1531:
2007:
61:
2100:
1677:
2376:, where construction had begun in 237 BC under Ptolemy III, but carried on through most of Ptolemy IV's reign until Hugronaphor's revolt forced the end of works in 207–206 BC. By that time most of the structure had been built and most of the interior decoration had been carved. These inscriptions present Ptolemy IV as an ideal pharaoh, emphasising his military victories in Syria and his pious attitude towards the gods. Annual coronation rituals took place in the sanctuary, in which the god
2082:
1919:
1556:
2621:. He presents Ptolemy IV as the archetypal bad king, entirely focused on luxury and court ceremony and completely neglecting of politics, foreign affairs, and military pursuits, which he left entirely to Sosibius. According to Polybius, this neglect was the cause of the disasters of his reign, including his death. Polybius was not a contemporary of Ptolemy IV; he probably drew his account from two earlier works which are now lost: the
2571:
1733:(generally hostile to Ptolemy IV) represents Ptolemy IV's sudden appearance on the front lines as the decisive turning point in the battle, inspiring his troops to fight on and defeat the rest of the Seleucid army which turned and fled while Antiochus III was still chasing the fleeing Ptolemaic soldiers on the left wing. When he discovered what had happened, Antiochus III had no choice but to retreat to Antioch.
1284:
1207:
1129:
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2029:. He renamed several areas of Alexandria in honour of Dionysus and his attributes. Sometime before 217 BC, Ptolemy IV ordered all priests of Dionysus to come to Alexandria to be registered and to submit their holy books and mystery rites to government inspection. This demonstrates a desire to assert his total control of Dionysus worship within his realm. Ptolemy IV himself was referred to as the
2107:
505:
386:
265:
2661:. In the end, Ptolemy IV recants and grants extensive privileges to the Jews. It is not clear that this work indicates the existence of a negative Jewish tradition about Ptolemy. It may simply be using him to make a general moral point about the relative strength of secular and divine authorities. Some scholars argue that Ptolemy's character in this work was actually based on the Roman emperor
2187:
2123:
2283:
2267:
2235:
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1673:, Cleomenes III broke free and attempted to lead an armed uprising against Sosibius. He and his followers launched an attack on the main citadel in Alexandria, hoping to liberate the men imprisoned within, but this attack was unsuccessful and the people of Alexandria did not respond to their call to rise up. Cleomenes III and his followers then committed suicide.
1956:, who led the Ptolemaia festival and whose name and titulary was used to name the year in all official and private documents. This followed the pattern that had been laid down by Ptolemy IV's predecessors, particularly Ptolemy III, whose incorporation into the dynastic cult seems to have formed part of the victory celebrations for the
1745:. The relatively mild terms of the peace and Ptolemy IV's failure to capitalise on his victory by going on the offensive have caused some surprise among modern scholars; the Raphia decree refers rather unclearly to "the treachery which the commanders of the troops perpetrated" which may be relevant to Ptolemy's decision to make peace.
1807:(218-201 BC). He received a friendly embassy from the Romans in 210 BC, requesting a gift of grain to help feed the starving populace. It is unknown how Ptolemy responded to this request. Like his predecessors, Ptolemy IV maintained particularly close relations with the kingdom of Syracuse under King
1668:
presents as having been a serious threat to
Ptolemy IV's regime. Ptolemy III had promised to restore Cleomenes III, now living in Alexandria with a force of 3,000 mercenaries, to the Spartan throne, but his death had put an end to these plans. Initially, Ptolemy IV and Sosibius had indulged Cleomenes
1594:
was probably murdered at this time. His mother
Berenice II was believed to support his younger brother Magas, who had held substantial military commands and was popular with the army, so Magas was scalded to death in his bath. Berenice II died shortly afterwards; she is said to have been poisoned. By
1967:
and the tombs of the individual
Ptolemaic kings in Alexandria demolished. A new, pyramidal structure was built within the palace district of Alexandria to house the bodies of Alexander and the Ptolemies together. This structure seems to have been consecrated at the Ptolemaia festival of 215–214 BC.
1736:
After the battle, Ptolemy IV set to work reorganising the situation in Coele Syria and sent
Sosibius to negotiate with Antiochus III. At the end of summer, he invaded Seleucid Syria, forcing Antiochus III to accept a peace treaty. Ptolemy IV retained the territories that he had held at the start of
1684:
Antiochus III's efforts to consolidate his control over Coele Syria lasted for the rest of 219 BC. At the beginning of winter, he had to negotiate a ceasefire with
Ptolemy IV. Formal peace negotiations followed at Seleucia Pieria, but they do not seem to have been undertaken in good faith on either
1850:
argues that the fact that the rebels attacked
Egyptian temples suggests that it was "a rebellion of the lower classes inspired by social injustice," that had been exacerbated by the heavy taxation necessary to fund that war. In October or November 205 BC, the leader of the southern revolt captured
2673:
Ptolemy IV married his sister
Arsinoe III. Their only son, Ptolemy V, was born in 210 BC. Ptolemy IV may also have had a short-lived illegitimate son by his mistress Agathoclea in late c. 210 BC. However, it has been suggested that this child may actually have been Ptolemy V, on the basis of a
2064:
Many Greek cities that were under
Ptolemy IV's control or aligned with him also established official cults in his honour during his reign. Greek cities in this period regularly granted such cults to monarchs and other powerful individuals, usually in thanks for a specific benefaction. Notable
1547:
2323:
Like his predecessors, Ptolemy IV presented himself as a typical
Egyptian pharaoh and actively supported the Egyptian priestly elite through donations and temple construction. Ptolemy III had introduced an important innovation in 238 BC by holding a synod of all the priests of Egypt at
1621:
had assumed the
Seleucid throne and he instantly proved a dynamic leader, determined to restore Seleucid power and to reverse the losses that the Seleucids had suffered in the Third Syrian War. In 221 BC, one year after his accession, Antiochus III invaded the Ptolemaic territories in
1645:, which had been under Ptolemaic control since 246 BC. Immediately after this, Theodotus, who had become unpopular at the Ptolemaic court, switched to the Seleucid side, bringing Coele Syria and a large portion of the Ptolemaic fleet with him. Antiochus III received the surrender of
2388:
and the reigning Pharaoh received his kingship from Ra and Horus. Ptolemy IV never participated in this ritual personally; his role was played by a priest. Support for the sanctuary thus represented the Ptolemaic commitment to a traditional Egyptian theology of kingship.
1753:
After the Fourth Syrian War, Antiochus III quickly recovered his strength and led successful expeditions against other enemies. Probably as a result, Ptolemy IV's interactions with other states all focused on maintaining peaceful relations and preventing warfare.
2367:
Ptolemy IV also maintained a close and friendly relationship with the priestly elite by supporting and funding construction work at sanctuaries throughout Egypt, mostly continuing projects begun earlier in the dynasty. The most notable example of this is the
1815:
in 215 BC threatened to upset the careful balance that Ptolemy IV had maintained. Hieronymus repeatedly tried to bring the Ptolemies into the Second Punic War on the Carthaginian side. The situation was resolved with his assassination in 214 BC.
2641:) was often presented as a virtue, which demonstrated a king's ability and willingness to make benefactions. It is possible that the surviving source tradition has taken efforts to advertise this virtue and twisted them into a negative account.
2360:. In return, the priests undertook to erect a statue group in each of their temples, depicting the god of the temple presenting a sword of victory to Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III. A five-day festival was inaugurated in honour of the
1510:, and maintaining control of nearly the entire eastern Mediterranean seaboard. However the reign was also marked by the first native Egyptian revolt against Ptolemaic rule, in 245 BC. In the final years of Ptolemy III's reign, the
2694:
Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern convention. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower. The most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case is by epithet (e.g. "Philopator").
1728:
with over 150,000 soldiers participating in the melee. At the start of the battle, the Ptolemaic elephant forces were routed and Antiochus followed that up by charging in on horseback and breaking the Ptolemaic left wing.
1995:(Berenice who saves) was established in Alexandria, by the shore, and seems to have been associated with protection of sailors, closely paralleling the cult of Arsinoe II. Berenice also received a special priestess, the
1461:
In ancient sources, Ptolemy IV was criticised for being more interested in luxury and court ceremony than government, politics, and foreign relations. The decline of the Ptolemaic dynasty is usually traced to his reign.
2656:
and then launches an attempt to wipe out the Jews by gathering them all in the hippodrome at Alexandria and having them trampled by drunken elephants. These plans are repeatedly thwarted by the divine intervention of
1696:
Sosibius and Agathocles used the cease fire to whip the Ptolemaic army into shape, while Antiochus III used it to prepare for a new offensive. In early 218 BC, the Seleucid king obliterated the Ptolemaic forces at
1669:
III, seeing him as a counter to Ptolemy IV's brother Magas. But after Magas' death, Ptolemy IV's interest waned and Sosibius had had the Spartan placed under house arrest. In 219 BC, while Ptolemy IV was at
1578:
Sometime between October and December 222 BC, Ptolemy III died and Ptolemy IV was crowned king. The new king was about twenty years old and was under the strong influence of two prominent aristocrats:
2364:
and their victory. The decree thus seems to represent a successful marriage of Egyptian pharaonic ideology and religion with the Hellenistic Greek ideology of the victorious king and his ruler cult.
2652:, which was probably written in the first century AD. In this work, set after the Battle of Raphia, the king is presented as an oppressive tyrant who transgresses divine law by trying to enter the
1737:
the war except, apparently, Seleucia Pieria, and he received an enormous sum of gold. By 12 October, Ptolemy IV had returned to Egypt, where the victory was celebrated by a priestly synod at
2352:. The decree records the military success of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III and their benefactions to the Egyptian priestly elite. Throughout, Ptolemy IV is presented as taking on the role of
2021:
and linked the god closely to the dynastic cult. Dionysus was the Greek god of wine and was closely associated with the royal ideal of opulence and luxury, known in Greek as
2605:. According to these sources, the ship was 128 m long and required 4,000 oarsmen. The appearance and structure of this ship have been much discussed in modern scholarship.
