533:
619:
1227:
1004:
411:
397:
427:
160:
177:
372:
146:
29:
575:, most of Alsace was recognized as part of France, although some towns remained independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were complex. Although the French king gained sovereignty, existing rights and customs of the inhabitants were largely preserved. France continued to maintain its customs border along the
505:. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the
720:
in 1949 by a new "Union jack-like" flag representing the union of the two départements. It has, however, no real historical relevance. It has been since replaced again by a slightly different one, also representing the two départements. With the purpose of "Francizing" the region, the Rot-un-Wiss has
665:
Alsace historically was part of the Holy Roman Empire and the German realm of culture. Since the 17th century, the region has passed between German and French control numerous times, resulting in a cultural blend. German traits remain in the more traditional, rural parts of the culture, such as the
791:
Although Alsace has been part of France multiple times in the past, the region had no direct connection with the French state for several centuries. From the end of the Roman Empire (5th century) to the French annexation (17th century), Alsace was politically part of the German world.
520:
was a prominent
Protestant reformer in the region. His efforts were countered by the Roman Catholic Habsburgs who tried to eradicate heresy in Upper Alsace. As a result, Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories. On the other hand,
690:(a band of red on a white field, also considered an inversion of the arms of the diocese) at the end of a revolt of the burghers during the Middle Ages who took their independence from the teachings of the Bishop. It retains its power over the surrounding area.
725:(aka. d'Alsace). The Rot-un-Wiss flag is still known as the real historical emblem of the region by most of the population and the départements' parliaments and has been widely used during protests against the creation of a new "super-region" gathering
610:. But Alsace still contained islands of territory nominally under the sovereignty of German princes and an independent city-state at Mulhouse. These enclaves were established by law, prescription and international consensus.
642:
460:
579:
where it had been, leaving Alsace more economically oriented to neighbouring German-speaking lands. The German language remained in use in local administration, in schools, and at the (Lutheran)
622:
Map showing the regions of Alsace (grey on far right), Champagne (green on far left), Ardennes (orange centre-left), and
Lorraine (pink centre-right) within the borders of modern departments.
595:, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of religious tolerance.
459:
was absorbed into the
Kingdom of France and subsequently became the Province of Alsace, which it remain an integral part of for almost 150 years. In 1790, as a result of the
721:
not been recognized by Paris. Some overzealous statesmen have called it a Nazi invention – while its origins date back to the 11th century and the Red and White banner of
970:
602:, which brought most remaining towns under its control. France seized Strasbourg in 1681 in an unprovoked action. These territorial changes were recognised in the 1697
952:
1467:
992:
821:
1462:
900:
708:; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsatian cities (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, SĂ©lestat...) and of many Swiss cities, especially in
772:
are also spoken in "Alsace Bossue" and in the extreme north of Alsace. Neither
Alsatian nor the Frankish dialects have any form of official status,
803:. It was in Strasbourg that German was first used for the liturgy. It was also in Strasbourg that the first German Bible was published in 1466.
1000:
985:
1477:
1226:
286:
93:
65:
978:
831:
1392:
532:
72:
1482:
741:
Although German dialects were spoken in Alsace for most of its history, the dominant language in Alsace today is French.
46:
945:
560:
930:
502:
112:
543:
This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France to keep it out of the hands of the
79:
516:
in the 16th century, Strasbourg was a prosperous community, and its inhabitants accepted
Protestantism in 1523.
494:
61:
50:
159:
567:
territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million
626:
Following the governmental reforms of 1773, the
Province of Alsace formed part of the Government of Alsace (
456:
871:
377:
1126:
1106:
938:
722:
1472:
795:
The towns of Alsace were the first to adopt the German language as their official language, instead of
704:
There is controversy around the recognition of the
Alsatian flag. The authentic historical flag is the
645:
announced on 22 December 1789, the
Province of Alsace was disestablished and formed the departments of
773:
607:
580:
1397:
716:
uses a flag similar to the Rot-un-Wiss. As it underlines the
Germanic roots of the region, it was
1036:
618:
39:
86:
800:
584:
513:
165:
1382:
1251:
1417:
1402:
1141:
1081:
687:
654:
599:
592:
572:
490:
472:
418:
317:
1432:
8:
1206:
1156:
1136:
1051:
1008:
781:
769:
552:
506:
304:
145:
1387:
1246:
888:
726:
670:
and architecture, whereas modern institutions are totally dominated by French culture.
