1386:. One of the main draws in this material for Cotterell and other pseudoarchaeologists is that the ancient Aztec and Maya people possessed knowledge beyond our imagination. From being able to âtake off in spaceshipsâ, to dealing with complex numbers and equations, these people possessed âgodly intelligenceâ. Their biggest study and answer came from analyzing the Mayan calendar and finding correlations with the Sun and Earth. He states that âthey (Sun, Earth, Mayan Calendar) come close together every 260 days, this agreed with his suspicion that the Mayan numbering system was connected with solar magnetic cyclesâ. There are no professionals that endorse his statements, and his conclusions are based on insufficient evidence. Cotterell's work is pseudoarcheology because it reports his own non-scientific interpretations, without any scientific
639:(1921â1994) were formerly considered to be eminent by both academic and alternative archaeologists. He came to the conclusion that a constructive dialogue should be begun between academic and alternative archaeologists. Fagan and Feder have responded to Holtorf's statements in detail, asserting that such a dialogue is no more possible than is one between evolutionary biologists and creationists or between astronomers and astrologers: one is scientific, the other is anti-scientific.
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expertise and motives of the critic become the main focus of attention." Fagan has maintained this idea elsewhere, remarking that arguing with supporters of pseudoarchaeological theories was "pointless" because they denied logic. He noted that they included those "who openly admitted to not having read a word written by a trained
Egyptologist" but who at the same time "were pronouncing how academic Egyptology was all wrong, even sinister."
1399:. The Calendar Round seems to have been based on two overlapping annual cycles: a 260-day sacred year and a 365-day secular year that named 18 months with 20 days each. The Maya calendar also included what were termed Long Counts, these were created by priests at the time and a single cycle lasted 5,126 solar years. From the time this was created, the end of the solar years occurred on 21 December 2012. Ancient hieroglyphs from
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concern. The claim is that this passageway was and still is a direct channel to the underworld. There are many possibilities for what this could have been used for, but there are not any facts to prove this statement. Many experts, including
Guillermo de And, an underwater archaeologist who directed a few expeditions to uncover Mayan aqua life, believe that the passageway was a âsecret
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scientific method, he argued, that pseudoarchaeological arguments were faulty. He then argued that most pseudoarchaeologists do not consider alternative explanations to that which they want to propagate, and that their "theories" were typically just "notions", not having sufficient evidence to allow them to be considered "theories" in the scientific, academic meaning of the word.
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did so because of the difficulties in making academic archaeological ideas comprehensible and interesting to the average viewer. Renfrew however believed that those television executives commissioning these documentaries knew that they were erroneous, and that they had allowed them to be made and broadcast simply for the hope of "short-term financial gain".
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commonalities of pseudeoarchaeological theories: the unscientific nature of its method and evidence, its history of providing "simple, compact answers to complex, difficult issues", and its tendency to present itself as being persecuted by the archaeological establishment, accompanied by an ambivalent attitude towards the scientific ethos of the
386:. Instead of testing evidence to see what hypotheses it satisfies best, pseudoarchaeologists force the archaeological data to fit a "favored conclusion" that is often arrived at through hunches, intuition, or religious or nationalist dogma. Pseudoarchaeological groups have a variety of basic assumptions that are typically unscientific: the
361:"Archaeological readings of the landscape enrich the experience of inhabiting or visiting a place," Holtorf asserted. "Those readings may well be based on science but even non-scientific research contributes to enriching our landscapes." The question for opponents of folk archaeology is whether such enrichment is delusional.
1262:. These similarities commonly mention creation of pyramids, use of archways, and similarities in artwork of the divine. Arguments such as these claim an association between ancient Egypt and Maya through either a transatlantic outing that brought Egypt to the Mayas or through a shared origin in both civilizations (either in
254:(2006) however claimed this term was only chosen because it "imparts a warmer, fuzzier feel" that "appeals to our higher ideals and progressive inclinations". They argued that the term "pseudoarchaeology" was much more appropriate, a term also used by other prominent academic and professional archaeologists such as
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Countering the misleading "discoveries" of pseudoarchaeology binds academic archaeologists in a quandary, described by
Cornelius Holtorf as whether to strive to disprove pseudoarchaeology by "crusading" methods or to concentrate on better public knowledge of the sciences involved; Holtorf suggested a
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Pseudoarchaeologists typically present themselves as being disadvantaged with respect to the much larger archaeological establishment. They often use language that disparages academics and dismisses them as being unadventurous, spending all their time in dusty libraries and refusing to challenge the
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Commonly lacking scientific evidence, pseudoarchaeologists typically use other types of evidence for their arguments. For instance, they often use "generalized cultural comparisons", using various artefacts and monuments from one society, and emphasizing similarities with those of another society to
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slightly more than four months after the excavation. There were also claims that all lights in Cairo went out at the moment of Lord
Carnavon's death. However, skeptics believe that reporters overlooked rational explanations and relied on supernatural legends. In 2021, mummies discovered mostly from
1184:, which involves a belief of imprecations being directed against those who enter the tombs of mummies, and pharaohs. These curses often include natural disaster or illness or death for those who have entered the tomb. One of the most influential iterations of this theory comes from the discovery of
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Conversely, many pseudoarchaeologists, whilst criticising the academic archaeological establishment, also attempt to get endorsements from people with academic credentials and affiliations. At times, they quote historical, and in most cases dead academics to strengthen their arguments; for instance
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civilisation represented a cosmic catastrophe that occurred during the 7th and 8th centuries BCE. This was criticised by academic archaeologist
William H. Stiebing Jr., who noted that such myths only developed during the 12th to the 14th centuries CE, two millennia after Velikovsky claimed that the
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The theory the
Egyptian pyramids were not built as tombs of ancient pharaohs, but for other purposes, has resulted in a variety of alternative theories about their purpose and origins. One such pseudoarchaeological theory is from Scott Creighton, who argues that the pyramids were built as recovery
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Many academic archaeologists have argued that the spread of alternative archaeological theories is a threat to the general public's understanding of the past. Fagan was particularly scathing of television shows that presented pseudoarchaeological theories to the general public, believing that they
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expanded on this, noting how in the academic archaeological community, "New evidence or arguments have to be thoroughly scrutinised to secure their validity ... and longstanding, well-entrenched positions will take considerable effort and particularly compelling data to overturn." Fagan noted
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William H. Stiebing Jr. argued that despite their many differences, there were a set of common characteristics shared by almost all pseudoarchaeological interpretations. He believed that because of this, pseudoarchaeology could be categorised as a "single phenomenon". He then identified three main
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A type of pseudoarcheology of the Middle East has created a pseudo-history of
Babylon, in contradiction to Judeo-Christian and Biblical history, resulting in the production of fraudulent cuneiform tablets, as clay tablets are difficult to date. "By 1904, during the early period of cuneiform tablet
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have formed a massive and global network through universities, museums, institutes, societies and foundations. And this immense powerhouse and clearing-house of knowledge has presented their dogma of history to the general public totally unhindered and unchallenged from the outside. ... On a
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Academic archaeologist John R. Cole believed that most pseudoarchaeologists do not understand how scientific investigation works, and that they instead believe it to be a "simple, catastrophic right versus wrong battle" between contesting theories. It was because of this failure to understand the
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Various terms have been employed to refer to these non-academic interpretations of archaeology. During the 1980s, the term "cult archaeology" was used by some people such as John R. Cole (1980) and
William H. Stiebing Jr. (1987). "Fantastic archaeology" was used during the 1980s as the name of an
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Chichén Itzå in Mexico has long been an important archaeological site. Throughout the past few years there have been many wild claims by pseudoarchaeologists. The passageway beneath the
Kulkulcan pyramid, a part of Chichén Itzå, was found and this is what many of the pseudoarchaeologists' claims
271:, used the derogative term "bullshit archaeology", and similarly the academic William H. Stiebing Jr. noted that there were certain terms used for pseudoarchaeology that were heard "in the privacy of professional archaeologists' homes and offices but which cannot be mentioned in polite society".
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Fagan and Feder believed that it was not possible for academic archaeologists to successfully engage with pseudoarchaeologists, remarking that "you cannot reason with unreason". Speaking from their own experiences, they thought that attempted dialogues just became "slanging matches in which the
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species is much older than the 200,000 years it is generally believed to have existed. Archaeologist John R. Cole refers to such beliefs as "cult archaeology" and believes them to be pseudoarchaeological. He said that this "pseudoarchaeology" had "many of the attributes, causes, and effects of
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Archaeologists distinguish their research from pseudoarchaeology by indicating differences of research methods, including recursive methods, falsifiable theories, peer review, and a generally systematic approach to collecting data. Though there is overwhelming evidence of cultural associations
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During the early 1980s, Kenneth Feder performed a survey of his archaeology students. On the 50-question survey, 10 questions had to do with archaeology and/or pseudoscience. Some of the claims were more rational; the world is 5 billion years old, and human beings came about through evolution.
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Academic archaeologist
Cornelius Holtorf believed however that critics of alternative archaeologies like Fagan were "opinionated and patronizing" towards alternative theories, and that purporting their opinions in such a manner was damaging to the public's perception of archaeologists. Holtorf
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to hide the truth about history from the public. When academics challenge pseudoarchaeologists and criticise their theories, many pseudoarchaeologists claim it as further evidence that their own ideas are right, and that they are simply being harassed by members of this academic conspiracy.
