershepsesre Ini II 6622:Merkawre Sobekhotep 6016:Neferkare IV Khendu 5171:Hellenistic satraps 4202:Antiochus X Eusebes 4137:Antiochus V Eupator 4079:Cleopatra Selene II 4006:Ptolemy XII Auletes 3991:Ptolemy X Alexander 3986:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 3950:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 3891:Antigonus III Doson 3700:Cleopatra V/VI 3132:. London: Phoenix. 2994:pro Rabirio Postumo 2881:, pp. 15–16), 2758:"Ptolemy XIII" 2493:Strabo XVII, 1, 11. 2390:, pp. 332–334. 2378:, pp. 696–697. 2155:, pp. 226–227. 2126:, pp. 225–226. 2096:Pro Rabirio Postumo 1994:, pp. 223–224. 1962:Musée Saint-Raymond 1935:, pp. 222–223. 1208:Ptolemy XII before 1189:approved the will. 920:Relations with Rome 879:High Priest of Ptah 870:Musée Saint-Raymond 753:Antiochus VIII 710:high priest of Ptah 696:" (bastard), while 566:Ptolemy XII was an 561:Alexander the Great 35:Ptolemy XII Auletes 8769:Hellenistic Cyprus 8473:Trebonianus Gallus 7060:Senakhtenre Ahmose 6678:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 6632:Sewahenre Senebmiu 6607:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 6036:Neferkare V Tereru 6006:Neferkare III Neby 5674:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 5075:Monarchs of Epirus 4908:Cimmerian Bosporus 4668:Monarchs of Pontus 4227:Cleopatra Selene I 4107:Antiochus II Theos 4097:Seleucus I Nicator 4064:Demetrius the Fair 4046:Monarchs of Cyrene 3266:Lefkowitz, Mary R. 3244:Cleopatra and Rome 2784:"Ptolemy XIV" 2680:"Berenice IV" 2402:, pp. 53, 56. 1874:, p. 211-213. 1776:, p. 206-207. 1494:www.britannica.com 1308:Cleopatra VII 1294:Marriage and issue 1259:('flute player'): 1180:, but defended by 1151: 1140:Cleopatra VII 1129: 1104:Reign of Cleopatra 1064: 955: 944: 933: 823: 782: 741:Cleopatra III 718:Adrian Goldsworthy 664: 623:Cleopatra VII 576:Cleopatra III 310:...iri-mꜢꜤt-imn-rꜤ 219:Second Nebty name: 8726: 8725: 8713: 8712: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8520:Claudius Gothicus 8414:Severus Alexander 8381:Septimius Severus 8246: 8245: 8044: 8043: 7789: 7788: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7428:Osorkon the Elder 7379: 7378: 7156: 7155: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7050:Nubkheperre Intef 6930:Sekhemre Shedwast 6552:Sehetepkare Intef 6480:Semenkare Nebnuni 6409: 6408: 6256: 6255: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6179: 5963: 5962: 5941:Netjerkare Siptah 5863:Neferirkare Kakai 5708: 5707: 5512: 5511: 5282: 5281: 5178: 5177: 4658:Socrates Chrestus 4147:Alexander I Balas 4142:Demetrius I Soter 4102:Antiochus I Soter 3848:Antipater Etesias 3745: 3744: 3734:Succeeded by 3698:Succeeded by 3642:Ptolemaic dynasty 3561:978-0-415-05806-3 3542:978-1-445-66965-6 3464:Svoronos, Ioannis 3410:978-0-316-12180-4 3401:Cleopatra: A Life 3385:978-0-195-36553-5 3281:978-0-465-09838-5 3139:978-0-300-16534-0 3038:Secondary sources 2913:. Alternatively, 2446:978-1-134-66525-9 2415:Siani-Davies 1997 2388:Siani-Davies 1997 2343:Siani-Davies 1997 2299:Siani-Davies 1997 2289:, pp. 39–40. 2275:Siani-Davies 1997 2185:Siani-Davies 1997 2112:Siani-Davies 1997 2100:Letter to Atticus 2004:Siani-Davies 1997 1807:"Ptolemy IX" 1710:, pp. 69–70. 1683:, pp. 33–48. 1671:, pp. 20–30. 1632:, pp. 39–40. 1519:instonebrewer.com 1474: 1473: 1342:Cleopatra VI 1316:Ptolemy XIII 1088:Dio of Alexandria 1070:where the exiled 1049:Cleopatra VI 1003:First Triumvirate 866:Cleopatra VI 757:Berenice III 749:Antiochus IX 737:Cleopatra II 725:Ptolemy of Cyprus 714:Ptolemy VIII 702:Alexandrian Greek 674:Cleopatra IV 631:Ptolemy XIII 592:Berenice III 545:Ptolemaic dynasty 519:Ptolemaic Kingdom 505: 493: 474: 473: 469:Ptolemaic dynasty 364: 363: 360: 359: 332: 331: 319:Second Praenomen: 272: 271: 232: 231: 208:First Nebty name: 192: 191: 141:Ptolemy XIII 81:Ptolemaic Kingdom 16:(Redirected from 8786: 8720:List of pharaohs 8610: 8609: 8375:Pescennius Niger 8263: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8171:Ptolemy IX Soter 8141:Cleopatra I Syra 8061: 8060: 8057: 8056: 7806: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7758: 7757: 7749: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7727: 7726: 7478:Djedkhonsuefankh 7396: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7143: 7138: 7123: 7122: 7114: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7092: 7091: 6685:Qareh Khawoserre 6671:Yakbim Sekhaenre 6612:Mersekhemre Ined 6426: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6225: 6224: 6216: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6194: 6193: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5251: 5250: 5242: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5220: 