3D printing - Knowledge

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printer startup and some members of Howtek, Inc group who became popular figures in the 3D printing industry. One Howtek member, Richard Helinski (patent US5136515A, Method and Means for constructing three-dimensional articles by particle deposition, application 11/07/1989 granted 8/04/1992) formed a New Hampshire company C.A.D-Cast, Inc, name later changed to Visual Impact Corporation (VIC) on 8/22/1991. A prototype of the VIC 3D printer for this company is available with a video presentation showing a 3D model printed with a single nozzle inkjet. Another employee Herbert Menhennett formed a New Hampshire company HM Research in 1991 and introduced the Howtek, Inc, inkjet technology and thermoplastic materials to Royden Sanders of SDI and Bill Masters of Ballistic Particle Manufacturing (BPM) where he worked for a number of years. Both BPM 3D printers and SPI 3D printers use Howtek, Inc style Inkjets and Howtek, Inc style materials. Royden Sanders licensed the Helinksi patent prior to manufacturing the Modelmaker 6 Pro at Sanders prototype, Inc (SPI) in 1993. James K. McMahon who was hired by Howtek, Inc to help develop the inkjet, later worked at Sanders Prototype and now operates Layer Grown Model Technology, a 3D service provider specializing in Howtek single nozzle inkjet and SDI printer support. James K. McMahon worked with Steven Zoltan, 1972 drop-on-demand inkjet inventor, at Exxon and has a patent in 1978 that expanded the understanding of the single nozzle design inkjets (Alpha jets) and helped perfect the Howtek, Inc hot-melt inkjets. This Howtek hot-melt thermoplastic technology is popular with metal investment casting, especially in the 3D printing jewelry industry. Sanders (SDI) first Modelmaker 6Pro customer was Hitchner Corporations, Metal Casting Technology, Inc in Milford, NH a mile from the SDI facility in late 1993-1995 casting golf clubs and auto engine parts.

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still producing complex designs. Polymer ink is used to create the layers of the build while silver polymer is used for creating the traces and holes used to allow electricity to flow. Current circuit board manufacturing can be a tedious process depending on the design. Specified materials are gathered and sent into inner layer processing where images are printed, developed and etched. The etch cores are typically punched to add lamination tooling. The cores are then prepared for lamination. The stack-up, the buildup of a circuit board, is built and sent into lamination where the layers are bonded. The boards are then measured and drilled. Many steps may differ from this stage however for simple designs, the material goes through a plating process to plate the holes and surface. The outer image is then printed, developed and etched. After the image is defined, the material must get coated with a solder mask for later soldering. Nomenclature is then added so components can be identified later. Then the surface finish is added. The boards are routed out of panel form into their singular or array form and then electrically tested. Aside from the paperwork that must be completed which proves the boards meet specifications, the boards are then packed and shipped. The benefits of 3D printing would be that the final outline is defined from the beginning, no imaging, punching or lamination is required and electrical connections are made with the silver polymer which eliminates drilling and plating. The final paperwork would also be greatly reduced due to the lack of materials required to build the circuit board. Complex designs which may take weeks to complete through normal processing can be 3D printed, greatly reducing manufacturing time.

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in the wrong direction, particularly for the less skilled, as the capacity of capital embodying artificial intelligence to replace white-collar as well as blue-collar work will increase rapidly in the years ahead." Summers recommends more vigorous cooperative efforts to address the "myriad devices" (e.g., tax havens, bank secrecy, money laundering, and regulatory arbitrage) enabling the holders of great wealth to "a paying" income and estate taxes, and to make it more difficult to accumulate great fortunes without requiring "great social contributions" in return, including: more vigorous enforcement of anti-monopoly laws, reductions in "excessive" protection for intellectual property, greater encouragement of profit-sharing schemes that may benefit workers and give them a stake in wealth accumulation, strengthening of collective bargaining arrangements, improvements in corporate governance, strengthening of financial regulation to eliminate subsidies to financial activity, easing of land-use restrictions that may cause the real estate of the rich to keep rising in value, better training for young people and retraining for displaced workers, and increased public and private investment in infrastructure development—e.g., in energy production and transportation.

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technology declines, it is "easy to imagine" that production may become "extremely" local and customized. Moreover, production may occur in response to actual demand, not anticipated or forecast demand. Spence believes that labor, no matter how inexpensive, will become a less important asset for growth and employment expansion, with labor-intensive, process-oriented manufacturing becoming less effective, and that re-localization will appear in both developed and developing countries. In his view, production will not disappear, but it will be less labor-intensive, and all countries will eventually need to rebuild their growth models around digital technologies and the human capital supporting their deployment and expansion. Spence writes that "the world we are entering is one in which the most powerful global flows will be ideas and digital capital, not goods, services, and traditional capital. Adapting to this will require shifts in mindsets, policies, investments (especially in human capital), and quite possibly models of employment and distribution."

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the build powder. Then the crucible is fired up in a kiln at the temperature above the melting point of the infill but below the melting points of the powders. When the infill melts, it soaks the build powder. But it does not soak the support powder, because the support powder is chosen to be such that it is not wettable by the infill. If at the firing temperature, the atoms of the infill material and the build powder are mutually defusable, such as in the case of copper powder and zinc infill, then the resulting material will be a uniform mixture of those atoms, in this case, bronze. But if the atoms are not mutually defusable, such as in the case of tungsten and copper at 1100 °C, then the resulting material will be a composite. To prevent shape distortion, the firing temperature must be below the solidus temperature of the resulting alloy.

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majority of the existing soft actuators are fabricated by conventional methods that require manual fabrication of devices, post-processing/assembly, and lengthy iterations until the maturity of the fabrication is achieved. Instead of the tedious and time-consuming aspects of the current fabrication processes, researchers are exploring an appropriate manufacturing approach for the effective fabrication of soft actuators. Thus, 3D-printed soft actuators are introduced to revolutionize the design and fabrication of soft actuators with custom geometrical, functional, and control properties in a faster and inexpensive approach. They also enable incorporation of all actuator components into a single structure eliminating the need to use external

1716:), which heats the material and turns the flow on and off. FDM is somewhat restricted in the variation of shapes that may be fabricated. Another technique fuses parts of the layer and then moves upward in the working area, adding another layer of granules and repeating the process until the piece has built up. This process uses the unfused media to support overhangs and thin walls in the part being produced, which reduces the need for temporary auxiliary supports for the piece. Recently, FFF/FDM has expanded to 3-D print directly from pellets to avoid the conversion to filament. This process is called fused particle fabrication (FPF) (or fused granular fabrication (FGF) and has the potential to use more recycled materials. 1475:, making 3D printing a versatile option for manufacturing. Layer-by-layer fabrication of three-dimensional physical models is a modern concept that "stems from the ever-growing CAD industry, more specifically the solid modeling side of CAD. Before solid modeling was introduced in the late 1980s, three-dimensional models were created with wire frames and surfaces." but in all cases the layers of materials are controlled by the printer and the material properties. The three-dimensional material layer is controlled by the deposition rate as set by the printer operator and stored in a computer file. The earliest printed patented material was a hot melt type ink for printing patterns using a heated metal alloy. 1669: 1660:

low-temperature alloy metal was jetted with CIT. Wax and thermoplastic hot melts were jetted next by DOD. Objects were very small and started with text characters and numerals for signage. An object must have form and can be handled. Wax characters tumbled off paper documents and inspired a liquid metal recorder patent to make metal characters for signage in 1971. Thermoplastic color inks (CMYK) were printed with layers of each color to form the first digitally formed layered objects in 1984. The idea of investment casting with Solid-Ink jetted images or patterns in 1984 led to the first patent to form articles from particle deposition in 1989, issued in 1992.

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Baxter Healthcare, Pratt and Whitney, General Motors and AMP. The first production SLA-1 shipped to Precision Castparts in April 1988. The UV resin material changed over quickly to an epoxy-based material resin. In both cases, SLA-1 models needed UV oven curing after being rinsed in a solvent cleaner to remove uncured boundary resin. A post cure apparatus (PCA) was sold with all systems. The early resin printers required a blade to move fresh resin over the model on each layer. The layer thickness was 0.006 inches and the HeCd laser model of the SLA-1 was 12 watts and swept across the surface at 30 in per second. UVP was acquired by 3D Systems in January 1990.

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manufacturing allows for the usage of materials and compounds in the development of formulations, in ways that are not possible with conventional/traditional techniques in the pharmaceutical field, e.g. tableting, cast-molding, etc. Moreover, one of the major advantages of 3D printing, especially in the case of fused deposition modelling (FDM), is the personalization of the dosage form that can be achieved, thus, targeting the patient's specific needs. In the not-so-distant future, 3D printers are expected to reach hospitals and pharmacies in order to provide on-demand production of personalized formulations according to the patients' needs.

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regulatory categories. In December 2016, the FAA approved the production of a 3D printed fuel nozzle for the GE LEAP engine. Aviation attorney Jason Dickstein has suggested that additive manufacturing is merely a production method, and should be regulated like any other production method. He has suggested that the FAA's focus should be on guidance to explain compliance, rather than on changing the existing rules, and that existing regulations and guidance permit a company "to develop a robust quality system that adequately reflects regulatory needs for quality assurance".

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low-stress, non-rotating part. Similarly, in 2015, PW delivered their first AM parts in the PurePower PW1500G to Bombardier. Sticking to low-stress, non-rotating parts, PW selected the compressor stators and synch ring brackets to roll out this new manufacturing technology for the first time. While AM is still playing a small role in the total number of parts in the jet engine manufacturing process, the return on investment can already be seen by the reduction in parts, the rapid production capabilities and the "optimized design in terms of performance and cost".

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Deckard's (DTM) laser sintered thermoplastic powders, and adhesive-laser cut paper (LOM) stacked to form objects by Michael Feygin before 3D Systems made its first announcement. Scott Crump was also working with extruded "melted" plastic filament modeling (FDM) and drop deposition had been patented by William E Masters a week after Hull's patent in 1984, but he had to discover thermoplastic inkjets, introduced by Visual Impact Corporation 3D printer in 1992, using inkjets from Howtek, Inc., before he formed BPM to bring out his own 3D printer product in 1994.

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plateau of more sustainable and customized productivity. Further, it is true that many issues, problems, and threats arise due to the democratization of the means of production, and especially regarding the physical ones. For instance, the recyclability of advanced nanomaterials is still questioned; weapons manufacturing could become easier; not to mention the implications for counterfeiting and on intellectual property. It might be maintained that in contrast to the industrial paradigm whose competitive dynamics were about economies of scale,

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view, the vast majority of the cost of digital technologies comes at the start, in the design of hardware (e.g. 3D printers) and, more importantly, in creating the software that enables machines to carry out various tasks. "Once this is achieved, the marginal cost of the hardware is relatively low (and declines as scale rises), and the marginal cost of replicating the software is essentially zero. With a huge potential global market to amortize the upfront fixed costs of design and testing, the incentives to invest are compelling."

2513:. The entrance of the building was chosen due to the 3D printing limitations and the budget of the project for producing the maquette. 3D printing was only one of the capabilities enabled by the produced 3D model of the bank, but due to the project's limited scope, the team did not continue modelling for the virtual representation or other applications. In 2021, Parsinejad et al. comprehensively compared the hand surveying method for 3D reconstruction ready for 3D printing with digital recording (adoption of photogrammetry method). 2743: 75: 2351:

and guidance using 3D printed, personalized instruments have been applied to many areas of surgery including total joint replacement and craniomaxillofacial reconstruction with great success. One example of this is the bioresorbable trachial splint to treat newborns with tracheobronchomalacia developed at the University of Michigan. The use of additive manufacturing for serialized production of orthopedic implants (metals) is also increasing due to the ability to efficiently create porous surface structures that facilitate

2008:) capable of delivering material on the substrate (a printing bed, or a pre-existing part) with few to no spatial access restrictions. Metal powder is delivered and distributed around the circumference of the head or can be split by an internal manifold and delivered through nozzles arranged in various configurations around the deposition head. A hermetically sealed chamber filled with inert gas or a local inert shroud gas (sometimes both combined) is often used to shield the melt pool from atmospheric oxygen, to limit 2223: 1449: 2483: 1895:(the "window"), which causes the resin to solidify. The object rises slowly enough to allow the resin to flow under and maintain contact with the bottom of the object. In powder-fed directed-energy deposition, a high-power laser is used to melt metal powder supplied to the focus of the laser beam. The powder-fed directed energy process is similar to selective laser sintering, but the metal powder is applied only where material is being added to the part at that moment. 2839: 1647:

use standard, off-the-shelf business paper as the build material to produce a durable prototype. The main considerations in choosing a machine are generally speed, costs of the 3D printer, of the printed prototype, choice and cost of the materials, and color capabilities. Printers that work directly with metals are generally expensive. However, less expensive printers can be used to make a mold, which is then used to make metal parts.

13186: 1220:. 3D printed models created with CAD result in relatively fewer errors than other methods. Errors in 3D printable models can be identified and corrected before printing. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. 3D scanning is a process of collecting digital data on the shape and appearance of a real object, and creating a digital model based on it. 1016:, and as such was quickly distributed and improved upon by many individual users. In 2009 the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printing process patents expired. This opened the door to a new wave of startup companies, many of which were established by major contributors of these open source initiatives, with the goal of many of them being to start developing commercial FDM 3D printers that were more accessible to the general public. 2013:

substrate, in which the new powder is injected quasi-simultaneously. The process supports a wide range of materials including titanium, stainless steel, aluminium, tungsten, and other specialty materials as well as composites and functionally graded materials. The process can not only fully build new metal parts but can also add material to existing parts for example for coatings, repair, and hybrid manufacturing applications.

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processes. New and customizable materials need to be developed that have the ability to consistently respond to varying external stimuli and change to their desired shape. There is also a need to design new software for the various technique types of 4D printing. The 4D printing software will need to take into consideration the base smart material, printing technique, and structural and geometric requirements of the design.

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4D printing allows for the creation of dynamic structures with adjustable shapes, properties or functionality. The smart/stimulus-responsive materials that are created using 4D printing can be activated to create calculated responses such as self-assembly, self-repair, multi-functionality, reconfiguration and shape-shifting. This allows for customized printing of shape-changing and shape-memory materials.

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application to the surface for forming symbols, characters, or patterns of intelligence by marking. The preferred ink is of a hot melt type. The range of commercially available ink compositions which could meet the requirements of the invention are not known at the present time. However, satisfactory printing according to the invention has been achieved with the conductive metal alloy as ink.

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printing techniques, cryogenic 3D printing requires a controlled printing environment. The ambient temperature must be below the material's freezing point to ensure the structure remains solid during manufacturing and the humidity must remain low to prevent frost formation between the application of layers. Materials typically include water and water-based solutions, such as

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Electric (GE) this means looking towards AM as a way to reduce cost, reduce the number of nonconforming parts, reduce weight in the engines to increase fuel efficiency and find new, highly complex shapes that would not be feasible with the antiquated manufacturing methods. One example of AM integration with aerospace was in 2016 when Airbus delivered the first of GE's

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may come with conditions and a price. However, many patent, design and copyright laws contain a standard limitation or exception for "private" or "non-commercial" use of inventions, designs or works of art protected under intellectual property (IP). That standard limitation or exception may leave such private, non-commercial uses outside the scope of IP rights.

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apply a different approach allowing, for example, the design of a useful device to be registered (as a whole) as an industrial design on the understanding that, in case of unauthorized copying, only the non-functional features may be claimed under design law whereas any technical features could only be claimed if covered by a valid patent.

1227:, a de facto CAD file format for additive manufacturing that stores data based on triangulations of the surface of CAD models. STL is not tailored for additive manufacturing because it generates large file sizes of topology-optimized parts and lattice structures due to the large number of surfaces involved. A newer CAD file format, the 2812:, as end users will do much of their own manufacturing rather than engage in trade to buy products from other people and corporations. The real integration of the newer additive technologies into commercial production, however, is more a matter of complementing traditional subtractive methods rather than displacing them entirely. 2685:

printed guns" and that "proposed legislation to ban 3D printing of weapons may deter, but cannot completely prevent their production. Even if the practice is prohibited by new legislation, online distribution of these 3D printable files will be as difficult to control as any other illegally traded music, movie or software files."

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the globe, so the need for high-speed freight services might also become less. Finally, given the ease with which certain objects can now be replicated, it remains to be seen whether changes will be made to current copyright legislation so as to protect intellectual property rights with the new technology widely available.

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humanitarian and development sector. Its potential to facilitate distributed manufacturing is resulting in supply chain and logistics benefits, by reducing the need for transportation, warehousing and wastage. Furthermore, social and economic development is being advanced through the creation of local production economies.