1590:. On Ptolemy IV's accession, Sosibius engineered a large-scale purge of the royal family in order to eliminate anyone who might be able to oppose him. Ptolemy IV's uncle
1987:
In 211 BC, Ptolemy IV seems to have begun propagating another cult for his deceased mother Berenice II, on the model of the earlier cult for Ptolemy IV's grandmother,
1253:
2634:
1863:. Despite Ptolemaic efforts to suppress his regime, Horwennefer would retain his independence for nearly twenty years, until finally captured in August 186 BC.
1781:(215–205 BC). Ptolemy IV made large financial contributions to a number of Greek cities in order to gain their favour. He was responsible for the city walls at
1952:(Father-loving gods) were formally incorporated into the dynastic cult. This meant that they were added to the title of the Priest of Alexander the Great in
2033:(New Dionysus) and depicted with attributes of the god in images. Equations with other deities were also made in royal imagery: one notable set of gold octo
1980:(Saviour gods) into the main dynastic cult overseen by the priest of Alexandria. Probably also in 215–214 BC, he instituted a new cult in the Greek city of
1847:
2025:, which Ptolemy IV wished to cultivate. Several new festivals of Dionysus were inaugurated, in which Ptolemy IV himself led the processions, beating on a
8801:
1530:
1706:
4841:
1757:
In mainland Greece, Ptolemy IV attempted to rebuild the Ptolemaic influence that had suffered a serious setback under Ptolemy III as a result of the
524:
3813:
1897:, she had been divorced and murdered by Ptolemy IV under the influence of his mistress Agathoclea, shortly before his own death. According to
1886:. In many cases, the work of Ptolemy IV was simply appropriated by erasing his name from inscriptions and replacing it with that of Arqameni.
8910:
5098:
3905:
1830:
Sometime after the end of the Fourth Syrian War, revolts broke out in Egypt itself. Fighting took place in the north of the country in the
3802:
857:
3777:
8885:
1685:
side. Antiochus refused to consider returning Seleucia Pieria to the Ptolemies, while Ptolemy IV demanded that Antiochus III recognise
1905:, who had been co-regent since 210 BC, was formally proclaimed king with Sosibius and Agathoclea's brother Agathocles as his regents.
8816:
8811:
2609:
proposes that it was a catamaran. It is generally agreed that the tessarakonteres served as a pleasure boat, not a military vessel.
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60:
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1882:. A number of the temple building projects that had been undertaken in this region were completed by Arqameni or his successor
1247:
1244:
1241:
1236:
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1070:
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935:
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469:
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767:
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348:
233:
231:
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3569:
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1228:
1187:
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361:
336:
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292:
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219:
210:
175:
1720:
In 217 BC, Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III led the Egyptian army into the Levant, where it met Antiochus III's army in battle at
1641:
In spring 219 BC, Antiochus III tried again, attacking and capturing the key port city and 'hearth of the Seleucid dynasty'
1258:
773:
772:
742:
633:
620:
482:
478:
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363:
359:
357:
242:
238:
236:
139:
8806:
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8771:
6551:
6339:
1587:
1316:
8760:
7521:
7237:
6105:
5365:
5339:
3641:
2314:
1901:, she was murdered by Sosibius. After a few days during which Ptolemy IV's death was kept secret, his six-year-old son
17:
3737:
3549:
3504:
3471:
1937:, he systematised the dynastic cult, reinforcing the links between the worship of the reigning king and the cults of
2637:. Both of these also seem to have criticised Ptolemy IV for his luxuriousness. However, for contemporaries, luxury (
8880:
8826:
3898:
1846:
argued that they were a natural result of Ptolemy IV's decision to arm the Egyptians during the Fourth Syrian War.
1478:. He was born about two years after his father's accession to the throne of Egypt. Ptolemy IV had an older sister,
2003:(basket-bearer) of Arsinoe II. Similar priestesses would be established for later queens in the following reigns.
1999:(prize-bearer), who marched in the Ptolemaia procession and appeared in official records of the date ahead of the
1889:
In the midst of this conflict, in July or August 204 BC, Ptolemy IV died in unclear circumstances. A late source,
8013:
1450:. In the final years of his rule, control over the southern portion of the country was lost to the rebel pharaoh
1148:
130:
8890:
8875:
8063:
7790:
7646:
5022:
4914:
3756:
3670:
5103:
1929:
Like early Ptolemaic monarchs, Ptolemy IV was proclaimed to be a deity on his accession to the throne, as the
1789:
Ptolemy was honoured for his benefactions with monuments and cults in his honour at various cities, including
8359:
8149:
8081:
7946:
7813:
7723:
7536:
5654:
5163:
5149:
5017:
5002:
4157:
2852:
7931:
7868:
7151:
5307:
5012:
4997:
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4929:
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1890:
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3398:. Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie (in German). Vol. 9. Münster: Lit. pp. 102–104.
1964:
1762:
3280:
2006:
1948:
In 216–215 BC, after the victory celebrations for the Fourth Syrian War, Ptolemy IV and his wife as the
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5532:
5027:
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4934:
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4725:
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in the 2nd century AD. Plutarch also mentions that Ptolemy Philopator owned this immense vessel in his
2542:
Ptolemy IV was devoted to orgiastic forms of religion and literary dilettantism. He built a temple to
8642:
6413:
4939:
4924:
4827:
4784:
4610:
4363:
4007:
3865:
2787:
2497:
2332:
in 217 BC, after the victory celebrations of the Fourth Syrian War. The result of this synod was the
1761:. In 217 BC, Ptolemy's diplomats helped to broker the Peace of Naupactus which brought an end to the
48:
6487:
6258:
6120:
5254:
5186:
5172:
5167:
5158:
5144:
5130:
5120:
4987:
4909:
4837:
4822:
4789:
4779:
4655:
4368:
3730:
Chronicles of the Pharaohs: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers and dynasties of ancient Egypt
1498:. Under Ptolemy III, the Ptolemaic kingdom had reached its height, decisively defeating the rival
1172:
1010:
879:
8327:
8242:
8219:
6536:
6398:
6335:
6124:
5924:
5740:
5234:
5201:
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5140:
5032:
4899:
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4753:
4748:
4434:
4258:
4137:
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3979:
3946:
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and possibly the largest human-powered vessel ever built. This showpiece galley was described by
2392:
Other construction work carried out under Ptolemy IV's auspices included (from north to south):
1693:
ruler of Asia Minor, who was considered a rebel by the Seleucid court, as a party to the piece.
689:
like the twice-great Thoth, possessor of Sed festivals like Ptah Tatenen and a sovereign like Ra
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8831:
8821:
8369:
8348:
8267:
7181:
7041:
6651:
6285:
6245:
6039:
5981:
5865:
5669:
5332:
5269:
5135:
4967:
4856:
4851:
4817:
4774:
4743:
4615:
4540:
4477:
4454:
4373:
4358:
4348:
4343:
4328:
4268:
4263:
4248:
4117:
4022:
4012:
3974:
2645:
2401:
2069:
and other cities of the Levant after the victory at Raphia, where Ptolemy even bears the title
1812:
543:
Whose might is great, whose heart is beneficial with all the Gods, who is the savior of mankind
3660:
3541:
3496:
3463:
1773:. He had much less success in his attempts to negotiate a peace between the Macedonia and the
1664:
In the midst of this, there was a revolt in Alexandria, led by Cleomenes III of Sparta, which
8841:
8317:
8282:
8252:
8214:
6814:
6718:
6072:
5295:
5290:
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5244:
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4876:
4832:
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4555:
4502:
4497:
4353:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4303:
4293:
4253:
4132:
4127:
4107:
4097:
4076:
3941:
3396:
Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus
3151:
2762:
1393:
8836:
8342:
8297:
7670:
7298:
7233:
7086:
7081:
6788:
6783:
6636:
6062:
5850:
5729:
5280:
5259:
5062:
4881:
4733:
4308:
4288:
4205:
4195:
4162:
4112:
4017:
3989:
3969:
3931:
2617:
The main surviving account of Ptolemy IV's life and character is provided by the historian
2594:
2462:
2341:
2026:
1778:
1627:
1486:, all born in the 240s BC. The whole family is commemorated by a statuary groups set up at
1454:. Ptolemy IV died in mysterious circumstances in 204 BC and was succeeded by his young son
8:
8332:
8307:
8272:
8209:
7584:
7559:
6763:
6758:
6182:
5613:
5229:
5181:
5176:
5067:
4871:
4764:
4758:
4620:
4338:
4273:
4215:
4142:
4122:
4086:
4032:
4027:
3936:
3771:
2653:
1981:
1938:
1766:
1591:
1583:
1507:
1455:
1431:
98:
1522:
had been completely defeated by an Antigonid-led coalition and forced to flee to Egypt.