5219: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5182: 5181: 4970: 4886:Ariobarzanes III 4260:Ptolemy Epigonos 4162:Diodotus Tryphon 3955:Cleopatra I Syra 3930:Ptolemy Keraunos 3771: 3764: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3718:Pharaoh of Egypt 3710:Preceded by 3688:Cleopatra V 3678:Pharaoh of Egypt 3668:Preceded by 3658: 3651: 3633: 3632: 3590:from the online 3576:Ptolemy XII 3565: 3546: 3527: 3508:Tyldesley, Joyce 3503: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3481: 3459: 3438: 3435: 3414: 3392: 3389: 3368: 3344: 3326: 3325: 3319: 3304: 3298: 3288: 3285: 3261: 3258: 3237: 3225: 3213: 3193: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3143: 3120: 3107: 3104: 3080: 3077: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2967: 2963:Lefkowitz (1997) 2960: 2954: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2912: 2900: 2875:Macedonian Greek 2868: 2856: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2815: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2782:Bennett, Chris. 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2756:Bennett, Chris. 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2730:Bennett, Chris. 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2704:Bennett, Chris. 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2678:Bennett, Chris. 2675: 2669: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2638: 2632: 2629:Goldsworthy 2011 2626: 2620: 2619:, p. 60-63. 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2509: 2503: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2460: 2451: 2450: 2431:Bard, Kathryn A. 2427: 2418: 2412: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2253: 2247: 2232: 2226: 2219: 2213: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2080: 2074: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2029: 2023: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1964:. Archived from 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1841: 1835: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1805:Bennett, Chris. 1802: 1791: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1762: 1755: 1749: 1742: 1736: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1708:Goldsworthy 2011 1705: 1699: 1693: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1633: 1630:Watterson (2020) 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1606:Lefkowitz (1997) 1603: 1597: 1592:Ernle Bradford, 1590: 1584: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1555: 1549: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1486: 1461: 1444:13 January 47 BC 1398: 1351: 1350: 1336:The philosopher 1320:Ptolemy XIV 1304:Berenice IV 1300:Cleopatra V 1289: 1270: 1235: 1205: 1072:Cato the Younger 1017:was formed. The 862:Cleopatra V 854: 845: 828:Cleopatra V 739:and his mother, 678:Cleopatra Selene 635:Ptolemy XIV 619:Berenice IV 615:Cleopatra V 553:Macedonian Greek 534: 533: 516: 513: 500: 498: 488: 486: 443: 440: 345: 314:...Irimaatimenre 285: 245: 205: 167: 156: 155: 110: 107: 98: 95: 53: 44: 43: 32: 31: 21: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8709: 8615: 8592: 8492:Macrianus Minor 8421:Maximinus Thrax 8357:Marcus Aurelius 8256: 8255: 8254: 8242: 8101:Ptolemy I Soter 8087: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8040: 8007: 7979: 7939: 7921: 7901:Psammetichus IV 7871: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7785: 7763: 7754: 7743: 7740:(664 BC–313 AD) 7739: 7738: 7709: 7671: 7648: 7644:Menkheperre Ini 7581: 7504: 7442: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7375: 7312: 7259: 7240:Neferneferuaten 7166: 7165: 7164: 7152: 7151: 7141: 7136: 7135:Pharaohs 7128: 7119: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7074: 7009: 6968: 6895:Sobekhotep VIII 6876: 6808: 6656: 6617:Sewadjkare Hori 6419: 6418: 6417: 6405: 6345: 6319: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6252: 6230: 6221: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6176: 6143: 6103: 6011:Djedkare Shemai 5973: 5972: 5971: 5959: 5897: 5839: 5782: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5704: 5598: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5508: 5413: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5278: 5256: 5247: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5214: 5209: 5179: 5174: 5163: 5069: 5060:Mithridates III 4964: 4907: 4906:Monarchs of the 4900: 4881:Ariobarzanes II 4866:Ariarathes VIII 4807: 4793:Mithridates III 4749: 4691:Mithridates III 4662: 4583: 4390: 4318:Greco-Bactrians 4312: 4264: 4241: 4083: 4040: 3925:Ptolemy I Soter 3911: 3857: 3814: 3781: 3775: 3741: 3739: 3723: 3721: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3683: 3681: 3673: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3638: 3572: 3562: 3543: 3524: 3497: 3483: 3482: 3456: 3436: 3411: 3390: 3386: 3365: 3342: 3320: 3296: 3286: 3282: 3259: 3255: 3234: 3190: 3168: 3164: 3140: 3105: 3101: 3078: 3046:Ancient Society 3040: 3015: 3008: 3006: 2976: 2974:Primary sources 2971: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2906: 2894: 2871:Ptolemy I Soter 2862: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559:, p. xiii. 