2943:(HDPE) pellets may also accept sufficiently clean recycled material such as chipped milk bottles. In addition, these printers can use shredded material coming from faulty builds or unsuccessful prototype versions thus reducing overall project wastage and materials handling and storage. The concept has been explored in the 2748: 1799:) and binder. Most modern binder jet printers also cure each layer of binder. These steps are repeated until all layers have been printed. This green part is usually cured in an oven to off-gas most of the binder before being sintered in a kiln with a specific time-temperature curve for the given material(s). 3397: 2780:(dB), and can vary greatly in home printers from 15 dB to 75 dB. Some main sources of noise in filament printers are fans, motors and bearings, while in resin printers the fans usually are responsible for most of the noise. Some methods for dampening the noise from a printer may be to install 1401:(subtractive manufacturing) to remove material. Machining operations can be completed after each layer, or after the entire 3D print has been completed depending on the application requirements. These hybrid methods allow for 3D-printed parts to achieve better surface finishes and dimensional accuracy. 2684:

released a memo stating that "significant advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing capabilities, availability of free digital 3D printable files for firearms components, and difficulty regulating file sharing may present public safety risks from unqualified gun seekers who obtain or manufacture 3D

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When a feature has both artistic (copyrightable) and functional (patentable) merits when the question has appeared in US court, the courts have often held the feature is not copyrightable unless it can be separated from the functional aspects of the item. In other countries the law and the courts may

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Any of the mentioned legal regimes may prohibit the distribution of the designs used in 3D printing or the distribution or sale of the printed item. To be allowed to do these things, where active intellectual property was involved, a person would have to contact the owner and ask for a licence, which

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3D printing or additive manufacturing has been used in manufacturing, medical, industry and sociocultural sectors (e.g. cultural heritage) to create successful commercial technology. More recently, 3D printing has also been used in the humanitarian and development sector to produce a range of medical

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In selective powder deposition, build and support powders are selectively deposited into a crucible, such that the build powder takes the shape of the desired object and support powder fills the rest of the volume in the crucible. Then an infill material is applied, such that it comes in contact with

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The main differences between processes are in the way layers are deposited to create parts and in the materials that are used. Each method has its own advantages and drawbacks, which is why some companies offer a choice of powder and polymer for the material used to build the object. Others sometimes

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A drawback of many existing 3D printing technologies is that they only allow one material to be printed at a time, limiting many potential applications that require the integration of different materials in the same object. Multi-material 3D printing solves this problem by allowing objects of complex

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Additive manufacturing or 3D printing has rapidly gained importance in the field of engineering due to its many benefits. The vision of 3D printing is design freedom, individualization, decentralization and executing processes that were previously impossible through alternative methods. Some of these

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process done through a tool or head moving through a 3D work envelope, transforming a mass of raw material into a desired shape layer by layer. The 2010s were the first decade in which metal end-use parts such as engine brackets and large nuts would be grown (either before or instead of machining) in

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In 1971, Johannes F Gottwald patented the Liquid Metal Recorder, U.S. patent 3596285A, a continuous inkjet metal material device to form a removable metal fabrication on a reusable surface for immediate use or salvaged for printing again by remelting. This appears to be the first patent describing 3D

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has been underway for some time in service sectors—think of ATMs, online banking, enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, mobile payment systems, and much more. This revolution is spreading to the production of goods, where robots and 3D printing are displacing labor." In his

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Circuit board manufacturing involves multiple steps which include imaging, drilling, plating, solder mask coating, nomenclature printing and surface finishes. These steps include many chemicals such as harsh solvents and acids. 3D printing circuit boards remove the need for many of these steps while

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This technology allows the printing of full-color prototypes, overhangs, and elastomer parts. The strength of bonded powder prints can be enhanced by impregnating in the spaces between the necked or sintered matrix of powder with other compatible materials depending on the powder material, like wax,

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Furthermore, the capabilities of 3D printing have extended beyond traditional manufacturing, like lightweight construction, or repair and maintenance with applications in prosthetics, bioprinting, food industry, rocket building, design and art and renewable energy systems. 3D printing technology can

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The term "3D printing" originally referred to a process that deposits a binder material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads layer by layer. More recently, the popular vernacular has started using the term to encompass a wider variety of additive-manufacturing techniques such as electron-beam

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area is controlled by a mask pattern or a scanning fiber transmitter. He filed a patent for this XYZ plotter, which was published on 10 November 1981. (JP S56-144478). His research results as journal papers were published in April and November of 1981. However, there was no reaction to the series of

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wrote about the "devastating consequences" of 3D printing and other technologies (robots, artificial intelligence, etc.) for those who perform routine tasks. In his view, "already there are more American men on disability insurance than doing production work in manufacturing. And the trends are all

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Others have suggested that as more and more 3D printers start to enter people's homes, the conventional relationship between the home and the workplace might get further eroded. Likewise, it has also been suggested that, as it becomes easier for businesses to transmit designs for new objects around

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Internationally, where gun controls are generally stricter than in the United States, some commentators have said the impact may be more strongly felt since alternative firearms are not as easily obtainable. Officials in the United Kingdom have noted that producing a 3D-printed gun would be illegal

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Copyright covers an expression in a tangible, fixed medium and often lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years thereafter. For example, a sculptor retains copyright over a statue, such that other people cannot then legally distribute designs to print an identical or similar statue without

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Patents cover inventions including processes, machines, manufacturing, and compositions of matter and have a finite duration which varies between countries, but generally 20 years from the date of application. Therefore, if a type of wheel is patented, printing, using, or selling such a wheel could

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printed for home woodworking machines among other purposes. Websites associated with home 3D printing tended to include backscratchers, coat hooks, door knobs, etc. As of 2017, domestic 3D printing was reaching a consumer audience beyond hobbyists and enthusiasts. Several projects and companies are

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Surgical uses of 3D printing-centric therapies began in the mid-1990s with anatomical modeling for bony reconstructive surgery planning. Patient-matched implants were a natural extension of this work, leading to truly personalized implants that fit one unique individual. Virtual planning of surgery

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Cryogenic 3D printing is a collection of techniques that forms solid structures by freezing liquid materials while they are deposited. As each liquid layer is applied, it is cooled by the low temperature of the previous layer and printing environment which results in solidification. Unlike other 3D

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Using 3D printing and multi-material structures in additive manufacturing has allowed for the design and creation of what is called 4D printing. 4D printing is an additive manufacturing process in which the printed object changes shape with time, temperature, or some other type of stimulation.

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Charles Hull filed the first patent on August 8, 1984, to use a UV-cured acrylic resin using a UV-masked light source at UVP Corp to build a simple model. The SLA-1 was the first SL product announced by 3D Systems at Autofact Exposition, Detroit, November 1978. The SLA-1 Beta shipped in Jan 1988 to

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One place that AM is making a significant inroad is in the aviation industry. With nearly 3.8 billion air travelers in 2016, the demand for fuel efficient and easily produced jet engines has never been higher. For large OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) like Pratt and Whitney (PW) and General

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In 1983, Robert Howard started R.H. Research, later named Howtek, Inc. in Feb 1984 to develop a color inkjet 2D printer, Pixelmaster, commercialized in 1986, using Thermoplastic (hot-melt) plastic ink. A team was put together, 6 members from Exxon Office Systems, Danbury Systems Division, an inkjet

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Continuing to adopt additive manufacturing does pose some environmental downsides, however. Despite additive manufacturing reducing waste from the subtractive manufacturing process by up to 90%, the additive manufacturing process creates other forms of waste such as non-recyclable material (metal)

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The growth of additive manufacturing could have a large impact on the environment. As opposed to traditional manufacturing, for instance, in which pieces are cut from larger blocks of material, additive manufacturing creates products layer-by-layer and prints only relevant parts, wasting much less

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with 3D printing and other low-cost manufacturing techniques. The self-reinforced fantasy of a system of eternal growth can be overcome with the development of economies of scope, and here, society can play an important role contributing to the raising of the whole productive structure to a higher

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and other file sharing sites. Downloads of the plans from the UK, Germany, Spain, and Brazil were heavy. Some US legislators have proposed regulations on 3D printers to prevent them from being used for printing guns. 3D printing advocates have suggested that such regulations would be futile, could

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In Mask-image-projection-based stereolithography, a 3D digital model is sliced by a set of horizontal planes. Each slice is converted into a two-dimensional mask image. The mask image is then projected onto a photocurable liquid resin surface and light is projected onto the resin to cure it in the

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printed pills and vaccines has been presented. With this new concept, multiple medications can be combined, which is expected to decrease many risks. With more and more applications of multi-material 3D printing, the costs of daily life and high technology development will become inevitably lower.

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in his 1945 short story "Things Pass By": "But this constructor is both efficient and flexible. I feed magnetronic plastics — the stuff they make houses and ships of nowadays — into this moving arm. It makes drawings in the air following drawings it scans with photo-cells. But plastic comes out of

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3D printing, and open source 3D printers, in particular, are the latest technologies making inroads into the classroom. Higher education has proven to be a major buyer of desktop and professional 3D printers which industry experts generally view as a positive indicator. Some authors have claimed

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Construction of a model with contemporary methods can take anywhere from several hours to several days, depending on the method used and the size and complexity of the model. Additive systems can typically reduce this time to a few hours, although it varies widely depending on the type of machine

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In the early 2000s 3D printers were still largely being used just in the manufacturing and research industries, as the technology was still relatively young and was too expensive for most consumers to be able to get their hands on. The 2000s was when larger scale use of the technology began being

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Another benefit of 3D printing is the technology's ability to produce complex geometries with high precision and accuracy. This is particularly relevant in the field of microwave engineering, where 3D printing can be used to produce components with unique properties that are difficult to achieve

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As used herein the term printing is not intended in a limited sense but includes writing or other symbols, character or pattern formation with an ink. The term ink as used in is intended to include not only dye or pigment-containing materials, but any flowable substance or composition suited for

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in which they were alternate umbrella terms for additive technologies, one being used in popular language by consumer-maker communities and the media, and the other used more formally by industrial end-use part producers, machine manufacturers, and global technical standards organizations. Until

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Spence believes that, unlike prior digital technologies, which drove firms to deploy underutilized pools of valuable labor around the world, the motivating force in the current wave of digital technologies "is cost reduction via the replacement of labor". For example, as the cost of 3D printing

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3D printing has also been employed by researchers in the pharmaceutical field. During the last few years, there has been a surge in academic interest regarding drug delivery with the aid of AM techniques. This technology offers a unique way for materials to be utilized in novel formulations. AM

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The process can be fraught with complications, however, due to the isolated and monolithic algorithms. Some commercial devices have sought to solve these issues, such as building a Spec2Fab translator, but the progress is still very limited. Nonetheless, in the medical industry, a concept of 3D

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A review of the history shows that a number of materials (resins, plastic powder, plastic filament and hot-melt plastic ink) were used in the 1980s for patents in the rapid prototyping field. Masked lamp UV-cured resin was also introduced by Cubital's Itzchak Pomerantz in the Soldier 5600, Carl

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is a growing application of 3D printing technology that has found its place in the 3D printing applications. These soft actuators are being developed to deal with soft structures and organs, especially in biomedical sectors and where the interaction between humans and robots is inevitable. The

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The layered structure of traditional additive manufacturing processes leads to a stair-stepping effect on part-surfaces that are curved or tilted with respect to the building platform. The effect strongly depends on the layer height used, as well as the orientation of a part surface inside the

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engines. This engine has integrated 3D printed fuel nozzles, reducing parts from 20 to 1, a 25% weight reduction, and reduced assembly times. A fuel nozzle is the perfect inroad for additive manufacturing in a jet engine since it allows for optimized design of the complex internals and it is a

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K. J. A. Al Ahbabi, M. M. S. Alrashdi and W. K. Ahmed, "The Capabilities of 3D Printing Technology in the Production of Battery Energy Storage System", 2021 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy: Generation and Applications (ICREGA), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 2021, pp. 211-216,

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Since the 1950s, a number of writers and social commentators have speculated in some depth about the social and cultural changes that might result from the advent of commercially affordable additive manufacturing technology. In recent years, 3D printing has created a significant impact in the

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and to better control the material properties. The powder-fed directed-energy process is similar to selective laser sintering, but the metal powder is projected only where the material is being added to the part at that moment. The laser beam is used to heat up and create a "melt pool" on the

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To become a viable industrial production option, there are a few challenges that 4D printing must overcome. The challenges of 4D printing include the fact that the microstructures of these printed smart materials must be close to or better than the parts obtained through traditional machining

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4D printing has the potential to find new applications and uses for materials (plastics, composites, metals, etc.) and has the potential to create new alloys and composites that were not viable before. The versatility of this technology and materials can lead to advances in multiple fields of

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Additive Manufacturing processes generate minimal waste by adding material only where needed, unlike traditional methods that cut away excess material. This reduces both material costs and environmental impact. This reduction in waste also lowers energy consumption for material production and

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3D printing could develop economies of scope. While the advantages of scale rest on cheap global transportation, the economies of scope share infrastructure costs (intangible and tangible productive resources), taking advantage of the capabilities of the fabrication tools. And following Neil

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In the United States, the FAA has anticipated a desire to use additive manufacturing techniques and has been considering how best to regulate this process. The FAA has jurisdiction over such fabrication because all aircraft parts must be made under FAA production approval or under other FAA

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photopolymerisation. Due to the nonlinear nature of photo excitation, the gel is cured to a solid only in the places where the laser was focused while the remaining gel is then washed away. Feature sizes of under 100 nm are easily produced, as well as complex structures with moving and

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or as it was originally called particle deposition. Particle deposition by inkjet first started with continuous inkjet technology (CIT) (1950s) and later with drop-on-demand inkjet technology (1970s) using hot-melt inks. Wax inks were the first three-dimensional materials jetted and later

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In 2005, academic journals began to report on the possible artistic applications of 3D printing technology. Off-the-shelf machines were increasingly capable of producing practical household applications, for example, ornamental objects. Some practical examples include a working clock and

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of vehicles and other forms of transportation. A case study on an airplane component made using additive manufacturing, for example, found that the component's use saves 63% of relevant energy and carbon dioxide emissions over the course of the product's lifetime. In addition, previous

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has 3D manufactured custom-fit shoes for athletes. 3D printing has come to the point where companies are printing consumer-grade eyewear with on-demand custom fit and styling (although they cannot print the lenses). On-demand customization of glasses is possible with rapid prototyping.

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But in terms of material requirements for such large and continuous displays, if consumed at theretofore known rates, but increased in proportion to increase in size, the high cost would severely limit any widespread enjoyment of a process or apparatus satisfying the foregoing objects.

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The binder jetting 3D printing technique involves the deposition of a binding adhesive agent onto layers of material, usually powdered, and then this "green" state part may be cured and even sintered. The materials can be ceramic-based, metal or plastic. This method is also known as

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and the digital slicing and infill strategies common to many processes today. In 1986, Charles "Chuck" Hull was granted a patent for this system, and his company, 3D Systems Corporation was formed and it released the first commercial 3D printer, the SLA-1, later in 1987 or 1988.

2474:, an Iranian-born U.S. artist, considers her use of 3D sculpting processes of re-constructing Iranian cultural treasures as feminist activism. Allahyari uses a 3D modeling software to reconstruct a series of cultural artifacts that were demolished by ISIS militants in 2014. 3389: 1092:, or FDM. While FDM technology was invented after the other two most popular technologies, stereolithography (SLA) and selective laser sintering (SLS), FDM is typically the most inexpensive of the three by a large margin, which lends to the popularity of the process. 783:

his publications. His device was not highly evaluated in the laboratory and his boss did not show any interest. His research budget was just 60,000 yen or $ 545 a year. Acquiring the patent rights for the XYZ plotter was abandoned, and the project was terminated.

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As of 2020, 3D printers have reached the level of quality and price that allows most people to enter the world of 3D printing. In 2020 decent quality printers can be found for less than US$ 200 for entry-level machines. These more affordable printers are usually

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Gershenfeld in that "some of the least developed parts of the world need some of the most advanced technologies", commons-based peer production and 3D printing may offer the necessary tools for thinking globally but acting locally in response to certain needs.

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does not use sintering for the fusion of powder granules but will completely melt the powder using a high-energy laser to create fully dense materials in a layer-wise method that has mechanical properties similar to those of conventional manufactured metals.

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Gao, Wei; Zhang, Yunbo; Ramanujan, Devarajan; Ramani, Karthik; Chen, Yong; Williams, Christopher B.; Wang, Charlie C. L.; Shin, Yung C.; Zhang, Song; Zavattieri, Pablo D. (2015). "The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering".

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of additive manufacturing has estimated that adopting the technology could further lower carbon dioxide emissions since 3D printing creates localized production, and products would not need to be transported long distances to reach their final destination.

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regards the usage of 3D printing in the Chinese classroom (where rote memorization is standard) to teach design principles and creativity as the most exciting recent development of the technology, and more generally regards 3D printing as being the next

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Though the printer-produced resolution and surface finish are sufficient for some applications, post-processing and finishing methods allow for benefits such as greater dimensional accuracy, smoother surfaces, and other modifications such as coloration.

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immobilized on 3D-printed nylon beads was chosen as a model study. It was shown that those 3D-printed beads were capable of promoting high-density cell attachment and propionic acid production, which could be adapted to other fermentation bioprocesses.

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Some additive manufacturing techniques are capable of using multiple materials simultaneously. These techniques are able to print in multiple colors and color combinations simultaneously and can produce parts that may not necessarily require painting.

790:, granted on 6 April 1982 to Raytheon Technologies Corp describes using hundreds or thousands of "layers" of powdered metal and a laser energy source and represents an early reference to forming "layers" and the fabrication of articles on a substrate. 1329: 2509:) and was optimized for 3D printing. The team tested the technique for the construction of the part and it was successful. After testing the procedure, the modellers reconstructed the structure in Cinema4D and exported the front part of the model to 1358:

The surface finish of a 3D printed part can improved using subtractive methods such as sanding and bead blasting. When smoothing parts that require dimensional accuracy, it is important to take into account the volume of the material being removed.

