36:
141:
fluids that are compressed so that when the propellant is allowed to escape by releasing a valve, the energy stored by the compression moves the propellant out of the can and that propellant forces the aerosol payload out along with the propellant. Compressed fluid may also be used as a simple vehicle propellant, with the potential energy that is stored in the compressed fluid used to expel the fluid as the propellant. The energy stored in the fluid was added to the system when the fluid was compressed, such as
1093:
1214:. As the payload is depleted, the propellant vaporizes to fill the internal volume of the can. Liquids are typically 500-1000x denser than their corresponding gases at atmospheric pressure; even at the higher pressure inside the can, only a small fraction of its volume needs to be propellant in order to eject the payload and replace it with vapor.
1562:
much less aerodynamic drag as the vehicle lifts off from near sea-level and accelerates up through the more dense (thicker) part of the atmosphere near the earth. The result of a smaller booster stage is it allows a more efficient ascent through the thickest part of the atmosphere, which helps improve the net mass lifted to orbit.
128:. Although technically a propellant is the reaction mass used to create thrust, the term "propellant" is often used to describe a substance which contains both the reaction mass and the fuel that holds the energy used to accelerate the reaction mass. For example, the term "propellant" is often used in
1561:
Refined petroleum is not the most efficient thrust-producing fuel for rockets, but what it lacks in thrust production it makes up for in density. It takes less volume of RP-1 to impart the same thrust force on a vehicle, and less volume equates to reduced stage size. ... A smaller booster stage means
1135:
propellants are pressurized physically, by a compressor, rather than by a chemical reaction. The pressures and energy densities that can be achieved, while insufficient for high-performance rocketry and firearms, are adequate for most applications, in which case compressed fluids offer a simpler,
1206:
Liquified gas propellants are gases at atmospheric pressure, but become liquid at a modest pressure. This pressure is high enough to provide useful propulsion of the payload (e.g. aerosol paint, deodorant, lubricant), but is low enough to be stored in an inexpensive metal can, and to not pose a
622:
Double-based fuel/propellants consist of nitrocellulose with nitroglycerin or other liquid organic nitrate explosives added. Stabilizers and other additives are also used. Nitroglycerin reduces smoke and increases the energy output. Double-based fuel/propellants are used in small arms, cannons,
140:
Vehicles can use propellants to move by ejecting a propellant backwards which creates an opposite force that moves the vehicle forward. Projectiles can use propellants that are expanding gases which provide the motive force to set the projectile in motion. Aerosol cans use propellants which are
1529:
The most efficient fuel and oxidizer combination commonly used today for chemical liquid rockets is hydrogen (fuel) and oxygen (oxidizer)," continued Coates. The two elements are relatively simple and they burn easily when combined—and even better, the result of their reaction is simple
310:
that is used by an engine to produce the energy that expels the propellant. Even though the byproducts of substances used as fuel are also often used as a reaction mass to create the thrust, such as with a chemical rocket engine, propellant and fuel are two distinct concepts.
136:
that is used by an engine to produce the energy that expels the propellant. Even though the byproducts of substances used as fuel are also often used as a reaction mass to create the thrust, such as with a chemical rocket engine, propellant and fuel are two distinct concepts.
385:. The energy applied to the pump or thermal system that is used to compress the air is stored until it is released by allowing the propellant to escape. Compressed fluid may also be used only as energy storage along with some other substance as the propellant, such as with a
145:. The energy applied to the pump or thermal system that is used to compress the air is stored until it is released by allowing the propellant to escape. Compressed fluid may also be used only as energy storage along with some other substance as the propellant, such as with a
644:, and an oxidizer such as ammonium perchlorate. Composite fuel/propellants are used in large rocket motors. In some applications, such as the US SLBM Trident II missile, nitroglycerin is added to the aluminum and ammonium perchlorate composite as an energetic plasticizer.