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2512: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2254: 2250: 2233: 2229: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2081: 2077: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2030: 2026: 2020:Life of Crassus 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1860:Whitehorne 1994 1858: 1854: 1842: 1838: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1803: 1794: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1765: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1739: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1587: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1537: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1429:in early 47 BC 1404:12 August 30 BC 1296: 1290: 1283: 1271: 1268: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1236: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1206: 1195: 1106: 1096: 1077:Sibylline books 1044: 1038: 922: 906:Temple of Horus 875: 874: 873: 872: 864:(also known as 857: 856: 855: 847: 846: 811: 802:Ptolemy XI 690:Pompeius Trogus 670:Ptolemy IX 666: 665: 652: 627:Arsinoe IV 596:Ptolemy XI 572:Ptolemy IX 514: 457: 444: 441: 412: 366: 365: 355: 351: 327: 323: 318: 316: 312: 308: 306: 302: 298: 289: 267: 263: 258: 256: 252: 227: 223: 218: 216: 212: 187: 185: 183: 181: 178: 175: 172: 153: 135: 122: 109: 55–51 BC 108: 104: 97: 80–58 BC 96: 83: 63: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8792: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8606: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8590: 8588:Maximinus Daza 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8544: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8410: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8347:Antoninus Pius 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8271: 8269: 8260: 8257:(30 BC–313 AD) 8248: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8058: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8021:Artaxerxes III 8017: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7949: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7931: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7897: 7892: 7890:Petubastis III 7887: 7881: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7827: 7822: 7814: 7812: 7803: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7773: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7755: 7752: 7745: 7744: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7591: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7393: 7385:3 Intermediate 7381: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7322: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7181: 7179: 7170: 7167:(1550–1070 BC) 7158: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7120: 7117: 7110: 7109: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7025: 7019: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6978: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6900:Neferhotep III 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6840: 6833: 6826: 6818: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6730:Sewadjkare III 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6699:Maaibre Sheshi 6695: 6692:'Ammu Ahotepre 6688: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6602:Merhotepre Ini 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6562:Sobekhotep III 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6434: 6432: 6423: 6420:(1802–1550 BC) 6415:2 Intermediate 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6310:Mentuhotep III 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6270: 6267:(2040–1802 BC) 6262:Middle Kingdom 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6212: 6211: 6199:Middle Kingdom 6190: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6162:Neferkare VIII 6159: 6153: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6127:Nebkaure Khety 6124: 6119: 6117:Meryibre Khety 6113: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6051:Neferkamin Anu 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5977: 5974:(2181–2040 BC) 5969:1 Intermediate 