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or if there is an update to the service worker. Activation occurs when all of the PWA's pages are closed, so that there is no conflict between the previous version and the updated one. The lifecycle also helps maintain consistency when switching among versions of a service worker since only a single service worker can be active for a domain.
775:
Service workers go through a three-step lifecycle of
Registration, Installation and Activation. Registration involves telling the browser the location of the service worker in preparation for installation. Installation occurs when there is no service worker installed in the browser for the web app,
766:
that implements a programmable network proxy that can respond to web/HTTP requests from the main document. It is able to check the availability of a remote server, cache content when that server is available, and serve that content later to the document. Service workers, like any other web workers,
445:. To varying degrees, the major app stores support the publication of PWAs. Google Play, Microsoft Store, and Samsung Galaxy Store support PWAs, but Apple App Store does not. Microsoft Store publishes some qualifying PWAs automatically (even without app authors' requests) after discovering them via
619:
There are many technologies commonly used to create progressive web apps. A web application is considered a PWA if it satisfies the installation criteria, thus can work offline and can be added to the device's home screen. To meet this definition, all PWAs require at minimum a service worker and a
735:
Web
Storage is a W3C standard API that enables key-value storage in modern browsers. The API consists of two objects, sessionStorage (that enables session-only storage that gets wiped upon browser session end) and localStorage (that enables storage that persists across sessions).
328:, and the screen-size flexibility it provides have made PWA development more accessible. Continued enhancements to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript allowed web applications to incorporate greater levels of interactivity, making native-like experiences possible on a website.
674:
Safari partially implements manifests, while most of the PWA metadata can be defined via Apple-specific extensions to the meta tags. These tags allow developers to enable full-screen display, define icons and splash screens, and specify a name for the application.
313:, as a means of appeasing frustrated developers. In October 2007 Jobs announced that an SDK would be launched the following year. As a result, although Apple continued to support web apps, the vast majority of iOS applications shifted toward the App Store.
375:(OS). Google then put significant efforts into promoting PWA development for Android. Firefox introduced support for service workers in 2016, and Microsoft Edge and Apple Safari followed in 2018, making service workers available on all major systems.
554:(with 192 px and a 512 px versions). Information contained in the manifest makes PWAs easily shareable via a URL, discoverable by search engines, and alleviates complex installation procedures (but PWAs still be listed in a third-party
409:" configuration that had been available as an experimental feature). A Firefox architect noted: "The signal I hope we are sending is that PWA support is not coming to desktop Firefox anytime soon." Mozilla still plans to support PWAs on Android.
720:
Progressive Web App execution contexts get unloaded whenever possible, so progressive web apps need to store the majority of their long-term internal state (user data, dynamically loaded application resources) in one of the following manner:
90:, it does not require separate bundling or distribution. Developers can simply publish the web application online, ensure that it meets baseline installation requirements and ensure that users will be able to add the application to their
832:
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and synchronize data in the background, cache or retrieve resource requests, intercept network requests and receive centralized updates independently of the document that registered them, even when that document is not loaded.
346:
rendering engine with a user interface called Gaia, written in HTML5. The development of
Firefox OS ended in 2016, and the project was completely discontinued in 2017, although a fork of Firefox OS was used as the basis of
591:
provides a PWA that is 99.84% smaller than its equivalent iOS app. After deploying its PWA, Starbucks doubled the number of online orders, with desktop users ordering at about the same rate as mobile app users.
492:
The technical baseline criteria for a site to be considered a progressive web app and therefore capable of being installed by browsers were described by
Russell in a follow-up post and updated since:
1818:
511:, which caches content after the first use and then rely on various heuristics to guess when content is no longer needed, programmable caches can explicitly prefetch content in advance
429:, it does not require separate bundling or distribution. In particular, there is no requirement for developers or users to install web apps via digital distribution systems like the
461:. As with other cross-platform solutions, the goal is to help developers build cross-platform apps more easily than they would with native apps. Progressive web apps employ the
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it's used for the first time and explicitly discard it when it is no longer needed. This requirement helps pages to be accessible offline or on low-quality networks.
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saw an 84% decrease in time until the page is interactive, leading to a 17% increase in conversions and a 53% increase in mobile sessions on iOS with their PWA.
1012:
Angle, Patrick; Avenard, Jean-Yves; Caceres, Marcos; Cannon, Ada Rose; Carlson, Eric; Davidson, Garrett; Davis, Jon; Dubost, Karl; Eidson, Brady (2023-06-06).