923:
Die
Kehrseite der Emanzipation in Frankreich: Judenfeindschaft im Elsass 1778 bis 1848
1076:
1012:
1003:
926:
827:
777:
765:
749:
730:
603:
544:
484:
452:
551:
in 1617 had gained a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the
1439:
1216:
1151:
753:
709:
576:
498:
501:, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to
1096:
963:
956:
548:
1407:
1121:
1101:
699:
227:
151:
583:, which continued to draw students from other German-speaking lands. The 1685
526:
522:
1456:
1161:
1061:
761:
757:
635:
631:
556:
517:
1271:
1176:
847:
591:, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism.
176:
1311:
1066:
1326:
1321:
1306:
1301:
1276:
1091:
1361:
1201:
683:
189:
455:
and one of the many provinces formed in the late 1600s. In 1648, the
1412:
1286:
1281:
1166:
1131:
1031:
650:
536:
468:
404:
258:
246:
785:
463:, the province was disestablished and split into three departments:
28:
1366:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1211:
1196:
1171:
1146:
1071:
646:
588:
464:
390:
220:
1056:
1316:
1256:
1241:
1186:
1116:
1111:
1086:
667:
564:
196:
630:). The province itself was further divided into two 'regions':
529:
since 1397, remained a Protestant enclave in France until 1793.
1336:
1291:
1261:
1191:
1181:
1041:
568:
17:
848:"Alsace | History, Culture, Geography, & Map | Britannica"
1427:
1422:
1356:
1346:
1296:
1266:
1046:
796:
713:
964:
Alsace and Lorraine: From Cæsar to Kaiser, 58 B.C.–1871 A.D.
901:"Colmar : une statue de la Liberté en "Rot und Wiss""
760:
spoken on both sides of the Rhine and closely related to
525:
to the southwest of Alsace, belonging to the Counts of
181:
Location of Alsace within the Kingdom of France in 1789
587:, by which the French king ordered the suppression of
559:. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in
571:. When hostilities were concluded in 1648 with the
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
733:and Alsace, namely on Colmar's statue of liberty.
950:. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2019.
948:State Formation in Early Modern Alsace, 1648–1789
1454:
872:"Unser LandBrève histoire d'un drapeau alsacien"
287:Jacques Philippe, Marquis de Choiseul-Stainville
780:in France, although both are now recognized as
329:• Decree dividing France into departments
1468:States and territories disestablished in 1790
986:
936:Kaeppelin, Charles E. R, and Mary L. Hendee.
686:'s arms are the colours of the shield of the
509:in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798.
202:Alsacien, Alsaciens, Alsacienne, Alsaciennes
823:The Oxford History of the French Revolution
598:France consolidated its hold with the 1679
1463:States and territories established in 1648
993:
979:
175:
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
617:
539:receiving the keys of Strasbourg in 1681
531:
643:Decree dividing France into departments
461:decree dividing France into departments
1455:
826:. Oxford University Press. p. 7.
451:) was an administrative region of the
974:
819:
493:, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke
51:adding citations to reliable sources
22:
13:
915:
14:
1494:
784:and can be chosen as subjects in
503:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
318:Integrated into Kingdom of France
1225:
1002:
942:. Franklin, Pa: C. Miller, 1908.
744:The traditional language of the
425:
409:
395:
370:
158:
144:
27:
1478:History of Moselle (department)
38:needs additional citations for
893:
882:
864:
840:
813:
1:
678:
613:
806:
673:
457:Landgraviate of Upper-Alsace
7:
1376:Foreign territories in 1789
1235:Minor provinces and regions
736:
653:(Upper Rhine), and part of
563:, the Habsburgs sold their
471:(Upper Rhine), and part of
378:Langraviate of Upper Alsace
10:
1499:
1483:Former provinces of France
939:Alsace Throughout the Ages
697:
660:
482:
478:
269:Governor General of Alsace
15:
1375:
1234:
1223:
1019:
925:. Essen: Klartext, 2006.