5965: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5888:Djedkare Isesi 5885: 5883:Menkauhor Kaiu 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5849: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5722: 5719:(2686–2181 BC) 5710: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5526: 5523:(3150–2686 BC) 5518:Early Dynastic 5514: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5307: 5305: 5296: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5238: 5237: 5216: 5215: 5208: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5118:Neoptolemus II 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5013:Mithridates II 5010: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4979:Paerisades III 4976: 4971: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4876:Ariobarzanes I 4873: 4868: 4863: 4861:Ariarathes VII 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4836:Ariarathes III 4833: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4783:Mithridates II 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4686:Mithridates II 4683: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4549:Apollodotus II 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4322: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4177:Cleopatra Thea 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3921: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3751: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3699: 3696: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3663:Regnal titles 3660: 3659: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3624: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3585: 3571: 3570:External links 3568: 3567: 3566: 3560: 3547: 3541: 3528: 3522: 3504: 3460: 3454: 3439: 3426:(3): 306–340. 3415: 3409: 3393: 3384: 3369: 3364:978-0802710598 3363: 3349:Preston, Diana 3345: 3341:978-0714119434 3340: 3327: 3306: 3289: 3280: 3262: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3215: 3194: 3188: 3175: 3163:978-0880297257 3162: 3148:Grant, Michael 3144: 3138: 3122: 3108: 3100:978-0141390147 3099: 3081: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3022: 2985: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2955: 2919:Burstein (2004 2893:, p. 488) 2891:Jeffreys (1999 2877:", please see 2859:Southern (2009 2850: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2774: 2748: 2722: 2696: 2670: 2659: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2597: 2593:Tyldesley 2006 2585: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2510: 2508:, p. 200. 2506:Tyldesley 2006 2495: 2486: 2474: 2452: 2445: 2433:, ed. (2005). 2419: 2417:, p. 339. 2404: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2359: 2347: 2345:, p. 338. 2335: 2323: 2303: 2301:, p. 325. 2291: 2279: 2277:, p. 323. 2267: 2248: 2239:primary source 2235:Joann Fletcher 2227: 2214: 2201: 2189: 2187:, p. 324. 2177: 2173:Life of Pompey 2157: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2114:, p. 316. 2104: 2075: 2060: 2048: 2024: 2008: 2006:, p. 307. 1996: 1979: 1949: 1937: 1916: 1904: 1892: 1876: 1864: 1862:, p. 139. 1852: 1836: 1823: 1792: 1778: 1763: 1750: 1737: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1685: 1673: 1661: 1659:, p. 203. 1649: 1647:, p. 222. 1634: 1622: 1620:, pp. 24. 1610: 1598: 1585: 1569: 1550: 1531: 1506: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1295: 1292: 1281: 1266: 1237: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1207: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1155:Aulus Gabinius 1126:Ptolemy I 1095: 1092: 1037: 1034: 921: 918: 877:In 76 BC, the 859: 858: 849: 848: 840: 839: 838: 837: 836: 810: 807: 765:Ptolemy X 692:called him a " 654: 653: 651: 648: 580:Ptolemy X 472: 471: 466: 462: 461: 454: 450: 449: 436: 432: 431: 428: 424: 423: 418: 414: 413: 411: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 384: 382: 378: 377: 372: 368: 367: 362: 361: 358: 357: 341: 340: 334: 333: 330: 329: 281: 280: 274: 273: 270: 269: 241: 240: 234: 233: 230: 229: 201: 200: 194: 193: 190: 189: 163: 162: 154: 151:Royal titulary 149: 148: 145: 144: 132: 128: 127: 116: 112: 111: 91: 85: 84: 75: 72: 71: 65: 64: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8791: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8721: 8716: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8611: 8607: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8166:Cleopatra III 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7971: 7969: 7968:Nepherites II 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7782: 7779: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7759: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7499:Psusennes III 