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taught by Stephen Williams, who published a book with the same title. During the 2000s, the term "alternative archaeology" began to be instead applied by academics like Tim Sebastion (2001), Robert J. Wallis (2003), Cornelius Holtorf (2006), and Gabriel Moshenka (2008). Garrett F. Fagan and
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criticized Schoch's theory on the grounds that it demonstrated ignorance of relevant facts and that it did not explain variations in appearance or how various civilizations' pyramids were built. Fagan also describes known research by several archaeologists about the development of various
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collecting, J. Edgar Banks, a Mesopotamian explorer and tablet dealer, estimated that nearly 80% of tablets offered for sale in Baghdad were fakes. In 2016, Syria's Director General for Antiquities and Museums reported that approximately 70% of seized artefacts in the country are fakes."
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and Kenneth L. Feder have argued that pseudoarchaeological interpretations of the past were based upon sensationalism, self-contradiction, fallacious logic, manufactured or misinterpreted evidence, quotes taken out of context and incorrect information. Fagan and Feder characterised such
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that have been important to archaeologists attempting to recreate the past, have also been used by pseudoarchaeologists to fabricate false claims about the past. In reality these carvings have been used to reconstruct the stories and history of more than thirty dynastic rulers. Some
571:, Luanne Hudson and Francis Harrold decided to hold a symposium to examine pseudoarchaeological beliefs from a variety of academic standpoints, including archaeology, physical anthropology, sociology, history and psychology. From this symposium, an anthology was produced, entitled
1417:. These claims are widely regarded as false by archeologists. When these claims were circulated during the early 1990s, the rate of tourism boomed. In cases like this, pseudoarcheological claims can often garner public attention more effectively than peer-reviewed archeology.
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interpretations of the past as being "anti-reason and anti-science" with some being "hyper-nationalistic, racist and hateful". In turn, many pseudoarchaeologists have dismissed academics as being closed-minded and not willing to consider theories other than their own.
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is much older than the 200,000 years old it has been shown to be by archaeologists. Despite this, many of pseudoarchaeology's proponents claim that they gained their conclusions using scientific techniques and methods, even when it is demonstrable that they have not.
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or other flood theories. Scott Creighton claims that knowledge of a coming deluge (which he refers to as "Thoth's Flood") generated the idea of building pyramids as recovery vaults from which civilization could rebuild. Another fringe theory relating to this is the
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If God were to hold in his right hand all the truth and in his left the unique ever-active spur for truth, although with the corollary to err forever, asking me to choose, I would humbly take his left and say "Father, give; for the pure truth is for you alone!"
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There is no unified pseudoarchaeological theory or method, but rather many different interpretations of the past which are jointly at odds with those developed by the scientific community as well as with each other. These include religious philosophies such as
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beliefs about Mayas and Maya religion and/or spirituality. That said, Mayan culture has long been a subject of scientific archaeology. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that has furthered our knowledge of the past. Some of these include stone carvings in
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in 1492. Part of these arguments stem from the discovery of nicotine and cocaine traces found in various mummies. The argument is that plants producing these were not known to exist outside the Americas, although Duncan Edlin found that plants containing both
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stated his opinion that it was appalling that pseudoarchaeologists treated archaeological evidence in such a "frivolous and self-serving way", something he believed trivialised the "serious matter" of the study of human origins. Academics like John R. Cole,
517:, a theory that has been abandoned by the academic community but which Hancock endorses. As Fagan noted however, the fact that Einstein was a physicist and not a geologist is not even mentioned by Hancock, nor is the fact that the present understanding of
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interpretations involve the use of artifacts, sites or materials to construct scientifically insubstantial theories to strengthen the pseudoarchaeologists' claims. Methods include exaggeration of evidence, dramatic or romanticized conclusions, use of
466:] (to name but a few) in order to act as the gatekeepers of the truth (as they see it), ready to come down like the proverbial ton of bricks on all those whom they perceive as "frauds", "charlatans", and "pseudo-scientists"âin short, heretics.
647:'s tomb actually killed people upon discovery, and there is good evidence for the existence of Atlantis. As it resulted, some of the students Feder was teaching gave some credibility to the pseudoscience claims. 12% actually believed people on
1144:). Another alternative theory for the purpose of the pyramids comes from known pseudoarchaeologist Graham Hancock, who argues that the pyramids originated from an early civilization that was destroyed by an asteroid that also began the
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as ignoring Old Kingdom societal evidence about the Sphinx and being flawed in citing specifics about a possible erosion. Currently Egyptologists tend to date the Sphinx sometime about 2500 B.C., approximately the reign of the pharaoh
228:, misuse of logic and evidence, misunderstanding of scientific method, and internal contradictions in their arguments". The relationship between alternative and academic archaeologies has been compared to the relationship between
1308:'s modern body appearance is caused by erosion due to flooding or rain. This theory, which has been perpetuated by Robert Schoch who claims the Sphinx was built between 5000 and 7000 BCE, has been criticized by Zahi Hawass and
425:, or an extraterrestrial influence. This takes the different artefacts or monuments entirely out of their original contexts, something which is anathema to academic archaeologists, for whom context is of the utmost importance.
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and his burial. Pseudoarchaeologists have discussed much about the discovery of Pakal's sarcophagus lid and the answers they gained from studying it. Pseudoarchaeology author Maurice Cotterell writes about this in his book
1104:, but was so beautiful that it could it have been crafted only by the hand of God. Though Smyth contributed to the idea of the Great Pyramid not being created originally by Khufu, this belief has been further propagated by
1124:(the discoverer of Khufu cartouches within the Great Pyramid) presented the earliest evidence that the Great Pyramid's builder) faked the markings of Khufu's name. However, Sitchin's research has been challenged as being
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1622:" was the product of extraterrestrial-human breeding or extraterrestrial genetic engineering, despite DNA evidence proving that the skull was that of an anatomically modern human infant, most likely suffering from
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for political, religious, and ideological purposes. Emphasis was placed on the media's reporting of sensational and politically motivated archaeological claims and the academy's responsibility in responding to it.
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third method, relativist and contextualised, by identifying the social and cultural demands that both scientific and alternative archaeologies address and by identifying the engagement of present people with the
742:, using cultural superiority of the ancient Aryan race as a basic assumption to establish the Germanic people as the descendants of the original Aryan 'master race') or a desire to prove a particular religious (
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Another argument in favor of contact between ancient Egyptians and Mayans is from claims of similarities of art, architecture and writing. These theories are explained by authors such as Graham Hancock in
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admitted that the archaeological establishment was often "set in its ways and resistant to radical new ideas" but that this was not the reason why pseudoarchaeological theories were rejected by academics.
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Translated and notes by A.M. Harmon, 1936, Published in Loeb Classical Library, 9 volumes, Greek texts and facing English translation: Harvard University Press. This extract transcribed by Roger Pearse,
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Especially in the past, but also in the present, pseudoarchaeology has been affected by racism, which can be suggested by attempts to attribute ancient sites and artefacts to ancient Egyptians, Hebrew
1152:. This belief is sometimes explained for why the pyramids supposedly appear suddenly in history. However, this claim is challenged by Egyptologists who describe an evolution of pyramid designs from
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Baumann, Stefan (2018). Fakten und Fiktionen: ArchÀologie vs. Pseudowissenschaft. SonderbÀnde der Antiken Welt (in German). Darmstadt: Philipp von Zabern Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (WBG).
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theory of some Judeo-Christian fundamentalists. They argue that the Earth is 4,000â10,000 years old, with claims varying depending on the source. Some Hindu pseudoarchaeologists believe that the
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from Egypt being responsible for influencing most of the major ancient civilizations of the world in Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and particularly the ancient Native Americans. This includes
627:, which was once considered as a component of fringe archaeological interpretations before being adopted by mainstream academics. He also noted that certain archaeological scholars, like
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orthodoxies of the establishment lest they lose their jobs. In some more extreme examples, pseudoarchaeologists have accused academic archaeologists of being members of a widespread
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emphasized that there were similarities between academic and alternative archaeological interpretations, with the former being influenced by the latter. As evidence, he emphasized
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existed in Egypt and therefore could have been used by ancient Egyptians. Another argument against possible contact is that there is a massive body of literature in the form of
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Pseudoarchaeological theories have come to be much criticised by academic and professional archaeologists. One of the first books to address these directly was by archaeologist
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Practitioners of pseudoarchaeology often criticise academic archaeologists and established scientific methods, claiming that conventional science has ignored critical evidence.
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conclusion is established, and fieldwork is performed explicitly to corroborate the theory in detail. According to archaeologist John Hoopes, writing for the magazine of the
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usually do not receive. Many examples of pseudoarcheology pertaining to Maya civilization can be found in literature, art, and movies. Many of them have to do with the
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claimed that when this cycle ended, Bolon Yokte, the Mayan god of creation and war would arrive. Some pseudoarchaeologists assumed to mean that the world would end.
962:, and numerous other important sites. However, he has not presented evidence sufficient to impress Bible scholars, scientists, and historians. The organization
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Flemming, Nic (2006). "The Attraction of Non-Rational Archaeological Hypotheses: The Individual and Sociological Factors". In Garrett G. Fagan (ed.).
