728:, this means 12 bits, corresponding to 4 Kwords or 8 Kbytes. This assumption allows relative branches from the ROM's beginning to the end and vice versa which would result in an out-of-branch error when using strict arithmetics. Here, they work because the carry bits resulting from the target address computation are discarded. In case of the abovementioned AT90S8515, this option is even necessary because it is the only way to perform a direct jump through the complete address space
33:
184:, taking some action based on the memory contents that it obtained. At some point in this cycle, the PC will be modified so that the next instruction executed is a different one (typically, incremented so that the next instruction is the one starting at the memory address immediately following the last memory location of the current instruction).
556:
Program
Counter (PC) is a register that keeps track of the program sequence, by storing the address of the instruction currently being executed. It is automatically loaded with zero when the chip is powered up or reset. As each instruction is executed, PC is incremented (increased by one) to point to
275:
Modern high-level programming languages still follow the sequential-execution model and, indeed, a common way of identifying programming errors is with a “procedure execution” in which the programmer's finger identifies the point of execution as a PC would. The high-level language is essentially the
187:
Like other processor registers, the PC may be a bank of binary latches, each one representing one bit of the value of the PC. The number of bits (the width of the PC) relates to the processor architecture. For instance, a “32-bit” CPU may use 32 bits to be able to address 2 units of memory. On some
139:
A branch provides that the next instruction is fetched from elsewhere in memory. A subroutine call not only branches but saves the preceding contents of the PC somewhere. A return retrieves the saved contents of the PC and places it back in the PC, resuming sequential execution with the instruction
723:
3.2.12. WRAPMODE AS will assume that the processor's program counter does not have the full length of 16 bits given by the architecture, but instead a length that is exactly sufficient to address the internal ROM. For example, in case of the
394:
In a processor where the incrementation precedes the fetch, the PC points to the current instruction being executed. In some processors, the PC points some distance beyond the current instruction; for instance, in the
195:
If the PC is a binary counter, it may increment when a pulse is applied to its COUNT UP input, or the CPU may compute some other value and load it into the PC by a pulse to its LOAD input.
291:
program, the programmer may write each thread as a sequence of instructions without specifying the timing of any instruction relative to instructions in other threads.
2100:
710:. V1.42. Translated by Arnold, Alfred; Hilse, Stefan; Kanthak, Stephan; Sellke, Oliver; De Tomasi, Vittorio. p. Table E.3: Predefined Symbols – Part 3.
214:
Use of a PC that normally increments assumes that what a computer does is execute a usually linear sequence of instructions. Such a PC is central to the
1072:
2211:
1394:
1913:
838:
1191:
136:. A transfer that is conditional on the truth of some assertion lets the computer follow a different sequence under different conditions.
2070:
1636:
1453:
180:
model, in which a single memory space contains both executable instructions and ordinary data.) Following the fetch, the CPU proceeds to
2424:
1416:
234:
models that did not use a PC; for example, rather than specifying sequential steps, the high-level programmer might specify desired
2065:
2137:
711:
2419:
1890:
603:
587:
549:
206:. This approach permits a PC with fewer bits by assuming that most memory units of interest are within the current vicinity.
2834:
1958:
1221:
1065:
2844:
1985:
573:
1112:
2152:
1980:
1953:
1332:
831:
808:
781:
753:
647:
476:
436:
3008:
2967:
2530:
1423:
1389:
1384:
1303:
1268:
904:
2942:
2839:
2240:
2147:
1948:
1169:
1058:
17:
1968:
1687:
1122:
879:
114:
106:
2142:
1990:
1963:
1824:
1438:
1399:
1256:
519:
378:
2579:
2341:
1817:
1778:
1433:
1428:
1362:
1174:
824:
252:, in which different hardware in the CPU executes different phases of multiple instructions simultaneously.