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have started using their 3D printers to create museum souvenirs that are available in the museum shops. Other museums, like the National Museum of Military History and Varna Historical Museum, have gone further and sell through the online platform

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Magalhães, Samuel; Sardinha, Manuel; Vicente, Carlos; Leite, Marco; Ribeiro, Relógio; Vaz, Maria; Reis, Luís (23 August 2021). "Validation of a low-cost selective powder deposition process through the characterization of tin bronze specimens".

1996:), a high-power laser is used to melt metal powder supplied to the focus of the laser beam. The laser beam typically travels through the center of the deposition head and is focused on a small spot by one or more lenses. The build occurs on an 1926:, instead it creates objects using a series of 2D images projected onto a cylinder of resin. It is notable for its ability to build an object much more quickly than other methods using resins and the ability to embed objects within the prints. 2370:

techniques. In this process, layers of living cells are deposited onto a gel medium or sugar matrix and slowly built up to form three-dimensional structures including vascular systems. 3D printing has been considered as a method of implanting

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Laser-based wire-feed systems, such as laser metal deposition-wire (LMD-w), feed the wire through a nozzle that is melted by a laser using inert gas shielding in either an open environment (gas surrounding the laser) or in a sealed chamber.

11932: 3637: 10312: 2421:. Additionally, Libraries around the world have also become locations to house smaller 3D printers for educational and community access. Future applications for 3D printing might include creating open-source scientific equipment. 1076:

As the price of printers started to drop people interested in this technology had more access and freedom to make what they wanted. As of 2014, the price for commercial printers was still high with the cost being over $ 2,000.

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Kelly, Brett; Bhattacharya, Indrasen; Shusteff, Maxim; Panas, Robert M.; Taylor, Hayden K.; Spadaccini, Christopher M. (16 May 2017). "Computed Axial Lithography (CAL): Toward Single Step 3D Printing of Arbitrary Geometries".

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or plate. It is still the case that casting, fabrication, stamping, and machining are more prevalent than additive manufacturing in metalworking, but AM is now beginning to make significant inroads, and with the advantages of

486:. As of 2019, the precision, repeatability, and material range of 3D printing have increased to the point that some 3D printing processes are considered viable as an industrial-production technology; in this context, the term 2000:

which is driven by a tool path created from a digital model to fabricate an object layer by layer. The deposition head is moved up vertically as each layer is completed. Some systems even make use of 5-axis or 6-axis systems

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and Manos M. Tentzeris demonstrated the first multi-material, vertically integrated printed electronics additive manufacturing platform (VIPRE) which enabled 3D printing of functional electronics operating up to 40 GHz.

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Haselhuhn, Amberlee S.; Gooding, Eli J.; Glover, Alexandra G.; Anzalone, Gerald C.; Wijnen, Bas; Sanders, Paul G.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2014). "Substrate Release Mechanisms for Gas Metal Arc Weld 3D Aluminum Metal Printing".

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field for preservation, restoration and dissemination purposes. Many Europeans and North American Museums have purchased 3D printers and actively recreate missing pieces of their relics and archaeological monuments such as

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is being developed by squeezing out food, layer by layer, into three-dimensional objects. A large variety of foods are appropriate candidates, such as chocolate and candy, and flat foods such as crackers, pasta, and pizza.

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Some printing techniques require internal supports to be built to support overhanging features during construction. These supports must be mechanically removed or dissolved if using a water-soluble support material such as

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and cost of developing prototypes of new parts and devices, which was earlier only done with subtractive toolroom methods such as CNC milling, turning, and precision grinding. In the 2010s, additive manufacturing entered

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seen in industry, most often in the architecture and medical industries, though it was typically used for low accuracy modeling and testing, rather than the production of common manufactured goods or heavy prototyping.

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P. Sivasankaran and B. Radjaram, "3D Printing and Its Importance in Engineering - A Review", 2020 International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN), Pondicherry, India, 2020, pp. 1-3,

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has developed the Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) which is a powder base technique, though no lasers are involved. An inkjet array applies fusing and detailing agents which are then combined by heating to create a solid layer.

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industry, including space, commercial and medical fields. The repeatability, precision, and material range for 4D printing must increase to allow the process to become more practical throughout these industries.

6031: 1736:. Powder bed fusion processes can be used with an array of materials and their flexibility allows for geometrically complex structures, making it a good choice for many 3D printing projects. These techniques include 4435: 2764:

published a discussion paper on the processes and materials involved in 3D printing, the potential implications of this technology for occupational safety and health and avenues for controlling potential hazards.

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capable of generating new tissues and organs in living humans. In 2018, 3D printing technology was used for the first time to create a matrix for cell immobilization in fermentation. Propionic acid production by

2334:"that could be downloaded and reproduced by anybody with a 3D printer". After Defense Distributed released their plans, questions were raised regarding the effects that 3D printing and widespread consumer-level 48: 5414:

F. Auricchio, "The magic world of 3D printing", 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP), Pavia, Italy, 2017, pp. 1-1,

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Painting a 3D-printed part offers a range of finishes and appearances that may not be achievable through most 3D printing techniques. The process typically involves several steps, such as surface preparation,

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with UV light after it is jetted, producing fully cured models that can be handled and used immediately, without post-curing. Ultra-small features can be made with the 3D micro-fabrication technique used in

494:. One of the key advantages of 3D printing is the ability to produce very complex shapes or geometries that would be otherwise infeasible to construct by hand, including hollow parts or parts with internal 741:

According to another aspect of the invention, a combination for writing and the like comprises a carrier for displaying an intelligence pattern and an arrangement for removing the pattern from the carrier.

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as a post-processing step. Annealing a 3D-printed part allows for better internal layer bonding due to recrystallization of the part. It allows for an increase in mechanical properties, some of which are

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Hideo Kodama, "A Scheme for Three-Dimensional Display by Automatic Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Model", IEICE Transactions on Electronics (Japanese Edition), vol. J64-C, No. 4, pp. 237–41, April 1981

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material and thus wasting less energy in producing the raw materials needed. By making only the bare structural necessities of products, additive manufacturing also could make a profound contribution to

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Li F, Chen S, Shi J, Tian H (2018). "Investigation on Surface Quality in a Hybrid Manufacturing System Combining Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing and Machining". In Chen S, Zhang Y, Feng Z (eds.).

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Ngo, Tuan D.; Kashani, Alireza; Imbalzano, Gabriele; Nguyen, Kate T. Q.; Hui, David (2018). "Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges".

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In some printers, paper can be used as the build material, resulting in a lower cost to print. During the 1990s some companies marketed printers that cut cross-sections out of special adhesive

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to say how these laws will apply if 3D printers become mainstream and individuals or hobbyist communities begin manufacturing items for personal use, for non-profit distribution, or for sale.

9558: 1009:, another project whose purpose was to design a low-cost and open source fabrication system that users could develop on their own and post feedback on, making the project very collaborative. 1405:

building process. This effect can be minimized using "variable layer heights" or "adaptive layer heights". These methods decrease the layer height in places where higher quality is needed.

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Fazal, Faraz; Melchels, Ferry P.W.; McCormack, Andrew; Silva, Andreia F.; Handley, Ella-Louise; Mazlan, Nurul Ain; Callanan, Anthony; Koutsos, Vasileios; Radacsi, Norbert (25 July 2024).

10422: 8793: 6204:"Improving the Impact Strength and Heat Resistance of 3D Printed Models: Structure, Property, and Processing Correlationships during Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) of Poly(Lactic Acid)" 12592: 10095: 893:, and selective laser melting) usually went by their own individual names in the 1980s and 1990s. At the time, all metalworking was done by processes that are now called non-additive ( 8884: 4672: 3283:

Lam, Hugo K.S.; Ding, Li; Cheng, T.C.E.; Zhou, Honggeng (1 January 2019). "The impact of 3D printing implementation on stock returns: A contingent dynamic capabilities perspective".

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Peng, Tao; Kellens, Karel; Tang, Renzhong; Chen, Chao; Chen, Gang (May 2018). "Sustainability of additive manufacturing: An overview on its energy demand and environmental impact".

9342: 12059: 11963: 11094: 10669: 4074: 3223: 1331: 1141:. The process involved using a rotating spindle integrated into a 3D printer to create grafts from a water-based gel, which were then coated in biodegradable polyester molecules. 12489: 3565: 937:

metal, which would later be called additive manufacturing, were beginning to challenge that assumption. By the mid-1990s, new techniques for material deposition were developed at

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Xiong, Zhuo; Yan, Yongnian; Wang, Shenguo; Zhang, Renji; Zhang, Chao (7 June 2002). "Fabrication of porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering via low-temperature deposition".

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Belgrano, Fabricio dos Santos; Diegel, Olaf; Pereira, Nei; Hatti-Kaul, Rajni (2018). "Cell immobilization on 3D-printed matrices: A model study on propionic acid fermentation".

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for printing, due to the ease of manufacturing and handling polymeric materials. However, the method has rapidly evolved to not only print various polymers but also metals and

850:. Hull defined the process as a "system for generating three-dimensional objects by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed". Hull's contribution was the 482:

In the 1980s, 3D printing techniques were considered suitable only for the production of functional or aesthetic prototypes, and a more appropriate term for it at the time was

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and responses to tooling and fixture needs. Agile tooling uses a cost-effective and high-quality method to quickly respond to customer and market needs, and it can be used in

10609: 11032: 10705: 6020: 11656:"At the Turning Point of the Current Techno-Economic Paradigm: Commons-Based Peer Production, Desktop Manufacturing and the Role of Civil Society in the Perezian Framework" 9865:

Schelly, C., Anzalone, G., Wijnen, B., & Pearce, J. M. (2015). "Open-source 3-D printing Technologies for education: Bringing Additive Manufacturing to the Classroom".

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Melocchi, Alice; Uboldi, Marco; Cerea, Matteo; Foppoli, Anastasia; Maroni, Alessandra; Moutaharrik, Saliha; Palugan, Luca; Zema, Lucia; Gazzaniga, Andrea (1 October 2020).

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reflect that the technologies share the theme of material addition or joining throughout a 3D work envelope under automated control. Peter Zelinski, the editor-in-chief of

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Beese, Allison M.; Carroll, Beth E. (21 December 2015). "Review of Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Made by Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing Using Powder Feedstock".

4758: 4375: 1394:. Annealing a component may not be suitable for applications where dimensional accuracy is required, as it can introduce warpage or shrinkage due to heating and cooling. 11174: 7651: 7176: 3622:

Hideo Kodama, " Background of my invention of 3D printer and its spread", Patent Magazine of Japan Patent Attorneys Association, vo.67, no.13, pp.109-118, November 2014.

1293:). This G-code file can then be printed with 3D printing client software (which loads the G-code and uses it to instruct the 3D printer during the 3D printing process). 3909: 2079:. Cryogenic 3D printing techniques include rapid freezing prototype (RFP), low-temperature deposition manufacturing (LDM), and freeze-form extrusion fabrication (FEF). 1523:

Metallographic materials of 3D printing is also being researched. By classifying each material, CIMP-3D can systematically perform 3D printing with multiple materials.

7792: 3367: 9026: 6520: 1937:(LAM) is a 3D printing technique that deposits a liquid or high viscose material (e.g. liquid silicone rubber) onto a build surface to create an object which then is 11798: 11444: 9280: 1508:

Efforts to achieve multi-material 3D printing range from enhanced FDM-like processes like VoxelJet to novel voxel-based printing technologies like layered assembly.

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as the first 3D printing patent in history; it was the first of three patents belonging to Masters that laid the foundation for the 3D printing systems used today.

10840: 8665: 2017:(LENS), which was developed by Sandia National Labs, is one example of the powder-fed directed-energy deposition process for 3D printing or restoring metal parts. 1065:

In 2012, Filabot developed a system for closing the loop with plastic and allows for any FDM or FFF 3D printer to be able to print with a wider range of plastics.

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Soulellis, P. (2017). Material Speculation: ISIS. In M. Allahyari & D. Rourke (Eds.), The 3D Additivist Cookbook (pp. 129–131). Institute of Network Cultures.

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A step in the STL generation known as "repair" fixes such problems in the original model. Generally, STLs that have been produced from a model obtained through

994:

In 2005 users began to design and distribute plans for 3D printers that could print around 70% of their own parts, the original plans of which were designed by

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wrote that "Now comes a ... powerful, wave of digital technology that is replacing labor in increasingly complex tasks. This process of labor substitution and

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Beese, Allison M.; Carroll, Beth E. (2015). "Review of Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Made by Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing Using Powder Feedstock".

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Delfs, P.; T̈ows, M.; Schmid, H.-J. (October 2016). "Optimized build orientation of additive manufactured parts for improved surface quality and build time".

4405: 1316:. The particles (3D dots) are around 0.01 to 0.1 μm (2,540,000 to 250,000 DPI) in diameter. For that printer resolution, specifying a mesh resolution of 10245: 6095: 5733: 3121: 10897: 9107: 7053: 11282: 9878:

Grujović, N., Radović, M., Kanjevac, V., Borota, J., Grujović, G., & Divac, D. (September 2011). "3D printing technology in education environment." In

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3D printing has entered the world of clothing, with fashion designers experimenting with 3D-printed bikinis, shoes, and dresses. In commercial production,

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generates an optimal STL output file for a given model input file. Specifying higher resolution results in larger files without increase in print quality.

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Confronting a New 'Era of Duplication'? 3D Printing, Replicating Technology and the Search for Authenticity in George O. Smith's Venus Equilateral Series

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Research on the health and safety concerns of 3D printing is new and in development due to the recent proliferation of 3D printing devices. In 2017, the

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3D printing is not just limited to inorganic materials; there have been a number of biomedical advancements made possible by 3D printing. As of 2012, 3D

10862: 9933: 8175:. International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. Vol. 86229. pp. V03AT03A002. 4028: 3975: 10809: 9976: 9793:

Trenfield, Sarah J; Awad, Atheer; Madla, Christine M; Hatton, Grace B; Firth, Jack; Goyanes, Alvaro; Gaisford, Simon; Basit, Abdul W (3 October 2019).

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Sped on by decreases in price and increases in quality, As of 2019 an estimated 2 million people worldwide have purchased a 3D printer for hobby use.

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Attempting to restrict the distribution of gun plans via the Internet has been likened to the futility of preventing the widespread distribution of

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through volunteers using their personally owned printers to produce various pieces of personal protective equipment (i.e. frames for face shields).

1791:. To produce a part, the printer builds the model using a head that moves over the platform base to spread or deposit alternating layers of powder ( 11821: 8760: 7225: 6441: 2342:

effectiveness. Moreover, armor-design strategies can be enhanced by taking inspiration from nature and prototyping those designs easily, using AM.

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into a desired shape with a toolpath was associated in metalworking only with processes that removed metal (rather than adding it), such as CNC

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Poukens, Jules (1 February 2008). "A classification of cranial implants based on the degree of difficulty in computer design and manufacture".

8783: 945:, including microcasting and sprayed materials. Sacrificial and support materials had also become more common, enabling new object geometries. 12084:

Gelber, Malte; Uiterkamp, Anton J.M. Schoot; Visser, Cindy (October 2015). "A Global Sustainability Perspective of 3D Printing Technologies".

8691: 6064: 3816:"Interview d'Alain Le Méhauté, l'un des pères de l'impression (Interview of Alain Le Mehaute, one of the 3D printinf technologies fathers) 3D" 3730: 2322:

AM's impact on firearms involves two dimensions: new manufacturing methods for established companies, and new possibilities for the making of

549:

was more likely to be used in metalworking and end-use part production contexts than among polymer, inkjet, or stereolithography enthusiasts.

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Kelly, Brett E.; Bhattacharya, Indrasen; Heidari, Hossein; Shusteff, Maxim; Spadaccini, Christopher M.; Taylor, Hayden K. (31 January 2019).

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Manero, Albert; Smith, Peter; Sparkman, John; Dombrowski, Matt; Courbin, Dominique; Kester, Anna; Womack, Isaac; Chi, Albert (January 2019).

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benefits include enabling faster prototyping, reducing manufacturing costs, increasing product customization, and improving product quality.

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Joshi, Siddharth, et al. "4D printing of materials for the future: Opportunities and challenges." Applied Materials Today 18 (2020): 100490.

4314: 3676:, Masters, William E., "United States Patent: 4665492 - Computer automated manufacturing process and system", issued 12 May 1987 2713:

stated that criminals have access to other sources of weapons but noted that as technology improves, the risks of an effect would increase.

774:

Municipal Industrial Research Institute invented two additive methods for fabricating three-dimensional plastic models with photo-hardening

11063: 7146: 6832: 4664: 3052: 1704:(FDM), the model or part is produced by extruding small beads or streams of material that harden immediately to form layers. A filament of 12357: 10515: 9401:

Eppley, B. L.; Sadove, A. M. (1 November 1998). "Computer-generated patient models for reconstruction of cranial and facial deformities".

6564:

Wang, Xin; Jiang, Man; Zhou, Zuowan; Gou, Jihua; Hui, David (2017). "3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective".

5963:"Accurate measurements of particle emissions from a three-dimensional printer using a chamber test with a mixer-installed sampling system" 971:, introducing a high-precision polymer jet fabrication system with soluble support structures, (categorized as a "dot-on-dot" technique). 12048: 11143: 11086: 7031: 6410: 4642: 4085: 3231: 2487: 1453: 10676: 8469:

Huang, Tieshu; Mason, Michael S.; Hilmas, Gregory E.; Leu, Ming C. (1 June 2006). "Freeze-form extrusion fabrication of ceramic parts".