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have inspired pseudoarchaeological speculation. In Mexico, this history can bring more people which in turn brings more money for the area, which the
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3499:"The Stoned Age?: Did the discovery, in Egyptian mummies, of the chemicals found in cocaine and tobacco prove an ancient contact with the Americas?"
715:, identified helpfully with an inscribed plaque. Arthur was reinterred at Glastonbury with a magnificent ceremonial attended by the king and queen.
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Fagan, Garrett G.; Feder, Kenneth L. (2006). "Crusading against straw men: an alternative view of alternative archaeologies: response to Holtorf".
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as representing historical events, but in doing so these myths are often taken out of their cultural contexts. For instance, pseudoarchaeologist
3561:"Early theories attributing Mesoamerican civilization to lost civilizations continue to deprive Native Americans of their cultural legacy today"
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1615:, which are all contested by mainstream archaeologists and historians as lacking critical physical evidence and general historical credibility.
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Academic archaeologists have often criticised pseudoarchaeology, with one of the major critics, John R. Cole, characterising it as relying on "
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1172:. Many alternative beliefs have been criticized as ignoring the knowledge, architectural and constructive capabilities of ancient Egyptians.
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3341:"Carnarvon Is Dead of an Insect's Bite at Pharaoh's Tomb; Blood Poisoning and Ensuing Pneumonia Conquer Tut-ankh-Amen Discoverer in Egypt"
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period were to be paraded through Cairo during a transference for study. However, several events occurred, including a ship blocking the
168:(1968). Others instead argue there were human societies in the ancient period which were significantly technologically advanced, such as
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that pseudoarchaeological theories simply do not have sufficient evidence to allow them to be accepted by professional archaeologists.
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136:. Some pseudoarchaeological theories concern the idea that prehistoric and ancient human societies were aided in their development by
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Schadla-Hall, Tim (2004). "The Comforts of Unreason: The importance and relevance of alternative archaeology". In N. Merriman (ed.).
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Operations carried on at the pyramids of Gizeh in 1837 : with an account of a voyage into upper Egypt, and an appendix. Volume 1
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and accidents involving several members of the crew. Many claimed these were the results of a pharaoh's curse, however, Egyptologist
2969:. SonderbĂ€nde der Antiken Welt (in German). Darmstadt: Philipp von Zabern Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (WBG). pp. 83â93.
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from ancient Egypt, however ancient Egyptian scholars never noted contacting the Americas in any of the texts that have been found.
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terms of their cultural contexts and the cultural desires to which they respondâhave been comparatively few. However, in this vein,
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and take up his residence at Abonoteichus. The opportune discovery of these tablets caused this story to spread quickly to all
582:, a workshop was held on the topic of pseudoarchaeology. It subsequently resulted in the publication of an academic anthology,
2322:"We might want to remind ourselves of the truism that every past is the construct of a particular present-day context" p. 548.
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in November 1922. Several deaths of those present at the excavation have been attributed to a curse, including that of
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n the temple of Apollo, which is the most ancient in Chalcedon, they buried bronze tablets which said that very soon
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tradition. Many alternative archaeologies have been adopted by religious groups. Fringe archaeological ideas such as
3750:"Tikal: Stone Sculpture | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
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Center for Jewish Studies, along with the Duke Department of Religion, the Duke Graduate Program in Religion, the
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Another example of pseudoarcheology concerning Maya civilization are some conclusions gained from studying the
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argues that both Egyptian and Maya pyramids result from a common lost civilization. However, ancient historian
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were a long vanished non-Native American people thought to have come from Europe, the Middle East, or Africa.
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Feder, Kenneth L. (2020). "Chapter 10: The Mystery of Ancient Civilizations: How Did People Get So Smart?".
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Holtorf, Cornelius (December 2005). "Beyond Crusades: How (Not) to Engage with Alternative Archaeologies".
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period. A third common pseudoarchaeological theory about the Egyptian pyramids is that they were built by
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more sinister note: now this "church of science" has formed a network of watchdog organisations such as
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Moshenka, Gabriel (2008). "'The Bible in Stone': Pyramids, Lost Tribes and Alternative Archaeologies".
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374:. This idea that there are common characteristics of pseudoarchaeologies is shared by other academics.
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events had occurred, and that the Aztec society itself had not even developed by the 7th century BCE.
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and who reject or ignore the accepted data gathering and analytical methods of the discipline. These
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and "Welsh Indians" was set in its changing and evolving sociohistorical contexts by Gwyn Williams.
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Another type of evidence used by a number of pseudoarchaeologists is the interpretation of various
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Holtorf, Cornelius (2005). "Beyond crusades: how (not) to engage with alternative archaeologies".
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Other academic archaeologists have chosen to use other terms to refer to these interpretations.
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Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public
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A Permeability of Boundaries?: New Approaches to the Archaeology of Art, Religion and Folklore
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Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public
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Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public
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Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public
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Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public
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desired to emphasize his "Englishness", an alleged discovery was made: the supposed coffin of
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Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public
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Cult Archaeology & Creationism: Understanding Pseudoarchaeological Beliefs about the Past
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Cult Archaeology & Creationism: Understanding Pseudoarchaeological Beliefs about the Past
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Cult Archaeology & Creationism: Understanding Pseudoarchaeological Beliefs about the Past
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4762:
4691:
4686:
4612:
3560:
3434:
2016:
1999:
1658:
1543:
1528:
1459:
1305:
1247:
1230:
1206:
1094:
817:
457:
399:
371:
336:
of the past in terms of critical understanding and dialogue with "multiple pasts", such as
233:
2644:"The Duke Symposium on Archaeology, Politics, and the Media: Re-visioning the Middle East"
1547:
159:
55:
8:
6259:
6093:
5403:
4988:
4973:
4875:
4681:
4671:
4651:
4407:
3498:
2021:
1698:
1612:
1597:
1579:
1027:
871:
708:
433:
422:
267:
198:
194:
62:(right) are two of the most widely published proponents of pseudoarchaeological opinions.
4513:"Archaeological/Skeptical Resources, Critiques of cult archaeology, Roman Britain links"
3469:
3438:
3397:"Ancient mummies and antiquities unveiled in Egypt, over 2,500 years after their burial"
1413:
pseudoarchaeologists claim that these carvings are of ancient aliens or another form of
885:
also uses pseudoarchaeological interpretations; for more pieces of information, see the
6329:
6228:
6203:
6041:
5991:
5866:
5700:
5648:
5535:
5515:
5270:
5068:
4931:
4430:
4344:
Cult Archaeology and Creationism: Understanding Pseudoscientific Beliefs about the Past
4110:
4077:
4048:
4010:
4002:
3933:
3749:
3710:
3679:
3643:
3450:
3446:
3091:
3058:
3011:
2291:
1734:
1705:
1589:
1149:
963:
955:
894:
780:
767:, "Pseudoarchaeology actively promotes myths that are routinely used in the service of
746:
318:
246:
229:
206:
137:
5668:
1806:
1377:
A well-known example of Maya pseudoarcheology is the interpretation of the remains of
6291:
6264:
6193:
5861:
5849:
5801:
5663:
5305:
5118:
5098:
4577:
4452:
4391:
4347:
4328:
4284:
4233:
4201:
4175:
4147:
4144:
Lost Tribes & Sunken Continents; Myth and Method in the Study of American Indians
4081:
4014:
3973:
Fagan, Garrett G. (2006). "Diagnosing Pseudoarchaeology". In Garrett G. Fagan (ed.).
3950:
3937:
3876:
3852:
3848:
3820:
3808:
3768:
3631:
3621:
3322:
3312:
3265:
3255:
3228:
3198:
3046:
3036:
2970:
2945:
2851:
1947:
1903:
1742:
1524:
1332:
1226:
1157:
1078:
1005:
792:
704:
534:
478:
383:
325:
295:
213:. Other alternative archaeologies include those that have been adopted by members of
4052:
3900:
2643:
2295:
1618:
Speculation by paranormal researchers that an abnormal human skull promoted as the "
787:
informing folk traditions about the past, objective analysis of folk archaeologyâin
382:
Academic critics have stated that pseudoarchaeologists typically neglect to use the
6233:
5934:
5893:
5855:
5777:
5747:
5742:
5545:
5103:
5038:
5005:
4716:
4701:
4069:
4040:
3994:
3925:
3840:
3442:
3003:
2869:
2283:
1836:
1816:
1790:
1555:
1536:
1532:
1105:
1042:
979:
908:
854:
827:
739:
628:
624:
587:
543:
491:
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conclude that both had a common sourceâtypically an ancient lost civilisation like
398:
pseudoarchaeologists conceive of the Earth as being less than 10,000 years old and
345:
344:. In presenting the quest for truth as process rather than results, Holtorf quoted
333:
113:
4471:
6249:
6217:
6103:
6078:
5767:
5732:
5727:
5643:
5575:
5495:
5468:
5458:
5453:
5388:
4941:
4794:
4696:
4491:
2647:
2026:
1937:
1893:
1871:
1619:
1340:
1016:
to represent proof of the presence of a pre-Columbian Semitic culture in America.