1328:, in which a liquid is ejected as a spray, include paints, lubricants, degreasers, and protective coatings; deodorants and other personal care products; cooking oils. Some liquid payloads are not sprayed due to lower propellant pressure and/or viscous payload, as with
578:. A grain is any individual particle of fuel/propellant regardless of the size or shape. The shape and size of a grain determines the burn time, amount of gas, and rate of produced energy from the burning of the fuel and, as a consequence, thrust vs time profile.
380:
The propellant or fuel may also simply be a compressed fluid, with the potential energy that is stored in the compressed fluid used to expel the fluid as the propellant. The energy stored in the fluid was added to the system when the fluid was compressed, such as
925:
which is used as the propellant. They use a nozzle to direct the energized propellant. The nozzle itself may be composed simply of a magnetic field. Low molecular weight gases (e.g. hydrogen, helium, ammonia) are preferred propellants for this kind of system.
400:
of photons to create thrust. Even though photons do not have mass, they can still act as a propellant because they move at relativistic speed, i.e., the speed of light. In this case Newton's third Law of Motion is inadequate to model the physics involved and
1039:
use the heat of a nuclear reaction to heat a propellant. Usually the propellant is hydrogen because the force is a function of the energy irrespective of the mass of the propellant, so the lightest propellant (hydrogen) produces the greatest
639:
Composites do not utilize nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, nitroguanidine or any other organic nitrate as the primary constituent. Composites usually consist of a fuel such as metallic aluminum, a combustible binder such as synthetic rubber or
1005:– because this reactive engine uses a radial magnetic field, it acts on both positive and negative particles and so it may use a wide range of gases as a propellant including water, hydrazine, ammonia, argon, xenon and many others
442:
Propellants may be energized by chemical reactions to expel solid, liquid or gas. Electrical energy may be used to expel gases, plasmas, ions, solids or liquids. Photons may be used to provide thrust via relativistic momentum.
1178:
However, compressed gases are impractical as stored propellants if they do not liquify inside the storage container, because very high pressures are required in order to store any significant quantity of gas, and high-pressure
424:
and the energy from the chemical reaction is used to expel the water (steam) to provide thrust. Often in chemical rocket engines, a higher molecular mass substance is included in the fuel to provide more reaction mass.
253:
and the energy from the chemical reaction is used to expel the water (steam) to provide thrust. Often in chemical rocket engines, a higher molecular mass substance is included in the fuel to provide more reaction mass.
1030:
Nuclear reactions may be used to produce the energy for the expulsion of the propellants. Many types of nuclear reactors have been used/proposed to produce electricity for electrical propulsion as outlined above.
1221:, which cools the system. This is usually insignificant, although it can sometimes be an unwanted effect of heavy usage (as the system cools, the vapor pressure of the propellant drops). However, in the case of a
416:
which is used to expel the products of that chemical reaction (and sometimes other substances) as propellants. For example, in a simple hydrogen/oxygen engine, hydrogen is burned (oxidized) to create
245:
which is used to expel the products of that chemical reaction (and sometimes other substances) as propellants. For example, in a simple hydrogen/oxygen engine, hydrogen is burned (oxidized) to create
616:
A single based fuel/propellant has nitrocellulose as its chief explosives ingredient. Stabilizers and other additives are used to control the chemical stability and enhance its properties.
226:
of photons to create thrust. Even though photons do not have mass, they can still act as a propellant because they move at relativistic speed, i.e., the speed of light. In this case
1680:
377:, the propellant is usually the product of the burning of fuel with atmospheric oxygen so that the resulting propellant product has more mass than the fuel carried on the vehicle.
215:, the propellant is usually the product of the burning of fuel with atmospheric oxygen so that the resulting propellant product has more mass than the fuel carried on the vehicle.
831:
Electrically powered reactive engines use a variety of usually ionized propellants, including atomic ions, plasma, electrons, or small droplets or solid particles as propellant.