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canal, the bridge was created using robotic arms that printed over 4,500 kilograms of stainless steel. It took six months to complete.

2355:. The hearing aid and dental industries are expected to be the biggest areas of future development using custom 3D printing technology. 10998: 9084: 7459: 5811: 4931: 4904:"Decentralization and Localization of Production: The Organizational and Economic Consequences of Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)" 2737: 2406: 1757:). EBM manufactures parts by melting metal powder layer by layer with an electron beam in a high vacuum. Another method consists of an 11986: 11375: 7432: 2250:. Many of these systems are used for rapid prototyping before mass production methods are employed. Other prominent examples include: 1428:

Some commercial metal 3D printers involve cutting the metal component off the metal substrate after deposition. A new process for the

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Mici, Joni; Ko, Jang Won; West, Jared; Jaquith, Jeffrey; Lipson, Hod (2019). "Parallel electrostatic grippers for layered assembly".

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materials onto a build tray in ultra-thin layers (between 16 and 30 μm) until the part is completed. Each photopolymer layer is

802: 11685: 11405: 11353: 11312: 10643: 8818: 3792: 11028: 10602: 6655:

Galante, Raquel; G. Figueiredo-Pina, Celio; Serro, Ana Paula (2019). "Additive manufacturing of ceramics for dental applications".

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Caprioli, Matteo; Roppolo, Ignazio; Chiappone, Annalisa; Larush, Liraz; Pirri, Candido Fabrizio; Magdassi, Shlomo (28 April 2021).

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and heterogeneous arrangements of materials to be manufactured using a single printer. Here, a material must be specified for each

10701: 6253:"The effect of annealing on deformation and mechanical strength of tough PLA and its application in 3D printed prosthetic sockets" 9174: 8577: 5098: 1089: 499: 9201: 1137:

describing the development of artificial blood vessels using 3D-printing technology, which are as strong and durable as natural

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process. The application of the French inventors was abandoned by the French General Electric Company (now Alcatel-Alsthom) and

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is the use of modular means to design tooling that is produced by additive manufacturing or 3D printing methods to enable quick

13040: 12608: 12561: 10779: 4750: 4367: 1915: 1881: 1788: 1758: 10731: 10330: 7643: 7168: 3913: 1635: 12528: 12339: 12177: 11862: 11170: 9909: 8987: 8288:

Li, Zongan; Xu, Mengjia; Wang, Jiahang; Zhang, Feng (October 2022). "Recent Advances in Cryogenic 3D Printing Technologies".

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Attaran, Mohsen (2017). "The rise of 3-D printing: The advantages of additive manufacturing over traditional manufacturing".

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The application of 3D printing for the representation of architectural assets has many challenges. In 2018, the structure of

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debuted Strati, a functioning vehicle that was entirely 3D printed using ABS plastic and carbon fiber, except the powertrain.

2209:

used 3D printing to prototype and manufacture the 2012 Vapor Laser Talon football shoe for players of American football, and

479:, with the material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer by layer. 7902:"Additive/subtractive hybrid manufacturing of 316L stainless steel powder: Densification, microhardness and residual stress" 7784: 6117:

Hart, Kevin R.; Dunn, Ryan M.; Sietins, Jennifer M.; Hofmeister Mock, Clara M.; Mackay, Michael E.; Wetzel, Eric D. (2018).

5935: 4727: 4114:. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Production Engineering. London, UK: Chapman & Hall. pp. 40–44. 3359: 2584:

making efforts to develop affordable 3D printers for home desktop use. Much of this work has been driven by and targeted at

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be used to produce battery energy storage systems, which are essential for sustainable energy generation and distribution.

1081:

additive manufacturing and selective laser melting. The United States and global technical standards use the official term

17: 11790: 11707:

Kostakis, Vasilis; Papachristou, Marios (2014). "Commons-based peer production and digital fabrication: The case of a Rep

11440: 11200: 11147: 10497: 9588: 9053: 13129: 12768: 10571: 8188:"Integrated Voltage – Current Monitoring and Control of Gas Metal Arc Weld Magnetic Ball-Jointed Open Source 3-D Printer" 1108:

In November 2021 a British patient named Steve Verze received the world's first fully 3D-printed prosthetic eye from the

585:

in casual usage, but some manufacturing industry experts are trying to make a distinction whereby additive manufacturing

10832: 9311: 2701:

cripple the 3D printing industry and could infringe on free speech rights, with early pioneers of 3D printing professor

967:

The year 1993 also saw the start of an inkjet 3D printer company initially named Sanders Prototype, Inc and later named

735:

It is therefore an additional object of the invention to minimize use to materials in a process of the indicated class.

12888: 12665: 9343:"3-D-printed gun: Yes, it will be possible to make weapons with 3-D printers. No, that doesn't make gun control futile" 8661: 5494: 4781: 4612: 3997: 3057: 2681: 2027: 1911: 1228: 11497: 11252: 8600: 8173:

A Study of Machine Learning Framework for Enabling Early Defect Detection in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Processes

5032:"Bamboo-inspired, simulation-guided design and 3D printing of light-weight and high-strength mechanical metamaterials" 2366:

firms and academia for possible use in tissue engineering applications in which organs and body parts are built using

2309:

to create a helicopter engine with 16 parts instead of 900, with great potential impact on reducing the complexity of

1312:), although some machines can print layers as thin as 16 μm (1,600 DPI). X–Y resolution is comparable to that of 10753: 10327:"Threeding Uses Artec 3D Scanning Technology to Catalog 3D Models for Bulgaria's National Museum of Military History" 6743: 6707: 5781: 3591: 3427: 3326: 2306: 1043: 432: 12494: 12017: 11531: 10397: 8936: 5759: 5699: 4397: 3508: 1397:

Additive or subtractive hybrid manufacturing (ASHM) is a method that involves producing a 3D printed part and using

13000: 12722: 11120: 7313:"Effect of Layer Thickness and Orientation on Mechanical Behavior of Binder Jet Stainless Steel 420 + Bronze Parts" 3032: 11746:

Kostakis, Vasilis; Fountouklis, Michail; Drechsler, Wolfgang (2013). "Peer Production and Desktop Manufacturing".

6087: 5725: 5375: 3113: 12444: 10889: 9681:"A Graphical Review on the Escalation of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printing in the Pharmaceutical Field" 7878: 7406: 7057: 3659:

Hideo Kodama, "Automatic method for fabricating a three-dimensional plastic model with photo-hardening polymer",

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ISO/ASTM52900-15 defines seven categories of additive manufacturing (AM) processes within its meaning. They are:

1363: 707: 12372: 11290: 7814: 7757: 7732: 2696:. After the US government had Defense Distributed take down the plans, they were still widely available via the 2622:

3D printing has existed for decades within certain manufacturing industries where many legal regimes, including

1630: 12761: 12644: 11616:"Additive Manufacturing: A supply chain wide response to economic uncertainty and environmental sustainability" 10592:

Congressional Research Service. "3D Printing: Overview, Impacts, and the Federal Role" (August 2, 2019) Fas.org

10185: 2801: 1770: 1625: 1610: 1024:

As the various additive processes matured, it became clear that soon metal removal would no longer be the only

930: 11560: 11467: 10971: 10537: 10366:"Production of Iranian Architectural Assets for Representation in Museums: Theme of Museum-Based Digital Twin" 1854:

is primarily used in stereolithography to produce a solid part from a liquid. Inkjet printer systems like the

1656: 1615: 13252: 13232: 13190: 13156: 11956:"Naomi Wu – "My visibility allows me to direct more attention to important issues and other deserving women"" 10866: 8845: 6860: 5608:"Cad Tools and File Format Performance Evaluation in Designing Lattice Structures for Additive Manufacturing" 4048: 3967: 3047: 3042: 2868: 2863: 2393: 1934: 1688:" lowers after each layer is deposited. For this kind of technology, additional vertical support structures " 1374: 10805: 9960: 8334:

Zhang, Wei; Leu, Ming C; Ji, Zhiming; Yan, Yongnian (1 June 1999). "Rapid freezing prototyping with water".

4853:"Economic implications of 3D printing: Market structure models in light of additive manufacturing revisited" 3707: 1668: 1620: 12675: 8910: 4346: 3487: 3037: 2800:

Additive manufacturing, starting with today's infancy period, requires manufacturing firms to be flexible,

2014: 1741: 1725: 890: 425: 6909:

Momeni, Farhang, Xun Liu, and Jun Ni. "A review of 4D printing". Materials & design 122 (2017): 42-79.

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in the classroom by students, but also the fabrication of low-cost high-quality scientific equipment from

1918:. Unlike other methods of 3D printing it does not build models through depositing layers of material like 1413:, and painting. These steps help prepare the surface of the part and ensuring the paint adheres properly. 13242: 13237: 8369:

Tan, Zhengchu; Parisi, Cristian; Di Silvio, Lucy; Dini, Daniele; Forte, Antonio Elia (24 November 2017).

7388: 6974: 2823: 2088: 738:

It is a further object of the invention that materials employed in such a process be salvaged for reuse.

9998:

Gillen, Andrew (2016). "Teacher's Toolkit: The New Standard in Technology Education: 3-D Design Class".

8744: 7229: 6433: 6119:"Increased fracture toughness of additively manufactured amorphous thermoplastics via thermal annealing" 6056: 4551: 2502: 1640: 1497: 1274:

often have more of these errors as 3D scanning is often achieved by point to point acquisition/mapping.

13227: 13217: 13161: 13097: 12582: 12556: 9010: 8518:

Proceedings of International Conference on: Advanced Production and Industrial Engineering -ICAPIE 2016

3765: 2454: 1919: 1903: 1697: 1672:

Schematic representation of the 3D printing technique known as fused filament fabrication; a filament "

1492: 942: 476: 10125:

Pearce, Joshua M. (14 September 2012). "Building Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware".

8548:"Using digital fabrication tools to provide humanitarian and development aid in low-resource settings" 7702:"German RepRap introduces L280, first Liquid Additive Manufacturing (LAM) production-ready 3D printer" 6499:

Haselhuhn, Amberlee S.; Wijnen, Bas; Anzalone, Gerald C.; Sanders, Paul G.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2015).

5031: 4852: 4190: 4126: 2144:

items, prosthetics, spares and repairs. The earliest application of additive manufacturing was on the

475:. It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under 13144: 13104: 12727: 12628: 12521: 12442:

Easton, Thomas A. (November 2008). "The 3D Trainwreck: How 3D Printing Will Shake Up Manufacturing".

8029: 7081:"Fused Particle Fabrication 3-D Printing: Recycled Materials' Optimization and Mechanical Properties" 5838: 2940: 2037:

attached to a 3D stage to 3-D print metals such as steel, bronze and aluminium. Low-cost open source

1737: 1729: 1701: 1290: 1102: 1088:

The most commonly used 3D printing process (46% as of 2018) is a material extrusion technique called

886: 859: 677: 386: 10261:"Reconstructing ancient architecture at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: the potential and promise of 3D printing" 6831:. Researchers Turn to Multi-Material 3D Printing to Develop Responsive, Versatile Smart Composites. 6811: 2185:

developed a technology allowing the production of fibrous plant-based meat analogues using a custom

2181:

and to make food that is designed to fit an astronaut's dietary needs. In 2018, Italian bioengineer

2119:

of sections of text to one or more sub-topic articles which are then summarized in the main article.

1366:(ABS), allow the surface finish to be smoothed and improved using chemical vapor processes based on 858:

The technology used by most 3D printers to date—especially hobbyist and consumer-oriented models—is

12935: 12920: 12898: 12691: 12649: 12618: 10603:"3D Printing Technology Insight Report, 2014, patent activity involving 3D-Printing from 1990–2013" 10242:"Museum uses 3D printing to take fragile maquette by Thomas Hart Benton on tour through the States" 7079:

Woern, Aubrey; Byard, Dennis; Oakley, Robert; Fiedler, Matthew; Snabes, Samantha (12 August 2018).

5552:

Hegab, Hussain; Khanna, Navneet (2023). "Design for sustainable additive manufacturing: A review".

4428:"Pratt & Whitney to Deliver First Entry Into Service Engine Parts Using Additive Manufacturing" 3082: 3002: 2919: 1819: 1231:, was introduced in 2011 to solve this problem. It stores information using curved triangulations. 960:

by Emanuel Sachs in 1993 and commercialized by Soligen Technologies, Extrude Hone Corporation, and

464: 341: 12388: 11890: 9610: 8111: 7535: 4816:"Fabrication of a Compliant Vascular Graft Using Extrusion Printing and Electrospinning Technique" 2049:

and demonstrated reasonable metallurgical properties from conventional welding wire as feedstock.

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of the previous industrial era during which almost all production manufacturing had involved long

13109: 13082: 12717: 12623: 11055: 7251: 5122:"Implementation of 3D Printing Technology in the Field of Prosthetics: Past, Present, and Future" 2972: 2967: 2627: 2521: 2291: 2109: 1979:

blade to cut the shape, and selective deposition of adhesive and pressure to bond the prototype.

1745: 1586: 1217: 1119:

In April 2024, the world's largest 3D printer, the Factory of the Future 1.0 was revealed at the

1109: 1059: 979: 902: 673: 9512:

Zopf, David A.; Hollister, Scott J.; Nelson, Marc E.; Ohye, Richard G.; Green, Glenn E. (2013).

7138: 6828:

Researchers Turn to Multi-Material 3D Printing to Develop Responsive, Versatile Smart Composites

6826: 4498:

b. Mtaho, Adam; r.Ishengoma, Fredrick (2014). "3D Printing: Developing Countries Perspectives".

4308: 1810: 1655:

The first process where three-dimensional material is deposited to form an object was done with

1209: 13119: 13114: 13087: 12670: 6806: 2805: 1993: 794: 597: 586: 111: 47: 12314: 12280: 12263: 12242: 12221: 12200: 12153: 11788: 10511: 8186:

Nilsiam, Yuenyong; Haselhuhn, Amberlee; Wijnen, Bas; Sanders, Paul; Pearce, Joshua M. (2015).

7901: 6928:"Additive manufacturing – General Principles – Overview of process categories and feedstock". 6402: 4634: 2936:

potential of 97%, but it may get closer as the technology continues to increase productivity.

13045: 12908: 12784: 12712: 12613: 11852: 8219:

Pinar, A.; Wijnen, B.; Anzalone, G. C.; Havens, T. C.; Sanders, P. G.; Pearce, J. M. (2015).

7361: 7281: 6501:"In situ formation of substrate release mechanisms for gas metal arc weld metal 3-D printing" 4029:"Shape Deposition Manufacturing With Microcasting: Processing, Thermal and Mechanical Issues" 3542: 2924: 2034: 1972: 1868: 1750: 1579: 1555: 1244: 1205: 775: 590: 522: 468: 231: 201: 10300: 9076: 6631: 5807: 5071:"Printing Spare Parts at Remote Locations: Fulfilling the Promise of Additive Manufacturing" 1773:, thin layers are cut to shape and joined. In addition to the previously mentioned methods, 1769:) and printing a binder in the cross-section of the part using an inkjet-like process. With 13222: 13212: 13092: 13055: 13035: 12514: 12420: 10134: 10049: 9645: 9482:"Man makes surgical history after having his shattered face rebuilt using 3D printed parts" 8382: 8068: 7990:"A novel 6-axis hybrid additive-subtractive manufacturing process: Design and case studies" 7952: 7951:(8th International Conference on Laser Assisted Net Shape Engineering LANE 2014): 239–249. 7588: 7500: 7092: 6627: 5974: 5756:"Magics, the Most Powerful 3D Printing Software | Software for additive manufacturing" 5296: 5192: 4903: 4517: 4470: 4257:

2015 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET)

3027: 2982: 1282: 1013: 251: 11854:

Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop—from Personal Computers to Personal Fabrication

9959:

Oppliger, Douglas E.; Anzalone, Gerald; Pearce, Joshua M.; Irwin, John L. (15 June 2014).

3936:

Apparatus for Production of Three-Dimensional Objects by Stereolithography (8 August 1984)

2266:

is the first car produced using 3D printing (the bodywork and car windows were "printed").

8: 13149: 13124: 12995: 12952: 12830: 12825: 12805: 12566: 12305:

Lindenfeld, Eric; et al. (2015). "Strict Liability and 3D-Printed Medical Devices".

11655: 11345: 10635: 8822: 6640: 4341: 3788: 3092: 3062: 2997: 2933: 2781: 2671: 2471: 2424: 2331: 2327: 2287: 2116: 1910:

to create prints in photo-curable resin. It was developed by a collaboration between the

1851: 1713: 1120: 926: 291: 66: 35: 12424: 12149: 11978: 11789:

Thomas Campbell; Christopher Williams; Olga Ivanova; Banning Garrett (17 October 2011).

10138: 10053: 9649: 8784:"A researcher has developed a plant-based meat substitute that's made with a 3D printer" 8386: 8072: 7956: 7785:"German RepRap to Present Liquid Additive Manufacturing and L280 3D Printer at Formnext" 7733:"German RepRap to present series-ready Liquid Additive Manufacturing system at Formnext" 7592: 7504: 7096: 5997: 5978: 5962: 5300: 5196: 4521: 4474: 3635:, "JP Patent: S56-144478 - 3D figure production device", issued 10 November 1981 1872:

interlocked parts. Yet another approach uses a synthetic resin that is solidified using

1846:

Other methods cure liquid materials using different sophisticated technologies, such as

1058:

As technology matured, several authors began to speculate that 3D printing could aid in

877:

Owning a 3D printer in the 1980s cost upwards of $ 300,000 ($ 650,000 in 2016 dollars).