1013:
768:
692:
636:
632:
598:
518:
510:
306:
187:
149:
4565:â Criticisms of cable network television programs that promote pseudoarchaeology
4528:
4264:"Archaeological Institute hosts workshop session on Combating Pseudoarchaeology"
2918:
1826:
901:
6223:
6198:
6188:
6183:
6148:
6143:
6118:
5811:
5752:
5585:
5550:
5348:
5290:
5280:
5205:
5010:
5000:
4961:
4936:
4706:
4135:
Shamans/Neo-Shamans: Ecstasy, Alternative Archaeologies and Contemporary Pagans
4124:
Stiebing, William H. Jr. (1987). "The Nature and Dangers of Cult Archaeology".
1861:
1782:
1726:
1605:
1567:
1500:
1193:
1161:
1129:
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395:
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pseudoarchaeologists for instance used the cultural superiority of the ancient
337:
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may be invoked, in which "the Establishment" colludes in suppressing evidence.
225:
173:
141:
133:
59:
4044:
3929:
3015:
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2287:
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project, which has projected that several hills in Visoko, Bosnia are ancient
6387:
6312:
6108:
5939:
5883:
5762:
5710:
5658:
5505:
5443:
5438:
5300:
5285:
5247:
4978:
4487:
4439:
4298:
4089:
4073:
3982:
3886:
Cole, John R. (1980). "Cult Archaeology and Unscientific Method and Theory".
3635:
3326:
3144:"The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids"
3050:
1984:
1967:
1962:
1831:
1821:
1672:
1623:
1601:
1575:
1559:
1396:
1344:
1279:
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1189:
1169:
1145:
1137:
1125:
1066:
983:
947:
882:
831:
750:
648:
568:
538:
486:
255:
251:
145:
129:
96:
6299:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
4249:
Daniel, R. (1977). "The forgotten milestones and blind alleys of the past".
3269:
1952:
6178:
6098:
6056:
5996:
5888:
5839:
5722:
5540:
5485:
5433:
5423:
5413:
5383:
5312:
4829:
4676:
4161:
Williams, S. (1987). "Fantastic archaeology: What should we do about it?".
1908:
1841:
1796:
1571:
1563:
1365:
1336:
1283:
civilizations' pyramids that was not used or addressed by Schoch's theory.
1165:
1070:
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987:
918:
914:
890:
864:
788:
754:
676:
404:
202:
4597:
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claimed that the myths of migrations and war gods in the Central American
6083:
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5570:
5560:
5428:
5378:
4905:
4784:
4656:
4635:
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1932:
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1309:
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1214:
1185:
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to prepare a public for the supposed oracle they planned to establish at
262:
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109:
92:
3714:
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3095:
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1886:
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1551:
1292:
1210:
1062:
341:
117:
4388:
Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology
4303:
Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology
4006:
3371:"Myth of 'pharaoh's curse' dismissed as Egypt parades ancient mummies"
3117:
1719:
942:
A more specific example of religious pseudoarcheology is the claim of
91:âis the interpretation of the past by people who are not professional
6208:
6026:
5976:
5944:
5919:
5784:
5590:
5565:
5530:
5332:
5275:
4956:
4915:
4560:
4553:"In the hall of Ma'at â weighing the evidence of alternative history"
3729:"Archaeologists Find Trove of Maya Artifacts Dating Back 1,000 Years"
1851:
1201:
1039:
1031:
943:
875:
835:
688:
672:
610:
429:
279:
Pseudoarchaeology can be practised intentionally or unintentionally.
4281:
Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to The Walam Olum
4216:
4101:
Sebastion, Tim (2001). "Alternative archaeology: has it happened?".
3617:
The Secret Chamber of Osiris: Lost Knowledge of the Sixteen Pyramids
1470:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1225:
Some pseudoarchaeologists speculate that Egypt had contact with the
37:
5966:
5525:
5500:
5448:
5408:
5327:
4711:
3998:
3748:
Americas, Authors: Department of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the.
3007:
2740:
Feder, Kenneth L. (1984). "Irrationality and Popular Archaeology".
1876:
1593:
1348:
1326:
1263:
1239:
1023:
847:
696:
644:
418:
183:
169:
125:
4541:"Bad Archaeology: exposing frauds, misconceptions and distortions"
2803:"The SAA Archaeological Record November 2019 â Volume 19 Number 5"
2680:"Center for Jewish Studies â Archaeology, Politics, and the Media"
2662:"Audio of Duke Conference on Archaeology, Politics, and the Media"
1097:
in 1864 is that the Great Pyramid was not built by humans for the
193:
Many pseudoarchaeological theories are intimately linked with the
6113:
6046:
5956:
5909:
5876:
4777:
4540:
4172:
Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory
3964:
Fagan, Garrett G. (2006a). "Preface". In Garrett G. Fagan (ed.).
1608:
1352:
1267:
1243:
1153:
1098:
1074:
1019:
858:
471:
Pseudoarchaeologist Robert Bauval on his views of academia (2000)
444:
214:
101:
46:
6213:
5216:
3789:"Hidden tunnel could lead to Mayan 'entrance to the underworld'"
1942:
1791:
Archaeological sites subject to pseudoarchaeological speculation
982:, also known as "scientific creationism," but which is actually
930:
Religiously motivated pseudoarchaeological theories include the
6021:
4506:
1424:
1314:
1197:
821:
796:
664:
4604:
4552:
4520:
2992:"Book Review: Egypt: How a Lost Civilization Was Rediscovered"
1220:
27:
Scientifically insubstantial theories interpreting archaeology
5595:
2665:
1409:
1371:
1357:
1101:
839:
804:
437:
391:
4512:
2936:
Trollinger, Susan L.; Trollinger, William Vance Jr. (2017).
1291:
For Egypt-related pseudoarchaeology, there are a variety of
1136:
vaults to survive a deluge (whether that be associated with
4105:. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford. pp. 125â135.
3251:
The Mummy's Curse: Mummymania in the English-Speaking World
3080:"Reviewed Work: The Stairway to Heaven by Zecharia Sitchin"
2893:"Concerns over secret search for giants' bones near Huntly"
951:
387:
284:
172:, and this idea has been propagated by some people such as
3968:. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge. pp. xviiâxix.
3845:
The Moundbuilders:Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America
3170:"Did Aliens Build the Pyramids? And Other Racist Theories"
1034:
derived from the writings of authors such as 19th-century
699:
and Pontus, and to Abonoteichus sooner than anywhere else.
4096:. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge. pp. xiiâxvi.
3793:
3733:
2254:"ANE Today â 201809 â How to Spot Fake Cuneiform Tablets"
1523:
The work of 19th- and early 20th-century authors such as
921:
should be credited with creating the first civilizations.
735:
462:
4022:
Harrold, Francis B.; Eve, Raymond A. (1987). "Preface".
2967:
Fakten und Fiktionen: ArchÀologie vs. Pseudowissenschaft
1295:-related theories, many of which relate to the Biblical
966:
propagates many pseudoscientific notions as part of its
4314:. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge. pp. 47â70.
3977:. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge. pp. 23â46.
3227:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220â255.
2703:
2701:
2682:(Podcast). Duke Center for Jewish Studies iTunesU page.
2614:
2612:
2540:
2538:
1286:
3901:"Seductions of Pseudoarchaeology: Far Out Television"
3395:
Gubash, Charlene; Suliman, Adela (20 November 2020).
1196:
who died as the result of an infected mosquito bite,
1048:
Denial of scientific dating techniques in favor of a
140:, an idea propagated by those such as Italian author
4758:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
4342:
Harrold, Francis B. and Raymond A. Eve, ed. (1995).
4198:
Spooky Archaeology: Myth and the Science of the Past
2935:
2698:
2609:
2535:
1390:
or critical analysis by professional archaeologists.
524:
509:(1995), repeatedly notes that the eminent physicist
182:(1995). Pseudoarchaeology has also been manifest in
3294:. Vol. 29, no. 2 – via Penn Museum.
2446:
2444:
1915:
1720:
Pseudoarchaeological television programs and series
1132:that detail the construction of the Great Pyramid.
900:The theory that New Zealand was not settled by the
4174:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
4026:. Iowa: University of Iowa Press. pp. ixâxii.
3807:
3542:"Maya and Egyptian Pyramids: A Hidden Connection?"
2850:
2273:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1180:Another pseudoegyptological belief is that of the
4230:Exploring the Unknown: Great Mysteries Reexamined
4128:. Iowa: University of Iowa Press. pp. 01â10.
3985:(1984). "Irrationality and Popular Archaeology".
3839:
3369:Gubash, Charlene; Suliman, Adela (3 April 2021).
2868:
1073:, a collection of pseudoscientific beliefs about
803:within a larger cultural nexus and the voyage of
643:However, questions also included issues such as,
205:have been endorsed by religions ranging from the
6385:
2862:
2441:
4200:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
4092:(2006). "Foreword". In Garrett G. Fagan (ed.).
2103:
1258:(1995) and more recently by Richard Cassaro in
658:
4440:"An Open Letter to the Editors of Archaeology"
2844:
1061:Pseudoarchaeology can be found in relation to
558:
445:Opposition to the archaeological establishment
402:pseudoarchaeologists believe that the species
5257:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
5232:
4620:
4323:. Archived from the original on 29 June 2010.