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7390:(1069–664 BC) 7386: 7382: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7356:Ramesses VIII 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7225:Amenhotep III 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7148: 7145: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7115: 7111: 7102: 7098: 7093: 7089: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7065:Seqenenre Tao 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7040:Sobekemsaf II 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6990:Wepwawetemsaf 6987: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6597:Merneferre Ay 6595: 6593: 6592:Wahibre Ibiau 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6577:Sobekhotep IV 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6384:Amenemhat III 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6315:Mentuhotep IV 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6305:Mentuhotep II 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6246: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6217: 6213: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6167:Wahkare Khety 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6122:Neferkare VII 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5669:Seth-Peribsen 5667: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Hotepsekhemwy 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5403: 5402:Double Falcon 5400: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5293:(pre-3150 BC) 5289: 5288:Protodynastic 5285: 5275: 5272: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5230: 5226: 5225:Protodynastic 5221: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5098:Neoptolemus I 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4994:Mithridates I 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4984:Paerisades IV 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947:Paerisades II 4945: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4936:Spartokos III 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4871:Ariarathes IX 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4856:Ariarathes VI 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4841:Ariarathes IV 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4826:Ariarathes II 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4798:Antiochus III 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4773:Mithridates I 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4648:Nicomedes III 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4479:Demetrius III 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4434:Antimachus II 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4424:Apollodotus I 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4381:Eucratides II 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4346:Euthydemus II 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4074:Ptolemy Apion 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3981:Cleopatra III 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3740:Cleopatra VII 3738: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3728:Cleopatra VII 3720: 3719: 3708: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3610:Roman History 3606: 3603: 3602: 3601:The Geography 3597: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3557: 3554:. Routledge. 3553: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3523:9780500051450 3519: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3455:9780292777729 3451: 3447: 3446: 3440: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3397:Schiff, Stacy 3394: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3254:9780674019058 3250: 3246: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3233:9780806137414 3229: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2964: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2921:, p. 64) 2920: 2916: 2910: 2905:, p. 69) 2904: 2903:Johnson (1999 2898: 2892: 2888: 2887:Kleiner (2005 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2869:writes about 2866: 2861:, p. 43) 2860: 2855: 2851: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2810: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2668: 2663: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2607:, p. 23. 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2583:, p. 22. 2582: 2577: 2571:, p. 28. 2570: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2547:, p. 22. 2546: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2490: 2484:, p. 34. 