608:War of the Grand Alliance
349:
345:
341:
337:
327:
314:
310:
300:
296:
292:
280:
276:
268:
264:
252:
240:
236:
226:
214:
207:
195:
185:
174:
140:
135:
127:
693:
581:University of Strasbourg
523:Mömpelgard (Montbéliard)
16:Not to be confused with
820:Doyle, William (1989).
489:In 1469, following the
623:
585:Edict of Fontainebleau
540:
514:Protestant Reformation
1393:Menton and Roquebrune
889:Genealogie-bisval.net
628:Gouvernement d'Alsace
621:
535:
1142:Lorraine and Barrois
1009:Historical provinces
712:. The German region
688:Bishop of Strasbourg
600:Treaties of Nijmegen
593:Strasbourg Cathedral
589:French Protestantism
573:Treaty of Westphalia
495:Sigismund of Austria
491:Treaty of Saint-Omer
62:"Province of Alsace"
47:improve this article
1020:General governments
907:. 16 November 2014.
782:languages of France
770:West Central German
553:Spanish Netherlands
512:By the time of the
507:Swiss Confederation
955:2019-06-12 at the
946:Lazer, Stephen A.
852:www.britannica.com
778:regional languages
727:Champagne-Ardennes
723:GĂ©rard de Lorraine
624:
541:
445:Province of Alsace
128:Province of Alsace
1473:History of Alsace
1448:
1447:
833:978-0-19-880493-2
604:Treaty of Ryswick
545:Spanish Habsburgs
485:History of Alsace
453:Kingdom of France
449:Province d'Alsace
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
383:
382:
282:• 1788–1789
254:• 1774–1790
242:• 1648–1715
216: • Type
130:Province d'Alsace
123:
122:
115:
97:
1490:
1440:Comtat Venaissin
1436:
1229:
1007:
1006:
995:
988:
981:
972:
971:
921:Gerson, Daniel.
909:
908:
897:
891:
886:
880:
879:
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
844:
838:
837:
817:
577:Vosges mountains
499:Charles the Bold
429:
428:
421:
413:
412:
399:
398:
387:
386:
374:
373:
367:
366:
351:
350:
217:
179:
162:
148:
125:
124:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
31:
23:
18:Region of Alsace
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1430:
1371:
1230:
1221:
1015:
1001:
999:
967:New York: 1915.
957:Wayback Machine
918:
916:Further reading
913:
912:
905:France 3 Alsace
899:
898:
894:
887:
883:
870:
869:
865:
856:
854:
846:
845:
841:
834:
818:
814:
809:
801:Lutheran Reform
774:as is customary
739:
702:
696:
681:
676:
663:
649:(Lower Rhine),
616:
606:that ended the
487:
481:
467:(Lower Rhine),
426:
419:
410:
396:
371:
330:
320:
283:
255:
243:
215:
180:
170:
169:
168:
163:
155:
154:
149:
131:
119:
108:
102:
99:
56:
54:
44:
32:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:
998:
997:
990:
983:
975:
969:
968:
961:Putnam, Ruth.