3697:Hawass, Zahi; Lehner, Mark (September 1994).
3666:Hawass, Zahi; Lehner, Mark (September 1994).
3394:
3368:
2944:. Oxford University Press. pp. 223â225.
2825:
2488:
2486:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2012:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
663:During the mid-2nd century, those exposed by
394:race as a basic assumption, whilst Christian
3888:Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory
3773:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3696:
3665:
2831:
1317:for whom the Sphinx is commonly attributed.
377:
3754:The Metâs Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
3590:"Review of Voyages of the Pyramid Builders"
3118:"Zecharia Sitchin and The Earth Chronicles"
2942:The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in America
1221:Pre-Columbian contact and Mayan connections
5239:
5225:
4627:
4613:
4586:"Seven Warning Signs of Pseudoarchaeology"
4115:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3699:"The Sphinx : Who built it, And why?"
3648:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3063:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2989:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2351:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
1630:
1372:Examples of Maya-related pseudoarchaeology
1217:dismissed the claims as random tragedies.
1004:Use of questionable artefacts such as the
779:, and the dispossession and oppression of
718:
6365:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
6306:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
3613:
3285:
3167:
2890:
1542:The work of contemporary authors such as
1518:Archaeological interest of Pedra da GĂĄvea
1486:Learn how and when to remove this message
1431:
4465:
4146:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3949:. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge.
3558:
3288:"The Curse of the Curse of the Pharaohs"
925:
904:, but by a pre-Polynesian race of giants
838:to research the existence of an alleged
691:, with his father Apollo, would move to
104:arguments, and fabrication of evidence.
6270:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
4427:SFU museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
3522:
3168:Halmhofer, Stephanie (5 October 2021).
3115:
2964:
2938:"Chapter 31: The Bible and Creationism"
2858:. Greenwich: New York Graphics Society.
2800:
2468:
2122:
2051:
607:John Hope Franklin Humanities Institute
605:Committee on Faculty Research, and the
14:
6386:
4390:. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
3304:
3141:
3116:Carroll, Robert T. (7 November 2015).
2916:
2763:
874:claims for the ancient history of the
729:Pseudoarchaeology can be motivated by
617:
5220:
4608:
4466:Zimmerman, Larry J.; Fox, Richard A.
4360:
4278:
4261:
3661:
3659:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3467:
3420:
3364:
3362:
3281:
3279:
3222:
3197:Mark, Joshua J. (26 September 2016).
3192:
3190:
3029:Vyse, Richard William Howard (2014).
2990:Shonkwiler, Randy L. (October 2010).
2891:Strongman, Susan (14 February 2020).
2794:
2337:Making Space (Materialising Culture)
1512:Olmec alternative origin speculations
995:claims of the discovery of Noah's Ark
671:prepared an archaeological "find" in
595:American Schools of Oriental Research
4437:
4423:"The Territory of Pseudoarchaeology"
4413:. London: Routledge Press. pp.
3747:
3539:
3470:"American Drugs in Egyptian Mummies"
3196:
3077:
3028:
2664:(Podcast). ASOR Blog. Archived from
1435:
893:'s Daco-Romanian hypothesis, or the
603:Trinity College of Arts and Sciences
485:The prominent English archaeologist
4318:
4214:
3588:Fagan, Garrett (25 February 2004).
3474:University of California, Riverside
3421:Cohen, I. Bernard (December 1992).
3247:
1287:Flood theories and the Great Sphinx
1093:One belief originally published by
1077:around the world that includes the
820:of Minnesota used to allege Nordic
580:Archaeological Institute of America
537:. Prominent academic archaeologist
311:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
24:
6319:James Randi Educational Foundation
4438:West, John Anthony (1 June 2003).
4346:. Ames: University of Iowa Press.
4305:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4251:Royal Anthropological Society News
4189:
3811:(1970). "The Making of the Myth".
3656:
3578:
3487:
3447:10.1038/scientificamerican1292-100
3359:
3276:
3187:
3142:Stille, Alexander (October 2015).
2100:NOVEMBER 2019 - Volume 19 Number 5
2086:
1995:Archaeology and the Book of Mormon
1759:Legends of the Lost with Megan Fox
1360:that show the earliest stories of
824:primacy of exploring the Americas.
578:At the 2002 annual meeting of the
364:
25:
6425:
5246:
4479:
4451:. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
4363:Archaeology and False Antiquities
4165:. Iowa: University of Iowa Press.
3668:"Remnant of a Lost Civilization?"
3497:Edlin, Duncan (11 October 2003).
2917:Ohehir, Andrew (31 August 2005).
1347:. These are often referred to as
1120:(2017), both of which argue that
525:Academic archaeological responses
513:once commented positively on the
138:intelligent extraterrestrial life
5716:StraussâHowe generational theory
5694:Moon landing conspiracy theories
5491:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
5199:
5189:
5188:
4529:"Archaeology from the dark side"
3540:Fein, Judith (31 October 2011).
2919:"Archaeology from the dark side"
2856:Moundbuilders of Ancient America
2811:Society for American Archaeology
2094:The Mysterious Origins of Fringe
1916:So-called out-of-place artefacts
1638:Atlantis: The Antediluvian World
1440:
1056:
1001:or neighbouring mountain ranges.
765:Society for American Archaeology
565:Society for American Archaeology
45:
36:
6344:The Natural History of Quackery
6286:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
4634:
3833:
3801:
3781:
3741:
3721:
3690:
3607:
3552:
3533:
3516:
3461:
3414:
3388:
3333:
3311:. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
3298:
3241:
3216:
3161:
3135:
3109:
3078:Cole, John R. (November 1981).
3071:
3022:
2996:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2983:
2958:
2929:
2910:
2884:
2757:
2747:
2734:
2725:
2713:
2686:
2672:
2654:
2636:
2624:
2597:
2585:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2523:
2511:
2498:
2456:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2368:
2342:
2325:
2316:
2267:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
1302:Sphinx water erosion hypothesis
1272:Voyages of the Pyramid Builders
1175:
4283:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
4262:Feder, Kenneth L. (May 2002).
3945:Garrett G. Fagan, ed. (2006).
3869:
2298:Debates in "World Archaeology"
2163:
2151:
2139:
2074:
2039:
954:and his wife, the location of
834:, and expeditions sent by the
499:prominent pseudoarchaeologist
274:
13:
1:
4598:"Wild side of geoarchaeology"
4386:Sabloff, Jeremy, ed. (1982).
3915:
3423:"What Columbus "Saw" in 1492"
2834:The Past is a Foreign Country
2423:
2133:
2098:The SAA Archaeological Record
2068:
2032:
1775:The Mysterious Origins of Man
1364:and materials recovered from
973:
669:"Alexander the false prophet"
651:'s expedition were killed by
593:On 23 and 24 April 2009, The
315:extraterrestrial intelligence
289:intentional pseudoarchaeology
6351:The Psychology of the Occult
5606:Traditional Chinese medicine
5481:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
5338:Superseded scientific theory
4773:electrical resistance survey
3565:Lost Civilizations Uncovered
3225:Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries
2006:Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries
1898:The Semi-Subterranean Temple
1320:
1112:(1983) and more recently by
659:Historical pseudoarchaeology
586:(2006), which was edited by
239:
155:The Morning of the Magicians
7:
6409:Nationalism and archaeology
5962:Electronic voice phenomenon
5819:MyersâBriggs Type Indicator
5679:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
4228:Cazeau, Charles J. (1979).
4170:Williams, Stephen. (1991).
3972:
3963:
2874:Madoc: The Making of a Myth
2618:
2568:
2556:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2477:
2411:
2399:
1978:
1973:Stone spheres of Costa Rica
1847:Megalithic Temples of Malta
1666:From Atlantis to the Sphinx
1466:the claims made and adding
1088:
810:
725:Nationalism and archaeology
563:At the 1986 meeting of the
559:Conferences and anthologies
10:
6430:
6358:The Ragged Edge of Science
6089:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
6032:Pseudoscientific metrology
5556:Miracle Mineral Supplement
4662:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
4521:"Archaeological Fantasies"
4446:
4404:
4385:
4341:
4309:
4297:
4279:Feder, Kenneth L. (2010).
4248:
4227:
4195:
4169:
4160:
4142:Wauchope, Robert. (1962).
4141:
4133:Wallis, Robert J. (2003).
4132:
4123:
4100:
4088:
4059:
4030:
4021:
3981:
3944:
3899:Fagan, Garrett G. (2003).
3898:
3885:
3203:World History Encyclopedia
2940:. In Gutjahr, Paul (ed.).
2838:Cambridge University Press
2719:
2707:
2692:
2630:
2603:
2591:
2580:
2544:
2492:
2462:
2450:
2435:
2387:
2375:
2362:
2308:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2116:
2080:
2045:
1919:
1911:a.k.a. Armenian Stonehenge
1324:
757:theory. In many cases, an
722:
6278:
6242:
6069:
5972:Facilitated communication
5902:
5832:
5636:
5371:
5358:
5263:
5254:
5184:
5136:
5031:
4924:
4868:
4817:
4808:
4743:Philosophy of archaeology
4730:
4642:
4333:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4045:10.1080/00438240500395813
3930:10.1080/00438240600963528
3614:Creighton, Scott (2014).