521:

gained popularity in the 2000s, inspired by the theme of material being added together (

13166: 12868: 12345: 11771: 11763: 11728: 10890:"España y EE.UU. lideran las descargas de los planos de la pistola de impresión casera" 10483: 10282: 10208: 10166: 10072: 10037: 9915: 9833: 9775: 9728: 9461: 9166: 8494: 8411: 8370: 8313: 8270: 8138: 8092: 8011: 7970: 7921: 7678: 7622: 7516: 7342: 7115: 7080: 6784: 6680: 6481: 6274: 6228: 6203: 5861: 5221: 5180: 5156: 5121: 4989: 4954: 4533: 4507: 4278: 4164: 3308: 3204: 3169: 2902: 1863: 1379: 975: 921:), the idea of a tool or head moving through a 3D work envelope transforming a mass of 91: 9763: 9368:

Islam, Muhammed Kamrul; Hazell, Paul J.; Escobedo, Juan P.; Wang, Hongxu (July 2021).

8547: 8447: 8347: 8221:"Low-cost Open-Source Voltage and Current Monitor for Gas Metal Arc Weld 3-D Printing" 7006:"Factors to Consider When Choosing a 3D Printer (WohlersAssociates.com, Nov/Dec 2005)" 6577: 5521:"Energy consumption and carbon footprint of 3D printing in pharmaceutical manufacture" 5070: 3789:"Alain Le Méhauté, The Man Who Submitted Patent For SLA 3D Printing Before Chuck Hull" 3200: 2197: 1034: 693:

The general concept of and procedure to be used in 3D-printing was first described by

12967: 12863: 12845: 12732: 12551: 12349: 12335: 12310: 12276: 12259: 12238: 12217: 12196: 12183: 12173: 11858: 11833: 11677: 10307: 10286: 10158: 10150: 10077: 10036:

Zhang, Chenlong; Anzalone, Nicholas C.; Faria, Rodrigo P.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2013).

10015: 9968: 9905: 9892:

Mercuri, Rebecca; Meredith, Kevin (2014). "An educational venture into 3D Printing".

9837: 9825: 9817: 9767: 9732: 9720: 9712: 9661: 9535: 9453: 9418: 9414: 8752: 8569: 8498: 8486: 8451: 8416: 8398: 8351: 8317: 8305: 8274: 8142: 8128: 8096: 8084: 8015: 7974: 7925: 7614: 7606: 7552: 7520: 7367: 7346: 7334: 7120: 6788: 6749: 6739: 6713: 6703: 6672: 6615: 6516: 6485: 6383: 6346: 6315: 6278: 6233: 6181: 6140: 6002: 5917: 5629: 5586: 5402: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5320: 5312: 5284: 5265: 5226: 5208: 5161: 5143: 5090: 5051: 5017: 4994: 4976: 4923: 4872: 4833: 4268: 4233: 4156: 3891: 3881: 3851: 3841: 3736: 3534: 3312: 3300: 3208: 3161: 2977: 2886: 2597: 2441: 2410: 2389: 2295: 2230:

In cars, trucks, and aircraft, additive manufacturing is beginning to transform both

2149: 2005: 1953: 1952:

uses 3D printing to create a temporary mold, which is then filled via a conventional

1923: 1892: 1847: 1680:" that melts and extrudes it depositing it, layer after layer, in the desired shape " 1422: 1387: 1383: 1275: 1240: 1224: 1130:

to improve the construction of synthetic bone and set a record for shock absorption.

918: 898: 851: 844: 836: 813: 746: 657: 610: 483: 281: 261: 191: 11775: 10212: 10170: 9919: 9795:"Shaping the future: recent advances of 3D printing in drug delivery and healthcare" 9779: 9611:"RFA-HD-15-023: Use of 3-D Printers for the Production of Medical Devices (R43/R44)" 9465: 7815:"German RepRap develops new polyurethane material for Liquid Additive Manufacturing" 7626: 6944:"Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing – General Principles – Terminology" 6684: 5865: 4282: 4168: 3173: 2505:

was traditionally surveyed and modeled in computer graphics software (specifically,

2470:

scanners, in 3D printing friendly file format, which everyone can 3D print at home.

2262:

announced the One:1, a supercar that utilizes many components that were 3D printed.

1761:

system, which creates the model one layer at a time by spreading a layer of powder (

1281:

Once completed, the STL file needs to be processed by a piece of software called a "

720:

printing with rapid prototyping and controlled on-demand manufacturing of patterns.

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Nachal, N.; Moses, J. A.; Karthik, P.; Anandharamakrishnan, C. (1 September 2019).

5216: 5200: 5151: 5133: 5082: 5043: 5013: 4984: 4966: 4915: 4864: 4823: 4537: 4525: 4478: 4260: 4225: 4146: 4138: 4040: 3292: 3196: 3153: 2962: 2418: 2352: 2243: 2182: 2169: 1976: 1185: 1163: 1127: 1069: 820:(The Laser Consortium). The claimed reason was "for lack of business perspective". 809: 702: 406: 361: 321: 74: 12463:"3D printing: a new industrial revolution – Safety and health at work – EU-OSHA". 9813: 8564: 7941:"Improvement of the Laser Direct Metal Deposition Process in 5-axis Configuration" 7009: 6135: 6118: 5677: 5537: 5520: 5462:"Role of additive manufacturing applications towards environmental sustainability" 5420: 5069:

Westerweel, Bram; Basten, Rob; denBoer, Jelmar; vanHoutum, Geert-Jan (June 2021).

767:

Early additive manufacturing equipment and materials were developed in the 1980s.

12985: 12930: 12873: 12858: 12484: 12289: 11056:"3-D Printing Pioneer Wants Government to Restrict Gunpowder, Not Printable Guns" 10062: 9934:"Despite Market Woes, 3D Printing Has a Future Thanks to Higher Education – Bold" 9386: 9369: 8006: 7989: 7410: 7329: 7312: 6943: 6668: 6310: 6293: 6176: 6159: 5939: 5834: 5580: 5565: 5446: 4719: 4142: 3687: 3596: 3420:"ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 – Additive manufacturing – General principles – Terminology" 3072: 2827: 2409:

education. The evidence for such claims comes from both the low-cost ability for

2367: 2284: 2277: 2158: 1391: 1338: 694: 620: 331: 271: 221: 161: 12331: 12124: 12097: 9901: 7965: 7940: 7758:"German RepRap presenting Liquid Additive Manufacturing technology at RAPID+TCT" 6780: 6379: 6342: 6294:"A Novel Method for Additive/Subtractive Hybrid Manufacturing of Metallic Parts" 5912: 5895: 5478: 5461: 4578: 4264: 2222: 1589:

for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text.

698:

the end of the drawing arm and hardens as it comes ... following drawings only"

13139: 13005: 12947: 12925: 12742: 12737: 11724: 11672: 11501: 9697: 9680: 9580: 9049: 8394: 5987: 5308: 5261: 5204: 5047: 4868: 4252: 3500: 3296: 3067: 2957: 2915: 2882: 2697: 2585: 2458: 2323: 2206: 2186: 1754: 1448: 1410: 1213: 1030: 867: 827:

On 8 August 1984 a patent, US4575330, assigned to UVP, Inc., later assigned to

351: 311: 121: 10999:"US government attempts to stifle 3D-printer gun designs will ultimately fail" 10702:"Homeland Security bulletin warns 3D-printed guns may be "impossible" to stop" 10563: 10449:"Additive Manufacturing Inks & Materials for Custom 3D Printing Solutions" 10277: 10260: 10184:

Scopigno, R.; Cignoni, P.; Pietroni, N.; Callieri, M.; Dellepiane, M. (2017).

10011: 9004: 8482: 8266: 8124: 8080: 7917: 7548: 7512: 5030:

Zhang, Zhi; Zhang, Lei; Song, Bo; Yao, Yonggang; Shi, Yusheng (1 March 2022).

4483: 4458: 4229: 3935: 3157: 2477: 839:

fabrication system, in which individual laminae or layers are added by curing

798: 13206: 13171: 12940: 12893: 12815: 12479: 12187: 11837: 11759: 11681: 10757: 10154: 10019: 9972: 9821: 9747: 9716: 8756: 8573: 8490: 8455: 8402: 8355: 8309: 8088: 7610: 7338: 6387: 6319: 6269: 6252: 6219: 6202:

Benwood, C.; Anstey, A.; Andrzejewski, J.; Misra, M.; Mohanty, A. K. (2018).

6185: 6144: 5921: 5633: 5363: 5316: 5269: 5245: 5212: 5147: 5094: 5055: 4980: 4927: 4919: 4876: 4837: 4237: 4160: 4151: 3895: 3855: 3538: 3304: 3165: 3022: 2875: 2819: 2809: 2789: 2639: 2617: 2593: 2589: 2482: 2414: 2363: 2152:

was one of the earliest additive variants, and its mission was to reduce the

1942: 1938: 1753:

is a similar type of additive manufacturing technology for metal parts (e.g.

1705: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1012:

Much of the software for 3D printing available to the public at the time was

995: 961: 914: 840: 755: 661: 515: 503: 460: 12322:

Dickel, Sascha; Schrape, Jan-Felix (2016). "Materializing Digital Futures".

10479: 10423:"3D Printed Circuit Boards are the Next Big Thing in Additive Manufacturing" 10146: 8204: 8187: 7601: 7576: 6753: 6717: 5857: 5338:

Schubert, Carl; Langeveld, Mark C. van; Donoso, Larry A. (1 February 2014).

4604: 4253:"3D printing: On its historical evolution and the implications for business" 4213: 797:

filed a patent for his computer automated manufacturing process and system (

705:

in his story, "Tools of the Trade", published in the November 1950 issue of

545:

still referred only to the polymer technologies in most minds, and the term

13075: 12990: 12903: 12506: 11196: 10162: 10081: 9829: 9771: 9724: 9665: 9539: 9457: 9438:

The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery

9422: 9108:"GE team secretly printed a helicopter engine, replacing 900 parts with 16" 8420: 8301: 7618: 7464: 7124: 6803:

Spec2Fab: A reducer-tuner model for translating specifications to 3D prints

6676: 6237: 6006: 5785: 5606:

Azman, Abdul Hadi; Vignat, Frédéric; Villeneuve, François (29 April 2018).

5371: 5324: 5230: 5165: 5138: 4998: 4828: 4815: 4127:"A critical review of the use of 3-D printing in the construction industry" 2816: 2785: 2654:

paying royalties, waiting for the copyright to expire, or working within a

2492: 2372: 2359: 2310: 2270: 2177:

is looking into the technology in order to create 3D printed food to limit

1965: 1885: 1859: 1458: 1138: 1025: 922: 669: 641: 101: 31: 11600: 11583: 10806:"Wishful Thinking Is Control Freaks' Last Defense Against 3D-Printed Guns" 9370:"Biomimetic armour design strategies for additive manufacturing: A review" 8237: 8220: 6477: 5624: 5607: 4748: 3419: 3334: 952:

originally referred to a powder bed process employing standard and custom

843:

with impinging radiation, particle bombardment, chemical reaction or just

13070: 13065: 12957: 12835: 12820: 12587: 11523: 9555:"Surgeons have implanted a 3-D-printed pelvis into a U.K. cancer patient" 9530: 9513: 9198:"3D Printers, Meet Othermill: A CNC machine for your home office (VIDEO)" 9170: 6738:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: PTR Prentice Hall. pp. 8, 15, 49, 95, 97. 5755: 5703: 3077: 3007: 2830:

assembly that dominated manufacturing starting in the late 19th century.

2339: 2302: 2210: 1532: 1247:

applications produce errors in output STL files, of the following types:

1180: 779: 472: 181: 12753: 11767: 9134:"'Wiki Weapon Project' Aims To Create A Gun Anyone Can 3D-Print at Home" 7311:

Doyle, Michael; Agarwal, Kuldeep; Sealy, Winston; Schull, Kevin (2015).

5648:"3D solid repair software – Fix STL polygon mesh files – LimitState:FIX" 5582:

Rapid Prototyping & Manufacturing: Fundamentals of Stereolithography

4027:

Amon, C. H.; Beuth, J. L.; Weiss, L. E.; Merz, R.; Prinz, F. B. (1998).

2804:

users of all available technologies to remain competitive. Advocates of

1724:

Powder bed fusion techniques, or PBF, include several processes such as

1289:

file containing instructions tailored to a specific type of 3D printer (

1285:", which converts the model into a series of thin layers and produces a 13030: 12915: 12049:"Example of Econolyst Research-Understanding the Benefits of AM on CO2" 10946:"Schumer Announces Support For Measure To Make 3D Printed Guns Illegal" 10398:"First 3D Printed Footbridge In Amsterdam Revealed To The Public - NPR" 9707: 8969:"Conheça o Urbee, primeiro carro a ser fabricado com uma impressora 3D" 8907:"3D Printing: Challenges and Opportunities for International Relations" 7105: 6600: 5339: 5086: 4971: 4529: 2992: 2987: 2944: 2702: 2259: 2239: 2178: 1975:

developed a different process using ordinary sheets of office paper, a

1941:

using heat to harden the object. The process was originally created by

1814:

Schematic representation of stereolithography; a light-emitting device

1301: 1271: 1006: 1005:

Similarly, in 2006 the Fab@Home project was started by Evan Malone and

968: 910: 832: 828: 561: 301: 241: 211: 39: 11171:"Gun factory fears as 3D blueprints put online by Defense Distributed" 10204: 9514:"Bioresorbable Airway Splint Created with a Three-Dimensional Printer" 8688:"Foodini 3D Printer Cooks Up Meals Like the Star Trek Food Replicator" 7870: 4044: 3838:

Connecting the dots: my life and inventions, from X-rays to death rays

3815: 1346:

used and the size and number of models being produced simultaneously.

1200:

3D models can be generated from 2D pictures taken at a 3D photo booth.

998:

at the University of Bath in 2004, with the name of the project being

13060: 12878: 11947: 11406:"3D Printing and monitoring of workers: a new industrial revolution?" 10382: 10365: 10186:"Digital Fabrication Techniques for Cultural Heritage: A Survey]" 7841:"Essentium to acquire collider to advance DLP 3D printing technology" 5832: 5243: 3087: 2808:

also predict that this arc of technological development will counter

2635: 2631: 2566: 2533: 2517: 2463: 2429: 2153: 1997: 1804: 1709: 1433: 1398: 1038: 906: 871: 863: 812:, Olivier de Witte, and Jean Claude André filed their patent for the 665: 645: 534: 376: 151: 51: 10448: 9449: 9224:"The Third Wave, CNC, Stereolithography, and the end of gun control" 6160:"Annealing effect on mechanical properties of 3D printed composites" 4751:"Synthetic Bones Designed by AI Set to Transform Orthopedic Surgery" 4665:"Patient receives the world's first fully 3D-printed prosthetic eye" 2932:

powders. Additive manufacturing has not yet reached its theoretical

2838: 1830:

filled with a liquid photo-polymerizing resin; the solidified resin

1337:

3:30 Timelapse of an 80-minute video of an object being made out of

506:

material, is the most common 3D printing process in use as of 2020.

34:. For methods of generating autostereoscopic lenticular images, see 12977: 12962: 12883: 11554: 10975: 10541: 9746:

Afsana; Jain, Vineet; Haider, Nafis; Jain, Keerti (20 March 2019).

7683: 5961:

Lee, Handol; Kwak, Dong-Bin; Choi, Chi Young; Ahn, Kang-Ho (2023).

2897: 2843: 2655: 2546: 2542: 2506: 2467: 2446: 2255: 2235: 2145: 2132: 2076: 1696:

Some methods melt or soften the material to produce the layers. In

1502: 1472: 1468: 1296:

Printer resolution describes layer thickness and X–Y resolution in

1051: 938: 530: 171: 12373:"Evaluation Protocol for Make Magazine's 2015 3D Printer Shootout" 7577:"Volumetric additive manufacturing via tomographic reconstruction" 6854: 4512: 3732:

Concurrent Design of Products, Manufacturing Processes and Systems

711:

magazine. He referred to it as a "molecular spray" in that story.

12853: 5340:"Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D overview from optics to organs" 5126:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

4851:

Weller, Christian; Kleer, Robin; Piller, Frank T. (1 June 2015).

4075:"Manufacturing Mechatronics Using Thermal Spray Shape Deposition" 3454:"Additive manufacturing and 3D printing are two different things" 3017: 2847: 2777: 2710: 2693: 2450: 2388:

3D printing has also been used for medical equipment. During the

2247: 2231: 2046: 2042: 1907: 1792: 1774: 1762: 1432:

3D printing allows for substrate surface modifications to remove

1367: 894: 582: 136: 11822:"The intellectual property implications of low-cost 3D printing" 11197:"Liberator: First 3D-printed gun sparks gun control controversy" 8110:

Gibson, Ian; Rosen, David; Stucker, Brent (2015). "Chapter 10".