8622:
8609:
8186:
7196:
6768:
6743:
5810:
5585:
5249:
4680:
4532:
4243:
4233:
4200:
4037:
3956:
3914:
3335:
3066:
1894:
1701:
on land and at sea, opening the way for the invasion of Coele Syria. There he captured
1514:(229–222 BC) broke out in Greece and, despite receiving substantial Ptolemaic support,
684:
Sewedjabaqet sekhedjgesuperu semenhepumi Djehutia'a nebkhabusedmiptah-tatjenen itymire
8677:
8656:
8550:
8517:
8229:
7564:
7186:
7066:
6688:
6616:
6274:
6077:
6067:
5999:
5325:
5285:
5264:
5219:
4866:
4794:
4640:
4278:
4238:
4053:
3999:
3984:
3834:
3752:
3733:
3666:
3607:
3584:
3545:
3534:
3500:
3489:
3467:
3456:
2466:
2337:
1934:
1686:
1612:
1435:
1426:, which left control of the realm's government largely in the hands of his courtiers
1423:
1372:
90:
1842:
in 207–206 BC. The reasons for these revolts are unclear. The Hellenistic historian
1838:, where fighting led to the interruption of building work on the Temple of Horus at
1403:; "Ptolemy, lover of his Father"; May/June 244 – July/August 204 BC) was the fourth
8856:
8683:
8511:
8277:
8031:
7614:
6911:
6807:
6748:
6172:
6152:
5042:
4861:
4512:
4396:
4298:
4091:
4066:
3086:
2345:
1957:
1804:
1721:
1600:
1503:
1499:
1443:
8628:
8598:
8557:
8493:
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8167:
8037:
7376:
7031:
6753:
6147:
5785:
5753:
5592:
4738:
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4630:
4590:
4406:
4283:
4225:
4190:
4182:
4061:
2586:
2531:
2225:
1866:
The revolt meant that Ptolemaic forces were unable to defend southern Egypt from
1770:
1725:
1642:
1495:
1447:
1439:
1408:
66:
6334:
3819:
1963:
In order to assert the unity of this dynastic cult, Ptolemy IV had the existing
1893:
mentions a fire in the palace. Arsinoe III also died at this time. According to
1799:
In the west, Ptolemy maintained friendly neutrality with the Roman Republic and
1599:, was brought into close association with the king. They had married by 220 BC;
8724:
8522:
8483:
8201:
8157:
8026:
7110:
7036:
6866:
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6446:
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6142:
6024:
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5599:
5578:
5544:
5115:
4685:
4625:
4313:
3923:
2484:
2429:
2369:
2329:
2325:
2129:
2090:
1879:
1774:
1758:
1738:
1670:
1631:
1511:
1483:
1384:
70:
38:
1603:
was a common practice among Egyptian royal families, including the Ptolemies.
1422:. His succession to the throne was accompanied by a wide-ranging purge of the
680:
swḏꜢ-bꜢḳt sḥḏ-gsw-prw smn-hpw-mi ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ nb-ḥbw-sd-mi-ptḥ-tꜢ-ṯnn ity-mi-rꜤ
8869:
8403:
8302:
8134:
8104:
7780:
7635:
7492:
7361:
7201:
7176:
7126:
6733:
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2579:
2474:
2333:
2241:
1852:
1742:
1676:
1658:
1646:
1618:
1569:
1565:
1515:
1968:
At the same time, Ptolemy IV incorporated the cult of the dynastic founders
8488:
8322:
8312:
8287:
8139:
8089:
8048:
7774:
7686:
7574:
7487:
7467:
7386:
7351:
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7232:
7171:
6881:
6703:
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6014:
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5476:
5125:
5088:
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4690:
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4545:
4507:
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4147:
3603:
3376:
2766:
2517:
2491:
2257:
2161:
1883:
1650:
2356:
who avenges his father by defeating the forces of disorder led by the god
1201:
1038:
907:
698:
552:
401:
280:
163:
8592:
8537:
8388:
8337:
8257:
8129:
8021:
8003:
7961:
7872:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7707:
7691:
7664:
7629:
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7554:
7507:
7497:
7482:
7472:
7419:
7381:
7356:
7336:
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7092:
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7051:
7046:
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6773:
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6666:
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6530:
6510:
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6207:
6202:
6009:
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5555:
5439:
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4439:
4414:
4152:
3858:
3565:
2649:
2507:
2397:
2357:
2349:
2336:, issued on 15 November 217 BC and preserved in three copies. Like other
1860:
1835:
1825:
1623:
1596:
1535:
1482:, and three younger brothers, Lysimachus (name uncertain), Alexander and
1479:
1475:
1471:
1451:
1419:
1415:
1346:
1336:
1312:
687:
Who has kept Baqet safe by illuminating the temples and establishing laws
111:
3781:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 617.
2081:
1918:
8709:
8663:
8616:
8571:
8543:
8364:
8247:
8172:
8099:
7988:
7803:
7741:
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7681:
7654:
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7549:
7502:
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6591:
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5964:
5878:
5606:
5424:
5361:
5224:
5191:
5057:
4715:
4575:
4462:
4429:
4391:
4383:
2626:
2455:
2113:
2070:
2011:
1988:
1973:
1953:
1831:
8649:
8564:
8527:
8453:
8447:
8374:
8354:
8071:
8053:
7998:
7978:
7841:
7676:
7659:
7609:
7462:
7429:
7424:
7366:
7165:
6986:
6939:
6891:
6851:
6828:
6601:
6467:
6436:
6090:
6004:
5830:
5711:
5448:
5093:
5077:
4710:
4700:
4675:
4645:
4550:
4492:
4424:
4419:
4172:
4167:
4042:
3964:
3883:
3875:
2598:
2575:
1969:
1902:
1630:, and forced to turn east as a result of the revolt of his satrap of
1555:
1326:
121:
3751:. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 143–152 & 181–194.
3571:
The House of Ptolemy: a History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty
1984:
in southern Egypt, dedicated to Ptolemy I and the reigning monarch.
8719:
8714:
8703:
8670:
8585:
8578:
8532:
8504:
8498:
8463:
8426:
8421:
8416:
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7983:
7826:
7798:
7391:
7321:
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6876:
6708:
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6431:
6308:
6213:
6157:
6052:
5959:
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5942:
5908:
5792:
5778:
5771:
5758:
5722:
5462:
4670:
4595:
4580:
3364:
3331:
3242:
3195:
3176:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3011:
3007:
2954:
2904:
2900:
2880:
2876:
2838:
2811:
2662:
2618:
2551:
2046:
2018:
1942:
1898:
1871:
1843:
1808:
1800:
1730:
1710:
1665:
1579:
1427:
86:
2570:
2328:. Ptolemy IV continued this tradition by holding his own synod at
1748:
8696:
8635:
8478:
8162:
7973:
7967:
7955:
7836:
7831:
7768:
7747:
7592:
7544:
7444:
7434:
7159:
7056:
7026:
7008:
6997:
6980:
6932:
6925:
6856:
6778:
6426:
6234:
6220:
6132:
6083:
5989:
5932:
5883:
5716:
5706:
5686:
5619:
5469:
5348:
5239:
4635:
3599:
2555:
2501:
2419:
2193:
1856:
1698:
1487:
1404:
78:
5360:
3770:
2010:
Ptolemy IV depicted with a range of divine attributes on a gold
1546:
8603:
8473:
8110:
7993:
7598:
7569:
7439:
7414:
7206:
7140:
6966:
6959:
6886:
6841:
6835:
6661:
6581:
6167:
5994:
5947:
5901:
5873:
5799:
5677:
5636:
5518:
5483:
5455:
4650:
3709:
3357:
3134:
2675:
2658:
2590:
2559:
2511:
2470:
2435:
2415:
2407:
2385:
2273:
2054:
2042:
2038:
2034:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1519:
1491:
1724:
on 22 June 217 BC. This was one of the largest battles of the
8689:
8468:
8458:
8436:
8094:
7003:
6991:
6904:
6821:
6672:
6606:
6268:
5937:
5895:
5889:
5681:
5640:
5511:
5504:
5490:
2547:
2543:
2527:
2521:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2423:
2377:
2353:
2305:
2209:
2145:
2086:
2066:
2050:
1923:
1875:
1867:
1786:
1714:
1702:
1654:
1635:
42:
1859:, taking the name Horwennefer, rendered in Greek sources as
1534:
Bronze bust of the 1st century BC, possibly depicting Queen
8441:
8431:
7821:
7696:
6897:
6227:
6047:
6029:
5914:
5696:
5691:
5525:
5317:
3622:
3380:
3344:
3199:
3180:
3118:
2585:
Ptolemy IV is said to have built a giant ship known as the
2480:
2373:
2289:
2177:
2076:
2058:
1839:
1626:. He was rebuffed by the Ptolemaic governor of the region,
1212:
1049:
918:
721:
575:
426:
305:
188:
1442:, which culminated in a decisive Ptolemaic victory at the
6646:
2490:
Decorative work on the temple of the Theban triad at the
2411:
1819:
878:
the strong one of the ka of Ra, the living image of Amun
873:
Iwaennetjerwymenekhwy Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun
7867:
158:
The strong youth whose father has allowed him to appear
2562:, on which his courtier Agathocles wrote a commentary.
2550:, both in Alexandria and in the valley of the Muses in
2381:
53:
Iwaennetjerwymenkhwy Setepptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun
3795:– (Chapter VII of E. R. Bevan's
2574:
Speculative illustration of the Tessarakonteres with
1506:(246–241 BC), financing mainland Greek opposition to
3665:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 108–109.
1653:, but he became bogged down in protracted sieges of
1398:
869:
jwꜤ-n-nṯrwj-mnḫwj stp.n-ptḥ wsr-kꜢ-rꜤ sḫm-Ꜥnḫ-n-jmn
540:
Werpekhty menekhibkhernetjerunebu nedjtyenkhenmemet
3533:
3488:
3455:
2085:Relief depicting Ptolemy IV making an offering to
1470:Ptolemy IV was the second child and eldest son of
3822:entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
3809:Ptolemaic Genealogy: Possible child of Ptolemy IV
1803:, which were fighting against one another in the
1606:
8867:
2017:Ptolemy IV also strongly emphasised the cult of
876:The heir of the two potent gods, chosen by Ptah,
2597:, writing in the 3rd century BC, and quoted by
1749:Foreign affairs in the later reign (217–205 BC)
1458:under the regency of Sosibius and Agathocles.
27:4th Pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt (r. 221–204 BC)
5333:
3899:
3814:The great revolt of the Egyptians: 205–186 BC
3655:
2546:in Alexandria and financed festivals for the
3694:
2665:and his violations of Jewish sensibilities.
1933:(Father-loving God). Particularly after the
1465:
2318:Sites of construction work under Ptolemy IV
1811:, but the accession of Hiero II's grandson
1564:Two rivals of Ptolemy IV, the Spartan king
1167:Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Isis
5340:
5326:
3906:
3892:
2708:
1913:
1446:, one of the largest battles of the whole
59:
3793:Ptolemy Philopator I at LacusCurtius
3697:3 Maccabees: Septuagint Commentary Series
3662:Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World
3649:
3531:
3486:
3453:
3437:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2037:depicts the king with the rayed crown of
8750:
3765:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3393:
2781:
2779:
2569:
2080:
2077:Pharaonic ideology and Egyptian religion
2005:
1917:
1870:incursions. Probably in 207–06 BC, King
1675:
1529:
3540:. London: Thames & Hudson. p.