754:
objects and any structures representable as a string. The
Indexed Database API can be used with a wrapper library providing additional constructs around it.
507:
Register a service worker with a fetch handler. Progressive web apps must use service workers to create programmable content caches. Unlike regular HTTP
363:
engineer Alex
Russell coined the term "progressive web apps" to describe apps taking advantage of new features supported by modern browsers, including
468:
Some progressive web apps use an architectural approach called the App Shell Model. In this model, service workers store the Basic User
Interface or "
2179:
2169:
603:'s PWA spent 40% more time on the site compared to the previous mobile website. Ad revenue rates also increased by 44%, and core engagements by 60%.
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Indexed
Database API is a W3C standard database API available in all major browsers. The API is supported by modern browsers and enables storage of
1392:
1190:
480:. This model allows for PWAs to maintain native-like use with or without web connectivity. This can improve loading time, by providing an
1037:
Angle, Patrick; Caceres, Marcos; Caliman, Razvan; Davis, Jon; Eidson, Brady; Hatcher, Timothy; Niwa, Ryosuke; Simmons, Jen (2023-03-27).
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In
December 2020, Firefox for desktop abandoned the implementation of PWAs (specifically, removed the prototype "
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806:
663:
This metadata is crucial for an app to be added to a home screen or otherwise listed alongside native apps.
2211:
2058:
2008:
1734:
1215:"KaiOS, a feature phone platform built on the ashes of Firefox OS, adds Facebook, Twitter and Google apps"
934:
2700:
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2221:
2201:
2174:
1471:
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558:). Furthermore, PWAs support native app-style interactions and navigation, including being added to the
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636:-based manifest (usually labelled manifest.json) to provide developers with a centralized place to put
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164:
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Progressive web apps are all designed to work on any browser that is compliant with the appropriate
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1955:
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can be added to web apps. Announced in 2015 and first released in March 2017, WebAssembly became a
694:
497:
302:
2425:
1887:"WebAssembly 1.0 Becomes a W3C Recommendation and the Fourth Language to Run Natively in Browsers"
484:, a layout or architecture into which content can be loaded progressively as well as dynamically.
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code to run in a web browser, at near-native speed. Thus, libraries written in languages such as
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52:
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apps. According to
Twitter, Twitter Lite consumed only 1–3% of the size of the native apps.
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saw 60% of customers who had uninstalled their native app return to use the Flipkart PWA.
8:
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305:(SDK) was required, and the apps would be fully integrated into the device through the
1408:"Publish your Progressive Web App to the Microsoft Store - Microsoft Edge Development"
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for running web apps as native apps on mobile devices. Firefox OS was based on the
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68:
371:, that let users upgrade web apps to progressive web applications in their native
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By 2019, PWAs were supported by desktop versions of most browsers, including
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72:
19:
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work separately from the main document context. Service workers can handle
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and have no active mixed content. Progressive web apps must be served via
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would "run applications created with Web 2.0 Internet standards". No
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63:. It is intended to work on any platform with a standards-compliant
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2311:
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2271:
2037:
1165:"Mozilla ends commercial Firefox OS development - gHacks Tech News"
637:
604:
395:
1111:"Jobs' original vision for the iPhone: No third-party native apps"
885:
2695:
2641:
2437:
2355:
2136:
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1759:"Instant Loading Web Apps with an Application Shell Architecture"
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79:
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released Twitter Lite, a PWA alternative to the official native
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2109:
2104:
1374:
1294:"Progressive Web Apps Are Here and They're Changing Everything"
1261:
1259:
1257:
596:
298:
173:
1609:"Twitter's app is helping stop phones from strangling the web"
1191:"Mozilla is stopping all commercial development on Firefox OS"
1086:"App Store Year Zero: Unsweet web apps drove iPhone to an SDK"
522:. The manifest must contain at least the five key properties:
94:. Publishing the app to digital distribution systems like the
2620:
2615:
2597:
2403:
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We have no plans of sunsetting PWAs on mobile that I know of.
1241:"Progressive Web Apps: Escaping Tabs Without Losing Our Soul"
501:
399:
391:
348:
159:
154:
105:
As of 2021, PWA features are supported to varying degrees by
1432:"The first batch of Windows 10 Progressive Web Apps is here"
1254:
2747:
2226:
2099:
1911:
935:"Firefox just walked away from a key piece of the open web"
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633:
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to ensure user privacy, security, and content authenticity.