7574: 7433:"3D-printing multi-material objects in minutes instead of hours" 7200:"Rapid prototypes move to metal components (EE Times, 3/9/2007)" 6975:"A whole new dimension – Rich homes can afford 3D printers" 5181:"3D-printed self-healing hydrogels via Digital Light Processing" 5068: 498:

structures to reduce weight while creating less material waste.

12498: 12294:

John Marshall Journal of Information Technology and Privacy Law

10183: 9635: 9251:"Weapons made with 3-D printers could test gun-control efforts" 9138: 7789:

3DPrint.com | The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing

6250: 5647: 3285:

International Journal of Operations & Production Management

2623: 2072: 2038: 1968:

using a carbon dioxide laser and then laminated them together.

1516:(or 3D printing pixel element) inside the final object volume. 1286: 1113: 999: 953: 771: 12195:

Tran, Jasper (2017). "Reconstructionism, IP and 3D Printing".

11376:"Embracing Drones and 3D Printing in the Regulatory Framework" 11253:"FAA prepares guidance for wave of 3D-printed aerospace parts" 8745:"Barcelona researcher develops 3D printer that makes 'steaks'" 8546:

Corsini, Lucia; Aranda-Jan, Clara B.; Moultrie, James (2019).

8171:

Surovi, Nowrin Akter; Hussain, Shaista; Soh, Gim Song (2022).

7675: 6736:

Automated fabrication: improving productivity in manufacturing

6654: 6498: 6462: 6201: 6116: 5178: 3254:"Learning Course: Additive Manufacturing – Additive Fertigung" 2127: 569:

has been associated with machines low in price or capability.

12009: 11498:"Jeremy Rifkin and The Third Industrial Revolution Home Page" 10780:"State Dept Censors 3D Gun Plans, Citing "National Security"" 9023:"Local Motors shows Strati, the world's first 3D-printed car" 8251: 8185: 7644:"Star Trek–like replicator creates entire objects in minutes" 6547:"Amsterdam unveils the world's first 3D-printed steel bridge" 5119: 4073:

Beck, J.E.; Fritz, B.; Siewiorek, Daniel; Weiss, Lee (1992).

3490:

2773: 2689: 2538: 2263: 2068: 2009: 1888: 1796: 1766: 1513: 1437: 847: 817: 581:

magazine, pointed out in 2017 that the terms are still often

495: 12210:

Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property

11745: 10920:"Sen. Leland Yee Proposes Regulating Guns From 3-D Printers" 10096:"UMass Amherst Library Opens 3-D Printing Innovation Center" 7032:"Casting aluminium parts directly from 3D printed PLA parts" 6595:(Thesis). University of British Columbia. pp. 104–143. 6251:

Wijnbergen, D.C.; van der Stelt, M.; Verhamme, L.M. (2021).

4110:

Prinz, F. B.; Merz, R.; Weiss, Lee (1997). Ikawa, N. (ed.).

4082:

Proceedings of the 1992 Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium

30:

For methods of transferring an image onto a 3D surface, see

11468:"Subtractive plus additive equals more than (– + + = >)" 9958: 4813: 4182: 3758:"Disdpositif pour realiser un modele de piece industrielle" 3382: 2580: 2478:

Replicating historic buildings and architectural structures

2392:

3D printers were used to supplement the strained supply of

2174: 2136: 2030:

uses an electron beam heat source inside a vacuum chamber.

1676:" of plastic material is fed through a heated moving head " 1429: 11584:"Materializing information: 3D printing and social change" 11459: 11313:"FAA to launch eight-year additive manufacturing road map" 9678: 4953:

Li, Zhaolong; Wang, Qinghai; Liu, Guangdong (April 2022).

4782:"Autonomous robot invents the world's best shock absorber" 4749:

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (25 May 2024).

3360:"Most used 3D printing technologies 2017–2018 | Statistic" 2516:

The world's first 3D-printed steel bridge was unveiled in

2280:

included over 1000 components manufactured by 3D printing.

933:, and many others. However, the automated techniques that 749:

laid out the concept of 3D printing in his regular column

589:

3D printing plus other technologies or other aspects of a

12406: 11987:"Is 3D Printing the Future of Sustainable Manufacturing?" 11223:"First 3D Printed Gun "The Liberator" Successfully Fired" 11029:"Like It Or Not, 3D Printing Will Probably Be Legislated" 8781: 8714:"3D Printed Food System for Long Duration Space Missions" 8632:"A Guide to All the Food That's Fit to 3D Print (So Far)" 8545: 8218: 6158:

Valvez, S.; Silva, A.P.; Reis, P.N.B.; Berto, F. (2022).

3186: 2440:

In the 2010s, 3D printing became intensively used in the

2335: 1873: 1189: 1123:. It is able to make objects 96 feet long, or 29 meters. 957: 660:

it when a term that covers any removal method is needed.

12407:

Stephens, B.; Azimi, P.; El Orch, Z.; Ramos, T. (2013).

12324:

The Decentralized and Networked Future of Value Creation

11820:

Haufe, Patrick; Bowyer, Adrian; Bradshaw, Simon (2010).

10035: 9792: 9581:"3D-printed sugar network to help grow artificial liver" 9312:"3D-printable guns are just the start, says Cody Wilson" 8877:"3D Custom Eyewear The Next Focal Point For 3D Printing" 8512:

Taufik, Mohammad; Jain, Prashant K. (10 December 2016).

7435:. Kurzweil Accelerating Intelligence. 22 November 2013. 7169:"Aluminium-powder DMLS-printed part finishes race first" 6620:

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

4635:"How Much Does a 3D Printer Cost? Calculate the ROI Now" 4368:"As Billions More Fly, Here's How Aviation Could Evolve" 3998:"The Evolution of 3D Printing: Past, Present and Future" 3968:"History of 3D Printing: When Was 3D Printing Invented?" 2788:, perform regular maintenance and lubrication, or use a 2405:

that 3D printers offer an unprecedented "revolution" in

1992:

In powder-fed directed-energy deposition (also known as

1987: 1373:

Some additive manufacturing techniques can benefit from

27:

Additive process used to make a three-dimensional object

12409:"Ultrafine particle emissions from desktop 3D printers" 12250:

Tran, Jasper (2015). "To Bioprint or Not to Bioprint".

11925:"Labor's Digital Displacement | by Michael Spence" 10833:"The Pirate Bay steps in to distribute 3-D gun designs" 10302:"British Museum releases 3D printer scans of artefacts" 9880:

34th International Conference on Production Engineering

9511: 9367: 7310: 7078: 6700:

Rapid prototyping technology: selection and application

5337: 4459:"Additive Design and Manufacturing of Jet Engine Parts" 4072: 3142: 2705:

suggesting that gunpowder could be controlled instead.

2497:

in Amsterdam, the world's first 3D-printed metal bridge

1463:

in Amsterdam, the world's first 3D-printed metal bridge

788:

method of fabricating articles by sequential deposition

11435: 11433: 11431: 8368: 7938: 6291: 3447: 3445: 2596:

communities, with additional ties to the academic and

2435: 1046:, it is clear to engineers that much more is to come. 12389:"Heat Beds in 3D Printing – Advantages and Equipment" 12358:"Results of Make Magazine's 2015 3D Printer Shootout" 12208:

Tran, Jasper (2016). "Press Clause and 3D Printing".

12083: 11500:. The third industrial revolution.com. Archived from 10540:. 3d-printer-kit.com. 23 January 2012. Archived from 10538:"Successful Sumpod 3D printing of a herringbone gear" 9961:"The RepRap 3-D Printer Revolution in STEM Education" 8813: 8811: 6613: 5605: 5495:"Additive Manufacturing vs Traditional Manufacturing" 2665: 2428:

3D printed sculpture of an Egyptian pharaoh shown at

2298:

has also purchased a 3D printer to print spare parts.

885:

AM processes for metal sintering or melting (such as

11706: 9745: 9099: 9050:"Airbus had 1,000 parts 3D printed to meet deadline" 9006:

3D Printed Car Creator Discusses Future of the Urbee

8662:"Did BeeHex Just Hit "Print" to Make Pizza at Home?" 8592: 6614:

Zadi-Maad, Ahmad; Rohbib, Rohbib; Irawan, A (2018).

6157: 5896:"Component Replication Using 3D Printing Technology" 5893: 5466:

Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research

4605:"3D Printer Price: How Much Does a 3D Printer Cost?" 4125:

Wu, Peng; Wang, Jun; Wang, Xiangyu (1 August 2016).

2822:

claimed that 3D printing signals the beginning of a

2052: 12167: 12110: 11819: 11428: 11087:"How Defense Distributed Already Upended the World" 10675:. Institute for Emerging Innovation. Archived from 8468: 4497: 3442: 1982: 648:for laborious tooling development. Today, the term 640:was novel in the 2000s reveals the long-prevailing 628:). The fact that the application of the adjectives 10363: 9480: 8843: 8808: 8109: 7534:Gibson, Ian; Rosen, David; Stucker, Brent (2015). 7533: 4301: 4026: 3013:Fraunhofer Competence Field Additive Manufacturing 1834:is progressively dragged up by a lifting platform 11711:-based, Lego-built 3D printing-milling machine". 11660:TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 10863:"US demands removal of 3D printed gun blueprints" 10670:"What's the Deal with copyright and 3D printing?" 8433: 8255:The Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 6766: 6335:Transactions on Intelligent Welding Manufacturing 6197: 6195: 6088:"Smoothing Out Your 3D Prints With Acetone Vapor" 5726:"3D Printing Overhang: How to 3D Print Overhangs" 5029: 4850: 2569:in 1:20 scale printed using gypsum-based printing 2466:digital models of their artifacts, created using 2189:, mimicking meat texture and nutritional values. 1243:file, it must first be examined for errors. Most 13204: 12231:Minnesota Journal of Law, Science and Technology 12172:. Indianapolis, Indiana: John Wiley & Sons. 11984: 11441:"How Loud Are 3D Printers and Making Them Quiet" 8170: 7389:"Cheaper avenue to 65 nm? (EE Times, 3/30/2007)" 6563: 6540: 6538: 6365: 6021:"Design Guide: Preparing a File for 3D Printing" 5246:"Applications of 3D Printing in Food Processing" 4033:Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 3840:. New York, NY: Welcome Rain. pp. 195–197. 3282: 2148:end of the manufacturing spectrum. For example, 1929: 1822:) selectively illuminate the transparent bottom 874:, which marketed its first FDM machine in 1992. 11649: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11144:"Peter Cochrane's Blog: Beyond 3D Printed Guns" 9891: 8371:"Cryogenic 3D Printing of Super Soft Hydrogels" 7939:Boisselier, D.; Sankaré, S.; Engel, T. (2014). 5702:. Modelrepair.azurewebsites.net. Archived from 4902:Ben-Ner, Avner; Siemsen, Enno (February 2017). 4214:"Fab@Home: the personal desktop fabricator kit" 2108:may benefit from being shortened by the use of 1708:, metal wire, or other material is fed into an 1133:In July 2024, researchers published a paper in 596:Other terms that have been used as synonyms or 12271:Tran, Jasper (2015). "Patenting Bioprinting". 11985:Lyons Hardcastle, Jessica (24 November 2015). 11918: 11916: 10466:Séquin, Carlo H. (2005). "Rapid prototyping". 9894:2014 IEEE Integrated STEM Education Conference 8992:3D-Printed Car: Coast to Coast on 10 Gallons?" 8937:"Koenigsegg One:1 Comes With 3D Printed Parts" 8113:Additive Manufacturing Technologies - Springer 7987: 7638: 7636: 7570: 7568: 7359: 7226:"Rapid Manufacturing by Electron Beam Melting" 7139:"Powder bed fusion - DMLS, SLS, SLM, MJF, EBM" 6192: 5960: 5894:Satyanarayana, B.; Prakash, Kode Jaya (2015). 5285:"3D printing gets bigger, faster and stronger" 4901: 4720:"World's biggest 3D printer whirs into action" 4500:International Journal of Computer Applications 4109: 913:was applied to those technologies (such as by 608:(as the logical production-level successor to 12769: 12522: 12321: 10972:"Four Horsemen of the 3D Printing Apocalypse" 10031: 10029: 8821:. Resins Online. 17 June 2013. Archived from 8333: 8287: 7671: 7669: 6616:"Additive manufacturing for steels: a review" 6535: 6431: 6400: 6332: 5887: 5518: 4857:International Journal of Production Economics 3663:, Vol. 52, No. 11, pp. 1770–73, November 1981 2762:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work 2756:A video on research done on printer emissions 2246:uses high-end 3D printers to build parts for 2041:-style 3-D printers have been outfitted with 1898: 1486: 502:(FDM), which uses a continuous filament of a 433: 12536: 12273:Harvard Journal of Law and Technology Digest 12252:North Carolina Journal of Law and Technology 11640: 11340: 11338: 10974:. Makezine.com. 30 June 2011. Archived from 10564:""backscratcher" 3D Models to Print – yeggi" 9965:2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition 9400: 9158: 9077:"The 3D printer revolution comes to the IAF" 8601:"Origins: A 3D Vision Spawns Stratasys, Inc" 8058: 7490: 6593:On the degradation of porous stainless steel 5459: 4212:Malone, Evan; Lipson, Hod (1 January 2007). 4211: 3948:Freedman, David H (2012). "Layer By Layer". 3053:List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts 2330:disclosed plans to design a working plastic 2294:has begun to work with 3D printers, and the 1891:. Part of the pool bottom is transparent to 1304:(μm). Typical layer thickness is around 100 835:Corporation was filed, his own patent for a 11913: 11883: 11850: 11844: 11813: 11782: 11739: 11700: 11608: 11575: 11546: 11109: 11078: 11047: 10364:Parsinejad, H.; Choi, I.; Yari, M. 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Archived from 4124: 2862:Some call attention to the conjunction of 2738:Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials 2520:in July 2021. Spanning 12 meters over the 2276:In May 2015 Airbus announced that its new 1945:and was then built upon by German RepRap. 1204:3D printable models may be created with a 1144: 440: 426: 73: 12783: 12432: 11671: 11599: 11335: 11053: 10381: 10276: 10118: 10071: 10061: 9706: 9696: 9529: 9385: 9281:"Making guns at home: Ready, print, fire" 9248: 9226:. Popehat. 6 October 2011. Archived from 9131: 8846:"With 3-D Printing, the Shoe Really Fits" 8563: 8410: 8236: 8203: 8005: 7964: 7682: 7600: 7457: 7328: 7114: 7104: 7024: 6997: 6966: 6810: 6639: 6403:"Cura Adaptive Layers – Simply Explained" 6309: 6268: 6227: 6175: 6134: 5996: 5986: 5938:. Objet Printer Solutions. Archived from 5928: 5911: 5623: 5536: 5477: 5220: 5155: 5137: 4988: 4970: 4952: 4827: 4511: 4482: 4250: 4150: 4112:Building Parts You Could Not Build Before 3589: 3585: 3583: 2290:fighter jet flew with printed parts. The 1692:" are needed to sustain overhanging parts 1549: 1158:using traditional manufacturing methods. 12488:) is being considered for deletion. See 12229:Tran, Jasper (2016). "3D-Printed Food". 12170:Fabricated: the new world of 3D printing 11653: 11581: 11474:. Vol. 83, no. 9. p. 14. 11141: 11119:. European Plastics News. Archived from 10887: 10667: 10663: 10661: 10633: 9105: 8985: 8899: 8819:"3D Printed Clothing Becoming a Reality" 8743:Bejerano, Pablo G. (28 September 2018). 8742: 8541: 8539: 7460:"3-D Printing Just Got 100 Times Faster" 6948:ASTM International – Standards Worldwide 6875: 6819: 4577:Cook, Benjamin Stassen (26 March 2014). 4337:"How do you make a howitzer less heavy?" 4334: 4328: 3947: 3941: 3928: 3902: 3813: 3486:(D. Wollheim ed.). Ace Books 1957, USA, 3451: 3349: 2837: 2741: 2732:Health and safety hazards of 3D printing 2611: 2560: 2481: 2423: 2221: 2196: 2126: 2061: 2033:It is also possible to use conventional 1956:process and then immediately dissolved. 1809: 1667: 1496: 1447: 1326: 1229:additive manufacturing file format (AMF) 1195: 1184: 54:of a three-dimensional printer in action 46: 12016:Simpson, Timothy W. (31 January 2018). 12015: 11748:Science, Technology, & Human Values 11346:"2017 – Edition 4 – May 5, 2017 – ARSA" 10830: 10359: 10357: 10258: 9435: 9047: 8598: 8329: 8327: 7988:Li, L.; Haghighi, A.; Yang, Y. (2018). 7691: 6972: 6795: 5839:"The 3D Model Acquisition Pipeline GAS" 5579:Jacobs, Paul Francis (1 January 1992). 5432: 5282: 4251:Matias, Elizabeth; Rao, Bharat (2015). 3875: 3786: 3755: 3700:"3-D Printing Steps into the Spotlight" 3672: 3592:"Exploring the 3D printing opportunity" 3215: 2908: 2716: 2020: 14: 13248:Computer-related introductions in 1981 13205: 13041:Differential technological development 12609:Powder bed and inkjet head 3D printing 12562:Continuous liquid interface production 12441: 12046: 11922: 11465: 11416:from the original on 24 September 2017 11168: 11054:Beckhusen, Robert (15 February 2013). 10708:from the original on 24 September 2015 10627: 10465: 10124: 9997: 9591:from the original on 13 September 2020 9340: 9309: 9195: 9164: 9087:from the original on 29 September 2015 8887:from the original on 13 September 2013 8874: 7730: 7425: 6729: 6727: 6697: 6466:3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 6434:"Your Guide to Painting PLA 3D Prints" 6432:Boissonneault, Tess (15 August 2022). 6049: 5808:"How to repair a 3D scan for printing" 5585:. Society of Manufacturing Engineers. 5578: 5572: 5554:Sustainable Materials and Technologies 5525:International Journal of Pharmaceutics 5492: 4955:"A Review of 3D Printed Bone Implants" 3835: 3580: 3221: 2918:, reducing the energy consumption and 2638:may apply. However, there is not much 2326:firearms. In 2012, the US-based group 1916:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1882:Continuous liquid interface production 1467:Traditionally, 3D printing focused on 793:On 2 July 1984, American entrepreneur 12757: 12510: 11953: 11791:"Could 3D Printing Change the World?" 11654:Kostakis, Vasilis (12 January 2013). 11447:from the original on 12 November 2022 11066:from the original on 11 November 2013 11035:from the original on 17 November 2013 10952:from the original on 10 December 2020 10926:from the original on 31 December 2020 10658: 10646:from the original on 21 December 2020 10615:from the original on 11 November 2020 10574:from the original on 28 November 2020 10333:from the original on 17 November 2015 10315:from the original on 7 November 2014. 9552: 9478: 9074: 8796:from the original on 15 November 2023 8763:from the original on 25 December 2019 8668:from the original on 21 February 2023 8536: 7782: 7458:St. Fleur, Nicholas (17 March 2015). 7161: 6863:from the original on 20 February 2019 6835:from the original on 20 February 2019 6733: 6067:from the original on 29 November 2020 4809: 4807: 4779: 4378:from the original on 27 February 2021 4193:from the original on 27 December 2023 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3831: 3829: 3762:National De La Propriete Industrielle 3558:"3D printing: you read it here first" 3555: 1988:Powder-fed directed-energy deposition 1906:is a method for 3D printing based on 1663: 1169: 12287: 12270: 12249: 12228: 12207: 12194: 12028:from the original on 22 January 2019 11997:from the original on 22 January 2019 11478:from the original on 9 December 2020 11356:from the original on 19 January 2018 11323:from the original on 19 January 2018 11283:"eCFR – Code of Federal Regulations" 11203:from the original on 4 November 2020 11177:from the original on 8 November 2020 11084: 10996: 10812:from the original on 17 January 2019 10786:from the original on 7 November 2020 10734:from the original on 4 November 2020 10354: 9847:from the original on 7 November 2020 9493:from the original on 11 January 2022 9349:from the original on 5 December 2018 9291:from the original on 2 November 2013 9261:from the original on 20 October 2019 9056:from the original on 4 November 2020 8949:from the original on 9 December 2020 8875:Sharma, Rakesh (10 September 2013). 8856:from the original on 8 November 2020 8629: 8324: 7881:from the original on 9 November 2020 7439:from the original on 25 January 2021 7262:from the original on 9 February 2019 7206:from the original on 2 November 2012 7054:"How Selective Heat Sintering Works" 6954:from the original on 9 February 2019 6590: 6544: 6401:O'Connell, Jackson (29 April 2022). 6037:from the original on 20 January 2018 5814:from the original on 24 January 2016 5075:Production and Operations Management 4675:from the original on 4 December 2021 4645:from the original on 16 January 2021 4615:from the original on 27 January 2021 4576: 4438:from the original on 19 October 2020 4408:from the original on 17 January 2021 4317:from the original on 7 November 2020 4289:from the original on 25 January 2024 3910:"3D Printing: What You Need to Know" 3795:from the original on 3 February 2016 3787:Mendoza, Hannah Rose (15 May 2015). 3728: 3604:from the original on 16 January 2016 3501:"US3596285A - Liquid metal recorder" 3224:"The rise of additive manufacturing" 2850:, advertising 3D printing, July 2018 2725: 2242:design and production. For example, 2092: 1841: 1740:, with both metals and polymers and 1719: 1574:This section should include only a 1559: 1162:disposal, contributing to a smaller 680:and other manufacturing processes. 13130:Future-oriented technology analysis 12326:. Progress in IS. pp. 163–78. 12168:Lipson, Hod; Kurman, Melba (2013). 12065:from the original on 19 August 2019 11901:from the original on 23 August 2019 11801:from the original on 23 August 2019 11688:from the original on 23 August 2019 11386:from the original on 23 August 2019 9177:from the original on 27 August 2012 9146:from the original on 25 August 2012 8611:from the original on 6 October 2023 8152:from the original on 29 August 2023 7900:Yang, Y.; Gong, Y.; Qu, S. (2019). 7537:Additive Manufacturing Technologies 7409:. 12 September 2011. Archived from 7386: 7197: 7003: 6724: 6292:Wei Du; Qian Bai; Bi Zhang (2016). 5762:from the original on 4 January 2016 5736:from the original on 9 October 2021 5519:Elbadawi, Moe; Basit, A.W. 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Archived from 3692: 3666: 3653: 3644: 3625: 3616: 3549: 3515: 3493: 3476: 3412: 2768: 2678:Department of Homeland Security 2362:technology has been studied by 2082: 1364:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 1341:using molten polymer deposition 1223:CAD models can be saved in the 1135:Advanced Materials Technologies 770:In April 1980, Hideo Kodama of 12894:High-temperature superfluidity 12645:Laminated object manufacturing 12434:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.050 12018:"Lightweighting with Lattices" 10922:. CBS Sacramento. 8 May 2013. 10425:. 20 June 2018. Archived from 10102:. 2 April 2015. Archived from 9658:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.087 9479:Perry, Keith (12 March 2014). 8290:Advanced Engineering Materials 7034:. 3ders.org. 25 September 2012 6641:10.1088/1757-899X/285/1/012028 6566:Composites Part B: Engineering 6545:Huet, Natalie (16 July 2021). 6337:. 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A moving platform " 1671: 1580:3D printing processes 1556:3D printing processes 1500: 1451: 1370:or similar solvents. 1336: 1208:(CAD) package, via a 1206:computer-aided design 1199: 1188: 786:A US 4323756 patent, 725: 602:desktop manufacturing 591:manufacturing process 232:Hot metal typesetting 50: 13253:Open-source hardware 13233:Industrial processes 13093:Technological change 13036:Collingridge dilemma 11991:Environmental Leader 11960:Women in 3D Printing 11317:3D Printing Industry 10728:"Controlled by Guns" 10248:on 17 November 2015. 9531:10.1056/NEJMc1206319 9287:. 16 February 2013. 7413:on 20 September 2011 5680:on 16 September 2016 4671:. 30 November 2021. 4259:. pp. 551–558. 4002:3D Printing Industry 3974:. 10 December 2018. 3756:Jean-Claude, Andre. 3234:on 19 September 2015 3120:. 5 September 2013. 3028:Limbitless Solutions 2983:3D printing in India 2909:Environmental change 2717:Aerospace regulation 2692:, which enabled DVD 2021:Metal wire processes 1950:programmable tooling 1880:shape of the layer. 1037:being machined from 252:Daisy wheel printing 18:Programmable tooling 13150:Technology scouting 13125:Accelerating change 12996:Powered exoskeleton 12953:Programmable matter 12831:Smart manufacturing 12826:Molecular assembler 12806:3D microfabrication 12567:Solid ground curing 12425:2013AtmEn..79..334S 12047:Reeves, P. (2012). 11504:on 25 February 2017 11472:Modern Machine Shop 11382:. 10 January 2018. 11319:. 21 October 2017. 11259:. 20 October 2017. 10760:on 28 November 2020 10682:on 24 November 2020 10311:. 4 November 2014. 10139:2012Sci...337.1303P 10133:(6100): 1303–1304. 10054:2013PLoSO...859840Z 9936:. 2 December 2015. 9650:2018BiTec.249..777B 9487:The Daily Telegraph 9230:on 12 December 2020 9112:Modern Machine Shop 9025:. 13 January 2015. 8387:2017NatSR...716293T 8238:10.1155/2015/876714 8073:2016JOM....68c.724B 7957:2014PhPro..56..239B 7650:. 31 January 2019. 7593:2019Sci...363.1075K 7587:(6431): 1075–1079. 7505:2016JOM....68c.724B 7387:Johnson, R. Colin. 7097:2018Mate...11.1413W 6950:. 1 December 2015. 6891:on 19 February 2019 5979:2023NatSR..13.6495L 5833:Fausto Bernardini, 5788:on 30 December 2015 5301:2020Natur.578...20Z 5197:2021NatCo..12.2462C 4522:2014IJCA..104k..30R 4475:2017Engin...3..648H 4372:National Geographic 4349:on 15 November 2020 4342:Modern Machine Shop 4091:on 24 December 2014 4054:on 20 December 2014 3710:on 20 December 2019 3093:Volumetric printing 3063:MakerBot Industries 2998:Cloud manufacturing 2934:material efficiency 2782:vibration isolation 2672:3D printed firearms 2472:Morehshin Allahyari 2328:Defense Distributed 2288:Eurofighter Typhoon 2201:3D printed necklace 1948:A technique called 1852:Photopolymerization 1714:3D printer extruder 1320:and a chord length 1121:University of Maine 723:The patent states: 624:in the 2D sense of 606:rapid manufacturing 565:recently, the term 471:model or a digital 292:Dot matrix printing 67:History of printing 36:lenticular printing 13243:1981 in technology 13238:1981 introductions 13167:Technology roadmap 12869:Conductive polymer 12576:Material extrusion 12152:has a profile for 11966:on 4 December 2017 11628:on 15 January 2014 11233:on 29 October 2013 11123:on 29 October 2013 10869:on 30 October 2013 10544:on 2 November 2013 8975:. 3 November 2010. 8917:on 28 October 2013 8825:on 1 November 2013 8718:sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov 8436:Scripta Materialia 8375:Scientific Reports 8225:Journal of Sensors 7906:J Mech Sci Technol 7875:www.rapidtoday.com 7106:10.3390/ma11081413 7060:on 3 February 2014 7012:on 4 November 2020 6601:10.14288/1.0071732 5967:Scientific Reports 5942:on 7 November 2011 5835:Holly E. Rushmeier 5674:"3D Printing Pens" 5087:10.1111/poms.13298 4972:10.3390/mi13040528 4530:10.5120/18249-9329 3916:on 18 October 2013 3768:on 5 February 2016 3545:on 6 October 2023. 3484:The Earth In Peril 3331:explainedideas.com 3291:(6/7/8): 935–961. 2903:desktop publishing 2852: 2758: 2571: 2503:Iran National Bank 2499: 2433: 2332:3D printed firearm 2228: 2203: 2141: 1839: 1789:inkjet 3D printing 1759:inkjet 3D printing 1694: 1664:Material extrusion 1631:Material extrusion 1577: 1506: 1465: 1380:fracture toughness 1343: 1257:self-intersections 1202: 1194: 1170:General principles 976:Fraunhofer Society 621:on-demand printing 377:Solid ink printing 92:Woodblock printing 56: 13228:Industrial design 13218:Computer printers 13200: 13199: 13019: 13018: 12968:Synthetic diamond 12864:Artificial muscle 12846:Materials science 12751: 12750: 12733:Rapid prototyping 12685:Building printing 12552:Stereolithography 12341:978-3-319-31684-0 12179:978-1-118-35063-8 12158: 11929:Project Syndicate 11895:Democracy Journal 11864:978-0-7867-2204-4 11553:Hollow, Matthew. 11530:. 21 April 2012. 11091:The Atlantic Wire 10308:Independent.co.uk 10205:10.1111/cgf.12781 9911:978-1-4799-3229-0 9808:(10): 1081–1094. 9758:(42): 5062–5071. 9691:(10): 2943–2957. 9204:on 4 October 2018 8524:on 1 October 2020 8261:(12): 2681–2691. 8134:978-1-4939-2112-6 7912:(12): 5797–5807. 7558:978-1-4939-2112-6 7373:978-1-61564-745-3 6591:Rose, L. (2011). 6352:978-981-10-7042-6 6063:. 29 April 2014. 5592:978-0-87263-425-1 5435:Business Horizons 4274:978-1-8908-4331-1 4152:20.500.11937/7988 4045:10.1115/1.2830171 4004:. 1 August 2016. 3950:Technology Review 3887:978-1-4841-8176-8 3847:978-1-56649-957-6 3742:978-90-5699-628-4 3337:on 20 August 2022 2978:3D printing speed 2887:disintermediation 2826:, succeeding the 2753: 2726:Health and safety 2442:cultural heritage 2411:rapid prototyping 2390:COVID-19 pandemic 2296:Israeli Air Force 2150:rapid prototyping 2125: 2124: 1954:injection molding 1924:stereolithography 1893:ultraviolet light 1848:stereolithography 1842:Stereolithography 1720:Powder bed fusion 1626:Powder bed fusion 1604: 1603: 1575: 1501:A multi-material 1388:impact resistance 1384:flexural strength 1334: 1276:3D reconstruction 845:ultraviolet light 837:stereolithography 814:stereolithography 808:On 16 July 1984, 776:thermoset polymer 747:David E. H. Jones 678:injection molding 611:rapid prototyping 484:rapid prototyping 450: 449: 415: 414: 282:Spirit duplicator 192:Chromolithography 16:(Redirected from 13260: 13188: 13187: 13135:Horizon scanning 13051:Ephemeralization 13011:Uncrewed vehicle 12931:Carbon nanotubes 12796: 12795: 12778: 12771: 12764: 12755: 12754: 12697:Contour crafting 12638:Sheet lamination 12531: 12524: 12517: 12508: 12507: 12453: 12438: 12436: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12393:Boots Industries 12384: 12382: 12380: 12368: 12366: 12364: 12353: 12318: 12301: 12284: 12267: 12246: 12225: 12204: 12191: 12156: 12146: 12145: 12129: 12128: 12108: 12102: 12101: 12081: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12064: 12053: 12044: 12038: 12037: 12035: 12033: 12013: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12002: 11982: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11962:. Archived from 11951: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11920: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11848: 11842: 11841: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11795:Atlantic Council 11786: 11780: 11779: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11704: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11675: 11651: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11627: 11621:. Archived from 11620: 11612: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11579: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11550: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11494: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11463: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11443:. 21 July 2020. 11437: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11402: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11342: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11298: 11293:on 4 August 2018 11289:. Archived from 11279: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11249: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11208: 11193: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11166: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11146:. TechRepublic. 11139: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11128: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11102: 11082: 11076: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11025: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10978:on 30 March 2013 10968: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10916: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10828: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10724: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10681: 10674: 10665: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10631: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10614: 10607: 10599: 10593: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10581: 10579: 10560: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10534: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10508: 10502: 10501: 10496: 10463: 10457: 10456: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10429:on 24 April 2019 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10383:10.16995/bst.364 10361: 10352: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10304: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10280: 10265:Heritage Science 10256: 10250: 10249: 10244:. Archived from 10238: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10221: 10190: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10092: 10086: 10085: 10075: 10065: 10033: 10024: 10023: 9995: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9896:. pp. 1–6. 