3523:Cassaro, Richard (2018).
3286:Silverman, David (1987).
2288:10.1080/00438240500395813
1010:Los Lunas Decalogue Stone
911:that colonized the world.
653:an ancient Egyptian curse
378:Lack of scientific method
158:(1963), and Swiss author
6372:The Skeptic's Dictionary
5930:Biological transmutation
5850:Faster-than-light travel
5824:Enneagram of Personality
5790:Recovered-memory therapy
5674:9/11 conspiracy theories
4221:The Skeptic's Dictionary
4074:10.1179/175355307X243672
3559:Colavito, Jason (2002).
3122:The Skeptic's Dictionary
2965:Baumann, Stefan (2018).
2766:"The Past as Propaganda"
2764:Arnold, Bettina (1992).
1687:Morning of the Magicians
1652:Fingerprints of the Gods
1304:, which claims that the
1256:Fingerprints of the Gods
1069:. Some of this includes
707:in 1291, at a time when
506:Fingerprints of the Gods
245:undergraduate course at
236:by some archaeologists.
179:Fingerprints of the Gods
6337:The Demon-Haunted World
6255:Bourgeois pseudoscience
5689:COVID-19 misinformation
5628:Young blood transfusion
5399:Anthroposophic medicine
4503:Alternative archaeology
4497:considered for deletion
4468:"Fantastic Archaeology"
3308:The Tomb of Tutankhamun
3305:Carter, Howard (1923).
2878:Oxford University Press
1767:The Curse of Oak Island
1713:The Space Gods Revealed
1631:Pseudoarchaeology books
1584:David Hatcher Childress
1499:The assertion that the
1297:Genesis flood narrative
1142:Genesis Flood Narrative
719:Nationalist motivations
195:occult/Western esoteric
122:Genesis flood narrative
73:alternative archaeology
6414:Archaeology and racism
6169:Corentin Louis Kervran
6037:Rapid prompting method
5925:Biodynamic agriculture
5915:Aquatic ape hypothesis
5773:Historical negationism
5476:Doctrine of signatures
5343:True-believer syndrome
4447:White, Peter. (1974).
4361:Munro, Robert (1905).
4232:. New York: Springer.
4215:Carroll, Robert Todd.
3620:. Rochester, Vermont.
3199:"Old Kingdom of Egypt"
1990:Historical revisionism
1432:Other notable examples
1408:The stone carvings in
1362:Sihyaj Chan KÊŒawiil II
1168:, ending with Khufu's
1158:Step Pyramid of Djoser
1118:The Great Pyramid Hoax
1110:The Stairway to Heaven
842:race. The research of
701:
468:
359:
6174:The Light (newspaper)
6159:William Donald Kelley
6052:Voice stress analysis
5684:Climate change denial
5623:Wind turbine syndrome
5618:Vertebral subluxation
5511:Germ theory denialism
4753:Archaeological ethics
4748:Archaeological diving
4738:Archaeological theory
4561:"Jason Colavito blog"
4196:Card, Jeb J. (2018).
3817:Ohio University Press
3254:. London: Routledge.
3248:Day, Jasmine (2006).
2832:D. Lowenthal (1985).
2807:onlinedigeditions.com
1948:Etruscan inscriptions
1928:Antikythera mechanism
1922:Out-of-place artefact
1812:Cerutti Mastodon site
1802:Calico Early Man Site
1680:Magicians of the Gods
1645:Chariots of the Gods?
1415:extraterrestrial life
1379:Kʌinich Janaabʌ Pakal
1182:curse of the pharaohs
1083:Great Pyramid of Giza
1081:and specifically the
926:Religious motivations
850:would be one example.
801:Mound Builder culture
685:
515:pole shift hypothesis
458:The Skeptical Society
449:
354:
281:Archaeological frauds
165:Chariots of the Gods?
81:fantastic archaeology
6164:Robert F. Kennedy Jr
6124:Ignatius L. Donnelly
5795:Past life regression
5654:Arabian Judah theory
5601:Traditional medicine
5394:Alternative medicine
5323:Pathological science
4692:Augustus Pitt Rivers
4687:William Henry Holmes
4652:Archaeological sites
4474:on 10 December 2003.
4371:"Pseudo-Archaeology"
4319:Gregory, Timothy E.
4274:on 20 December 2003.
4137:. London: Routledge.
3468:Wells, S.A. (2017).
3148:Smithsonian Magazine
2731:Fagan and Feder 2006
2631:Harrold and Eve 1987
2436:Harrold and Eve 1987
2424:Fagan and Feder 2006
2388:Fagan and Feder 2006
2134:Fagan and Feder 2006
2069:Fagan and Feder 2006
2017:Pathological science
2000:Biblical archaeology
1659:Forbidden Archeology
1529:Augustus Le Plongeon
1306:Great Sphinx of Giza
1274:(2003) by geologist
1095:Charles Piazzi Smyth
986:, as it pertains to
818:Kensington Runestone
400:Hindu fundamentalist
234:evolutionary biology
6260:Demarcation problem
6094:Brigitte Boisselier
5723:Hollow Earth theory
5706:Generational theory
5404:Applied kinesiology
4682:John Lloyd Stephens
4672:Heinrich Schliemann
4592:. 17 December 2016.
4580:on 9 November 2011.
4570:"Pseudoarchaeology"
4381:on 6 February 2011.
4321:"Pseudoarchaeology"
3439:1992SciAm.267f.100C
3427:Scientific American
3292:Expedition Magazine
2668:on 13 October 2011.
2650:. 23â24 April 2009.
2022:Psychic archaeology
1699:The Secret Doctrine
1580:Immanuel Velikovsky
1160:, to the collapsed
946:to have discovered
870:Jovan I. DeretiÄ's
667:'s sarcastic essay
618:Inclusive attitudes
434:Immanuel Velikovsky
326:Conspiracy theories
199:archaeocryptography
176:in his publication
6330:Skeptical Inquirer
6229:Paul Joseph Watson
6204:Hans Alfred Nieper
6042:Statement analysis
5992:Intelligent design
5867:Reactionless drive
5701:Conversion therapy
5649:Ancient astronauts
5536:Leaky gut syndrome
5516:HIV/AIDS denialism
5271:Cargo cult science
5206:History portal
4768:geophysical survey
4409:Public Archaeology
4268:Skeptical Inquirer
4062:Public Archaeology
3987:American Antiquity
3819:. pp. 29â49.
3809:Silverberg, Robert
3797:. 2 February 2018.
3345:The New York Times
2852:Silverberg, Robert
2782:on 25 January 2018
2742:American Antiquity
1746:(2012â2015, 2019â)
1735:Ancient Apocalypse
1706:The Sirius Mystery
1451:possibly contains
1351:, a collection of
964:Answers in Genesis
956:Sodom and Gomorrah
895:Sinaia lead plates
781:indigenous peoples
747:intelligent design
567:, its organizers,
319:indigenous peoples
247:Harvard University
230:intelligent design
219:contemporary pagan
207:British Israelites
89:spooky archaeology
77:fringe archaeology
6404:Scientific racism
6394:Pseudoarchaeology
6381:
6380:
6292:Cults of Unreason
6265:Scientific method
6194:Ministry of Ayush
6139:Nicholas Gonzalez
6065:
6064:
6002:Law of attraction
5982:Flat Earth theory
5862:Quantum mysticism
5802:Scientific racism
5758:Pseudoarchaeology
5664:Conspiracy theory
5362:characterized as
5306:Pseudomathematics
5296:Pseudoarchaeology
5214:
5213:
5132:
5131:
5114:Pseudoarchaeology
4731:Method and theory
4535:. 31 August 2005.
4449:The Past is Human
4207:978-0-8263-5965-0
4033:World Archaeology
3918:World Archaeology
3881:978-3-8053-5172-0
3849:Thames and Hudson
3841:Milner, George R.
3813:The Moundbuilders
3627:978-1-59143-769-7
3318:978-1-4725-7686-6
3042:978-1-107-70549-4
2976:978-3-8053-5172-0
2897:Radio New Zealand
2870:Williams, Gwyn A.
2646:(Press release).
2493:Stiebing Jr. 1987
2363:Stiebing Jr. 1987
2348:Holtorf 2005:548.
2276:World Archaeology
2158:Stiebing Jr. 1987
1904:Yonaguni Monument
1743:America Unearthed
1548:Erich von DĂ€niken
1544:Giorgio Tsoukalos
1525:Ignatius Donnelly
1496:
1495:
1488:
1453:original research
1333:Maya civilization
1227:Maya civilization
1164:, to Sneferefu's
1108:in books such as
1079:pyramids in Egypt
1022:assertions about
1006:Grave Creek Stone
793:Robert Silverberg
705:Glastonbury Abbey
535:Tulane University
503:, in his seminal
384:scientific method
296:confirmation bias
160:Erich von DĂ€niken
144:, French authors
69:Pseudoarchaeology
56:Erich von DĂ€niken
16:(Redirected from
6421:
6234:Andrew Wakefield
5935:Creation science
5894:Water-fueled car
5856:Perpetual motion
5778:Holocaust denial
5748:Nibiru cataclysm
5743:Nazi archaeology
5546:Macrobiotic diet
5369:
5368:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5192:
5191:
5039:Archaeoastronomy
5006:Paleoethnobotany
4815:
4814:
4717:Alfred V. Kidder
4702:Mortimer Wheeler
4629:
4622:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4593:
4590:A hot cup of Joe
4581:
4576:. Archived from
4564:
4556:
4548:
4536:
4524:
4516:
4500:
4475:
4470:. Archived from
4462:
4443:
4434:
4433:on 8 April 2004.