886:, including its subtypes Stationary Plasma Thruster (SPT) and Thruster with Anode Layer (TAL) – use the Hall effect to orient electrons to create positive ions for propellant
952:
629:
Triple-based fuel/propellants consist of nitrocellulose, nitroguanidine, nitroglycerin or other liquid organic nitrate explosives. Triple-based fuel/propellants are used in
708:
rocket engines, as well as in some in large rocket engines for first and second stages of ballistic missiles. They are instant-starting and suitable for long-term storage.
1743:
1446:
Lal, Sohan; Mallick, Lovely; Rajkumar, Sundaram; Oommen, Oommen P.; Reshmi, Sasidharakurup; Kumbhakarna, Neeraj; Chowdhury, Arindrajit; Namboothiri, Irishi (2015).
663:
In rockets, three main liquid bipropellant combinations are used: cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen, cryogenic oxygen and a hydrocarbon, and storable propellants.
499:
1139:
A compressed fluid propellant may simply be a pressurized gas, or a substance which is a gas at atmospheric pressure, but stored under pressure as a liquid.
566:. Also the newly synthesized bishomocubane based compounds are under consideration in the research stage as both solid and liquid propellants of the future.
1544:
327:
165:
1513:
1640:
428:
Rocket propellant may be expelled through an expansion nozzle as a cold gas, that is, without energetic mixing and combustion, to provide small
257:
Rocket propellant may be expelled through an expansion nozzle as a cold gas, that is, without energetic mixing and combustion, to provide small
957:
1575:
1741:
Understanding and
Predicting Gun Barrel Erosion – Weapons Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Organisation by Ian A. Johnston
863:
1035:
uses a series of nuclear explosions to create large amounts of energy to expel the products of the nuclear reaction as the propellant.
853:
in the direction of the acceleration) the device is considered electrostatic. The types of electrostatic drives and their propellants:
826:
334:
to heat low molecular weight gases (e.g. hydrogen, helium, ammonia) into a plasma and expel the plasma as propellant. In the case of a
315:
172:
to heat low molecular weight gases (e.g. hydrogen, helium, ammonia) into a plasma and expel the plasma as propellant. In the case of a
153:
1405:
Lal, Sohan; Rajkumar, Sundaram; Tare, Amit; Reshmi, Sasidharakurup; Chowdhury, Arindrajit; Namboothiri, Irishi N. N. (December 2014).
905:
1163:
and used immediately. Additionally, a hand pump to compress air can be used for its simplicity in low-tech applications such as
680:
Used in upper stages and sometimes in booster stages of space launch systems. This is a nontoxic combination. This gives high
1244:
came into force in 1989, they have been replaced in nearly every country due to the negative effects CFCs have on Earth's
1740:
899:
562:
Propellants that explode in operation are of little practical use currently, although there have been experiments with
1732:
1716:
1488:
1312:(HFO) propellants have become more widely adopted in aerosol systems due to their relatively low vapor pressure, low
79:
57:
1225:, this cooling contributes to the desired effect (although freeze sprays may also contain other components, such as
50:
1011:– uses a Teflon plasma as a propellant, which is created by an electrical arc and expelled using the Lorentz force
780:
295:
113:
1593:
1210:
The mixture of liquid and gaseous propellant inside the can maintains a constant pressure, called the liquid's
869:
948:
1014:
996:
983:
382:
353:
produces an exhaust, and the exhausted material is usually expelled as a propellant under pressure through a
191:
produces an exhaust, and the exhausted material is usually expelled as a propellant under pressure through a
142:
345:
In chemical rockets and aircraft, fuels are used to produce an energetic gas that can be directed through a
183:
In chemical rockets and aircraft, fuels are used to produce an energetic gas that can be directed through a
999:– propellants include xenon, neon, argon, hydrogen, hydrazine, or lithium; expelled using the Lorentz force
600:
Usually a single perforation; as outside surface decreases the inside surface increases at the same rate.
491:
960:(VASIMR) – using microwave-generated plasma as the propellant and magnetic field to direct its expulsion
698:. This combination of fuel/oxidizer has high density and hence allows for a more compact booster design.