9889: 9883: 9876: 9870: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9846: 9799: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9710: 9700: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9533: 9509: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9484: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9403:J Craniofac Surg 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9277: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9129: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9103: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8983: 8977: 8976: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8942:Business Insider 8933: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8903: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8815: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8789:Business Insider 8779: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8690:. Archived from 8684: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8567: 8543: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8414: 8366: 8360: 8359: 8331: 8322: 8321: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8151: 8118: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8036:. 17 July 2020. 8026: 8020: 8019: 8009: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7968: 7945:Physics Procedia 7936: 7930: 7929: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7847:. 20 July 2021. 7837: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7673: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7640: 7631: 7630: 7604: 7572: 7563: 7562: 7542: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7332: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7175:. 3 March 2014. 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7118: 7108: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7008:. Archived from 7004:Wohlers, Terry. 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6925: 6919: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6657:Dental Materials 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6313: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6272: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6231: 6214:(4): 4400–4411. 6199: 6190: 6189: 6179: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6138: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6036: 6025: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6000: 5990: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5915: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5874: 5843: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5810:. Anamarva.com. 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5732:. 16 June 2021. 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5627: 5612:Jurnal Teknologi 5603: 5597: 5596: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5430: 5424: 5412: 5406: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5224: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5159: 5141: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5081:(6): 1615–1632. 5066: 5060: 5059: 5027: 5021: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4992: 4974: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4831: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4611:. 22 June 2017. 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4515: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4434:. 6 April 2015. 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4374:. 22 June 2017. 4364: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4345:, archived from 4332: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4183:"About - RepRap" 4179: 4173: 4172: 4154: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4090: 4084:. Archived from 4079: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4053: 4047:. Archived from 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3873: 3860: 3859: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3764:. Archived from 3753: 3747: 3746: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3696: 3690: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3541:. Archived from 3519: 3513: 3512: 3497: 3491: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3394:books.google.com 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3333:. Archived from 3323: 3317: 3316: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3230:. Archived from 3219: 3213: 3212: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3110: 2963:3D food printing 2754: 2532:3D printed soft 2496: 2419:open-source labs 2417:designs forming 2353:osseointegration 2244:General Electric 2183:Giuseppe Scionti 2120: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2006:articulated arms 1977:tungsten carbide 1700:, also known as 1657:material jetting 1651:Material jetting 1641:Sheet lamination 1616:Material jetting 1599: 1596: 1590: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1462: 1335: 1323: 1319: 1212:, or by a plain 1164:carbon footprint 1128:machine learning 1105:(FDM) printers. 1070:Benjamin S. Cook 810:Alain Le Méhauté 703:Raymond F. Jones 477:computer control 442: 435: 428: 407:Digital printing 371: 368: 362:Thermal printing 322:Phototypesetting 146: 143: 131: 128: 88: 87: 77: 58: 57: 21: 13268: 13267: 13263: 13262: 13261: 13259: 13258: 13257: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13176: 13015: 12972: 12874:Femtotechnology 12859:Amorphous metal 12840: 12787: 12782: 12752: 12747: 12701: 12680: 12654: 12633: 12597: 12571: 12540: 12535: 12504: 12493: 12474: 12397: 12395: 12387: 12378: 12376: 12371: 12362: 12360: 12356: 12342: 12180: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12147: 12143: 12138: 12136:Further reading 12133: 12132: 12109: 12105: 12082: 12078: 12068: 12066: 12062: 12051: 12045: 12041: 12031: 12029: 12014: 12010: 12000: 11998: 11983: 11979: 11969: 11967: 11952: 11948: 11938: 11936: 11921: 11914: 11904: 11902: 11897:. 14 May 2014. 11889: 11888: 11884: 11874: 11872: 11865: 11849: 11845: 11818: 11814: 11804: 11802: 11787: 11783: 11744: 11740: 11705: 11701: 11691: 11689: 11652: 11641: 11631: 11629: 11625: 11618: 11614: 11613: 11609: 11580: 11576: 11566: 11564: 11551: 11547: 11537: 11535: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11507: 11505: 11496: 11495: 11491: 11481: 11479: 11464: 11460: 11450: 11448: 11439: 11438: 11429: 11419: 11417: 11412:. 7 June 2017. 11404: 11403: 11399: 11389: 11387: 11374: 11373: 11369: 11359: 11357: 11344: 11343: 11336: 11326: 11324: 11311: 11310: 11306: 11296: 11294: 11281: 11280: 11276: 11266: 11264: 11251: 11250: 11246: 11236: 11234: 11221: 11220: 11216: 11206: 11204: 11195: 11194: 11190: 11180: 11178: 11173:. Metro.co.uk. 11167: 11163: 11153: 11151: 11140: 11136: 11126: 11124: 11115: 11114: 11110: 11100: 11098: 11083: 11079: 11069: 11067: 11052: 11048: 11038: 11036: 11027: 11026: 11022: 11012: 11010: 10995: 10991: 10981: 10979: 10970: 10969: 10965: 10955: 10953: 10944: 10943: 10939: 10929: 10927: 10918: 10917: 10913: 10903: 10901: 10886: 10882: 10872: 10870: 10861: 10860: 10856: 10846: 10844: 10829: 10825: 10815: 10813: 10804: 10803: 10799: 10789: 10787: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10763: 10761: 10752: 10751: 10747: 10737: 10735: 10726: 10725: 10721: 10711: 10709: 10700: 10699: 10695: 10685: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10666: 10659: 10649: 10647: 10632: 10628: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10605: 10601: 10600: 10596: 10591: 10587: 10577: 10575: 10562: 10561: 10557: 10547: 10545: 10536: 10535: 10531: 10521: 10519: 10510: 10509: 10505: 10494: 10464: 10460: 10447: 10446: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10421: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10404: 10396: 10395: 10391: 10362: 10355: 10350: 10346: 10336: 10334: 10325: 10324: 10320: 10299: 10298: 10294: 10257: 10253: 10240: 10239: 10235: 10225: 10223: 10219: 10188: 10182: 10178: 10123: 10119: 10109: 10107: 10106:on 2 April 2015 10100:Library Journal 10094: 10093: 10089: 10034: 10027: 9996: 9992: 9982: 9980: 9957: 9953: 9943: 9941: 9932: 9931: 9927: 9912: 9890: 9886: 9877: 9873: 9864: 9860: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9797: 9791: 9787: 9744: 9740: 9677: 9673: 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9609: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9592: 9587:. 2 July 2012. 9579: 9578: 9574: 9564: 9562: 9551: 9547: 9510: 9506: 9496: 9494: 9477: 9473: 9450:10.1002/rcs.171 9434: 9430: 9399: 9395: 9366: 9362: 9352: 9350: 9339: 9335: 9325: 9323: 9308: 9304: 9294: 9292: 9279: 9278: 9274: 9264: 9262: 9255:Washington Post 9247: 9243: 9233: 9231: 9222: 9221: 9217: 9207: 9205: 9194: 9190: 9180: 9178: 9163: 9159: 9149: 9147: 9130: 9126: 9116: 9114: 9104: 9100: 9090: 9088: 9073: 9069: 9059: 9057: 9046: 9042: 9032: 9030: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8984: 8980: 8973:tecmundo.com.br 8967: 8966: 8962: 8952: 8950: 8935: 8934: 8930: 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3111: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3073:Organ-on-a-chip 2953: 2911: 2842:Street sign in 2836: 2828:production line 2798: 2776:is measured in 2771: 2742: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2719: 2674: 2668: 2620: 2614: 2609: 2576: 2555: 2530: 2490: 2480: 2438: 2402: 2368:inkjet printing 2348: 2320: 2285:Royal Air Force 2278:Airbus A350 XWB 2220: 2195: 2167: 2121: 2114: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2064: 2055: 2023: 1990: 1985: 1962: 1932: 1901: 1844: 1784: 1755:titanium alloys 1732:, SLM, MJF and 1722: 1666: 1653: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1584: 1569: 1565: 1558: 1552: 1535: 1529: 1495: 1489: 1456: 1446: 1392:heat resistance 1352: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1266:overhang issues 1263:manifold errors 1237: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1147: 1098: 1022: 988: 883: 765: 753:in the journal 717: 695:Murray Leinster 691: 689:1940s and 1950s 686: 512: 446: 417: 416: 369: 342:Dye-sublimation 332:Inkjet printing 272:Screen printing 222:Offset printing 162:Relief printing 144: 129: 85: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13266: 13256: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13194: 13181: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13101: 13100: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13079: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13027: 13025: 13021: 13020: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13013: 13008: 13006:Swarm robotics 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12982: 12980: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12948:Picotechnology 12945: 12944: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12926:Nanotechnology 12923: 12918: 12913: 12912: 12911: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12850: 12848: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12802: 12800: 12793: 12789: 12788: 12781: 12780: 12773: 12766: 12758: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12743:3D bioprinting 12740: 12738:RepRap project 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12709: 12707: 12706:Related topics 12703: 12702: 12700: 12699: 12694: 12688: 12686: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12662: 12660: 12656: 12655: 12653: 12652: 12647: 12641: 12639: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12598: 12596: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12579: 12577: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12548: 12546: 12542: 12541: 12534: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12511: 12502: 12501: 12473: 12472:External links 12470: 12469: 12468: 12465:osha.europa.eu 12461: 12454: 12439: 12404: 12385: 12375:. makezine.com 12369: 12354: 12340: 12319: 12302: 12285: 12268: 12247: 12226: 12205: 12192: 12178: 12148: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12119:(1): 694–704. 12103: 12092:(1): 158–167. 12076: 12039: 12008: 11977: 11946: 11912: 11882: 11863: 11843: 11812: 11781: 11754:(6): 773–800. 11738: 11699: 11666:(1): 173–190. 11639: 11607: 11574: 11545: 11515: 11489: 11458: 11427: 11410:osha.europa.eu 11397: 11367: 11334: 11304: 11274: 11244: 11214: 11188: 11161: 11134: 11108: 11077: 11046: 11020: 10989: 10963: 10948:. 5 May 2013. 10937: 10911: 10896:. ElPais.com. 10880: 10854: 10823: 10797: 10771: 10745: 10719: 10693: 10657: 10626: 10594: 10585: 10555: 10529: 10503: 10458: 10440: 10414: 10389: 10353: 10344: 10318: 10292: 10251: 10233: 10176: 10117: 10087: 10025: 9990: 9951: 9925: 9910: 9884: 9871: 9858: 9785: 9738: 9671: 9628: 9613:. NIH grants. 9602: 9572: 9545: 9524:(21): 2043–5. 9504: 9471: 9428: 9409:(6): 548–556. 9393: 9360: 9333: 9302: 9272: 9241: 9215: 9188: 9157: 9124: 9098: 9067: 9040: 9014: 8997: 8978: 8960: 8928: 8898: 8867: 8836: 8807: 8774: 8735: 8705: 8679: 8653: 8622: 8591: 8535: 8504: 8461: 8426: 8361: 8342:(2): 139–145. 8323: 8280: 8244: 8211: 8178: 8163: 8133: 8102: 8067:(3): 724–734. 8051: 8021: 7980: 7931: 7892: 7862: 7832: 7806: 7775: 7749: 7723: 7690: 7665: 7632: 7564: 7557: 7526: 7483: 7450: 7424: 7394: 7379: 7372: 7352: 7303: 7273: 7243: 7217: 7198:Hiemenz, Joe. 7190: 7173:Machine Design 7160: 7130: 7071: 7045: 7023: 6996: 6965: 6935: 6920: 6911: 6902: 6874: 6846: 6818: 6794: 6759: 6744: 6723: 6708: 6690: 6663:(6): 825–846. 6647: 6606: 6583: 6556: 6534: 6491: 6455: 6424: 6393: 6358: 6351: 6325: 6284: 6243: 6191: 6150: 6109: 6086:Kraft, Caleb. 6078: 6061:Machine Design 6048: 6012: 5953: 5927: 5886: 5825: 5799: 5773: 5747: 5717: 5691: 5665: 5639: 5598: 5591: 5571: 5544: 5511: 5485: 5472:(4): 312–322. 5452: 5441:(5): 677–688. 5425: 5407: 5389: 5350:(2): 159–161. 5330: 5275: 5256:(3): 123–141. 5236: 5171: 5112: 5061: 5022: 5004: 4945: 4894: 4843: 4803: 4772: 4741: 4711: 4686: 4656: 4626: 4596: 4569: 4543: 4490: 4469:(5): 648–652. 4449: 4419: 4389: 4359: 4327: 4300: 4273: 4243: 4224:(4): 245–255. 4204: 4174: 4117: 4102: 4065: 4039:(3): 656–665. 4019: 3989: 3959: 3940: 3927: 3901: 3886: 3861: 3846: 3825: 3806: 3779: 3748: 3741: 3721: 3691: 3665: 3652: 3643: 3624: 3615: 3579: 3548: 3514: 3505:Google Patents 3492: 3475: 3441: 3411: 3381: 3348: 3318: 3275: 3245: 3214: 3179: 3135: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3068:Milling center 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2958:3D bioprinting 2954: 2952: 2949: 2916:lightweighting 2910: 2907: 2883:Michael Spence 2835: 2832: 2802:ever-improving 2797: 2794: 2770: 2767: 2730:Main article: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2670:Main article: 2667: 2664: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2575: 2572: 2554: 2553:Circuit boards 2551: 2529: 2528:Soft actuators 2526: 2479: 2476: 2459:British Museum 2437: 2434: 2401: 2398: 2347: 2344: 2324:do-it-yourself 2319: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2299: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2219: 2218:Transportation 2216: 2194: 2191: 2166: 2163: 2123: 2122: 2105: 2103: 2096: 2087:Main article: 2084: 2081: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2022: 2019: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1961: 1958: 1931: 1928: 1900: 1897: 1843: 1840: 1783: 1782:Binder jetting 1780: 1721: 1718: 1665: 1662: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1621:Binder jetting 1618: 1613: 1602: 1601: 1572: 1570: 1563: 1554:Main article: 1551: 1548: 1531:Main article: 1528: 1525: 1491:Main article: 1488: 1485: 1452:Detail of the 1445: 1442: 1351: 1348: 1314:laser printers 1268: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1236: 1233: 1214:digital camera 1179:Main article: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1146: 1143: 1097: 1094: 1031:job production 1021: 1018: 987: 984: 978:developed the 882: 879: 868:S. Scott Crump 764: 761: 716: 713: 690: 687: 685: 682: 618:(which echoes 600:have included 529:appeared as a 511: 508: 448: 447: 445: 444: 437: 430: 422: 419: 418: 413: 412: 409: 403: 402: 399: 393: 392: 389: 383: 382: 379: 373: 372: 364: 358: 357: 354: 352:Laser printing 348: 347: 344: 338: 337: 334: 328: 327: 324: 318: 317: 314: 312:Spark printing 308: 307: 304: 298: 297: 294: 288: 287: 284: 278: 277: 274: 268: 267: 264: 258: 257: 254: 248: 247: 244: 238: 237: 234: 228: 227: 224: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 204: 198: 197: 194: 188: 187: 184: 178: 177: 174: 168: 167: 164: 158: 157: 154: 148: 147: 139: 133: 132: 124: 122:Printing press 118: 117: 114: 108: 107: 104: 98: 97: 94: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 70: 69: 63: 62: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13265: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13193: 13192: 13183: 13182: 13179: 13173: 13172:Transhumanism 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13122: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13058: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13022: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12979: 12975: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12942: 12941:Nanomaterials 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12928: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12910: 12907: 12906: 12905: 12904:Metamaterials 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12847: 12843: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12816:3D publishing 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12801: 12799:Manufacturing 12797: 12794: 12790: 12786: 12779: 12774: 12772: 12767: 12765: 12760: 12759: 12756: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12710: 12708: 12704: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12683: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12663: 12661: 12657: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12636: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12600: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12574: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12532: 12527: 12525: 12520: 12518: 12513: 12512: 12509: 12505: 12500: 12496: 12491: 12487: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12475: 12466: 12462: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12446: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12405: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12374: 12370: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 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Economist 11525: 11519: 11503: 11499: 11493: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11462: 11446: 11442: 11436: 11434: 11432: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11401: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11371: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11341: 11339: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11278: 11262: 11258: 11257:SpaceNews.com 11254: 11248: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11218: 11202: 11198: 11192: 11176: 11172: 11165: 11149: 11145: 11138: 11122: 11118: 11112: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11081: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11050: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10993: 10977: 10973: 10967: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10925: 10921: 10915: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10884: 10868: 10864: 10858: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10827: 10811: 10807: 10801: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10759: 10755: 10749: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10707: 10703: 10697: 10678: 10671: 10664: 10662: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10630: 10611: 10604: 10598: 10589: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10559: 10543: 10539: 10533: 10517: 10513: 10507: 10499: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10462: 10454: 10450: 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Slate.com. 9344: 9337: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9290: 9286: 9285:The Economist 9282: 9276: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9245: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9203: 9199: 9192: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9161: 9145: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9128: 9113: 9109: 9102: 9086: 9083:. Ynet News. 9082: 9078: 9071: 9055: 9051: 9044: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9008: 9001: 8993: 8991: 8982: 8974: 8970: 8964: 8948: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8932: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8840: 8824: 8820: 8814: 8812: 8795: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8778: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8694:on 2 May 2020 8693: 8689: 8683: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8641: 8637: 8636:Bloomberg.com 8633: 8626: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8542: 8540: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8477:(2): 93–100. 8476: 8472: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8330: 8328: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8284: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8239: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8215: 8206: 8201: 8198:(4): 339–51. 8197: 8193: 8189: 8182: 8174: 8167: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8114: 8106: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8039: 8035: 8034:BeAM Machines 8031: 8025: 8017: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7764:. 10 May 2017 7763: 7759: 7753: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7685: 7680: 7672: 7670: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7637: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7569: 7560: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7539: 7538: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7487: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7454: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7390: 7383: 7375: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7178: 7174: 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CRC Press. 3734: 3733: 3725: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3656: 3647: 3634: 3633:JP-S56-144478 3628: 3619: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3584: 3567: 3563: 3562:New Scientist 3559: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527:New Scientist 3524: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3446: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3123: 3119: 3118:The Economist 3115: 3109: 3105: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3023:Laser cutting 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2906: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2876:Larry Summers 2873: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2834:Social change 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820:Jeremy Rifkin 2818: 2813: 2811: 2810:globalization 2807: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2790:soundproofing 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2763: 2739: 2733: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2663: 2659: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2640:jurisprudence 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2618:Free hardware 2607:Legal aspects 2604: 2601: 2600:communities. 2599: 2595: 2594:early adopter 2591: 2587: 2582: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2415:open hardware 2412: 2408: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2364:biotechnology 2361: 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1010: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 996:Adrian Bowyer 992: 983: 981: 977: 972: 970: 965: 963: 962:Z Corporation 959: 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:robot welding 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 878: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 853: 849: 846: 842: 841:photopolymers 838: 834: 830: 825: 821: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 784: 781: 777: 773: 768: 760: 758: 757: 756:New Scientist 752: 748: 742: 739: 736: 733: 729: 724: 721: 712: 710: 709: 704: 699: 696: 681: 679: 675: 671: 670:hydro-forming 667: 663: 662:Agile tooling 659: 658:complementing 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 638:manufacturing 635: 631: 627: 623: 622: 617: 613: 612: 607: 603: 599: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 517: 516:umbrella term 507: 505: 504:thermoplastic 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 443: 438: 436: 431: 429: 424: 423: 421: 420: 410: 408: 404: 400: 398: 394: 390: 388: 384: 380: 378: 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