3495:. London: Thames & Hudson. p.
3462:. London: Thames & Hudson. p.
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
2644:Ptolemy IV is a major character in the
2612:
2428:The east gate of the Temple of Ptah at
1586:, the brother of Ptolemy IV's mistress
536:wr-pḥtj mnḫ-jb-ḫr-nṯrw-nbw nḏtj-n-ḥnmmt
423:
302:
185:
14:
8868:
7897:
7262:
6364:
5390:
3913:
3298:
2960:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
1820:Egyptian Revolt and death (206–204 BC)
1705:, but was unable to gain the southern
8749:
7866:
7231:
6333:
5359:
5321:
4838:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
3887:
3746:
3564:
3558:
3536:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt
3519:
3491:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt
3458:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt
3441:
3414:
3408:
3319:
3266:
3254:
3221:
3164:
3026:
2977:
2916:
2826:
2776:
2668:
2469:and a chapel of Khonsu-Neferhotep at
1595:contrast, Ptolemy IV's older sister,
8911:People in the deuterocanonical books
8402:
5306:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
3513:
3208:
2516:Completion of the temple of Isis on
2380:symbolically received kingship from
2154:
3699:. Leiden: Brill. pp. xii–xiii.
3278:
2928:
2850:
2785:
2735:
2720:
2506:Decorative work and a sanctuary of
24:
3805:– (Egyptian Royal Genealogy)
2674:passage written by the geographer
2106:
25:
8922:
8886:Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty
3786:
3749:A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
2558:. He also composed a tragedy on
2526:Reconstruction of the temple of
2297:
2281:
2265:
2249:
2233:
2217:
2201:
2185:
2169:
2153:
2137:
2121:
2105:
2098:
1554:
1545:
1282:
1205:
1127:
1042:
997:
911:
503:
384:
263:
3721:
3703:
3688:
3679:
3635:
3614:
3593:
3578:
3574:. London: Methuen. p. 233.
3525:
3480:
3447:
3402:
3387:
3370:
3351:
3325:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3227:
3189:
3170:
3158:
3144:
3128:
3108:
3096:
3076:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3020:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2948:
2922:
2910:
2894:
2870:
2186:
2122:
1364:July or August 204 BC (aged 40)
8901:3rd-century BC Egyptian people
3727:
3532:Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000).
3487:Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000).
3454:Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000).
2844:
2832:
2820:
2805:
2755:
2714:
2688:
2340:, the decree was inscribed in
2282:
2266:
2234:
1607:Fourth Syrian War (219–217 BC)
1434:. His reign was marked by the
13:
1:
8360:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
5310:in most of their territories.
4108:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
2702:
2537:
2461:Decorative work on the great
2298:
2250:
2218:
2202:
2138:
1568:(left) and the Seleucid king
1155:
864:
675:
531:
146:
5347:
3281:"Horwennefer / Ankhwennefer"
2631:The Stories about Philopator
2170:
7:
8293:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
4103:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1965:tomb of Alexander the Great
1680:The Mediterranean in 218 BC
1399:
10:
8927:
8906:3rd-century BC Macedonians
7192:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
6576:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
6340:Second Intermediate Period
3728:Clayton, Peter A. (2006).
3340:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus
3071:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus
1823:
1610:
1414:Ptolemy IV was the son of
1273:
1220:
1215:
1176:
1164:Ptolemys ankhdjet meryaset
1118:
1057:
1052:
1014:
988:
926:
921:
883:
858:Prenomen (Praenomen)
832:
727:
724:
702:
643:
581:
578:
556:
494:
434:
429:
405:
375:
313:
308:
284:
254:
196:
191:
167:
43:
8854:
8756:
8745:
8643:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
8387:
8333:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
8228:
8200:
8185:
8148:
8120:
8080:
8062:
8012:
7945:
7930:
7888:
7884:
7862:
7812:
7789:
7722:
7645:
7583:
7535:
7520:
7453:
7400:
7312:
7297:
7253:
7249:
7238:Third Intermediate Period
7227:
7150:
7109:
7017:
6949:
6797:
6565:
6550:
6486:
6460:
6412:
6397:
6355:
6351:
6329:
6284:
6244:
6119:
6104:
6038:
5980:
5923:
5864:
5849:
5739:
5668:
5653:
5554:
5438:
5423:
5381:
5377:
5366:First Intermediate Period
5355:
5304:
5210:
5041:
4948:
4890:
4803:
4724:
4531:
4453:
4405:
4382:
4224:
4181:
4052:
4008:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
3998:
3955:
3922:
3872:
3863:
3855:
3828:
3695:Clayton Croy, N. (2006).
3685:Polybius 5.34 & 14.12
3394:Pfeiffer, Stefan (2015).
3233:Edfu IV.8.1–7, VII.7.5–7.
2565:
1922:Ptolemy IV depicted with
1908:
1466:Background and early life
1388:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1308:
1219:
1154:
1147:
1056:
925:
863:
856:
726:
674:
667:
580:
530:
523:
433:
312:
195:
145:
138:
127:
117:
107:
97:
84:
77:
58:
37:
32:
8355:Cleopatra VII Philopator
6612:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
5370: (<3150–2040 BC)
4369:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
4168:Cleopatra VII Philopator
3285:Egyptian Royal Genealogy
2935:Egyptian Royal Genealogy
2857:Egyptian Royal Genealogy
2792:Egyptian Royal Genealogy
2773:III:4:2 no 233, pp 275ff
2742:Egyptian Royal Genealogy
2681:
2589:("forty-rowed"), a huge
1991:. A temple for Berenice
1855:and had himself crowned
1525:
8881:3rd-century BC pharaohs
8328:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
8243:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
6537:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
5166:'s attempted rule with
4847:Mithridates V Euergetes
4259:Antiochus III the Great
4072:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
4013:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
3937:Alexander III the Great
3778:Encyclopædia Britannica
3747:Hölbl, Günther (2001).
3732:. Thames & Hudson.
1914:Ptolemaic dynastic cult
155:Khunuqeni sekhaensuitef
52:
8370:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
8349:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
8343:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
8298:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
8268:Arsinoe III Philopator
7182:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
6652:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
6592:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
6183:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
4950:Monarchs of Cappadocia
4852:Mithridates VI Eupator
4374:Philip II Philoromaeus
4359:Antiochus XII Dionysus
4349:Demetrius III Eucaerus
4344:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
4329:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
4269:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
4264:Seleucus IV Philopator
4249:Seleucus II Callinicus
4148:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
4023:Demetrius II Aetolicus
3830:Ptolemy IV Philopator
3342:30.2; John of Antioch
2635:Ptolemy of Megalopolis
2582:
2479:Shrine for Hathor and
2456:Temple of Min and Isis
2406:Reconstruction of the
2402:Serapeum of Alexandria
2093:
2065:examples are found in
2014:
1926:
1878:seized control of the
1681:
1538:
1438:(219–217 BC) with the
1424:Ptolemaic royal family
1160:ptwlmjs Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ꜣst
151:ḥnw-ḳni sḫꜤi.n-sw-it.f
8891:3rd-century BC births
8876:Ptolemy IV Philopator
8318:Ptolemy X Alexander I
8283:Ptolemy VI Philometor
8263:Ptolemy IV Philopator
8258:Berenice II Euergetes
8253:Ptolemy III Euergetes
8215:Philip III Arrhidaeus
6724:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
6719:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
6073:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
4892:Monarchs of Commagene
4813:Mithridates I Ctistes
4354:Philip I Philadelphus
4334:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
4324:Antiochus VIII Grypus
4319:Seleucus V Philometor
4304:Antiochus VII Sidetes
4294:Antiochus VI Dionysus
4254:Seleucus III Ceraunus
4153:Berenice IV Epiphanea
4098:Ptolemy VI Philometor
4082:Ptolemy IV Philopator
4077:Ptolemy III Euergetes
3942:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3820:Ptolemy IV Philopator
3155:XII.1 37; IG VII 298.
2573:
2084:
2009:
1921:
1679:
1533:
1400:Ptolemaĩos Philopátōr
1381:Ptolemy IV Philopator
33:Ptolemy IV Philopator
8751:Dynastic genealogies
8375:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
7671:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
7585:High Priests of Amun
7087:Merankhre Mentuhotep
6789:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
6784:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
6637:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
6344: (2040–1550 BC)
6063:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
4726:Monarchs of Bithynia
4309:Alexander II Zabinas
4289:Demetrius II Nicator
4206:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
4173:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
4138:Ptolemy XI Alexander
4113:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
4018:Antigonus II Gonatas
2998:Polybius 5.61–63, 66
2887:33; Pseudo-Plutarch
2613:Legacy and reception
2595:Callixenus of Rhodes
2315:class=notpageimage|
1779:First Macedonian War
1411:from 221 to 204 BC.
1389:Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ
44:Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ
8273:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
8210:Alexander the Great
7242: (1550–664 BC)
6764:Mershepsesre Ini II
6759:Merkawre Sobekhotep
6153:Neferkare IV Khendu
5308:Hellenistic satraps
4339:Antiochus X Eusebes
4274:Antiochus V Eupator
4216:Cleopatra Selene II
4143:Ptolemy XII Auletes
4128:Ptolemy X Alexander
4123:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
4087:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
4028:Antigonus III Doson
3626:627 F1 – Athenaeus
2771:Fouilles de Delphes
2654:temple at Jerusalem
1939:Alexander the Great
1767:Antigonid Macedonia
1508:Antigonid Macedonia
1456:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
8610:Trebonianus Gallus
7197:Senakhtenre Ahmose
6815:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
6769:Sewahenre Senebmiu
6744:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
6173:Neferkare V Tereru
6143:Neferkare III Neby
5811:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
5212:Monarchs of Epirus
5045:Cimmerian Bosporus
4805:Monarchs of Pontus
4364:Cleopatra Selene I
4244:Antiochus II Theos
4234:Seleucus I Nicator
4201:Demetrius the Fair
4183:Monarchs of Cyrene
3444:, pp. 160–161
3411:, pp. 162–164
3322:, pp. 161–162
3269:, pp. 154–155
3257:, pp. 153–154
2980:, pp. 128–132
2919:, pp. 127–128
2889:Proverb. Alexandr.