1407:"Nitro-Substituted Bishomocubanes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application as Energetic Materials"
588:
Usually a grain with multiple perforations or a star cut in the center providing a lot of surface area.
227:
17:
1782:
1002:
575:
1313:
1218:
1032:
970:
801:
658:
439:
To attain a useful density for storage, most propellants are stored as either a solid or a liquid.
268:
To attain a useful density for storage, most propellants are stored as either a solid or a liquid.
44:
1196:
1104:
705:
563:
132:
to describe a combined fuel/propellant, although the propellants should not be confused with the
1036:
1008:
766:
61:
1579:
1447:
1777:
1603:
1381:
547:
389:, where the energy stored in the compressed air is the fuel and the water is the propellant.
331:
169:
149:, where the energy stored in the compressed air is the fuel and the water is the propellant.
1772:
1361:
883:
875:
857:
786:
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402:
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231:
223:
8:
1767:
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319:
157:
1229:, with a lower vapor pressure but higher enthalpy of vaporization than the propellant).
1366:
1297:
1269:
1237:
1083:
757:
1324:
The practicality of liquified gas propellants allows for a broad variety of payloads.
298:, and "propel" the vehicle forward. The engine that expels the propellant is called a
1712:
1662:
1598:
1494:
1484:
1428:
1309:
1308:(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane) or combinations of the two. More recently, liquid
1241:
1017:– a plasma propellant is generated and excited from a gas using a helicon induced by
930:
860:– using positive ions as the propellant, accelerated by an electrically charged grid
533:
503:
461:
433:
335:
277:
262:
173:
306:
to describe a combined fuel/propellant, propellants should not be confused with the
1704:
1657:
1652:
1459:
1418:
1386:
1376:
1148:
1079:
1053:
1041:
975:
Electromagnetic thrusters use ions as the propellant, which are accelerated by the
922:
909:
889:
681:
529:
506:
for extra energy), optional high-explosive fuels (again, for extra energy) such as
483:
479:
366:
204:
1623:
1747:
1352:("canned air"), the only payload is the velocity of the propellant vapor itself.
1164:
942:– uses (usually) hydrazine or ammonia as a propellant which is energized with an
724:
674:
409:
299:
238:
125:
1627:
have been found to be more effective in extinguishing fires than carbon dioxide.
1616:
Freon chemical compounds in household refrigerators, air-cooling systems and as
1448:"Synthesis and energetic properties of high-nitrogen substituted bishomocubanes"
290:
that is expelled from a vehicle, such as a rocket, in such a way as to create a
1325:
1293:
1281:
1265:
1211:
1172:
1018:
943:
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691:
413:
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242:
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742:
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511:
393:
339:
323:
303:
287:
219:
177:
161:
129:
101:
1545:"New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8 M lbs of thrust"
1514:"New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8 M lbs of thrust"
1498:
1066:
as the propellant and their discrete relativistic energy to produce thrust.
1432:
1423:
1406:
1226:
1222:
1168:
893:
840:
695:
581:
There are three types of burns that can be achieved with different grains.
495:
386:
374:
212:
146:
933:– using a usually inert compressed propellant that is energized by simple
1249:
1245:
1147:
In applications in which a large quantity of propellant is used, such as
987:
654:
350:
188:
1092:
124:
payload. In vehicles, the engine that expels the propellant is called a
1464:
1349:
1160:
457:
117:
609:
There are four different types of solid fuel/propellant compositions:
1341:
1273:
1261:
1075:
902:– using electrodes to accelerate ionized liquid metal as a propellant
811:
794:
667:
109:
979:
or by magnetic fields, either of which is generated by electricity:
326:
may be used to expel negative ions and electrons as the propellant.
164:
may be used to expel negative ions and electrons as the propellant.