2483: 2482:Bradford 2000 2478: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2457: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2426: 2424: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2363: 2357:, p. 27. 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2333:, p. 43. 2332: 2331:Bradford 2000 2327: 2320: 2316: 2313:, vol. I-II, 2312: 2311:Svoronos 1904 2307: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2287:Bradford 2000 2283: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2199:, p. 37. 2198: 2197:Bradford 2000 2193: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2138:, p. 22. 2137: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2087:Bellum Civile 2084: 2079: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2058:, p. 35. 2057: 2056:Bradford 2000 2052: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2005: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1967: 1963: 1960:(in French). 1959: 1953: 1947:, p. 39. 1946: 1941: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1914:, p. 17. 1913: 1908: 1902:, p. 33. 1901: 1900:Bradford 2000 1896: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1868: 1861: 1856: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1827: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1754: 1747: 1741: 1734: 1728: 1722:, p. 60. 1721: 1720:Stanwick 2010 1716: 1709: 1704: 1698:, p. 46. 1697: 1692: 1690: 1682: 1677: 1670: 1669:Cheshire 2011 1665: 1658: 1653: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1631: 1626: 1619: 1618:Schiff (2010) 1614: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1582:0-500-05128-3 1579: 1573: 1565: 1560:, p. 92. 1559: 1558:Sullivan 1990 1554: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1427:Julius Caesar 1424: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1390:Cleopatra VII 1388: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1287: 1280: 1275: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1245: 1241: 1240:Hathor Temple 1234: 1223: 1219: 1218:Hathor Temple 1215: 1211: 1204: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1178:de repetundis 1175: 1174: 1169: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1025:) in 59 BC. 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007:Julius Caesar 1004: 999: 997: 992: 991:Herakleopolis 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 952: 948: 941: 937: 931: 926: 917: 915: 914:Neos Dionysos 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 871: 867: 863: 853: 844: 835: 833: 829: 820: 815: 806: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 780: 776: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 662: 658: 647: 643: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 528: 524: 520: 509: 503: 497: 491: 482: 481:Ancient Greek 478: 470: 467: 463: 460: 455: 451: 447: 442: 117 BC 437: 433: 429: 425: 422: 419: 415: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 393:Cleopatra VII 391: 389: 386: 385: 383: 379: 376: 373: 369: 354: 350: 347: 346: 342: 339: 335: 326: 322: 315: 311: 305: 301: 296: 292: 287: 286: 282: 279: 275: 266: 262: 255: 251: 247: 246: 242: 239: 235: 226: 222: 215: 211: 207: 206: 202: 199: 195: 180: 174: 169: 168: 164: 161: 157: 152: 146: 142: 138: 137:Cleopatra VII 133: 129: 125: 120: 117: 113: 102: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 70: 66: 62: 58: 52: 47: 38: 33: 30: 19: 8744:51 BC deaths 8565: 8558: 8551: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8478: 8471: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8373: 8366: 8352:Lucius Verus 8309: 8210: 8195: 8186:Berenice III 8176:Cleopatra IV 8151:Cleopatra II 8083:Alexander IV 8003:Nectanebo II 7972: 7953:Nepherites I 7912:Artaxerxes I 7899: 7829: 7817: 7800:(664–332 BC) 7780: 7736:Roman Period 7638:Shoshenq VII 7636: 7609: 7569: 7550:Shoshenq III 7532: 7497: 7460: 7438:Psusennes II 7351:Ramesses VII 7331:Ramesses III 7215:Amenhotep II 7210:Thutmose III 7146: 7035:Sobekemsaf I 7027: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6961: 6954: 6859: 6842: 6837:'Aper-'Anati 6835: 6828: 6821: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6745:Sekheperenre 6697: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6567:Neferhotep I 6557:Seth Meribre 6534: 6520:Djedkheperew 6437: 6398: 6389:Amenemhat IV 6379:Senusret III 6369:Amenemhat II 6285:Mentuhotep I 6247: 6136: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6001:Neferkare II 5952: 5945: 5878:Nyuserre Ini 5832: 5815: 5770: 5763: 5751: 5692: 5687:Neferkasokar 5685: 5678: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5591: 5584: 5492: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5435:Finger Snail 5433: 5426: 5406: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5273: 5133:Alexander II 4989:Paerisades