4429:. Archived from
4418:
4412:
4401:
4382:
4377:. Archived from
4366:
4357:
4338:
4332:
4324:
4315:
4306:
4294:
4275:
4270:. Archived from
4258:
4243:
4224:
4211:
4185:
4166:
4157:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4106:
4097:
4085:
4056:
4027:
4018:
3978:
3969:
3960:
3941:
3912:
3895:
3863:
3862:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3639:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3546:Psychology Today
3537:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3026:
3020:
3019:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2775:. Archived from
2773:northseattle.edu
2770:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2299:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2250:
2244:
2241:Stiebing Jr 1987
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2120:
2114:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2049:
2043:
1837:La Ciudad Blanca
1817:Chinese pyramids
1556:Zecharia Sitchin
1537:Arthur Posnansky
1533:James Churchward
1491:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:inline citations
1444:
1443:
1436:
1331:Many aspects of
1186:King Tutankhamun
1106:Zecharia Sitchin
1043:Helena Blavatsky
984:pseudoscientific
980:Creation science
950:, the graves of
909:Tartarian Empire
887:TÄrtÄria tablets
855:Bosnian pyramids
828:Nazi archaeology
753:, political, or
751:pseudohistorical
740:Nazi archaeology
683:(Pearse, 2001):
635:(1863â1963) and
629:William Stukeley
625:archaeoastronomy
588:Garrett G. Fagan
544:Garrett G. Fagan
492:Garrett G. Fagan
472:
346:Gotthold Lessing
334:material remains
265:, the editor of
221:belief systems.
114:creation science
97:pseudoscientific
85:cult archaeology
49:
40:
21:
18:Pseudoarcheology
6429:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6274:
6250:Bogdanov affair
6238:
6218:Claude Vorilhon
6104:Robert Charroux
6079:Sucharit Bhakdi
6071:
6061:
5898:
5828:
5768:Genocide denial
5733:Japhetic theory
5728:Indigo children
5644:2012 phenomenon
5632:
5576:Patent medicine
5496:Energy medicine
5469:Colon cleansing
5454:Crystal healing
5389:Adrenal fatigue
5363:
5361:
5354:
5259:
5250:
5245:
5215:
5210:
5200:
5198:
5180:
5128:
5027:
4942:Archaeogenetics
4920:
4864:
4810:Sub-disciplines
4804:
4800:Post-excavation
4795:Lithic analysis
4726:
4697:Flinders Petrie
4638:
4633:
4596:
4584:
4568:
4559:
4551:
4545:Bad Archaeology
4539:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4485:
4482:
4459:
4421:
4398:
4375:Street Prophets
4369:
4354:
4326:
4325:
4299:Feder, Kenneth.
4291:
4240:
4217:"Pseudohistory"
4208:
4192:
4190:Further reading
4182:
4154:
4108:
4107:
3957:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3806:
3802:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3756:
3746:
3742:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3695:
3691:
3664:
3657:
3641:
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3628:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3586:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3557:
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3538:
3534:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3495:
3488:
3478:
3476:
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3462:
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3415:
3405:
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3393:
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3379:
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3299:
3284:
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3217:
3207:
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3188:
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3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
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3072:
3056:
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3027:
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2988:
2984:
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2934:
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2911:
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2899:
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2867:
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2714:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2648:Duke University
2642:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2579:
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2256:
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2227:
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2215:
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2203:
2199:
2191:
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2179:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2123:
2115:
2104:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2027:Xenoarchaeology
1981:
1938:Baghdad Battery
1924:
1918:
1894:Gate of the Sun
1872:Terracotta Army
1793:
1751:In Search of...
1722:
1693:The Saturn Myth
1633:
1620:starchild skull
1492:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1374:
1341:2012 phenomenon
1329:
1323:
1289:
1223:
1178:
1114:Scott Creighton
1091:
1065:, the study of
1059:
1014:Michigan relics
976:
928:
813:
789:anthropological
769:white supremacy
755:anthropological
727:
721:
661:
637:Marija Gimbutas
633:Margaret Murray
620:
599:Duke University
561:
531:Robert Wauchope
527:
519:plate tectonics
511:Albert Einstein
474:
470:
447:
380:
367:
365:Characteristics
317:rather than to
287:are considered
277:
242:
188:2012 phenomenon
150:Jacques Bergier
71:âalso known as
66:
65:
64:
63:
52:
51:
50:
42:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6427:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6243:Related topics
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6224:Randolph Stone
6221:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6199:Theodor Morell
6196:
6191:
6189:Joseph Mercola
6186:
6184:Jenny McCarthy
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6149:Graham Hancock
6146:
6144:Goop (company)
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6119:Vernon Coleman
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5884:Teleportationâ
5881:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5812:Melanin theory
5809:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5787:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5760:
5755:
5753:Parapsychology
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5703:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5637:Social science
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5586:Primal therapy
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5551:Magnet therapy
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5464:Detoxification
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5366:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5349:Voodoo Science
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5291:Fringe science
5283:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5196:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5169:Assyriologists
5166:
5159:Archaeologists
5156:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5011:Zooarchaeology
5008:
5003:
5001:Geoarchaeology
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4971:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4962:Paleopathology
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4937:Bioarchaeology
4934:
4928:
4926:
4925:Methodological
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4707:Dorothy Garrod
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4657:Antiquarianism
4654:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4594:
4582:
4566:
4557:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4481:
4480:External links
4478:
4477:
4476:
4463:
4457:
4444:
4435:
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4188:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4167:
4158:
4152:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4098:
4090:Renfrew, Colin
4086:
4057:
4039:(4): 544â551.
4028:
4019:
3999:10.2307/280358
3993:(3): 525â541.
3983:Feder, Kenneth
3979:
3970:
3961:
3955:
3942:
3924:(4): 718â729.
3913:
3896:
3883:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3857:
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3825:
3800:
3780:
3740:
3720:
3689:
3655:
3626:
3606:
3577:
3551:
3532:
3515:
3486:
3460:
3433:(6): 100â107.
3413:
3387:
3358:
3347:. 5 April 1923
3332:
3317:
3297:
3275:
3260:
3240:
3234:978-0190096410
3233:
3215:
3186:
3160:
3134:
3108:
3070:
3041:
3021:
3016:10.1086/658977
3008:10.1086/658977
2982:
2975:
2957:
2951:978-0190258856
2950:
2928:
2909:
2883:
2861:
2843:
2824:
2793:
2756:
2746:
2733:
2724:
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2671:
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2635:
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2596:
2584:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2497:
2482:
2467:
2455:
2440:
2428:
2426:. pp. 721â728.
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2367:
2350:
2341:
2324:
2315:
2282:(4): 544â551.
2266:
2245:
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2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2181:Sebastion 2001
2173:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2121:
2102:
2085:
2073:
2050:
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2036:
2034:
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2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1977:
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1920:Main article:
1917:
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1913:
1912:
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1896:
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1884:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Tell el-Hammam
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1783:The UnXplained
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1727:Ancient Aliens
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1606:Phantom island
1587:
1568:Graham Hancock
1540:
1521:
1515:
1508:hyperdiffusion
1504:
1501:Mound Builders
1494:
1493:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1391:
1373:
1370:
1322:
1319:
1288:
1285:
1222:
1219:
1194:Lord Carnarvon
1177:
1174:
1162:Meidum Pyramid
1156:tombs, to the
1150:ancient aliens
1130:Diary of Merer
1090:
1087:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1030:, and ancient
1017:
1002:
991:
975:
972:
960:Tower of Babel
927:
924:
923:
922:
912:
905:
898:
879:
868:
862:
851:
825:
812:
809:
720:
717:
660:
657:
619:
616:
560:
557:
526:
523:
501:Graham Hancock
448:
446:
443:
396:fundamentalist
379:
376:
366:
363:
338:Barbara Bender
276:
273:
241:
238:
226:sensationalism
174:Graham Hancock
142:Peter Kolosimo
134:Tower of Babel
93:archaeologists
60:Graham Hancock
54:
53:
44:
43:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6426:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6399:Fringe theory
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6313:Fortean Times
6310:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:Deepak Chopra
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:pseudoscience
6068:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:Cryptozoology
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5840:Anti-gravityâ
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5763:Pseudohistory
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:Generationism
5709:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5669:5G conspiracy
5667:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:Catastrophism
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5624:
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5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:FasciaBlaster
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5444:Correactology
5442:
5440:
5439:Chromotherapy
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5364:pseudoscience
5357:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:Pseudohistory
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5286:Fringe theory
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5248:Pseudoscience
5242:
5237:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5164:Egyptologists
5162:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:Phenomenology
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4996:Environmental
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Computational
4982:
4980:
4979:Archaeogaming
4977:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4850:Post-Medieval
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:Protohistoric
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:Chronological
4816:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Richard Hoare
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4630:
4625:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4458:0-2071-3067-1
4454:
4450:
4445:
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4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4399:
4397:0-7167-1395-0
4393:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4353:0-8774-5513-9
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4290:9780313379185
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4239:0-3064-0210-6
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4181:0-8122-1312-2
4177:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4153:0-2268-7635-7
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
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4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3956:0-4153-0593-4
3952:
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3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
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3893:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3860:
3858:0-500-28468-7
3854:
3851:. p. 7.