2669:Marriage and issue
2583:
2496:Completion of the
2454:Extensions to the
2362:Theoi Philopatores
2094:
2015:
1950:Theoi Philopatores
1927:
1834:and separately in
1682:
1570:Antiochus III
1566:Cleomenes III
1539:
1356:May or June 244 BC
18:Ptolemy Philopator
8863:
8862:
8850:
8849:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8657:Claudius Gothicus
8551:Severus Alexander
8518:Septimius Severus
8383:
8382:
8181:
8180:
7926:
7925:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7565:Osorkon the Elder
7516:
7515:
7293:
7292:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7187:Nubkheperre Intef
7067:Sekhemre Shedwast
6689:Sehetepkare Intef
6617:Semenkare Nebnuni
6546:
6545:
6393:
6392:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6100:
6099:
6078:Netjerkare Siptah
6000:Neferirkare Kakai
5845:
5844:
5649:
5648:
5419:
5418:
5315:
5314:
4795:Socrates Chrestus
4284:Alexander I Balas
4279:Demetrius I Soter
4239:Antiochus I Soter
3985:Antipater Etesias
3882:
3881:
3873:Succeeded by
3870:221–204 BC
3835:Ptolemaic Dynasty
3772:"Ptolemies"
3608:Thesmophoriazusae
3125:27.30 & 28.7.
3015:Life of Cleomenes
2885:Life of Cleomenes
2815:Life of CLeomenes
2769:; R. Flacelière,
2603:Life of Demetrios
2578:, as proposed by
2467:Precinct of Montu
2434:A new temple for
2410:of the Temple of
2338:Ptolemaic decrees
2061:, and Alexander.
2045:, the trident of
1935:Fourth Syrian War
1741:which issued the
1613:Fourth Syrian War
1436:Fourth Syrian War
1397:
1378:
1377:
1373:Ptolemaic dynasty
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
992:
991:
984:
983:
980:
979:
902:
901:
898:
897:
852:
851:
848:
847:
844:
843:
836:
835:
830:
829:
826:
825:
718:
717:
714:
713:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
647:
646:
641:
640:
637:
636:
572:
571:
568:
567:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
498:
497:
490:
489:
486:
485:
421:
420:
417:
416:
396:
395:
392:
391:
379:
378:
371:
370:
367:
366:
300:
299:
296:
295:
275:
274:
271:
270:
258:
257:
250:
249:
246:
245:
183:
182:
179:
178:
91:Ptolemaic Kingdom
16:(Redirected from
8918:
8857:List of pharaohs
8747:
8746:
8512:Pescennius Niger
8400:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8308:Ptolemy IX Soter
8278:Cleopatra I Syra
8198:
8197:
8194:
8193:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7895:
7894:
7886:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7864:
7863:
7615:Djedkhonsuefankh
7533:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7310:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7280:
7275:
7260:
7259:
7251:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7229:
7228:
6822:Qareh Khawoserre
6808:Yakbim Sekhaenre
6749:Mersekhemre Ined
6563:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6362:
6361:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6331:
6330:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6112:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5388:
5387:
5379:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5357:
5356:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5107:
5023:Ariobarzanes III
4397:Ptolemy Epigonos
4299:Diodotus Tryphon
4092:Cleopatra I Syra
4067:Ptolemy Keraunos
3908:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3866:Pharaoh of Egypt
3856:Preceded by
3851:
3844:
3826:
3825:
3797:House of Ptolemy
3782:
3774:
3762:
3743:
3716:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3653:
3647:
3639:
3633:
3618:
3612:
3597:
3591:
3588:Variae Historiae
3582:
3576:
3575:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3539:
3529:
3523:
3522:, pp. 86–87
3517:
3511:
3510:
3494:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3461:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3374:
3368:
3355:
3349:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3279:Bennett, Chris.
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3187:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3148:
3142:
3132:
3126:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3080:
3074:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2929:Bennett, Chris.
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2898:
2892:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2851:Bennett, Chris.
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2829:, pp. 43–54
2824:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2786:Bennett, Chris.
2783:
2774:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2736:Bennett, Chris.
2733:
2718:
2712:
2696:
2692:
2646:deuterocanonical
2487:, west of Thebes
2444:A new temple of
2301:
2300:
2285:
2284:
2269:
2268:
2253:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2221:
2220:
2205:
2204:
2189:
2188:
2173:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2141:
2140:
2125:
2124:
2109:
2108:
2102:
1958:Third Syrian War
1931:Theos Philopator
1805:Second Punic War
1601:sibling marriage
1558:
1549:
1504:Third Syrian War
1500:Seleucid kingdom
1444:Battle of Raphia
1402:
1392:
1390:
1286:
1285:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1156:
1131:
1130:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1001:
1000:
931:
930:
927:
919:
915:
914:
908:
888:
887:
884:
880:
865:
732:
731:
728:
722:
707:
706:
703:
699:
695:
694:
676:
586:
585:
582:
576:
561:
560:
557:
553:
549:
548:
532:
507:
506:
439:
438:
435:
427:
410:
409:
406:
402:
398:
397:
388:
387:
318:
317:
314:
306:
289:
288:
285:
281:
277:
276:
267:
266:
201:
200:
197:
189:
172:
171:
168:
164:
160:
159:
147:
136:
135:
63:
49:Ancient Egyptian
46:
45:
30:
29:
21:
8926:
8925:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8846:
8752:
8729:
8629:Macrianus Minor
8558:Maximinus Thrax
8494:Marcus Aurelius
8393:
8392:
8391:
8379:
8238:Ptolemy I Soter
8224:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8177:
8144:
8116:
8076:
8058:
8038:Psammetichus IV
8008:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7922:
7900:
7891:
7880:
7877:(664 BC–313 AD)
7876:
7875:
7846:
7808:
7785:
7781:Menkheperre Ini
7718:
7641:
7579:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7512:
7449:
7396:
7377:Neferneferuaten
7303:
7302:
7301:
7289:
7288:
7278:
7273:
7272:Pharaohs
7265:
7256:
7245:
7241:
7240:
7211:
7146:
7105:
7032:Sobekhotep VIII
7013:
6945:
6793:
6754:Sewadjkare Hori
6556:
6555:
6554:
6542:
6482:
6456:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6389:
6367:
6358:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6313:
6280:
6240:
6148:Djedkare Shemai
6110:
6109:
6108:
6096:
6034:
5976:
5919:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5841:
5735:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5645:
5550:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5415:
5393:
5384:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5351:
5346:
5316:
5311:
5300:
5206:
5197:Mithridates III
5101:
5044:
5043:Monarchs of the
5037:
5018:Ariobarzanes II
5003:Ariarathes VIII
4944:
4930:Mithridates III
4886:
4828:Mithridates III
4799:
4720:
4527:
4455:Greco-Bactrians
4449:
4401:
4378:
4220:
4177:
4062:Ptolemy I Soter
4048:
3994:
3951:
3918:
3912:
3878:
3869:
3861:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3789:
3759:
3740:
3724:
3719:
3708:
3704:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3636:
3629:Deipnosophistae
3619:
3615:
3598:
3594:
3583:
3579:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3392:
3388:
3375:
3371:
3356:
3352:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3209:
3203:Ab Urbe Condita
3194:
3190:
3184:Ab Urbe Condita
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3145:
3133:
3129:
3123:Ab Urbe Condita
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3081:
3077:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:, 15.25.2. Cf.
2899:
2895:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2784:
2777:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2734:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2671:
2615:
2587:tessarakonteres
2576:catamaran hulls
2568:
2540:
2498:Temple of Montu
2370:Temple of Horus
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2079:
1916:
1911:
1891:John of Antioch
1828:
1822:
1771:Aetolian League
1751:
1726:Hellenistic Age
1643:Seleucia Pieria
1615:
1609:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1528:
1496:Aetolian League
1468:
1448:Hellenistic Age
1440:Seleucid empire
1409:Ptolemaic Egypt
1304:
1303:
1283:
1257:
1237:
1229:
1206:
1188:
1166:
1162:
1128:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1043:
998:
956:
948:
943:
912:
877:
875:
871:
818:
810:
802:
794:
776:
774:
768:
763:
758:
753:
747:
741:
736:
688:
686:
682:
632:
627:
622:
613:
605:
600:
595:
590:
542:
538:
504:
481:
479:
477:
472:
470:
468:
460:
451:
446:
385:
362:
360:
358:
347:
345:
337:
335:
325:
264:
241:
239:
237:
232:
230:
228:
220:
218:
208:
157:
153:
133:
93:
73:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8924:
8914:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8766:
8763:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8727:
8725:Maximinus Daza
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8686:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8589:
8582:
8575:
8568:
8561:
8554:
8547:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8508:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8484:Antoninus Pius
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8408:
8406:
8397:
8394:(30 BC–313 AD)
8385:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8234:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8206:
8204:
8195:
8183:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8158:Artaxerxes III
8154:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8126:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8114:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8086:
8084:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8068:
8066:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8034:
8029:
8027:Petubastis III
8024:
8018:
8016:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7964:
7959:
7951:
7949:
7940:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7892:
7889:
7882:
7881:
7860:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7818:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7795:
7793:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7778:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7728:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7651:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7541:
7539:
7530:
7522:3 Intermediate
7518:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7459:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7406:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7318:
7316:
7307:
7304:(1550–1070 BC)
7295:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7257:
7254:
7247:
7246:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7162:
7156:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7123:
7115:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7096:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7037:Neferhotep III
7034:
7029:
7023:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6955:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6936:
6929:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6867:Sewadjkare III
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6836:Maaibre Sheshi
6832:
6829:'Ammu Ahotepre
6825:
6818:
6811:
6803:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6739:Merhotepre Ini
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6699:Sobekhotep III
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6571:
6569:
6560:
6557:(1802–1550 BC)
6552:2 Intermediate
6548:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6447:Mentuhotep III
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6418:
6416:
6407:
6404:(2040–1802 BC)
6399:Middle Kingdom
6395:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6349:
6348:
6336:Middle Kingdom
6327:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6299:Neferkare VIII
6296:
6290:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6271:
6266:
6264:Nebkaure Khety
6261:
6256:
6254:Meryibre Khety
6250:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6188:Neferkamin Anu
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6114:
6111:(2181–2040 BC)
6106:1 Intermediate
6102:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6025:Djedkare Isesi
6022:
6020:Menkauhor Kaiu
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5986:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5893:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5859:
5856:(2686–2181 BC)
5847:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5674:
5672:
5663:
5660:(3150–2686 BC)
5655:Early Dynastic
5651:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5442:
5433:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5375:
5374:
5353:
5352:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5255:Neoptolemus II
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5170:
5161:
5152:
5150:Mithridates II
5147:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5116:Paerisades III
5113:
5108:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5013:Ariobarzanes I
5010:
5005:
5000:
4998:Ariarathes VII
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4973:Ariarathes III
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Mithridates II
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4823:Mithridates II
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4686:Apollodotus II
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4314:Cleopatra Thea
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3788:
3787:External links
3785:
3784:
3783:
3769:, ed. (1911).