1737:
Rocket propulsion elements, Sutton, George.P, Biblarz, Oscar 7th Ed
1301:
1152:
770:
733:
522:
471:
1217:
Vaporizing the liquid propellant to gas requires some energy, the
1348:
guns, have solid projectile payloads. Uniquely, in the case of a
1345:
1337:
1305:
1284:
are also used as propellants to deliver foodstuffs (for example,
1253:
1248:. The most common replacements of CFCs are mixtures of volatile
872:– using positive ions as the propellant, created using microwaves
866:(NSTAR) – positive ions accelerated using high-voltage electrodes
752:
746:
551:
429:
258:
921:
These are engines that use electromagnetic fields to generate a
1257:
1063:
630:
362:
354:
346:
291:
200:
192:
184:
105:
555:
541:
537:
515:
370:
208:
121:
1641:"Global emissions of VOCs from compressed aerosol products"
1371:
774:
761:
737:
641:
594:
Usually a solid grain in the shape of a cylinder or sphere.
518:
487:
307:
133:
1709:
Ignition! An
Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants
1240:(CFCs) were once often used as propellants, but since the
1021:
band radiowaves which form a magnetic nozzle in a cylinder
104:
that is expelled or expanded in such a way as to create a
1619:
1156:
1136:
safer, and more practical source of propellant pressure.
704:
Used in almost all bipropellant low-thrust, auxiliary or
507:
358:
338:
engine, the compressed propellant is simply heated using
196:
176:
engine, the compressed propellant is simply heated using
1578:(in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. 1999. Archived from
1445:
1272:
are also used. All these have the disadvantage of being
349:, thereby producing thrust. In rockets, the burning of
318:, electricity is used to accelerate the propellant. An
187:, thereby producing thrust. In rockets, the burning of
156:, electricity is used to accelerate the propellant. An
1404:
1478:
408:
In chemical rockets, chemical reactions are used to
237:
In chemical rockets, chemical reactions are used to
1639:Yeoman, Amber M.; Lewis, Alastair C. (2021-04-22).
302:. Although the term "propellant" is often used in
373:. In powered aircraft without propellers such as
211:. In powered aircraft without propellers such as
1754:
574:Solid fuel/propellants are used in forms called
230:is inadequate to model the physics involved and
1123:
958:Variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rocket
687:Cryogenic oxygen-hydrocarbon propellant system
1171:. The simplest examples of such a system are
1142:
1190:
892:– electrostatic acceleration of droplets of
845:If the acceleration is caused mainly by the
1638:
1536:
1505:
1207:safety hazard in case the can is ruptured.
864:NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness
322:may be used to expel positive ions, or the
160:may be used to expel positive ions, or the
1594:"Fires Halted Quickly by "Lazy" Freon Gas"
1576:"Native Electric Propulsion Engines Today"
1542:
1511:
827:Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
550:has been used as an oxidizer, paired with
1681:"Solstice® Propellant Technical Bulletin"
1656:
1472:
1463:
1422:
1175:for such liquids as ketchup and shampoo.
1069:
342:as it is expelled to create more thrust.
180:as it is expelled to create more thrust.
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1336:or shaving gel. Low-power guns, such as
1197:Aerosol_spray § Aerosol_propellants
684:and is ideal for high-velocity missions.
43:This article includes a list of general
1479:Sutton, George; Biblarz, Oscar (2001).
1232:
990:as a propellant that is accelerated by
906:Nano-particle field extraction thruster
820:
14:
1755:
690:Used for many booster stages of space
544:, or other fuels and binder compounds.
271:
27:Chemical substance used for propulsion
1703:
1645:Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
446:
1087:
648:
436:, usually as maneuvering thrusters.
265:, usually as maneuvering thrusters.
29:
451:
24:
964:
900:Field-emission electric propulsion
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1794:
1726:
916:
712:Propellant combinations used for
1304:(1,1,1,2,-tetrafluoroethane) or
1091:
1062:A photonic reactive engine uses
834:
701:Storable propellant combinations
357:. The exhaust material may be a
195:. The exhaust material may be a
34:
1697:
800:Common monopropellant used for
781:Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
760:and mentioned above alcohol or
694:as well as a smaller number of
498:(or energetic polymers such as
316:electrically powered spacecraft
154:electrically powered spacecraft
1673:
1658:10.1525/elementa.2020.20.00177
1632:
1586:
1568:
1543:Hutchinson, Lee (2013-04-14).