V 4952:Spartokos IV 4916:Paerisades I 4891:Ariarathes X 4846:Ariarathes V 4821:Ariarathes I 4803:Antiochus IV 4788:Antiochus II 4720:Pharnaces II 4681:Ariobarzanes 4653:Nicomedes IV 4643:Nicomedes II 4569:Apollophanes 4554:Hippostratos 4469:Heliokles II 4429:Demetrius II 4409:Antimachus I 4371:Eucratides I 4366:Demetrius II 4351:Antimachus I 4336:Euthydemus I 4021:Ptolemy XIII 4005: 3996:Berenice III 3843:Antipater II 3810:Alexander IV 3737:Ptolemy XIII 3726: 3724: 3716: 3686: 3684: 3676: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3609: 3608:Cassius Dio 3600: 3591: 3580: 3551: 3532: 3512: 3468: 3444: 3423: 3419: 3400: 3374: 3353: 3331: 3314: 3300: 3270: 3243: 3221: 3201: 3179: 3152: 3129: 3116: 3112: 3089: 3049: 3045: 3007:. Retrieved 3003:the original 2998: 2993: 2958: 2933:, p. 9) 2879:Roller (2010 2854: 2818: 2813: 2791:. Retrieved 2787: 2777: 2765:. Retrieved 2761: 2751: 2739:. Retrieved 2735: 2732:"Arsinoe IV" 2725: 2713:. Retrieved 2709: 2699: 2687:. Retrieved 2683: 2673: 2662: 2650:. Retrieved 2636: 2624: 2617:Bennett 1997 2612: 2605:Meadows 2001 2600: 2588: 2581:Kleiner 2005 2576: 2564: 2552: 2545:Preston 2009 2540: 2535:, p. 4. 2528: 2489: 2477: 2471:(in French). 2468: 2435: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2321:, n°22, 23.. 2306: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2251: 2243: 2230: 2222: 2217: 2209: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2172: 2160: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2085: 2078: 2070: 2063: 2051: 2043: 2036:Mithridatica 2035: 2027: 2019: 2011: 1999: 1970:. Retrieved 1966:the original 1952: 1945:Bennett 1997 1940: 1907: 1895: 1888:Mithridatica 1887: 1879: 1867: 1855: 1847: 1839: 1831: 1826: 1814:. 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Retrieved 1493: 1484: 1435:Ptolemy XIII 1335: 1297: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1262: 1256: 1251: 1187: 1177: 1171: 1164: 1152: 1144:Altes Museum 1081: 1065: 1045: 1027: 1022: 1019:Roman Senate 1014: 1000: 988: 960:Roman censor 956: 913: 899: 895:Stele BM 866 894: 876: 831: 824: 783: 722: 686:illegitimate 667: 644: 612: 568:illegitimate 565: 555:general and 526: 476: 475: 403:Ptolemy XIII 352: 348: 324: 320: 313: 309: 303: 299: 294: 290: 264: 260: 253: 249: 238:Golden Horus 224: 220: 213: 209: 176: 170: 124:Berenice III 29: 8456:Gordian III 8401:Diadumenian 8201:Cleopatra V 8055:(332–30 BC) 8050:Hellenistic 7993:Nectanebo I 7885:Cambyses II 7867:Psamtik III 7825:Tefnakht II 7627:Takelot III 7622:Osorkon III 7617:Shoshenq VI 7571:Pedubast II 7555:Shoshenq IV 7528:Shoshenq II 7493:Pinedjem II 7483:Menkheperre 7418:Psusennes I 7371:Ramesses XI 7361:Ramesses IX 7346:Ramesses VI 7336:Ramesses IV 7283:Ramesses II 7245:Tutankhamun 7220:Thutmose IV 7200:Thutmose II 7190:Amenhotep I 7162:New Kingdom 7097:New Kingdom 6956:Senusret IV 6940:Dedumose II 6915:Nebiriau II 6910:Nebiryraw I 6905:Mentuhotepi 6710:Khakherewre 6637:Merkheperre 6547:Imyremeshaw 6530:Sedjefakare 6485:Sehetepibre 6460:Ameny Qemau 6394:Sobekneferu 6374:Senusret II 6359:Amenemhat I 6341:Iyibkhentre 6071:Neferirkare 6066:Neferkauhor 5873:Shepseskare 5714:Old Kingdom 5700:Khasekhemwy 5680:Neferkara I 5649:Weneg-Nebty 5494:Scorpion II 5154:Pyrrhus III 5138:Olympias II 5108:Alexander I 4965: [ 4962:Spartokos V 4831:Ariamnes II 4778:Antiochus I 4740:Pythodorida 4696:Pharnaces I 4617:Zipoetes II 4612:Nicomedes I 4529:Artemidoros 4524:Menander II 4464:Antialcidas 4449:Agathokleia 4404:Demetrius I 4396:Indo-Greeks 4386:Heliocles I 4341:Demetrius I 4331:Diodotus II 4308:Eumenes III 4303:Attalus III 4278:Philetaerus 4247:Lysimachids 4059:Berenice II 4026:Ptolemy XIV 3908:(pretender) 3838:Alexander V 3820:Antipatrids 3778:Hellenistic 3712:Berenice IV 3703:Berenice IV 3214:(in German) 3198:Huß, Werner 2980:Cassius Dio 2915:Grant (1972 2883:Jones (2006 2793:23 November 2767:23 November 2741:23 November 2715:23 November 2689:23 November 2652:31 December 2569:Schiff 2010 2521:Roller 2010 2400:Roller 2010 2355:Roller 2010 2263:Cassius Dio 2165:Cassius Dio 2136:Roller 2010 2098:3; Cicero, 1912:Roller 2010 1816:11 November 1453:Ptolemy XIV 1381:early 55 BC 1372:Berenice IV 1084:Cassius Dio 826:relatives, 408:Ptolemy XIV 388:Berenice IV 375:Cleopatra V 115:Predecessor 101:Cleopatra V 18:Ptolemy XII 8733:Categories 8573:Diocletian 8527:Quintillus 8480:Aemilianus 8435:Gordian II 8407:Elagabalus 8228:Arsinoe IV 8111:Arsinoe II 8036:Darius III 7963:Psammuthes 7852:Psamtik II 7667:Bakenranef 7605:Pedubast I 7600:Takelot II 7595:Harsiese A 7577:Osorkon IV 7565:Shoshenq V 7545:Osorkon II 7518:Shoshenq I 7488:Smendes II 7468:Pinedjem I 7413:Amenemnisu 7366:Ramesses X 7341:Ramesses V 7293:Amenmesses 