3767:Chisholm, Hugh
3763:
3757:
3744:
3738:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3702:
3687:
3678:
3671:
3648:
3634:
3613:
3592:
3577:
3557:
3550:
3524:
3512:
3505:
3479:
3472:
3446:
3413:
3401:
3386:
3369:
3350:
3324:
3297:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3226:
3207:
3188:
3169:
3157:
3143:
3127:
3107:
3095:
3075:
3055:
3043:
3031:
3019:
3000:
2991:
2989:Polybius 5.40.
2982:
2959:
2947:
2921:
2909:
2893:
2869:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2804:
2775:
2754:
2719:
2715:Clayton (2006)
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2670:
2667:
2648:biblical book
2614:
2611:
2567:
2564:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2488:
2485:Deir el-Medina
2477:
2459:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2426:
2404:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2091:Deir el-Medina
2078:
2075:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1880:Dodecaschoenus
1824:Main article:
1821:
1818:
1775:Roman Republic
1759:Cleomenean War
1750:
1747:
1611:Main article:
1608:
1605:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1527:
1524:
1512:Cleomenean War
1467:
1464:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1169:
1168:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
995:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
961:
958:
953:
950:
945:
940:
936:
923:
922:
916:
905:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
892:
861:
860:
854:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
839:
837:
834:
833:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
820:
815:
812:
807:
804:
799:
796:
791:
788:
785:
782:
778:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
744:
738:
725:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
691:
690:
672:
671:
665:
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:
653:
652:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
629:
624:
618:
615:
610:
607:
602:
597:
592:
579:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
545:
544:
528:
527:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
474:
465:
462:
456:
453:
448:
443:
431:
430:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
394:
393:
390:
389:
382:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
355:
352:
349:
342:
339:
331:
328:
322:
310:
309:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
273:
272:
269:
268:
261:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
234:
225:
222:
214:
211:
205:
193:
192:
186:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
143:
142:
134:
131:Royal titulary
129:
128:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
85:
82:
81:
75:
74:
71:British Museum
64:
56:
55:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8923:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8896:204 BC deaths
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8871:
8858:
8853:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8755:
8748:
8744:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8705:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8679:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8661:
8659:
8658:
8654:
8652:
8651:
8647:
8645:
8644:
8640:
8638:
8637:
8633:
8631:
8630:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8618:
8614:
8612:
8611:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8590:
8588:
8587:
8583:
8581:
8580:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8560:
8559:
8555:
8553:
8552:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8513:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8449:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8401:
8398:
8390:
8386:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8350:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8303:Cleopatra III
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8231:
8227:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8196:
8188:
8184:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8108:
8106:
8105:Nepherites II
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7969:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7944:
7941:
7933:
7929:
7919:
7916:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7896:
7893:
7887:
7883:
7874:
7870:
7865:
7861:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7811:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7636:Psusennes III
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7527:(1069–664 BC)
7523:
7519:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7493:Ramesses VIII
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7362:Amenhotep III
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7300:
7296:
7285:
7282:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7252:
7248:
7239:
7235:
7230:
7226:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7202:Seqenenre Tao
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7177:Sobekemsaf II
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7127:Wepwawetemsaf
7124:
7122:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6734:Merneferre Ay
6732:
6730:
6729:Wahibre Ibiau
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6714:Sobekhotep IV
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6553:
6549:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6521:Amenemhat III
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6452:Mentuhotep IV
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6442:Mentuhotep II
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6386:
6383:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6363:
6360:
6354:
6350:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6328:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6304:Wahkare Khety
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6259:Neferkare VII
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:Seth-Peribsen
5804:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5749:Hotepsekhemwy
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5656:
5652:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5539:Double Falcon
5537:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5430:(pre-3150 BC)
5426:
5425:Protodynastic
5422:
5412:
5409:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5367:
5363:
5362:Protodynastic
5358:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Neoptolemus I
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5131:Mithridates I
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:Paerisades IV
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:Paerisades II
5082:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5073:Spartokos III
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5008:Ariarathes IX
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4993:Ariarathes VI
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:Ariarathes IV
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:Ariarathes II
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Antiochus III
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:Mithridates I
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:Nicomedes III
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4616:Demetrius III
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:Antimachus II
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4561:Apollodotus I
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Eucratides II
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:Euthydemus II
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:Ptolemy Apion
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:Cleopatra III
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3739:0-500-28628-0
3735:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3698:
3691:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3657:Lionel Casson
3652:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3553:
3551:9780500283967
3547:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3506:9780500283967
3502:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3483:
3475:
3473:9780500283967
3469:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3450:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3410:
3405:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3239:
3230:
3224:, p. 133
3223:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3167:, p. 132
3166:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3083:Raphia Decree
3079:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3029:, p. 128
3028:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2951:
2936:
2932:
2931:"Arsinoe III"
2925:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2607:Lionel Casson
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2580:Lionel Casson
2577:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:Raphia Decree
2331:
2327:
2316:
2307:
2291:
2275:
2259:
2243:
2227:
2211:
2195:
2179:
2163:
2147:
2131:
2115:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:Neos Dionysos
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:Theoi Soteres
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1848:Günther Hölbl
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1743:Raphia decree
1740:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:Beqa'a valley
1704:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:Ptolemais Ake
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1619:Antiochus III
1614:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1548:
1537:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:Cleomenes III
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:and his wife
1473:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1281:
1279:
1272:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
996:
994:
987:
975:
972:
969:
966:
962:
959:
954:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
924:
920:
917:
910:
909:
906:
904:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
874:
870:
867:
866:
862:
859:
855:
840:
838:
821:
816:
813:
808:
805:
800:
797:
792:
789:
786:
783:
779:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