188:
processors, the width of the program counter instead depends on the addressable memory; for example, some
2206:
1903:
1601:
1298:
631:
3013:
2856:
2503:
1920:
1411:
1379:
1149:
1137:
1117:
745:
639:
256:
2947:
2910:
2900:
1288:
935:
172:
to send it to the memory. The memory responds by sending the contents of that memory location on the
125:
2962:
2369:
2305:
2282:
2132:
2094:
1930:
1880:
1875:
1352:
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1154:
1034:
864:
687:
295:
276:
machine language of a virtual machine, too complex to be built as hardware but instead emulated or
215:
2915:
2698:
2592:
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2299:
2088:
2047:
2035:
1898:
1812:
1733:
1498:
1159:
1102:
1029:
399:, the value of PC visible to the programmer points beyond the current instruction and beyond the
277:
198:
To identify the current instruction, the PC may be combined with other registers that identify a
177:
149:
40:
computer introduced in 1952. Lights in the middle display the contents of various registers. The
2721:
2693:
2603:
2568:
2317:
2311:
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2027:
2021:
1925:
1829:
1720:
1659:
1521:
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382:
353:
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223:
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3003:
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1677:
1478:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1233:
1216:
1081:
953:
894:
701:
245:
This research also led to ways to making conventional, PC-based, CPUs run faster, including:
199:
2925:
2861:
2447:
2169:
2059:
2006:
1538:
1251:
1107:
1089:
569:
348:
343:
310:
306:
249:
189:
377:
For modern processors, the concept of "where it is in its sequence" is too simplistic, as
8:
2972:
2957:
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2628:
2610:
2574:
2562:
2216:
2163:
1940:
1856:
1738:
1593:
1488:
1347:
929:
358:
156:(which is the origin of the term "program counter") that may be one of several hardware
2829:
2821:
2673:
2648:
2452:
2327:
1851:
1792:
1672:
1404:
1132:
1024:
792:
541:
288:
227:
157:
91:
2782:
2749:
2665:
2597:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2322:
2251:
2157:
2117:
1750:
1700:
1650:
1626:
1508:
1448:
1443:
1325:
1241:
941:
859:
804:
777:
749:
705:
643:
583:
579:
545:
472:
461:
432:
333:
328:
323:
299:
239:
161:
153:
2952:
2885:
2871:
2726:
2633:
2587:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2234:
2201:
2112:
2107:
2016:
1868:
1863:
1846:
1834:
1773:
1337:
1315:
1201:
1179:
1097:
627:
537:
338:
133:
99:
2866:
2851:
2799:
2678:
2515:
2508:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2288:
2196:
2186:
1908:
1743:
1695:
1458:
1342:
1310:
1211:
1206:
1127:
947:
874:
663:
173:
124:
instructions change the sequence by placing a new value in the PC. These include
2977:
2811:
2794:
2787:
2683:
2540:
2277:
2191:
2122:
1705:
1667:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1320:
1144:
1009:
992:
987:
977:
912:
889:
773:
675:
468:
266:
and prepare subsequent instructions for execution outside the regular sequence.
110:
75:
2997:
2772:
2688:
1728:
1710:
1503:
1196:
997:
923:
800:
259:(VLIW) architecture, where a single instruction can achieve multiple effects.
27:
Processor register that indicates where a computer is in its program sequence
1631:
283:
However, new programming models transcend sequential-execution programming:
2982:
2920:
2736:
2713:
2525:
2246:
1184:
884:
869:
679:
219:
2767:
2731:
2442:
2414:
2272:
2127:
1050:
607:
456:
452:
169:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2620:
2520:
2493:
1755:
1588:
1558:
1278:
1039:
982:
972:
400:
222:
even for algorithms that do not have to be sequential. The resulting “
129:
816:
2744:
2741:
2483:
1553:
1531:
1002:
725:
120:
Processors usually fetch instructions sequentially from memory, but
2759:
1578:
298:, the programmer may write sequences of instructions to respond to
231:
95:
1568:
1526:
72:
37:
32:
1583:
1548:
1513:
1014:
2041:
1573:
1543:
65:
2905:
2053:
1973:
1563:
917:
396:
494:
Principles of
Operation, Type 701 and Associated Equipment
1493:
1483:
501:
313:
without specifying the timing relative to other sections.
270:
68:
568:
309:, the programmer may write each section of a computing
302:
without specifying an overall sequence for the program.
209:
238:
and the low-level programmer might specify this using
168:, in which the CPU places the value of the PC on the
768:F. B. Chambers, D. A. Duce and G. P. Jones (1984),
604:"ARM Developer Suite, Assembler Guide. Version 1.2"
532:Bates, Martin (2011). "Microcontroller Operation".