3850:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3828:
3826:0-8214-0839-9
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3776:
3770:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3651:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3595:
3594:Hall of Ma'at
3591:
3584:
3582:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3526:Mayan Masonry
3519:
3504:
3503:Hall of Ma'at
3500:
3493:
3491:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
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3402:
3398:
3391:
3376:
3372:
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3363:
3346:
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3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3261:0-203-46286-6
3257:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:. Cambridge.
3034:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2972:
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2871:
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2857:
2853:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2801:John Hoopes.
2797:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2694:
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2681:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2581:Wauchope 1962
2577:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2501:
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2413:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2217:Moshenka 2008
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2092:John Hoopes "
2089:
2082:
2081:Williams 1987
2077:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Pseudohistory
1983:
1982:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Piri Reis map
1966:
1964:
1963:Phaistos Disc
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:Gunung Padang
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Easter Island
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1673:Isis Unveiled
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1625:
1624:hydrocephalus
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:Kumari Kandam
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:Michael Cremo
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Robert Bauval
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1479:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1449:This section
1447:
1438:
1437:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:Maya calendar
1394:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:The Supergods
1380:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Maya calendar
1342:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1281:
1280:Garrett Fagan
1277:
1276:Robert Schoch
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:Mayan Masonry
1257:
1251:
1249:
1248:hieroglyphics
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:Howard Carter
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1170:Great Pyramid
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Younger Dryas
1143:
1139:
1138:flood geology
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:pseudoscience
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:ancient Egypt
1064:
1057:In Egyptology
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
988:human origins
985:
981:
978:
977:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
937:
933:
920:
916:
913:
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:protochronism
880:
877:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
856:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:Thule Society
829:
826:
823:
819:
815:
814:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
784:
782:
778:
774:
771:, racialized
770:
766:
762:
761:
756:
752:
748:
745:
741:
738:
737:
732:
726:
716:
714:
710:
709:King Edward I
706:
700:
698:
694:
690:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
656:
654:
650:
649:Howard Carter
646:
640:
638:
634:
631:(1687â1765),
630:
626:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
569:Kenneth Feder
566:
556:
552:
548:
545:
540:
539:Colin Renfrew
536:
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:
502:
496:
493:
488:
487:Colin Renfrew
483:
480:
473:
467:
465:
464:
459:
455:
442:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
414:
410:
407:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
375:
373:
372:Enlightenment
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
340:explored for
339:
335:
329:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
270:
269:
264:
259:
257:
256:Colin Renfrew
253:
252:Kenneth Feder
248:
237:
235:
232:theories and
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:Louis Pauwels
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
105:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
61:
57:
48:
39:
30:
19:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6179:Mike Lindell
6099:Rhonda Byrne
6070:Promoters of
6057:Water memory
5997:Laundry ball
5889:Tractor beam
5845:Cold fusionâ
5757:
5541:Lunar effect
5486:Ear candling
5434:Chiropractic
5424:Bloodletting
5414:Bates method
5384:Aromatherapy
5347:
5313:Junk science
5295:
5113:
5044:Archaeometry
5018:Experimental
4952:Near Eastern
4911:Near Eastern
4906:Mesopotamian
4860:Contemporary
4677:Arthur Evans
4589:
4578:the original
4573:
4544:
4532:
4490:
4472:the original
4448:
4431:the original
4426:
4408:
4387:
4379:the original
4374:
4362:
4343:
4311:
4302:
4280:
4272:the original
4267:
4254:
4250:
4229:
4220:
4197:
4171:
4162:
4143:
4134:
4125:
4102:
4093:
4065:
4061:
4036:
4032:
4023:
3990:
3986:
3974:
3965:
3946:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3891:
3887:
3844:
3835:
3812:
3803:
3792:
3783:
3757:. Retrieved
3753:
3743:
3732:
3723:
3709:(5): 30â41.
3706:
3702:
3692:
3678:(5): 44â47.
3675:
3671:
3616:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3593:
3568:. Retrieved
3564:
3554:
3545:
3535:
3525:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3502:
3477:. Retrieved
3473:
3463:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3400:
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3374:
3349:. Retrieved
3344:
3335:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3250:
3243:
3224:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3202:
3177:. Retrieved
3173:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3121:
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3087:
3083:
3073:
3031:
3024:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2966:
2960:
2941:
2931:
2922:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:
2886:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2833:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2806:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2777:the original
2772:
2759:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2727:
2720:Holtorf 2005
2715:
2708:Holtorf 2005
2693:Holtorf 2005
2688:
2674:
2666:the original
2656:
2638:
2626:
2599:
2592:Renfrew 2006
2587:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2545:Renfrew 2006
2525:
2520:. pp. 31â32.
2513:
2500:
2458:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2370:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2318:
2304:cite journal
2279:
2275:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2248:
2236:
2229:Renfrew 2006
2224:
2212:
2205:Holtorf 2005
2200:
2188:
2176:
2170:Wiliams 1991
2165:
2153:
2141:
2097:
2088:
2076:
2046:Holtorf 2005
2041:
2004:
1909:Zorats Karer
1842:Machu Picchu
1827:Göbekli Tepe
1797:Burrows Cave
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1572:Colin Wilson
1564:Frank Joseph
1482:
1473:
1450:
1383:
1366:Chichen Itza
1337:Maya peoples
1330:
1290:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1224:
1179:
1176:Mummy curses
1166:Bent Pyramid
1134:
1117:
1109:
1092:
1071:pyramidology
1060:
999:Mount Ararat
941:
936:Homo sapiens
935:
929:
919:Black people
917:claims that
915:Afrocentrist
907:Claims of a
902:MÄori people
891:Rohonc Codex
872:Serbocentric
865:Piltdown man
795:located the
785:
758:
743:
734:
728:
702:
686:
677:Abonoteichus
662:
641:
621:
592:
583:
577:
572:
562:
553:
549:
528:
504:
497:
484:
475:
469:
461:
450:
427:
415:
411:
405:Homo sapiens
403:
381:
368:
360:
355:
349:
330:
323:
304:
300:
292:
288:
278:
266:
260:
243:
223:
211:theosophists
203:pyramidology
192:
177:
163:
153:
106:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:
29:
6084:Del Bigtree
5571:Panchagavya
5561:Naturopathy
5429:Body memory
5379:Acupuncture
5264:Terminology
5124:Transgender
5049:Battlefield
4825:Prehistoric
4785:Burnt layer
4722:George Bass
4636:Archaeology
4574:Neohumanism
4068:(1): 5â16.
3905:Archaeology
3870:Works cited
3759:20 November
3703:Archaeology
3672:Archaeology
3084:Archaeology
2619:Fagan 2006a
2569:Fagan 2006b
2557:Fagan 2006b
2530:Fagan 2006b
2518:Fagan 2006b
2506:Fagan 2006b
2478:Fagan 2006b
2412:Fagan 2006b
2400:Fagan 2006b
2193:Wallis 2003
1958:Nimrud lens
1933:Babylonokia
1889:at Tiwanaku
1867:Teotihuacan
1857:Nazca Lines
1786:(2019â2021)
1754:(1977â1982)
1476:August 2022
1388:peer review
1310:Mark Lehner
1235:the Bahamas
1215:Zahi Hawass
1207:New Kingdom
1122:Howard Vyse
1050:young Earth
1036:theosophist
968:creationist
939:religion".
932:young earth
844:Edmund Kiss
777:colonialism
773:nationalism
731:nationalism
713:King Arthur
681:Paphlagonia
350:Eine Duplik
307:Lost Tribes
275:Description
263:Glyn Daniel
110:creationism
58:(left) and
6388:Categories
6324:Quackwatch
6154:David Icke
6134:Max Gerson
6129:Gaia, Inc.
6017:Numerology
6012:Lysenkoism
6007:Levitation
5987:Graphology
5872:Dean drive
5807:Aryan race
5738:Mediumship
5613:Trepanning
5581:Phrenology
5521:Homeopathy
5419:Biorhythms
5318:Paranormal
5147:by country
5079:Industrial
5074:Indigenous
5023:Underwater
4969:Calceology
4891:Australian
4869:Geographic
4855:Historical
4790:Excavation
4365:. Methuen.
3002:(2): 275.
2876:. Oxford:
2817:13 January
2786:24 January
2621:. p. xvii.
2604:Fagan 2003
2504:Quoted in
2465:. pp. 5â6.
2333:Stonehenge
2259:10 October
2033:References
1953:IngĂĄ Stone
1887:Kalasasaya
1882:Puma Punku
1807:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
1590:Lost lands
1552:Barry Fell
1506:Neolithic
1460:improve it
1401:Tortuguero
1325:See also:
1211:Suez Canal
1063:Egyptology
1032:root races
970:ministry.
948:Noah's ark
723:See also:
479:conspiracy
460: [
342:Stonehenge
313:, or even
132:, and the
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