745:
739:
734:
733:
730:
729:
723:
720:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
685:
681:
678:
677:
673:
670:
666:
651:
649:
630:
625:
619:
616:
611:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
587:
584:
583:
577:
574:
563:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
541:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
522:
502:
500:
493:
475:
466:
463:
457:
454:
449:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
432:
428:
425:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
383:
381:
374:
356:
353:
350:
343:
340:
332:
329:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
311:
307:
304:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
262:
260:
253:
235:
226:
223:
215:
212:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
194:
190:
187:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
152:
149:
148:
144:
141:
137:
132:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
62:
57:
54:
50:
40:
36:
31:
19:
8702:
8695:
8688:
8676:
8669:
8662:
8655:
8648:
8641:
8634:
8627:
8615:
8608:
8591:
8584:
8577:
8570:
8563:
8556:
8549:
8542:
8510:
8503:
8489:Lucius Verus
8446:
8347:
8323:Berenice III
8313:Cleopatra IV
8288:Cleopatra II
8262:
8220:Alexander IV
8140:Nectanebo II
8109:
8090:Nepherites I
8049:Artaxerxes I
8036:
7966:
7954:
7937:(664–332 BC)
7917:
7873:Roman Period
7775:Shoshenq VII
7773:
7746:
7706:
7687:Shoshenq III
7669:
7634:
7597:
7575:Psusennes II
7488:Ramesses VII
7468:Ramesses III
7352:Amenhotep II
7347:Thutmose III
7283:
7172:Sobekemsaf I
7164:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7098:
7091:
6996:
6979:
6974:'Aper-'Anati
6972:
6965:
6958:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6917:
6910:
6903:
6896:
6882:Sekheperenre
6834:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6704:Neferhotep I
6694:Seth Meribre
6671:
6657:Djedkheperew
6574:
6535:
6526:Amenemhat IV
6516:Senusret III
6506:Amenemhat II
6422:Mentuhotep I
6384:
6273:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6138:Neferkare II
6089:
6082:
6015:Nyuserre Ini
5969:
5952:
5907:
5900:
5888:
5829:
5824:Neferkasokar
5822:
5815:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5728:
5721:
5629:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5572:Finger Snail
5570:
5563:
5543:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5410:
5270:Alexander II
5126:Paerisades V
5089:Spartokos IV
5053:Paerisades I
5028:Ariarathes X
4983:Ariarathes V
4958:Ariarathes I
4940:Antiochus IV
4925:Antiochus II
4857:Pharnaces II
4818:Ariobarzanes
4790:Nicomedes IV
4780:Nicomedes II
4706:Apollophanes
4691:Hippostratos
4606:Heliokles II
4566:Demetrius II
4546:Antimachus I
4508:Eucratides I
4503:Demetrius II
4488:Antimachus I
4473:Euthydemus I
4158:Ptolemy XIII
4133:Berenice III
4081:
3980:Antipater II
3947:Alexander IV
3864:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3796:
3776:
3748:
3729:
3722:Bibliography
3712:
3705:
3696:
3690:
3681:
3661:
3651:
3642:
3637:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3606:
3604:Aristophanes
3595:
3587:
3580:
3570:
3566:Bevan, Edwyn
3560:
3535:
3527:
3515:
3490:
3482:
3457:
3449:
3404:
3395:
3389:
3379:
3377:Eratosthenes
3372:
3360:
3353:
3343:
3339:
3327:
3288:. Retrieved
3284:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3229:
3202:
3191:
3183:
3172:
3160:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3087:link to text
3078:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3022:
3014:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2950:
2938:. Retrieved
2934:
2924:
2912:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:
2853:"Lysimachus"
2846:
2834:
2822:
2814:
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:
2770:
2761:
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2741:
2738:"Ptolemy IV"
2710:
2690:
2672:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2602:
2584:
2541:
2518:Sehel Island
2492:Kharga Oasis
2396:A shrine of
2391:
2366:
2361:
2322:
2162:Kharga Oasis
2063:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1977:
1962:
1949:
1947:
1930:
1928:
1888:
1884:Adikhalamani
1865:
1851:the city of
1829:
1798:
1756:
1752:
1735:
1719:
1703:Philadelphia
1695:
1690:
1683:
1663:
1640:
1616:
1577:
1469:
1460:
1413:
1380:
1379:
1163:
1159:
872:
868:
683:
679:
669:Golden Horus
539:
535:
154:
150:
103:221 – 204 BC
8593:Gordian III
8538:Diadumenian
8338:Cleopatra V
8192:(332–30 BC)
8187:Hellenistic
8130:Nectanebo I
8022:Cambyses II
8004:Psamtik III
7962:Tefnakht II
7764:Takelot III
7759:Osorkon III
7754:Shoshenq VI
7708:Pedubast II
7692:Shoshenq IV
7665:Shoshenq II
7630:Pinedjem II
7620:Menkheperre
7555:Psusennes I
7508:Ramesses XI
7498:Ramesses IX
7483:Ramesses VI
7473:Ramesses IV
7420:Ramesses II
7382:Tutankhamun
7357:Thutmose IV
7337:Thutmose II
7327:Amenhotep I
7299:New Kingdom
7234:New Kingdom
7093:Senusret IV
7077:Dedumose II
7052:Nebiriau II
7047:Nebiryraw I
7042:Mentuhotepi
6847:Khakherewre
6774:Merkheperre
6684:Imyremeshaw
6667:Sedjefakare
6622:Sehetepibre
6597:Ameny Qemau
6531:Sobekneferu
6511:Senusret II
6496:Amenemhat I
6478:Iyibkhentre
6208:Neferirkare
6203:Neferkauhor
6010:Shepseskare
5851:Old Kingdom
5837:Khasekhemwy
5817:Neferkara I
5786:Weneg-Nebty
5631:Scorpion II
5291:Pyrrhus III
5275:Olympias II
5245:Alexander I
5102: [
5099:Spartokos V
4968:Ariamnes II
4915:Antiochus I
4877:Pythodorida
4833:Pharnaces I
4754:Zipoetes II
4749:Nicomedes I
4666:Artemidoros
4661:Menander II
4601:Antialcidas
4586:Agathokleia
4541:Demetrius I
4533:Indo-Greeks
4523:Heliocles I
4478:Demetrius I
4468:Diodotus II
4445:Eumenes III
4440:Attalus III
4415:Philetaerus
4384:Lysimachids
4196:Berenice II
4163:Ptolemy XIV
4045:(pretender)
3975:Alexander V
3957:Antipatrids
3915:Hellenistic
3859:Ptolemy III
3620:Callixenus
3334:15.25–26a;
2650:3 Maccabees
2508:Arensnuphis
2398:Harpocrates
2350:Koine Greek
2342:hieroglyphs
1997:athlophorus
1861:Hugronaphor
1836:Upper Egypt
1826:Hugronaphor
1624:Coele-Syria
1597:Arsinoe III
1536:Arsinoe III
1480:Arsinoe III
1476:Berenice II
1472:Ptolemy III
1452:Hugronaphor
1420:Berenice II
1416:Ptolemy III
1347:Berenice II
1337:Ptolemy III
1313:Arsinoe III
112:Ptolemy III
108:Predecessor
8870:Categories
8710:Diocletian
8664:Quintillus
8617:Aemilianus
8572:Gordian II
8544:Elagabalus
8365:Arsinoe IV
8248:Arsinoe II
8173:Darius III
8100:Psammuthes
7989:Psamtik II
7804:Bakenranef
7742:Pedubast I
7737:Takelot II
7732:Harsiese A
7714:Osorkon IV
7702:Shoshenq V
7682:Osorkon II
7655:Shoshenq I
7625:Smendes II
7605:Pinedjem I
7550:Amenemnisu
7503:Ramesses X
7478:Ramesses V
7430:Amenmesses
7410:Ramesses I
7372:Smenkhkare
7342:Hatshepsut
7332:Thutmose I
7082:Montuemsaf
7072:Dedumose I
6872:Nebdjefare
6862:Merdjefare
6632:Nedjemibre
6627:Sewadjkare
6501:Senusret I
6473:Qakare Ini
6294:Meryhathor
6198:Neferkaure
6193:Qakare Iby
6178:Neferkahor
6163:Neferkamin
5971:Thamphthis
5965:Shepseskaf
5879:Sekhemkhet
5730:Horus Bird
5607:Scorpion I
5281:Pyrrhus II
5260:Alcetas II
5225:Tharrhypas
5192:Gepaepyris
5164:Scribonius
5058:Satyros II
4988:Orophernes
4900:Ptolemaeus
4882:Polemon II
4775:Prusias II
4744:Zipoetes I
4716:Strato III
4641:Theophilos
4621:Philoxenus
4576:Menander I
4556:Agathocles
4498:Agathocles
4463:Diodotus I
4435:Attalus II
4430:Eumenes II
4392:Lysimachus
4000:Antigonids
3803:Ptolemy IV
3758:0415201454
3672:0801851300
3520:Hölbl 2001
3442:Hölbl 2001
3409:Hölbl 2001
3320:Hölbl 2001
3290:29 October
3267:Hölbl 2001
3255:Hölbl 2001
3222:Hölbl 2001
3165:Hölbl 2001
3027:Hölbl 2001
2978:Hölbl 2001
2940:30 October
2917:Hölbl 2001
2862:30 October
2827:Hölbl 2001
2797:30 October
2767:IX.1² 1:56
2747:29 October
2703:References
2627:Phylarchus
2538:Literature
2114:Alexandria
2071:Great king
2049:, and the
2012:octadrachm
2001:canephorus
1989:Arsinoe II
1974:Berenice I
1954:Alexandria
1813:Hieronymus
1763:Social War
1617:In 222 BC
1592:Lysimachus
1588:Agathoclea
1584:Agathocles
1432:Agathocles
1317:Agathoclea
525:Nebty name
140:Horus name
67:octadrachm
8842:Ptolemaic
8650:Gallienus
8565:Gordian I
8528:Caracalla
8454:Vespasian
8448:Vitellius
8230:Ptolemaic
8072:Amyrtaeus
8054:Darius II
7999:Ahmose II
7979:Psamtik I
7918:uncertain
7906:Pharaohs
7842:Tanutamun
7677:Takelot I
7660:Osorkon I
7610:Masaharta
7560:Amenemope
7463:Setnakhte
7425:Merneptah
7367:Akhenaten
7284:uncertain
7166:Nebmaatre
6987:Sakir-Har
6940:Yaqub-Har
6852:Nebefawre
6602:Hotepibre
6468:Segerseni
6437:Intef III
6385:uncertain
6373:Pharaohs
6005:Neferefre
5831:Hudjefa I
5712:Semerkhet
5449:Hedju Hor
5411:uncertain
5399:Pharaohs
5265:Pyrrhus I
5230:Alcetas I
5136:Pharnaces
5111:Kamasarye
5094:Leukon II
5078:Hygiainon
5033:Archelaus
4872:Polemon I
4770:Prusias I
4711:Strato II
4701:Zoilos II
4696:Dionysios
4676:Archebius
4646:Peukolaos
4611:Polyxenos
4551:Pantaleon
4493:Pantaleon
4425:Attalus I
4420:Eumenes I
4226:Seleucids
4054:Ptolemies
4043:Philip VI
3990:Sosthenes
3970:Philip IV
3965:Cassander
3932:Philip II
3876:Ptolemy V
3713:Geography
3643:Demetrius
3361:Geography
3245:5.107.1–3
3139:Geography
3065:5.79–87;
3010:5.38–39;
2879:15.25.2;
2623:Histories
2599:Athenaeus
2458:at Koptos
1982:Ptolemais
1970:Ptolemy I
1903:Ptolemy V
1628:Theodotus
1394:romanized
1327:Ptolemy V
122:Ptolemy V
118:Successor
8802:21 to 23
8720:Galerius
8715:Maximian
8704:Numerian
8671:Aurelian
8623:Valerian
8586:Balbinus
8579:Pupienus
8533:Macrinus
8505:Pertinax
8499:Commodus
8464:Domitian
8427:Claudius
8422:Caligula
8417:Tiberius
8412:Augustus
8032:Darius I
7984:Necho II
7827:Shebitku
7799:Tefnakht
7392:Horemheb
7322:Ahmose I
7134:Pantjeny
7120:Senebkay
7100:Pepi III
7062:Bebiankh
6919:Shenshek
6877:Nebsenre
6709:Sihathor
6679:Khendjer
6642:Renseneb
6587:Nerikare
6432:Intef II
6309:Merykare
6214:Wadjkare
6158:Merenhor
6053:Userkare
5960:Menkaure
5954:Bikheris
5943:Djedefre
5909:Qahedjet
5793:Wadjenes
5779:Horus Sa
5772:Nubnefer
5759:Nynetjer
5723:Sneferka
5463:Ni-Neith
5349:Pharaohs
5296:Deidamia
5277:(regent)
5250:Aeacides
5187:Aspurgus
5080:(regent)
5063:Prytanis
4905:Sames II
4761:(regent)
4734:Boteiras
4681:Telephos
4671:Hermaeus
4626:Diomedes
4596:Strato I
4581:Zoilos I
4407:Attalids
4094:(regent)
4033:Philip V
3715:17.1.11.