460:
117:to") the next instruction that would be executed.
90:, or just part of the instruction sequencer, is a
105:Usually, the PC is incremented after fetching an
2995:
562:
786:
693:
636:Computer Architecture: a quantitative approach
572:; Gagne, Greg; Galvin, Peter B. (April 2018).
1066:
832:
762:
621:
422:
420:
797:Gödel, Escher, Bach: an eternal golden braid
652:
192:have a PC which wraps around after 12 bits.
2071:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
733:
1080:
1073:
1059:
839:
825:
684:Computer Structures: Readings and Examples
508:
451:
417:
143:
669:
516:Computer Organization and the System/370
445:
31:
846:
596:
485:
14:
2996:
739:
699:
429:Computer Architecture and Organization
271:Consequences in high-level programming
218:. Thus programmers write a sequential
1054:
820:
531:
426:
2042:Floating-point operations per second
742:Introduction to Computer Engineering
210:Consequences in machine architecture
525:
24:
707:Macro Assembler AS – User's Manual
542:10.1016/b978-0-08-096911-4.10002-3
388:
371:
25:
3025:
2968:Semiconductor device fabrication
660:The Origins of Digital Computers
522:, New York, USA, LCCCN 72-153191
2943:History of general-purpose CPUs
1170:Nondeterministic Turing machine
714:from the original on 2020-02-28
230:, including non-von Neumann or
140:following the subroutine call.
1123:Deterministic finite automaton
880:Low-level programming language
13:
1:
1914:Simultaneous and heterogenous
520:Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
410:
379:instruction-level parallelism
2598:Integrated memory controller
2580:Translation lookaside buffer
1779:Memory dependence prediction
1222:Random-access stored program
1175:Probabilistic Turing machine
463:Introduction to VLSI Systems
431:. McGraw-Hill. p. 245.
80:instruction address register
7:
2054:Synaptic updates per second
536:. Elsevier. p. 27–44.
317:
78:, and sometimes called the
10:
3030:
2458:Heterogeneous architecture
1380:Orthogonal instruction set
1150:Alternating Turing machine
1138:Quantum cellular automaton
746:University of London Press
640:Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
257:very long instruction word
128:(sometimes called jumps),
2948:Microprocessor chronology
2935:
2911:Dynamic frequency scaling
2884:
2820:
2758:
2712:
2664:
2619:
2539:
2466:
2435:
2340:
2261:
2225:
2179:
2079:
2066:Cache performance metrics
2005:
1939:
1889:
1800:
1791:
1764:
1719:
1686:
1658:
1649:
1469:
1372:
1361:
1232:
1088:
963:
936:Microsoft Macro Assembler
903:
852:
575:Operating System Concepts
2963:Hardware security module
2306:Digital signal processor
2283:Graphics processing unit
2095:Graphics processing unit
865:Comparison of assemblers
700:Arnold, Alfred (2020) .
688:McGraw-Hill Book Company
364:
296:event-driven programming
216:von Neumann architecture
3009:Central processing unit
2916:Dynamic voltage scaling
2699:Memory address register
2593:Branch target predictor
2557:Address generation unit
2300:Physics processing unit
2089:Central processing unit
2048:Transactions per second
2036:Instructions per second
1959:Array processing (SIMT)
1103:Stored-program computer
702:"E. Predefined Symbols"
427:Hayes, John P. (1978).
226:” led to research into
178:stored-program computer
150:central processing unit
144:Hardware implementation
94:that indicates where a
56:), commonly called the
2722:Hardwired control unit
2604:Memory management unit
2569:Memory management unit
2318:Secure cryptoprocessor
2312:Tensor Processing Unit
2294:Vision processing unit
2028:Cycles per instruction
2022:Instructions per cycle
1969:Associative processing
1660:Instruction pipelining
1082:Processor technologies
740:Walker, B. S. (1967).
383:out-of-order execution
354:Instruction scheduling
264:out-of-order execution
262:Techniques to predict
224:von Neumann bottleneck
45:
2805:Sum-addressed decoder
2551:Arithmetic logic unit
1678:Classic RISC pipeline
1632:Epiphany architecture
1479:Motorola 68000 series
954:Open Watcom Assembler
895:x86 assembly language
803:, Harmondsworth, UK,
770:Distributed Computing
582:. pp. 27, G-29.