1512:Hutchinson, Lee (2013-04-14).
1439:
1398:
1292:). Medicinal aerosols such as
849:(i.e. application of a static
604:
13:
1:
1392:
1015:Helicon Double Layer Thruster
997:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
986:– a complex system that uses
984:Electrodeless plasma thruster
816:Red fuming nitric acid (RFNA)
1711:. Rutgers University Press.
1316:(GWP), and nonflammability.
1201:
1124:Compressed fluid propellants
908:– using charged cylindrical
626:Triple-based fuel/propellant
619:Double-based fuel/propellant
613:Single-based fuel/propellant
432:to spacecraft by the use of
296:Newton's third law of motion
261:to spacecraft by the use of
228:Newton's third Law of Motion
114:Newton's third law of motion
7:
1411:Chemistry: An Asian Journal
1355:
1319:
1047:
953:Radiofrequency ion thruster
876:Radiofrequency ion thruster
10:
1799:
1481:Rocket Propulsion Elements
1194:
1143:Compressed gas propellants
1073:
1051:
1025:
968:
838:
824:
652:
455:
275:
116:, and "propel" a vehicle,
1606:. April 1947. p. 115
1191:Liquified gas propellants
1187:are expensive and heavy.
1003:Pulsed inductive thruster
878:– generalization of HiPEP
714:liquid propellant rockets
514:, and usually a powdered
286:A rocket propellant is a
1314:global warming potential
1219:enthalpy of vaporization
1159:may be pressurized by a
1033:Nuclear pulse propulsion
971:Plasma propulsion engine
659:liquid-propellant rocket
569:
564:Pulse Detonation Engines
1037:Nuclear thermal rockets
64:more precise citations.
1424:10.1002/asia.201402607
1070:Projectile propellants
1009:Pulsed plasma thruster
767:Red fuming nitric acid
304:chemical rocket design
130:chemical rocket design
1382:Spacecraft propulsion
802:liquid rocket engines
653:Further information:
548:Potassium perchlorate
468:Composite propellants
456:Further information:
398:relativistic momentum
332:electromagnetic force
224:relativistic momentum
170:electromagnetic force
1362:Cartridge (firearms)
1233:Propellant compounds
1167:, plant misters and
890:Colloid ion thruster
884:Hall-effect thruster
858:Gridded ion thruster
821:Electrically powered
787:Dinitrogen tetroxide
623:mortars and rockets.
558:, and other binders.
500:polyglycidyl nitrate
476:ammonium perchlorate
403:relativistic physics
232:relativistic physics
1622:carrier in aerosol
1458:(44): 22118–22128.
1238:Chlorofluorocarbons
1185:pressure regulators
992:ponderomotive force
430:changes in velocity
414:movement of a fluid
320:electrostatic force
294:in accordance with
272:Vehicle propellants
259:changes in velocity
243:movement of a fluid
158:electrostatic force
112:in accordance with
1746:2013-07-10 at the
1733:Rocket Propellants
1465:10.1039/C5TA05380C
1367:Explosive material
1298:hydrofluoroalkanes
1270:methyl ethyl ether
1103:. You can help by
1084:Firearm propellant
751:Liquid oxygen and
677:combination system
470:made from a solid
447:Chemically powered
434:cold gas thrusters
263:cold gas thrusters
1599:Popular Mechanics
1452:J. Mater. Chem. A
1417:(12): 3533–3541.
1310:hydrofluoroolefin
1242:Montreal Protocol
1121:
1120:
935:resistive heating
896:as the propellant
808:Hydrogen peroxide
758:Hydrogen peroxide
649:Liquid propellant
534:potassium nitrate
504:polyvinyl nitrate
462:Solid-fuel rocket
340:resistive heating
336:resistojet rocket
278:Rocket propellant
178:resistive heating
174:resistojet rocket
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
1790:
1783:Industrial gases
1722:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1613:
1611:
1604:Hearst Magazines
1602:. Vol. 87.