7273:Ramesses I 7235:Smenkhkare 7205:Hatshepsut 7195:Thutmose I 6945:Montuemsaf 6935:Dedumose I 6735:Nebdjefare 6725:Merdjefare 6495:Nedjemibre 6490:Sewadjkare 6364:Senusret I 6336:Qakare Ini 6157:Meryhathor 6061:Neferkaure 6056:Qakare Iby 6041:Neferkahor 6026:Neferkamin 5834:Thamphthis 5828:Shepseskaf 5742:Sekhemkhet 5593:Horus Bird 5470:Scorpion I 5144:Pyrrhus II 5123:Alcetas II 5088:Tharrhypas 5055:Gepaepyris 5027:Scribonius 4921:Satyros II 4851:Orophernes 4763:Ptolemaeus 4745:Polemon II 4638:Prusias II 4607:Zipoetes I 4579:Strato III 4504:Theophilos 4484:Philoxenus 4439:Menander I 4419:Agathocles 4361:Agathocles 4326:Diodotus I 4298:Attalus II 4293:Eumenes II 4255:Lysimachus 3863:Antigonids 3671:Ptolemy XI 3552:Cleopatras 3204:. Munich. 3189:0415201454 2557:Jones 2006 2533:Grant 1972 2153:Hölbl 2001 2124:Hölbl 2001 1992:Hölbl 2001 1933:Hölbl 2001 1872:Hölbl 2001 1774:Hölbl 2001 1645:Hölbl 2001 1477:References 1413:Arsinoe IV 1324:Macedonian 1312:Arsinoe IV 1136:Roman bust 733:Alexandria 706:Werner Huß 661:Ptolemy IX 515: 117 459:Alexandria 421:Ptolemy IX 398:Arsinoe IV 198:Nebty name 160:Horus name 119:Ptolemy XI 103:(79–69 BC) 8759:Cleopatra 8705:Ptolemaic 8513:Gallienus 8428:Gordian I 8391:Caracalla 8317:Vespasian 8311:Vitellius 8093:Ptolemaic 7935:Amyrtaeus 7917:Darius II 7862:Ahmose II 7842:Psamtik I 7781:uncertain 7769:Pharaohs 7705:Tanutamun 7540:Takelot I 7523:Osorkon I 7473:Masaharta 7423:Amenemope 7326:Setnakhte 7288:Merneptah 7230:Akhenaten 7147:uncertain 7029:Nebmaatre 6850:Sakir-Har 6803:Yaqub-Har 6715:Nebefawre 6465:Hotepibre 6331:Segerseni 6300:Intef III 6248:uncertain 6236:Pharaohs 5868:Neferefre 5694:Hudjefa I 5575:Semerkhet 5312:Hedju Hor 5274:uncertain 5262:Pharaohs 5128:Pyrrhus I 5093:Alcetas I 4999:Pharnaces 4974:Kamasarye 4957:Leukon II 4941:Hygiainon 4896:Archelaus 4735:Polemon I 4633:Prusias I 4574:Strato II 4564:Zoilos II 4559:Dionysios 4539:Archebius 4509:Peukolaos 4474:Polyxenos 4414:Pantaleon 4356:Pantaleon 4288:Attalus I 4283:Eumenes I 4089:Seleucids 3917:Ptolemies 3906:Philip VI 3853:Sosthenes 3833:Philip IV 3828:Cassander 3795:Philip II 3650:c. 117 BC 3486:cite book 3210:0307-5133 3153:Cleopatra 3119:: 120–130 3090:Cleopatra 3066:0066-1619 3052:: 39–66. 2991:(2018) . 2319:plate LXI 2261:17.1.11; 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2090:3.107; 1972:29 July 1850:13.13.1 1830:Justin 1331:Memphis 1288:(1997) 1257:Auletes 1244:Dendera 1222:Dendera 1114:drachma 1011:talents 904:of the 891:Pharaoh 883:Memphis 821:, Egypt 805:58 BC. 604:Ptolemy 570:son of 532:Αὐλητής 527:Auletes 504: 492:: 465:Dynasty 430:Unknown 371:Consort 143:(51 BC) 126:(79 BC) 121:(80 BC) 79:of the 69:Pharaoh 8700:Argead 8547:Probus 8467:Decius 8462:Philip 8337:Trajan 8065:Argead 7974:Muthis 7927:XXVIII 7907:Xerxes 7775:female 7753:Period 7462:Piankh 7433:Siamun 7303:Siptah 7278:Seti I 7118:Period 7070:Kamose 7004:Snaaib 6974:Abydos 6830:Semqen 6823:Sharek 6775:Sheneh 6755:'Apepi 6750:Bebnum 6705:Nehesy 6525:Sebkay 6445:Sonbef 6242:female 6220:Period 6031:Nikare 5921:Pepi I 5858:Sahure 5811:Khafre 5796:Snefru 5765:Sedjes 5737:Djoser 5663:Senedj 5541:Narmer 5500:Narmer 5382:Wazner 5347:Hsekiu 5319:Ny-Hor 5268:female 5246:Period 4725:Darius 4519:Nicias 4514:Thraso 4454:Lysias 3780:rulers 3653: 3558: 3539: 3520: 3476: 3452: 3430: 3407: 3382: 3361: 3338: 3278: 3251: 3230: 3208: 3186: 3160: 3136: 3097: 3072: 3064: 3025:Strabo 3009:16 May 2443: 2256:Strabo 2102:2.16.2 2092:Cicero 2083:Caesar 2032:Appian 1890:16.111 1884:Appian 1580: 1544:2.42; 1539:Cicero 1524:6 June 1499:6 June 1366:Notes 1346:Strabo 1318:, and 1214:Philae 1210:Hathor 1182:Cicero 1122:Cyprus 1118:Paphos 1068:Rhodes 1015:foedus 984:Judaea 976:Pompey 972:Cicero 951:Temple 940:Pompey 819:Fayoum 786:Judaea 769:Justin 761:Cyrene 729:Cyprus 694:nothos 682:Cicero 633:, and 608:Cyprus 600:Pontus 510:' 446:Cyprus 427:Mother 417:Father 57:Louvre 8553:Carus 8332:Nerva 8322:Titus 8300:Galba 8267:XXXIV 8252:Roman 8031:Arses 7958:Hakor 7877:XXVII 7587:XXIII 7177:XVIII 7137:(male 6867:Apepi 6855:Khyan 6768:Wazad 6536:Wegaf 6470:Iufni 6324:Nubia 6132:Setut 5954:Nefer 5801:Khufu 5759:Khaba 5753:Nebka 5617:Nebra 5545:Menes 5504:Menes 5456:Stork 5419:Upper 5375:Neheb 5368:Thesh 5354:Khayu 5303:Lower 5038:with 5020:with 5006:with 4969:] 4703:with 4376:Plato 4054:Magas 3725:with 3685:with 3657:51 BC 3655:Died: 3648:Born: 3428:JSTOR 3297:(PDF) 3070:JSTOR 2997:[ 2823:Greek 2817:Also 2805:Notes 2315:p=302 2175:49.7. 2046:14.35 2038:114; 1790:IX.5. 1548:1.9.3 1422:41 BC 1363:Death 1360:Birth 1357:Image 1327:Greek 1112:Rare 902:pylon 747:king 688:son; 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Knowledge

Ptolemy XII Auletes

Index