570:Silberschatz, Abraham
557:the next instruction.
514:Harry Katzan (1971),
44:is at the lower left.
35:
2926:Performance per watt
2504:replacement policies
2170:Package on a package
2060:Performance per watt
1964:Pipelined processing
1734:Tomasulo's algorithm
1539:Clipper architecture
1395:Application-specific
1108:Finite-state machine
1035:Instruction listings
534:PIC Microcontrollers
349:Instruction register
344:Instruction pipeline
307:dataflow programming
190:AVR microcontrollers
2958:Digital electronics
2611:Instruction decoder
2563:Floating-point unit
2217:Soft microprocessor
2164:System in a package
1739:Reservation station
1269:Transport-triggered
1030:Calling conventions
930:High Level Assembly
847:x86 assembly topics
658:B. Randall (1982),
359:Program status word
152:(CPU), the PC is a
88:instruction counter
58:instruction pointer
42:instruction counter
2830:Integrated circuit
2674:Processor register
2328:Baseband processor
1673:Operand forwarding
1133:Cellular automaton
1025:Processor register
793:Douglas Hofstadter
642:, Palo Alto, USA,
632:David A. Patterson
228:parallel computing
92:processor register
46:
36:Front panel of an
3014:Digital registers
2991:
2990:
2880:
2879:
2499:Instruction cache
2489:Scratchpad memory
2336:
2335:
2323:Network processor
2252:Network on a chip
2207:Ultra-low-voltage
2158:Multi-chip module
2001:
2000:
1787:
1786:
1774:Branch prediction
1751:Register renaming
1645:
1644:
1627:VISC architecture
1449:Quantum computing
1444:VISC architecture
1326:Secondary storage
1242:Microarchitecture
1202:Register machines
1048:
1047:
942:Netwide Assembler
860:Assembly language
589:978-1-119-32091-3
578:. United States:
551:978-0-08-096911-4
334:Instruction cycle
329:Instruction cache
324:Branch prediction
240:combinatory logic
162:instruction cycle
16:(Redirected from
3021:
2953:Processor design
2845:Power management
2727:Instruction unit
2588:Branch predictor
2537:
2536:
2235:System on a chip
2177:
2176:
2017:Transistor count
1941:Flynn's taxonomy
1798:
1797:
1656:
1655:
1459:Addressing modes
1370:
1369:
1316:Memory hierarchy
1180:Hypercomputation
1098:Abstract machine
1075:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1051:
841:
834:
827:
818:
817:
811:
790:
784:
776:, Orlando, USA,
766:
760:
759:
737:
731:
730:
720:
719:
697:
691:
673:
667:
656:
650:
628:John L. Hennessy
625:
619:
618:
616:
615:
600:
594:
593:
566:
560:
559:
529:
523:
512:
506:
505:
499:
489:
483:
482:
467:. Reading, USA:
466:
449:
443:
442:
424:
404:
392:
386:
375:
339:Instruction unit
122:control transfer
109:, and holds the
21:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3018:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2973:Tick–tock model
2931:
2887:
2876:
2816:
2800:Address decoder
2754:
2708:
2704:Program counter
2679:Status register
2660:
2615:
2575:Load–store unit
2542:
2535:
2462:
2431:
2332:
2289:Image processor
2264:
2257:
2227:
2221:
2197:Microcontroller
2187:Embedded system
2175:
2075:
2008:
1997:
1935:
1885:
1783:
1760:
1744:Re-order buffer
1715:
1696:Data dependency
1682:
1641:
1471:
1465:
1364:
1363:Instruction set
1357:
1343:Multiprocessing
1311:Cache hierarchy
1304:Register/memory
1228:
1128:Queue automaton
1084:
1079:
1049:
1044:
1020:Program counter
965:
959:
948:Turbo Assembler
899:
875:Instruction set
848:
845:
815:
814:
791:
787:
767:
763:
756:
738:
734:
717:
715:
698:
694:
690:, New York, USA
674:
670:
664:Springer-Verlag
657:
653:
626:
622:
613:
611:
602:
601:
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567:
563:
552:
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526:
513:
509:
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491:
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486:
479:
450:
446:
439:
425:
418:
413:
408:
407:
393:
389:
376:
372:
367:
320:
287:When writing a
273:
212:
176:. (This is the
154:digital counter
146:
76:microprocessors
50:program counter
28:
23:
22:
18:Program Counter
15:
12:
11:
5:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2978:Pin grid array
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2812:Barrel shifter
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2795:Binary decoder
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:Stack register
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:AI accelerator
2275:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2241:Multiprocessor
2238:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Microprocessor
2189:
2183:
2181:
2180:By application
2174:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:Tile processor
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1909:Hyperthreading
1901:
1895:
1893:
1891:Multithreading
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1827:
1822:
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1820:
1815:
1804:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1788:
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1776:
1770:
1768:
1762:
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1759:
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1748:
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1731:
1725:
1723:
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1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:Pipeline stall
1664:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:z/Architecture
1614:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1586:
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1576:
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1556:
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1397:
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1387:
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1376:
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1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1321:Virtual memory
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1145:Turing machine
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:Memory address
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:Interrupt flag
990:
988:Direction flag
985:
975:
969:
967:
961:
960:
958:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
918:Flat Assembler
915:
909:
907:
901:
900:
898:
897:
892:
890:Microassembler
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
856:
854:
850:
849:
844:
843:
836:
829:
821:
813:
812:
785:
774:Academic Press
761:
754:
744:. London, UK:
732:
692:
676:C. Gordon Bell
668:
651:
620:
595:
588:
561:
550:
524:
507:
484:
477:
469:Addison-Wesley
444:
437:
415:
414:
412:
409:
406:
405:
387:
369:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
319:
316:
315:
314:
303:
292:
289:multi-threaded
272:
269:
268:
267:
260:
253:
211:
208:
164:begins with a
145:
142:
111:memory address
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3026:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Demultiplexer
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Memory buffer
2692:
2690:
2689:Register file
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Combinational
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
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2446:
2444:
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2440:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2004:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
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1892:
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1879:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1862:
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1799:
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1790:
1780:
1777:
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1772:
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1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Scoreboarding
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1711:False sharing
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
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1669:
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1665:
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1661:
1657:
1654:
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1648:
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1595:
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1590:
1587:
1585:
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1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:Stanford MIPS
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:architectures
1360:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Heterogeneous
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:Memory access
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Random-access
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Stack machine
1195:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:with datapath
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Overflow flag
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
962:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
924:GNU Assembler
922:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
908:
906:
902:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
855:
851:
842:
837:
835:
830:
828:
823:
822:
819:
810:
809:0-14-005579-7
806:
802:
801:Penguin Books
798:
794:
789:
783:
782:0-12-167350-2
779:
775:
771:
765:
757:
755:0-340-06831-0
751:
747:
743:
736:
729:
727:
713:
709:
708:
703:
696:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
665:
661:
655:
649:
648:1-55860-069-8
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
609:
605:
599:
591:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
565:
558:
553:
547:
543:
539:
535:
528:
521:
517:
511:
503:
496:
495:
488:
480:
478:0-201-04358-0
474:
470:
465:
464:
458:
454:
448:
440:
438:0-07-027363-4
434:
430:
423:
421:
416:
402:
398:
391:
384:
380:
374:
370:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:by software.