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1503:
1502:
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1467:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1402:
1387:Specific impulse
1377:Propellant depot
1149:pressure washing
1129:Compressed fluid
1116:
1113:
1095:
1088:
1080:Smokeless powder
1054:Laser propulsion
1042:specific impulse
910:carbon nanotubes
706:reaction control
682:specific impulse
585:Progressive burn
536:, combined with
532:propellants use
484:synthetic rubber
480:ammonium nitrate
452:Solid propellant
423:
330:engines use the
252:
168:engines use the
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
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692:launch vehicles
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396:would use the
394:photon rockets
383:compressed air
328:Electrothermal
282:Jet propulsion
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239:produce energy
234:must be used.
222:would use the
220:photon rockets
166:Electrothermal
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1651:(1): 00177.
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1624:insect bombs
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1608:. Retrieved
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1580:the original
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1553:. Retrieved
1549:ARS technica
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1518:ARS technica
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1773:Propellants
1551:. p. 2
1246:ozone layer
1153:airbrushing
988:cold plasma
894:liquid salt
769:(RFNA) and
655:liquid fuel
605:Composition
351:rocket fuel
189:rocket fuel
108:or another
62:introducing
1768:Ballistics
1763:Ammunition
1757:Categories
1555:2013-04-15
1523:2013-04-15
1483:. Willey.
1393:References
1350:gas duster
1344:guns, and
1268:(DME) and
1195:See also:
1161:compressor
1074:See also:
1052:See also:
931:Resistojet
789:and UDMH,
458:Solid fuel
118:projectile
98:propellent
94:propellant
45:references
18:Propellent
1688:Honeywell
1667:2325-1026
1342:paintball
1274:flammable
1262:isobutane
1202:Principle
1165:atomizers
1076:Gunpowder
949:Microwave
812:Hydrazine
804:include:
795:hydrazine
793:, and/or
779:RFNA and
716:include:
668:Cryogenic
636:Composite
392:Proposed
218:Proposed
1744:Archived
1707:(1972).
1499:75193234
1433:25314237
1356:See also
1320:Payloads
1302:HFA 134a
1048:Photonic
771:kerosene
734:kerosene
675:hydrogen
523:aluminum
521:such as
486:such as
474:such as
472:oxidizer
70:May 2023
1690:. 2017.
1610:June 7,
1346:airsoft
1338:BB guns
1306:HFA 227
1254:propane
1064:photons
1026:Nuclear
753:methane
747:ethanol
631:cannons
552:asphalt
530:amateur
369:, or a
207:, or a
100:) is a
58:improve
1715:
1665:
1530:water.
1497:
1487:
1431:
1258:butane
1082:, and
940:Arcjet
923:plasma
783:(UDMH)
671:oxygen
576:grains
367:plasma
363:liquid
355:nozzle
347:nozzle
292:thrust
205:plasma
201:liquid
193:nozzle
185:nozzle
106:thrust
47:, but
1684:(PDF)
870:HiPEP
570:Grain
556:epoxy
542:epoxy
538:sugar
528:Some
516:metal
494:, or
371:solid
209:solid
122:fluid
120:, or
1713:ISBN
1663:ISSN
1612:2019
1495:OCLC
1485:ISBN
1429:PMID
1372:Fuel
1332:and
1296:use
1288:and
1280:and
1260:and
1256:, n-
1183:and
1151:and
1056:and
775:RP-1
762:RP-1
745:and
738:RP-1
732:and
723:and
657:and
642:HTPB
519:fuel
492:PBAN
488:HTPB
482:, a
460:and
375:jets
308:fuel
288:mass
280:and
213:jets
134:fuel
102:mass
96:(or
1653:doi
1620:DDT
1460:doi
1419:doi
1157:air
1131:or
1107:.
791:MMH
773:or
736:or
510:or
508:RDX
502:or
478:or
359:gas
314:In
197:gas
152:In
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