48:
1686:"Why Progressive Web Apps Will Replace Native Mobile Apps"
320:
allowed web technologies to be used to create interactive
2572:
2291:
1634:"12 Best Examples of Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) in 2021"
1011:
671:
584:
169:
1660:"A Pinterest Progressive Web App Performance Case Study"
1036:
807:"What are Progressive Web Apps? PWA Guide for Beginners"
788:, an open-source audit tool for PWAs developed by Google
2003:
2001:
701:
recommendation on December 5, 2019 and it received the
1860:
1188:
1014:"News from WWDC23: WebKit Features in Safari 17 beta"
309:
browser engine. This model was later switched to the
1998:
1064:"iPhone to Support Third-Party Web 2.0 Applications"
659:
The option to set the display mode, e.g. full screen
1079:
1077:
903:
1319:"Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc"
1801:"What's new on iOS 12.2 for Progressive Web Apps"
928:
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924:
922:
920:
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1232:
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47:, built using common web technologies including
650:The preferred URL to launch or open the web app
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1587:
917:
570:
2059:
1909:
1268:"Apple goes back to the future with web apps"
640:associated with a web application including:
1498:"What, Exactly, Makes a Progressive Web App"
1103:
496:Originate from a secure origin. Served over
16:Specific form of single page web application
1829:
1584:
1463:
1391:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1285:
647:Links to the web app icons or image objects
2066:
2052:
1948:
962:"Progressive Web Apps on Windows overview"
1606:
1568:"Service worker caching and HTTP caching"
1061:
878:
476:web application in the browser's offline
417:Since a progressive web app is a type of
78:Since a progressive web app is a type of
1683:
1472:"The App Shell Model | Web Fundamentals"
1189:Hoffman, Chris; PCWorld | (2016-09-28).
487:
18:
1083:
739:
359:In 2015, designer Frances Berriman and
354:
2795:
2009:"Introduction to Service Worker | Web"
1932:"Programming Languages Software Award"
1657:
1519:"What does it take to be installable?"
1405:
1341:
1291:
956:
954:
932:
2047:
1367:
1265:
862:"Progressive Web Apps | Software AG"
856:
854:
703:Programming Languages Software Award
1973:
1607:Shankland, Stephen (30 July 2020).
1062:Jobs, Steve; Apple (11 June 2007).
951:
13:
2073:
1469:
757:
656:Default orientation of the web app
452:
128:
14:
2814:
2031:
1684:Gazdecki, Andrew (9 March 2018).
1658:Osmani, Addy (30 November 2017).
1595:"Web App Manifest", Working Draft
1344:"Progressive Web Apps on Desktop"
851:
1863:"WebAssembly Core Specification"
1266:Evans, Jonny (26 January 2018).
1039:"WebKit Features in Safari 16.4"
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1311:
1292:Ladage, Aaron (17 April 2018).
1207:
1182:
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1136:Marcotte, Ethan (25 May 2010).
1129:
1055:
1030:
834:Mastering Front-end development
830:
715:
644:The name of the web application
614:
291:Worldwide Developers Conference
284:
2038:Web Applications Working Group
1867:World Wide Web Consortium (W3)
1819:"Configuring Web Applications"
1597:, retrieved 12 September 2016.
1084:Ritchie, Rene (5 March 2018).
1005:
980:
837:. Cybellium Ltd. p. 273.
824:
799:
724:
678:
666:
653:The web app configuration data
1:
792:
316:Beginning in the early 2010s
1910:Kantha Nguyen (2022-05-01).
1342:LePage, Pete (4 June 2019).
966:Microsoft Edge Documentation
933:Newman, Jared (2021-01-26).
351:, a feature phone platform.
7:
1981:"Concepts behind IndexedDB"
1861:World Wide Web Consortium.
779:
623:
595:A 2018 review published by
571:Comparison with native apps
335:. It was intended to be an
29:progressive web application
10:
2819:
1783:"Web Manifest Docs on MDN"
1368:agi90 (19 December 2020).
911:"Is Service Worker Ready?"
743:
728:
682:
628:The web app manifest is a
465:web development strategy.