3659:(1995).
3568:(1927).
3365:Zenobius
3363:17.1.8;
3332:Polybius
3243:Polybius
3196:Polybius
3177:Polybius
3117:11.4.1;
3115:Polybius
3103:Polybius
3091:Polybius
3063:Polybius
3051:Polybius
3039:Polybius
3012:Plutarch
3008:Polybius
2955:Polybius
2905:Zenobius
2901:Polybius
2881:Plutarch
2877:Polybius
2839:Polybius
2812:Plutarch
2663:Caligula
2619:Polybius
2552:Thespiae
2047:Poseidon
2027:tympanon
2019:Dionysus
1943:Dionysus
1899:Polybius
1872:Arqamani
1844:Polybius
1809:Hiero II
1801:Carthage
1769:and the
1765:between
1731:Polybius
1711:Damascus
1691:de facto
1666:Polybius
1580:Sosibius
1428:Sosibius
1323:Children
8697:Carinus
8678:Tacitus
8636:Quietus
8479:Hadrian
8163:Khabash
7994:Wahibre
7974:Necho I
7968:Nekauba
7956:Ammeris
7899:Dynasty
7837:Taharqa
7832:Shabaka
7769:Rudamun
7748:Iuput I
7593:Herihor
7545:Smendes
7445:Twosret
7435:Seti II
7279:female)
7264:Dynasty
7160:Rahotep
7057:Semenre
7027:Djehuti
7009:Khamudi
6998:Yanassi
6981:Salitis
6933:Yakareb
6926:Khamure
6857:Sehebre
6779:Merkare
6427:Intef I
6366:Dynasty
6275:Imhotep
6235:Iytjenu
6221:Khuiqer
6133:Menkare
6084:Neferka
6068:Pepi II
5990:Userkaf
5884:Sanakht
5707:Anedjib
5687:Hor-Aha
5620:Iry-Hor
5614:Shendjw
5586:Pen-Abu
5470:Hat-Hor
5392:Dynasty
5286:Ptolemy
5240:Arybbas
5220:Admetus
5202:Cotys I
5182:Polemon
5177:Polemon
5173:Dynamis
5168:Dynamis
5159:Dynamis
5155:Asander
5145:Dynamis
5141:Asander
5068:Eumelos
4867:Arsaces
4842:Laodice
4765:Ziaelas
4759:Etazeta
4636:Epander
4631:Amyntas
4038:Perseus
3924:Argeads
3843:Unknown
3799:, 1923)
3645:43.4–5.
3600:Scholia
3542:151–152
3384:241 F16
3348:558 F54
3198:7.2.2;
3186:27.4.10
3179:9.11a;
3141:10.4.11
3053:5.68–71
2957:5.45–46
2907:, 5.94.
2841:15.25.2
2788:"Magas"
2717:p. 208.
2556:Boeotia
2502:Medamud
2465:of the
2463:gateway
2430:Memphis
2420:Astarte
2400:in the
2346:Demotic
2330:Memphis
2326:Canopus
2194:Medamud
2130:Memphis
2035:drachms
1993:sozousa
1976:as the
1857:Pharaoh
1777:in the
1739:Memphis
1699:Berytus
1687:Achaeus
1671:Canopus
1572:(right)
1502:in the
1494:by the
1488:Thermos
1405:pharaoh
1396::
1369:Dynasty
1309:Consort
89:of the
79:Pharaoh
69:in the
8837:Argead
8684:Probus
8604:Decius
8599:Philip
8474:Trajan
8202:Argead
8111:Muthis
8064:XXVIII
8044:Xerxes
7912:female
7890:Period
7599:Piankh
7570:Siamun
7440:Siptah
7415:Seti I
7255:Period
7207:Kamose
7141:Snaaib
7111:Abydos
6967:Semqen
6960:Sharek
6912:Sheneh
6892:'Apepi
6887:Bebnum
6842:Nehesy
6662:Sebkay
6582:Sonbef
6379:female
6357:Period
6168:Nikare
6058:Pepi I
5995:Sahure
5948:Khafre
5933:Snefru
5902:Sedjes
5874:Djoser
5800:Senedj
5678:Narmer
5637:Narmer
5519:Wazner
5484:Hsekiu
5456:Ny-Hor
5405:female
5383:Period
4862:Darius
4656:Nicias
4651:Thraso
4591:Lysias
3917:rulers
3850:204 BC
3846:
3816:(2004)
3755:
3736:
3710:Strabo
3669:
3585:Aelian
3548:
3503:
3470:
3358:Strabo
3336:Justin
3205:24.26.
3135:Strabo
3105:5.100.
3067:Justin
2676:Strabo
2659:Yahweh
2639:tryphe
2591:galley
2566:Luxury
2560:Adonis
2512:Philae
2475:Thebes
2471:Karnak
2436:Hathor
2418:, and
2416:Khonsu
2386:Osiris
2348:, and
2290:Koptos
2274:Philae
2242:Thebes
2055:Athena
2043:Helios
2039:Apollo
2023:tryphe
1909:Regime
1895:Justin
1868:Nubian
1853:Thebes
1795:Oropus
1791:Rhodes
1783:Gortyn
1722:Raphia
1689:, the
1520:Sparta
1492:Delphi
1343:Mother
1333:Father
8690:Carus
8469:Nerva
8459:Titus
8437:Galba
8404:XXXIV
8389:Roman
8168:Arses
8095:Hakor
8014:XXVII
7724:XXIII
7314:XVIII
7274:(male
7004:Apepi
6992:Khyan
6905:Wazad
6673:Wegaf
6607:Iufni
6461:Nubia
6269:Setut
6091:Nefer
5938:Khufu
5896:Khaba
5890:Nebka
5754:Nebra
5682:Menes
5641:Menes
5593:Stork
5556:Upper
5512:Neheb
5505:Thesh
5491:Khayu
5440:Lower
5175:with
5157:with
5143:with
5106:]
4840:with
4513:Plato
4191:Magas
3848:Died:
3841:Born:
3631:V 37.
3590:13.22
3017:33–37
2682:Notes
2548:Muses
2544:Homer
2532:Dakka
2528:Thoth
2522:Aswan
2450:Tjebu
2446:Nemty
2440:Cusae
2424:Tanis
2378:Horus
2354:Horus
2306:Tjebu
2258:Sehel
2226:Dakka
2210:Cusae
2146:Tanis
2087:Montu
2067:Jaffa
2051:aegis
1924:Montu
1876:Meroe
1832:Delta
1787:Crete
1715:Sidon
1713:, or
1655:Sidon
1636:Molon
1632:Media
1526:Reign
1484:Magas
1385:Greek
1149:Nomen
99:Reign
65:Gold
39:Greek
8523:Geta
8442:Otho
8432:Nero
8150:XXXI
8135:Teos
8082:XXIX
7947:XXVI
7932:Late
7909:male
7869:Late
7822:Piye
7791:XXIV
7697:Pami
7647:XXII
7236:and
7152:XVII
6898:Nuya
6567:XIII
6376:male
6338:and
6228:Khui
6125:VIII
6048:Teti
6030:Unas
5915:Huni
5717:Qa'a
5697:Djet
5692:Djer
5600:Bull
5579:Fish
5545:Wash
5526:Mekh
5402:male
3753:ISBN
3734:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3623:FGrH
3611:1059
3546:ISBN
3501:ISBN
3468:ISBN
3381:FGrH
3367:3.94
3345:FGrH
3292:2019
3200:Livy
3181:Livy
3119:Livy
3093:5.87
3073:30.1
3041:5.67
2942:2019
2864:2019
2799:2019
2749:2019
2629:and
2481:Maat
2408:Naos
2384:and
2374:Edfu
2178:Edfu
2059:Zeus
1972:and
1941:and
1840:Edfu
1793:and
1659:Dora
1657:and
1649:and
1647:Tyre
1582:and
1490:and
1430:and
1418:and
1361:Died
1353:Born
87:King
8122:XXX
7871:to
7814:XXV
7537:XXI
7402:XIX
7019:XVI
6799:XIV
6647:Hor
6488:XII
6121:VII
5866:III
5702:Den
5498:Tiu
5364:to
4739:Bas
3602:to
3497:142
3464:113
3089:);
2633:by
2625:of
2554:in
2530:at
2510:at
2500:at
2483:at
2448:at
2438:at
2422:at
2412:Mut
2372:at
2358:Set
2089:at
2053:of
2041:or
1945:.
1874:of
1785:in
1518:of
1407:of
8872::
8832:31
8827:30
8822:27
8817:26
8812:25
8807:24
8797:20
8792:19
8787:18
8782:12
8777:11
7455:XX
7387:Ay
6951:XV
6414:XI
6246:IX
6040:VI
5925:IV
5765:Ba
5741:II
5680:/
5639:/
5625:Ka
5477:Pu
5104:ru
3775:.
3544:.
3499:.
3466:.
3416:^
3338:,
3300:^
3283:.
3210:^
3152:IG
3137:,
3121:,
3069:,
2962:^
2933:.
2891:13
2883:,
2855:.
2817:32
2790:.
2778:^
2763:IG
2740:.
2722:^
2678:.
2520:,
2473:,
2414:,
2382:Ra
2344:,
2073:.
2057:,
1960:.
1717:.
1709:,
1661:.
1638:.
1634:,
1391:,
1387::
1315:,
51::
41::
8772:4
8768:3
8765:2
8761:1
6286:X
6123:/
5982:V
5670:I
5565:A
5533:A
5341:e
5334:t
5327:v
3907:e
3900:t
3893:v
3761:.
3742:.
3675:.
3554:.
3509:.
3476:.
3294:.
3085:(
2944:.
2866:.
2801:.
2751:.
1383:(
20:)
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