959:
943:
934:
917:
914:
911:
910:
892:
881:
863:
839:
832:
811:
810:
808:
805:
738:
735:
710:Basel's region
700:Flag of Alsace
698:Main article:
695:
692:
680:
677:
675:
672:
662:
659:
641:Following the
615:
612:
483:Main article:
480:
477:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
423:
415:
414:
407:
401:
400:
393:
384:
381:
380:
375:
363:
362:
357:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
324:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
302:
301:Historical era
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
284:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
253:
250:
249:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
228:King of France
224:
223:
218:
212:
211:
209:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
172:
171:
164:
157:
156:
150:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:
121:
120:
35:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1495:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1217:Trois-Évêchés
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:Lower Navarre
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:ĂŽle-de-France
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Franche-Comté
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
996:
991:
989:
984:
982:
977:
976:
973:
966:
965:
960:
958:
954:
951:
949:
944:
941:
940:
935:
932:
931:3-89861-408-5
928:
924:
920:
919:
906:
902:
896:
890:
885:
877:
873:
867:
853:
849:
843:
835:
829:
825:
824:
816:
812:
804:
802:
799:, during the
798:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
701:
691:
689:
685:
671:
669:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
620:
611:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:secret treaty
546:
538:
534:
530:
528:
524:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
486:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
424:
422:
417:
416:
408:
406:
403:
402:
394:
392:
389:
388:
385:
379:
376:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
326:
322:
319:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
285:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
257:
251:
248:
245:
239:
235:
231:
229:
225:
222:
219:
213:
210:
206:
203:
200:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
178:
173:
167:
161:
153:
147:
139:
134:
126:
117:
114:
106:
103:November 2021
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
42:
41:
36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
19:
1450:
1026:
962:
947:
937:
922:
904:
895:
884:
875:
866:
855:. Retrieved
851:
842:
822:
815:
794:
790:
768:dialects of
762:Swiss German
758:Upper German
745:
743:
740:
717:
705:
703:
682:
664:
640:
636:Upper Alsace
634:(North) and
632:Lower Alsace
627:
625:
597:
557:Spanish Road
542:
518:Martin Bucer
511:
488:
448:
444:
442:
360:Succeeded by
359:
354:
305:Early Modern
201:
166:Coat of arms
109:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
45:Please help
40:verification
37:
1431: [
1418:Sarrewerden
1398:Montbéliard
1067:Bourbonnais
756:dialect of
706:Rot-un-Wiss
527:WĂĽrttemberg
355:Preceded by
1457:Categories
1362:Vermandois
1252:Beaujolais
1202:Roussillon
876:Unser Land
857:2021-11-30
684:Strasbourg
679:Strasbourg
614:Government
208:Government
190:Strasbourg
73:newspapers
1413:Salm-Salm
1287:Couserans
1282:Comminges
1272:Cambrésis
1207:Saintonge
1177:Orléanais
1167:Nivernais
1132:Languedoc
1082:Champagne
1032:Angoumois
807:Footnotes
754:Alemannic
674:Symbolism
651:Haut-Rhin
638:(South).
547:, who by
537:Louis XIV
469:Haut-Rhin
405:Haut-Rhin
259:Louis XVI
247:Louis XIV
136:1648–1790
1403:Mulhouse
1383:Créhange
1367:Vivarais
1352:Valromey
1342:Rouergue
1332:Ponthieu
1327:PĂ©rigord
1322:NĂ©bouzan
1307:GĂ©vaudan
1302:Gâtinais
1277:CĂ©vennes
1247:Armagnac
1212:Touraine
1197:Provence
1172:Normandy
1147:Lyonnais
1137:Limousin
1097:Flanders
1092:Dauphiné
1077:Burgundy
1072:Brittany
1052:Auvergne
953:Archived
766:Frankish
750:Alsatian
737:Language
731:Lorraine
718:replaced
647:Bas-Rhin
465:Bas-Rhin
391:Bas-Rhin
221:Province
1317:Labourd
1257:Bigorre
1242:Agenais
1187:Picardy
1122:Hainaut
1117:Guyenne
1112:Gascony
1087:Corsica
764:. Some
668:cuisine
661:Culture
655:Moselle
569:Thalers
565:Sundgau
561:Hungary
479:History
473:Moselle
420:Moselle
316:•
197:Demonym
186:Capital
87:scholar
1337:Quercy
1292:Dombes
1262:Bresse
1192:Poitou
1182:Perche
1157:Marche
1042:Artois
1027:Alsace
1013:France
929:
830:
786:lycées
746:région
555:, the
272:
232:
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
1435:]
1428:Tende
1423:Savoy
1357:Velay
1347:Soule
1297:Forez
1267:Bugey
1152:Maine
1062:Berry
1057:BĂ©arn
1047:Aunis
1037:Anjou
797:Latin
752:, an
714:Hesse
694:Flags
94:JSTOR
80:books
1408:Nice
1388:Dabo
1102:Foix
927:ISBN
828:ISBN
776:for
443:The
333:1790
323:1648
152:Flag
66:news
1312:Gex
1011:of
748:is
497:to
49:by
1459::
1433:fr
903:.
874:.
850:.
788:.
729:,
657:.
475:.
994:e
987:t
980:v
933:.
878:.
860:.
836:.
447:(
116:)
110:(
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
43:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)