279:
265:
261:
258:
254:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
207:
205:
201:
196:
193:
191:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
141:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3004:Control flow
2983:Chip carrier
2921:Clock gating
2840:Mixed-signal
2737:Write buffer
2714:Control unit
2703:
2526:Clock signal
2265:accelerators
2247:Cypress PSoC
1904:Simultaneous
1721:Out-of-order
1353:Neuromorphic
1234:Architecture
1192:Belt machine
1185:Zeno machine
1118:Hierarchical
1019:
885:Machine code
870:Disassembler
796:
788:
769:
764:
741:
735:
722:
716:. Retrieved
706:
695:
683:
680:Allen Newell
671:
659:
654:
635:
623:
612:. Retrieved
598:
574:
564:
555:
533:
527:
515:
510:
493:
487:
462:
457:Conway, Lynn
453:Mead, Carver
447:
428:
390:
373:
282:
274:
244:
220:control flow
213:
197:
194:
186:
181:
165:
148:In a simple
147:
138:
121:
119:
104:
87:
83:
79:
61:
57:
53:
49:
47:
41:
29:
2768:Multiplexer
2732:Data buffer
2443:Single-core
2415:bit slicing
2273:Coprocessor
2128:Coprocessor
2009:performance
1931:Cooperative
1921:Speculative
1881:Distributed
1840:Superscalar
1825:Instruction
1793:Parallelism
1766:Speculative
1598:System/3x0
1470:Instruction
1247:Von Neumann
1160:Post–Turing
964:Programming
666:, Berlin, D
608:ARM Limited
278:interpreted
170:address bus
132:calls, and
107:instruction
2998:Categories
2888:management
2783:Multiplier
2644:Logic gate
2634:Sequential
2541:Functional
2521:Clock rate
2494:Data cache
2467:Components
2448:Multi-core
2436:Core count
1926:Preemptive
1830:Pipelining
1813:Bit-serial
1756:Wide-issue
1701:Structural
1623:Tilera ISA
1589:MicroBlaze
1559:ETRAX CRIS
1454:Comparison
1299:Load–store
1279:Endianness
983:Carry flag
973:Call stack
905:Assemblers
718:2020-02-28
614:2019-10-18
411:References
401:delay slot
385:may occur.
250:Pipelining
130:subroutine
102:sequence.
98:is in its
2822:Circuitry
2742:Microcode
2666:Registers
2509:coherence
2484:CPU cache
2342:Word size
2007:Processor
1651:Execution
1554:DEC Alpha
1532:Power ISA
1348:Cognitive
1155:Universal
1040:Registers
1003:Zero flag
726:AT90S8515
182:execution
158:registers
2760:Datapath
2453:Manycore
2425:variable
2263:Hardware
1899:Temporal
1579:OpenRISC
1274:Cellular
1264:Dataflow
1257:modified
913:A86/A386
795:(1980),
712:Archived
682:(1971),
634:(1990),
459:(1980).
318:See also
311:pipeline
236:function
232:dataflow
174:data bus
126:branches
96:computer
2936:Related
2867:Quantum
2857:Digital
2852:Boolean
2750:Counter
2649:Quantum
2410:512-bit
2405:256-bit
2400:128-bit
2243:(MPSoC)
2228:on chip
2226:Systems
2044:(FLOPS)
1857:Process
1706:Control
1688:Hazards
1574:Itanium
1569:Unicore
1527:PowerPC
1252:Harvard
1212:Pointer
1207:Counter
1165:Quantum
504:. 1953.
200:segment
134:returns
100:program
86:), the
73:Itanium
38:IBM 701
2872:Switch
2862:Analog
2600:(IMC)
2571:(MMU)
2420:others
2395:64-bit
2390:48-bit
2385:32-bit
2380:24-bit
2375:16-bit
2370:15-bit
2365:12-bit
2202:Mobile
2118:Stream
2113:Barrel
2108:Vector
2097:(GPU)
2056:(SUPS)
2024:(IPC)
1876:Memory
1869:Vector
1852:Thread
1835:Scalar
1637:Others
1584:RISC-V
1549:SuperH
1518:Power
1514:MIPS-X
1489:PDP-11
1338:Fabric
1090:Models
1015:Opcode
966:issues
956:(WASM)
950:(TASM)
944:(NASM)
938:(MASM)
920:(FASM)
853:Topics
807:
780:
752:
646:
610:. 2001
586:
548:
475:
435:
300:events
160:. The
115:points
2928:(PPW)
2886:Power
2778:Adder
2654:Array
2621:Logic
2582:(TLB)
2565:(FPU)
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2543:units
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2302:(PPU)
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2101:GPGPU
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2038:(IPS)
2030:(CPI)
1801:Level
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580:Wiley
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365:Notes
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2143:FPGA
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1991:SPMD
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3000::
2835:3D
799:,
772:,
748:.
721:.
704:.
686:,
662:,
638:,
606:.
554:.
544:.
518:,
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471:.
455:;
419:^
242:.
62:IP
54:PC
1074:e
1067:t
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833:t
826:v
758:.
617:.
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