331:In 2013, Mozilla released
279:
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1739:Mozilla Developer Network
1715:Mozilla Developer Network
699:World Wide Web Consortium
632:specification defining a
412:
143:
140:
137:
1823:Safari Web Content Guide
866:techradar.softwareag.com
303:software development kit
1138:"Responsive Web Design"
463:progressive enhancement
1837:"WebAssembly Concepts"
1541:
1495:
1238:
1169:gHacks Technology News
1135:
762:A service worker is a
599:, found that users of
43:delivered through the
24:
1735:"Network independent"
1543:"Progressive Web App"
1457:"The App Shell Model"
488:Installation criteria
474:responsive web design
407:site-specific browser
326:Responsive web design
22:
746:Indexed Database API
740:Indexed Database API
518:Reference a web app
482:initial static frame
443:Samsung Galaxy Store
355:Initial introduction
41:application software
689:WebAssembly allows
297:announced that the
134:
115:Firefox for Android
37:progressive web app
2361:Application server
2040:index of standards
1412:docs.microsoft.com
1221:. 26 February 2018
769:push notifications
133:
25:
2790:
2789:
2709:
2708:
2686:Browser extension
2661:
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2317:Phusion Passenger
2013:Google Developers
1956:"Web Storage API"
1763:Google Developers
1476:Google Developers
1348:Google Developers
1117:. 21 October 2011
988:"Get your PWA on"
913:. Jake Archibald.
844:979-8-8668-4882-9
786:Google Lighthouse
538:(with a value of
369:web app manifests
318:dynamic web pages
277:
276:
2810:
2803:Web applications
2755:Web API security
2677:Remote scripting
2647:Web SQL Database
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1807:. 27 March 2019.
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886:"Can I use pwa?"
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831:Ltd, Cybellium.
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811:freeCodeCamp.org
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373:operating system
340:operating system
322:web applications
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2207:ASP.NET Handler
2190:Jakarta Servlet
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1496:Russell, Alex.
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1436:Windows Central
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390:(on Windows,
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103:
102:is optional.
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2396:Browser APIs
2337:Web resource
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2015:. 1 May 2019
2012:
1988:. Retrieved
1984:
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1959:
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1939:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
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1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:
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1870:. Retrieved
1866:
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1840:
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1795:
1787:MDN Web Docs
1786:
1777:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
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1738:
1729:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
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1693:. Retrieved
1689:
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1667:. Retrieved
1663:
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1642:. Retrieved
1640:. 2021-02-22
1637:
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1616:. Retrieved
1612:
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1575:. Retrieved
1571:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1546:
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1526:. Retrieved
1522:
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1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:
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1451:
1440:. Retrieved
1438:. 2018-04-07
1435:
1426:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:
1406:MSEdgeTeam.
1401:
1379:
1373:
1363:
1353:13 September
1351:. Retrieved
1347:
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1326:. Retrieved
1322:
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1301:. Retrieved
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1271:
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1234:
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1218:
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1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1184:
1173:. Retrieved
1171:. 2016-09-27
1168:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:A List Apart
1141:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1114:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:
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1046:. Retrieved
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1021:. Retrieved
1017:
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996:. Retrieved
994:. 2021-10-07
991:
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970:. Retrieved
965:
942:. Retrieved
939:Fast Company
938:
905:
893:. Retrieved
889:
880:
869:. Retrieved
865:
833:
826:
815:. Retrieved
813:. 2024-01-18
810:
801:
774:
761:
749:
734:
719:
716:Data storage
688:
670:
662:
627:
618:
615:Technologies
594:
574:
512:
491:
481:
467:
456:
416:
404:
377:
358:
330:
315:
288:
285:Predecessors
111:Apple Safari
104:
77:
67:, including
36:
32:
28:
26:
2775:Progressive
2770:Single-page
2578:WebAssembly
2558:Geolocation
2515:Web storage
2421:C NPRuntime
2409:LiveConnect
2387:Client-side
2333:Web service
2262:mod_include
2217:Python ASGI
2212:Python WSGI
2162:Server APIs
2083:Server-side
1912:"Home Nest"
1695:10 February
1669:10 February
1618:11 February
1503:October 18,
1323:caniuse.com
731:Web storage
725:Web Storage
691:precompiled
685:WebAssembly
679:WebAssembly
667:iOS support
560:home screen
435:Google Play
425:known as a
337:open-source
289:At Apple's
121:but not by
100:Google Play
92:home screen
86:known as a
61:WebAssembly
2543:DOM events
2520:Web worker
2505:WebSockets
2366:comparison
2302:mod_python
2282:mod_parrot
2115:Encryption
1941:2024-05-06
1917:2024-05-06
1896:2024-05-06
1872:2024-05-06
1768:2017-04-24
1744:2017-04-24
1720:2017-04-24
1644:2021-05-16
1577:2021-05-19
1528:2021-05-19
1442:2021-05-16
1417:2021-05-16
1328:2021-05-16
1225:2021-03-17
1219:TechCrunch
1200:2021-03-17
1175:2022-05-05
1048:2023-06-14
1023:2023-06-14
998:2021-10-11
944:2021-01-27
895:27 January
871:2020-09-25
817:2024-05-06
793:References
764:web worker
620:manifest.
548:minimal-ui
544:fullscreen
540:standalone
528:short_name
449:indexing.
333:Firefox OS
295:Steve Jobs
57:JavaScript
2701:Scripting
2563:IndexedDB
2414:XPConnect
2373:Scripting
2297:mod_proxy
2242:container
2232:Perl PSGI
2222:Ruby Rack
2195:container
2152:WebSocket
2092:Protocols
1990:14 August
1965:14 August
1846:14 August
1370:"Comment"
712:in 2021.
601:Pinterest
589:Starbucks
575:In 2017,
556:app store
532:start_url
509:web cache
472:" of the
311:App Store
293:in 2007,
271:Partial
262:Partial
201:Includes
2797:Category
2726:Web page
2583:WebAuthn
2458:Web APIs
2351:Open API
2312:mod_ruby
2307:mod_wsgi
2287:mod_perl
2277:mod_mono
2272:mod_lisp
2202:CLI OWIN
1638:SimiCart
1552:June 15,
1387:cite web
1246:June 15,
972:13 March
780:See also
638:metadata
624:Manifest
605:Flipkart
520:manifest
396:ChromeOS
244:Partial
181:Chromium
144:Comment
141:Support
138:Browser
23:PWA logo
2736:Dynamic
2696:Web IDL
2642:GraphQL
2608:Khronos
2438:ActiveX
2426:C PPAPI
2404:C NPAPI
2356:Webhook
2292:mod_php
2237:Portlet
2185:COM ASP
2180:C ISAPI
2175:C ASAPI
2170:C NSAPI
1572:web.dev
1547:web.dev
1523:web.dev
1195:PCWorld
1149:May 25,
1115:9to5Mac
890:CanIUse
710:SIGPLAN
609:Lancôme
581:Android
577:Twitter
550:), and
536:display
423:website
419:webpage
384:Windows
280:History
231:Firefox
219:Vivaldi
183:-based
165:Android
150:Windows
123:Firefox
84:website
80:webpage
69:desktop
65:browser
2731:Static
2714:Topics
2691:Mashup
2666:Topics
2653:WebUSB
2630:Others
2593:WebRTC
2588:WebGPU
2480:Canvas
2467:WHATWG
2326:Topics
2267:mod_jk
2120:WebDAV
2019:23 May
1805:Medium
1690:Forbes
1481:23 May
1375:Reddit
1303:23 May
1277:23 May
1121:22 May
1095:23 May
1043:WebKit
1018:WebKit
841:
597:Forbes
566:, etc.
534:, and
513:before
413:Stores
398:, and
386:) and
307:Safari
299:iPhone
255:Safari
223:others
221:, and
174:iPadOS
172:&
117:, and
59:, and
35:), or
2681:DHTML
2637:Gears
2621:WebGL
2616:WebCL
2598:WebXR
2500:Video
2475:Audio
1891:InfoQ
1090:iMore
1068:Apple
705:from
552:icons
502:HTTPS
478:cache
470:shell
441:, or
400:Linux
392:macOS
349:KaiOS
344:Gecko
215:Opera
211:Brave
160:Linux
155:macOS
2765:Rich
2748:REST
2679:vs.
2675:and
2673:Ajax
2553:File
2485:CORS
2448:XBAP
2431:NaCl
2344:vs.
2335:vs.
2147:WSRP
2137:FCGI
2132:SCGI
2100:HTTP
2021:2019
1992:2018
1967:2018
1848:2018
1697:2023
1671:2023
1620:2023
1613:CNET
1593:W3C
1554:2015
1505:2016
1483:2019
1393:link
1355:2019
1305:2019
1279:2019
1248:2015
1151:2010
1123:2019
1097:2019
974:2021
897:2021
839:ISBN
752:JSON
634:JSON
583:and
524:name
447:Bing
382:(on
367:and
241:No
238:No
235:No
195:Yes
192:Yes
189:Yes
186:Yes
71:and
49:HTML
2573:SVG
2568:MSE
2548:EME
2535:W3C
2495:SSE
2490:DOM
2443:BHO
2346:ROA
2342:WOA
2142:AJP
2127:CGI
1985:MDN
1960:MDN
1841:MDN
1298:DEG
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